Composting - 9N Site Mohamed Wahby

7/30/2019 Composting - 9N Site Mohamed Wahby

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Composting

Study on 9N site, Alexandria, Egypt

Mohamed Wahby

PowerPoint presentation as a partial fulfilment for the course Env. 706

Pre. M.Sc. In environmental sciences

Dec. 2012


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Contents

Introduction (where does the sludge comes

from?)

Types of composting

Why composting is done?

Study case on site 9N, Alexandria, Egypt

Standards of the process Questions

Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-Dec., 20, 2012


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Contents


from?)

Types of composting






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Sewage treatment


G. Tyler Miller, Jr. and Scott E. Spoolman - Living in the Environment, 17 edition, Chapter 20

ISBN-13: 978-0-538-73534-6


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G. Tyler Miller, Jr. and Scott E. Spoolman -

Living in the Environment, 17th edition,

Chapter 20 ISBN-13: 978-0-538-73534-6

Primary sludge Secondary sludge Tertiary sludge

Output from waste watertreatment plants Biological sludge Chemical sludge(Advanced waste treatment)

Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental chemistry, 7th edition Lewis publisher, 2000


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What is the meaning of composting?

Aerobic process

involving the

biologicalstabilization of

sludge.


http://ellerbruch.nmu.edu/classes/cs255w03/cs255st

udents/mboks/p5/g06956figure01.jpg

Process Design Manual Surface Disposal of Sewage Sludge and Domestic Septage -

Chapter3 - EPA/625/R-95/002 September 1995


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Anaerobic composting


http://www.uk-energy-

saving.com/anaerobic-digestion.jpg


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Contents


from?)

Types of composting






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Windrow composting


http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5104e/y5104e07.htm

http://organic.tfrec.wsu.edu/compost/Compost%20syste

ms/windrows%20mid.jpg


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Aerated static pile


http://www.greenprojectexchange.org/gpe/images/allmedia/Aerat

edStaticPileConstructionR.jpg


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In-vessel composting


https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0424/5adf1ae758b89/5adf1aee61d22.jpg


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Growth curve


https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0424/5adf1ae758b89/5adf1aef09bcc.png


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Contents


from?)

Types of composting






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Why composting?

Reduce or eliminate the need for chemical fertilizers. Promote higher yields of agricultural crops.

Facilitate reforestation, wetlands restoration, and habitat

revitalization efforts by amending contaminated, compacted, and

marginal soils.

Capture and destroy 99.6 percent of industrial volatile organic

chemicals (VOCs) in contaminated air.

Provide cost savings of at least 50 percent over conventional soil,

water, and air pollution remediation technologies, where

applicable. Serves as a marketable commodity and is a low-cost alternative to

standard landfill cover and artificial soil amendments.


http://www.epa.gov/compost/basic.htm


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Application on agricultural lands


Biosolids Generation, Use, and Disposal in the United States

U.S. EPA, Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Division -Office of Solid Waste

EPA530-R-99-009 - September 1999


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Application on agricultural lands



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Contents


from?)

Types of composting






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How sites are chosen?

Geological Stability

Protection of Wetlands

Protection of Surface Water

Protection of Ground Water


Process Design Manual Surface Disposal of

Sewage Sludge and Domestic Septage -

chapter4 - EPA/625/R-95/002 September 1995


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9N site

Site 9N is located 35 Km west of Alexandria


New strategies for

wastewater

management and reuse

in Alexandria 2037

Oct., 2010 CEDARE


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Present and expected future input


New strategies for wastewater management and reuse in Alexandria in 2037

Oct., 20120


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In Egypt, Alexandria (before 9N site)


M. Ghazy, T. Dockhorn, and N. Dichtl. Sewage Sludge Management in Egypt: Current Status and Perspectives

towards a Sustainable Agricultural Use - World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 33 2009


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Process in 9N (Physical)

Moisture


Adjusting row

sludge

High moisture> 60%; can be reduced by blending the

sludge with bulking materialOptimum

moisture40% - 60%

Low moisture< 40%; adjusted by adding water to the

windrow

In final compost Moisture less than 8% 0.2%


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Temperature


Adjusting row

sludge

Max. temp.

