Complying with Standard 90.1-2013:...

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1 © 2016 ASHRAE Learning Institute

Complying with Standard 90.1-2013:

HVAC/Mechanical

McHenry Wallace Jr., PE, LEED-AP

2016 Fall Online

Monday, September 26, 2016


Copyright Materials

• Copyright 2016 by ASHRAE. All rights reserved. No part of this presentation may be reproduced without written permission from ASHRAE, nor may any part of this presentation be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, photocopying, recording or other) without written permission from ASHRAE.

• ASHRAE has compiled this presentation with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate any product, service, process, procedure, design or the like, that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this presentation does not constitute endorsement, warranty or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication is free of errors. The user assumes the entire risk of the use of the use of any information in this presentation.

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About the Instructor

McHenry Wallace Jr., PE, Member ASHRAE, LEED® AP, has been a mechanical contractor, consulting engineer and a registered engineer in Texas for over 30 years. Mack is heavily involved on the front lines of the energy conservation industry, having served for the past 18 years on the ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Committee. He was the engineer of record for many award-winning projects, including the Historic Preservation of the Texas State Capitol Building. Mack was director of design/build services for TXU Energy and responsible for developing and guaranteeing the energy savings on many projects. He has trained hundreds of engineers and architects, world-wide, on ASHRAE 90.1 and is the co-author of the new publication Significant Changes to International Energy Conservation Code and ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1. Currently, Mack splits his time between Jacobs Engineering Group and his own company, WiseWattLLP.


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• This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

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GBCI cannot guarantee that course sessions will be delivered to you as submitted to GBCI. However, any course found to be in violation of the standards of the program, or otherwise contrary to the mission of GBCI, shall be removed. Your course evaluations will help us uphold these standards.

Course ID: 920000581

Complying withStandard 90.1-2013:HVAC/MechanicalBy ASHRAE

Approved for:

3General CE hours

0LEED-specific hours


Course Outline

• Introduction

• Lighting Overview – Section 9

• Building Envelope Overview – Section 5

• HVAC & Mechanical – Section 6

• Other Equipment – Section 10

• Service Water Heating – Section 7

• Summary

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Learning Objectives

• Participants will learn of several updates to the Lighting and Building Envelope sections of the 2013 Standard.

• Participants will identify the HVAC portion of the more than 100 updated requirements from previous versions of the standard.

• Participants will practice techniques for achieving 30% or more energy savings from Std 90.1-2004 requirements.

• Participants will explore ways to improve system energy performance in buildings.


From National Geographic – Big Idea

…the importance of energy to modern life—it is rightly called the “master resource” that makes all other economic activity possible—Steven F. Hayward

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US Building Energy

• In 2010, the US consumed 19% of global energy consumption

• US buildings:– Use 65% of the nation’s electricity

– Account for over 41% of total primary energy usage

– Space heating, space cooling and lighting use almost half of all energy by buildings

• Total building primary energy in 2009 was 48% higher than in 1980

• A 30% improvement in energy efficiency would generate net positive annual cash flow of $65 billion for buildings

– This would produce a cash flow 4 times better than the average yield for corporate bonds

Source: 2011 Building Energy Data Book, Unlocking American Efficiency (UTC)


Historical Efficiency ImprovementsSignificant progress has been made in improving

the energy efficiency of buildings and HVAC equipment

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High Performance for Energy

Source: © ASHRAE, from seminars on Standards 90.1 and 189.1, as modified by Joseph Deringer

Standard 90.1-201054.8 (622)

(90.1-2013?)


First-Cost DOE 90.1-2013

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Savings DOE 90.1-2013

https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2015/11/06/2015-28078/energy-efficiency-standards-for-new-federal-commercial-and-multi-family-high-rise-residential#t-2


90.1-2010 – Purpose & Scope

PurposeTo establish the minimum energy efficiency requirements of buildings, other than low-rise residential buildings, for:

1. Design, construction, and a plan for operation and maintenance, and

2. Utilization of on-site, renewable energy resources

ScopeThis standard provides:

a) minimum energy-efficient requirements for the design, construction and a plan for operation and maintenance of:

a) New buildings and their systems

b) New portions of buildings and their systems

c) New systems and equipment in existing buildings

d) New equipment or building systems specifically identified in the standard that are part of industrial or manufacturing processes

b) Criteria for determining compliance with these requirements.

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Organization of Standard 90.1

1 Purpose

2 Scope

3 Definitions, Abbreviations and Acronyms

4 Administration and Enforcement

5 Building Envelope

6 Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC)

7 Service Water Heating

8 Power

9 Lighting

10 Other Equipment

11 Energy Cost Budget (ECB) Method

12 Normative References


Appendices – 90.1

NORMATIVE (part of standard)A Assembly U-, C- and F-Factor

Determination

B Building Envelope Climate Criteria

C Envelope Trade-Off Methodology

D Climate Data– In 1999 & 2001, envelope

criteria in 26 tables in Appendix B

– In 2004/2007, only 8 tables, now included in text of Envelope section

– Appendix B now contains only climate criteria

INFORMATIVE (not part of standard)E Informative References

F Addenda Description Information (2007/2004/2001)

G Performance Rating Method (2007/2004)

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Alternate Compliance Paths: 4TH Generation 90.1

Energy CostBudget (ECB)

Approach

ENVELOPE

Compliance Performance

Start

EnvelopeMandatory

Requirements

HVACMandatory

Requirements

LightingMandatory

Requirements

HVAC

LIGHTING

PrescriptiveOption

Trade-offOption

Simple SystemOption

PrescriptiveOption

Building AreaOption

Space FunctionOption

Prescriptive

Adapted from S.Taylor/ASHRAE

Appendix G:Performance

RatingSystem

Compliance Performance

Complies Exceeds


Integrated Building Design

Lighting

Envelope

Plug Load

HVAC

Outside Air

People

Service Water

Heating

Parking Garage

ExteriorLighting

MINIMIZETHE HVAC LOAD

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LIGHTING OVERVIEW2013


Space-by-Space MethodTable 9.6.1, Part 4

Revised2013

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Lighting Controls


Climate Zones – Standards 90.1 and 169

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New Climate Zones – Standard 169-2013

90.1-2016


World Climate Zones for Standard 169-2013

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Locations Outside the US

Use Either:• Table B-2 (Canada)

• Table B-3 (Selected countries & locations)

• Table B-4 (Definitions of International Climate Zones)

Plus Use:• Appendix B, Section

B2 Major Climate Type Definitions


ENVELOPE IMPROVEMENT2013

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Opaque Stringency IncreasesFrom 2004 to 2013 – RoofsBuilding Opaque Envelope Nonresidential Insulation Minimum R-Value Requirements

Climate Zones (CZ)Roofs CZ 1 CZ 2 CZ 3 CZ 4 CZ 5 CZ 6 CZ 7 CZ 8

Insulation Entirely above Deck 90.1-2004 R-15.0 ci R-15.0 ci R-15.0 ci R-15.0 ci R-15.0 ci R-15.0 ci R-15.0 ci R-20.0 ci

90.1-2007 R-15.0 ci R-20.0 ci R-20.0 ci R-20.0 ci R-20.0 ci R-20.0 ci R-20.0 ci R-20.0 ci



Metal Building 90.1-2004 R-19.0 R-19.0 R-19.0 R-19.0 R-19.0 R-19.0 R-19.0R-13.0 + R-

19.0

90.1-2007 R-19.0 R-19.0 R-19.0 R-19.0 R-19.0 R-19.0 R-19.0R-13.0 + R-

19.0

90.1-2010 R-19.0R-13.0 + R-

13.0R-13.0 + R-

13.0R-13.0 + R-

13.0R-13.0 + R-

13.0R-13.0 + R-

19.0R-13.0 + R-

19.0R-13.0 + R-

19.0 Ls

90.1-2013R-10.0 + R-19 FC

R-10.0 + R-19 FC

R-10.0 + R-19 FC

R-19 + R-11 Ls or R-25 + R-8 Ls

R-19 + R-11 Ls or R-25 + R-8 Ls

R-25 + R-11 Ls

R-30 + R-11 Ls

R-25 + R-11 + R-11

Ls

Attic and Other 90.1-2004 R-30.0 R-30.0 R-30.0 R-30.0 R-30.0 R-38.0 R-38.0 R-38.0