64.9C (after 1 month)

< 59 C; Some microorganisms can be

inhibited or killed and diversity oforganisms is reduced, thus results in

lower rates of decomposition

Optimum temp. 45C - 59C

Min. temp.

48C (at the beginning)

> 20 C; Decomposition slows down, asmicroorganisms do not proliferate

In final compost Temperature within optimum range


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pH


Adjusting row

sludge

Max. pH

> 11; Kills many bacteria and

encourages the conversion of NH N to

NH resulting in a N-loss to the

atmosphere

Optimum pH 6 9

Min. pH< 6.5; Promotes leaching of heavy

elements (mobilization)

In final compost pH within optimum range


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Process in 9N (Chemical)

Organic carbon:


Adjusting row

sludge

Max. content (was not mentioned )

Optimum

contentNote less than 40% 2%

Min. content30; Adjusted by probably adjusting the

ration of bulking agent/sludge

In final compost Note less than 40% 2%


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Nitrogen:


Adjusting row

sludge

Max. content (was not mentioned )

Optimum

contentNote less than 2% 0.1%

Min. content

2; Adjusted by using of bulking agent

rich in nitrogen e.g., Hay (2.5% 4%) or

rice straw. As nitrogen is significantly

reduced in the final compost.

In final compost Note less than 2% 0.1%


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Carbon to nitrogen ratio:


Adjusting rowsludge

Max. content 22.1

Optimum

content 18.1-22.1

Min. content

18.1; Carbonaceous materials have to

be added to increase the ratio up to 30

in case if its low.

In final compost 18.1-22.1

* If the C:N ratio is too high (excess carbon), decomposition slows down. If

the C:N ratio is too low (excess nitrogen) you will end up with a stinky pile.

*http://www.composting101.com/c-n-ratio.html


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Ammonia (NH): Ranged between 0 0.55 mg/g

Higher in the first weeks (Risk of ammonium ion toxicity) and

then converted to NO at the end of maturation.

Nitrate (NO):

Ranged between 0 0.09 mg/g



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Volatile solids (VS):

Efficient composting achieved about 45% decrease of VS Some studied hence that it better to be lower than 40%

VS decrease indicates that organic waste breaks down.



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Plant Nutrients:


Primary

Phosphorous 4.3 6.2 mg/g

Potassium 2250 2630 mg/kg

SecondaryCalcium 30225 34033 mg/kg

Magnesium 4014 4580 mg/kg

NaCl (not regarded as a plant nutrient) Not to be more than 0.5%


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Process in 9N (Biological)

Bacteriological:


http://academic.pgcc.edu/~kroberts/Lecture/Chapt

er%206/06-

24_MPNEstimate_L.jpg

Most Probable Number


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Process in 9N (Biological)

Parasitological: Treated sludge (compost)

should contain no more than

one helminthes egg/100 ml

Number of the eggs present

should not exceed more than

three genera of helmithes eggs.


http://www.polconsultant.com/contedu

c/immunology/images/Parasite-

helminths-6-900.jpg


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Contents


from?)

Types of composting






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Standards for composting

Minister of agriculture No. 100/1967

Minister of agriculture No. 214/1997

Minister of agriculture No. 254/2003 Minister of housing, utilizing and urban communities

No. 222/2002

EPA standards for composting and California

Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery



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FourthInternational

Water Technology

Conference IWTC

99, Alexandria,

Egypt


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Constituent Concentration (mg/kg)on dry weight basisCopper 1500

Cadmium 39

Chromium 1200

Nickel 420

Lead 300

Zinc 2800

Arsenic 41

Selenium 36

Mercury 17

Coliforms 1000 /gm ds

Salmonella 3/4g ds

California

Department of

Resources Recycling

and Recovery

Egyptian Sludge

Regulation (Decree

254 / 2003)

USEPA 40 CFR Part 503


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Sewage Sludge Management in Egypt: Current Status and Perspectives towards a Sustainable Agricultural

Use. M. Ghazy, T. Dockhorn, and N. Dichtl

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 33 2009


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Sewage Sludge Management in Egypt: Current Status and Perspectives towards a Sustainable Agricultural

Use. M. Ghazy, T. Dockhorn, and N. Dichtl



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Contents


from?)