90.1-2007 R-30.0 R-38.0 R-38.0 R-38.0 R-38.0 R-38.0 R-38.0 R-49.0

90.1-2010 R-30.0 R-38.0 R-38.0 R-38.0 R-38.0 R-38.0 R-38.0 R-49.0

90.1-2013 R-38.0 R-38.0 R-38.0 R-49.0 R-49.0 R-49.0 R-60.0 R-60.0


Glazing Types

• Spectral control – transmit light, reject near-IR heat

• Equal daylight with only 50% of solar gain

• IG to minimize SHGC

Technology:• Selective absorbers

– Blue-green tints

• Selective reflectors– Modified low-E coatings– Coated glass and plastic– Multi-layer dielectric Transmittance -vs- Wavelength

Source: LBNL, Building Technology

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Table 5.5-1:Climate Zone 1A, Fenestration Elements only

Categories of Construction

Space Conditioning Categories

New


Light-to-Solar Gain Ratio for insulating glass units for all glasses in LBNL International Glazing Data Base (IGDB)

Light-to-Solar Gain RatioLSG = 2.0

Tvis

SHGC

CZ 1-3 CZ 4-6CZ 7-8 non-res.

New VT/SHGC ≥ 1.10 Req. in 2013

LSG = 1.0

LSG: Light-to-Solar Gain Ratio = VT / SHGC

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Fenestration Prescriptive Req.:90.1-2004 thru 90.1-2013

Max. U, of Fenestration Assembly

Max. SHGC, of Fenestration Assembly

Vertical Fenestration, ≤ 40% of Wall CZ 1 CZ 2 CZ 3 CZ 3C CZ 4 CZ 5 CZ 6 CZ 7 CZ 8 CZ 1 CZ 2 CZ 3CZ 3C

CZ 4 CZ 5 CZ 6 CZ 7 CZ 8

90.1-2004 Fixed, all, <= 40%1.2 1.2 0.6 1.22 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5

All at 20%

0.25 0.25 0.25 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.49 NR

Fixed, north, <= 40% N at 20% 0.61 0.61 0.49 0.61 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.64 NR

Operable, all, <= 40%1.3 1.3 0.7 1.27 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5

All at 40%

0.25 0.25 0.25 0.34 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.49 NR

Operable, north, <= 40% N at 40% 0.44 0.61 0.39 0.61 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.64 NR

90.1-2007 Nonmetal framing, all 1.20 0.75 0.65 0.40 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35

0.25 0.25 0.25 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.45 0.45

Metal framing, curtainwalletc.

1.20 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.40

Metal framing, all other 1.20 0.75 0.65 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.45 0.45

Metal framing, entrance door

1.20 1.10 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80


0.25 0.25 0.25 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.45 0.45

Metal framing, curtainwalletc.

1.20 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.45 0.45 0.40 0.40

Metal framing, all other 1.20 0.75 0.65 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.45 0.45


1.20 1.10 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80


0.25 0.25 0.25 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.45 0.45Metal framing, fixed 0.57 0.57 0.50 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.38 0.38

Metal framing, operable 0.65 0.65 0.60 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.40 0.40


1.10 0.83 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77


If Glass Cannot Be Avoided — Shade It

Shaded – 88oF

Not shaded – 121oF

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Fenestration & Doors

NFRC shall be used to determine compliance for:• U-Factor

– NFRC 100

• Solar Heat Gain Coefficient– NFRC 200

• Visible Light Transmittance– NFRC 200

• Air Leakage– NFRC 400

References to updated NFRC test procedures were updated via Addendum q to 90.1-2010.