Types of composting






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Turning effect

From the results obtained in this study,

it can be concluded that the turning

frequency ofmore than once/week (as

in case of W4) is more efficient in

compost production from sewagesludge than the turning frequency every

7, 10 or 15 days. Although the C/N ratio

of all windrows could be less than the

optimum, all windrows were able to

achieve good microbial activity andhence temperature elevations (5570C),

which were sufficient for pathogens

inactivation.



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Site management and compliance

1- Groundwater

According to the sites

microbiological data

and frequent sampling

of 16 monitoring

wells, there is not

indication of leachates

reached thegroundwater


http://www.euwfd.com/assets/images/Gro

undwater-pollution02.jpg

d l


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Site management and compliance

2- Local people


http://www.alwafd.org

Sep., 30, 2011

http://gate.ahram.org.eg/

Sep., 23, 2011

http://www.elsaba7.com

July, 11, 2012
http://www.alwafd.org/http://gate.ahram.org.eg/http://www.elsaba7.com/http://www.elsaba7.com/http://www.elsaba7.com/http://gate.ahram.org.eg/http://gate.ahram.org.eg/http://www.alwafd.org/http://www.alwafd.org/


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()

814/.

()1016/.

()

1220/.


-/-9-2007


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:

.

1.5

..

.



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:

.

.

..

.



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Recommendations



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EIA study


http://ecx.images-

amazon.com/images/I/51FjsCnkVFL._BO2,204,

203,200_PIsitb-sticker-arrow-

click,TopRight,35,-76_AA300_SH20_OU01_.jpg


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Future prospective

Other sites technology


Sewage Sludge Management in Egypt: Current Status and Perspectives towards a Sustainable

Agricultural Use. M. Ghazy, T. Dockhorn, and N. Dichtl



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Future prospective

Production of biofuel



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Long run solution(Translocation)


http://www.narg.org.uk/images/egypt_satphoto_google.jpg


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Contents


from?)

Types of composting






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References G. Tyler Miller, Jr. and Scott E. Spoolman - Living in the Environment, 17 edition,

Chapter 20 ISBN-13: 978-0-538-73534-6

M. Ghazy, T. Dockhorn, and N. Dichtl. Sewage Sludge Management in Egypt:

Current Status and Perspectives towards a Sustainable Agricultural Use - World

Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 33 2009

Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental chemistry, 7th edition Lewis publisher, 2000

Process Design Manual Surface Disposal of Sewage Sludge and Domestic Septage -

Chapter3 - EPA/625/R-95/002 September 1995

Biosolids Generation, Use, and Disposal in the United States U.S. EPA, Municipal

and Industrial Solid Waste Division -Office of Solid Waste. EPA530-R-99-009 -

September 1999

Fourth International Water Technology Conference IWTC 99, Alexandria, Egypt

New strategies for wastewater management and reuse in Alexandria in 2037.Oct.,2012.

A. I. Khalil M. S. Hassouna H. M. A. El-Ashqar M. Fawzi. Changes in physical,

chemical and microbial parameters during the composting of municipal sewage

sludge. World J Microbiol Biotechnol (2011) 27:23592369

Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-

Dec., 20, 2012


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Acknowledgment

Prof. Alaa El-Din RamadanVice-Dean for Education and Students Affairs

Chemist. Hussein Al AshqarM.Sc. In environmental studies

9N site manager

Mohamed Wahby - Composting in 9N site-

Dec., 20, 2012


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Composting - 9N Site Mohamed Wahby

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