Comfort Chart

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BLUE BOX IS COMFORT ZONE 0.5% HOURS NATURALLY COMFORTABLE


BLUE BOX IS COMFORT ZONE 0.9% HOURS NATURALLY COMFORTABLE

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Dew Point – When Things Sweat


Climate Consultant: Temperature and Dew Point

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HVAC & MECHANICALSection 6


Refrigeration New for 2013 (see 6.5.11-6.4.5-6.4.6)

• 6.1.1.1 New Buildings. Mechanical equipment and systems serving the heating, cooling, ventilating or refrigeration needs of new buildings shall comply with the requirements of this section as described in Section 6.2.

• 6.1.1.2 Additions to Existing Buildings. Mechanical equipment and systems serving the heating, cooling, ventilating or refrigeration needs of additions to existing buildings shall comply with the requirements of this section as described in Section 6.2.

• 6.1.1.3.1 New HVACR equipment as a direct replacement of existing HVACR equipment shall comply with the specific minimum efficiency requirements applicable to that equipment.

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New Definition for Piping

piping: the pipes or tubes interconnecting the various parts of a fluid distribution system, including all elements that are in series with the fluid flow, such as pumps, valves, strainers and air separators, but not including elements that are not in series with the fluid flow, such as expansion tanks, fill lines, chemical feeders, and drains


The Requirement Number is a Guide

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6.4.2 Load Calculations

HVAC

Outside Air

People

6.4.2.2 Pump Head must be calculated along with pressure drop in critical circuit

Lighting

Envelope

Plug Load


HVAC as a System

HVAC

Cooling/

Heating

Heat

Rejection

Equipment Efficiency

Fans

Pumps

System

Controls Sizing

Air Side Sensible Load:Q = (1.08)*CFM*(MixedAirT –

SupplyAirT)

Water Side Load:Q=500*∆T*GPM

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6.4.1 Minimum Equipment Efficiency

Tables 6.8.1-1 through 6.8.1-13 –List mandatory minimum

equipment efficiency requirements

When more than one requirement

is listed, you must comply

with both requirements

If the equipment is not listed or if it

is operated outside the listed range, it can be

used without requirements

Added • Commercial

Refrigeration 2 tables

• Changed the water to air heat pumps

• Changes to 6.8.1-1, 2, 3 & 4

• Changes to 6.8.1-6• Changes to 6.8.1-7


Chiller Requirements1.25 KW/Ton

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Unitary Systems New Rating in 2010 Part-Load Rating

11.2 EER11.4 IEER


Variable Refrigerant Flow – Covered in 2010

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Computer Room Units Added in 2010


6.4.3 Mandatory Provisions – Controls

• Zone Thermostatic Controls6.4.3.1

• Dead Band6.4.3.1.2

• Setpoint Overlap Restriction6.4.3.2

• Off-Hour Controls6.4.3.3

• Automatic shutdown6.4.3.3.1

• Setback Controls6.4.3.3.2

• Optimum Start Controls6.4.3.3.3

• Zone Isolation6.4.3.3.4

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6.4.3.1 Zone Thermostatic Controls

zone, HVAC: a space or group of spaces within a building with heating and cooling requirements that are sufficiently similar so that desired conditions (e.g., temperature) can be maintained throughout using a single sensor (e.g., thermostat or temperature sensor).

6.4.3.1.1 General. The supply of heating and cooling energy to each zone shall be individually controlled by thermostatic controls responding to temperature within the zone. For the purposes of Section 6.4.3.1, a dwelling unit shall be permitted to be considered a single zone.


HVAC Mandatory Section –Perimeter System Controls

Single zone OK for these small exposures

Separate zone required for each of these long exposures

Building Plan - HVAC Zones

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HVAC Mandatory Section 6.4.3 Controls

• 5ºF Deadband minimum – Cooling: 73ºF– Heating: 68ºF

• Setpoint overlap

• Off-hour controls– Automatic shutdown– Setback– Optimum start– Shutoff dampers– Zone isolation


HVAC Mandatory Provisions 6.4.3.3.4 Zone Isolation

Fan with variable speed drive

Areas no larger than 1 story nor >25,000 ft2

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6.4.3.4 HVAC Mandatory Section Ventilation System Controls

6.4.3.4.1 Stair and shaft vents: Motorized dampers required to shut off air

except during life safety event

6.4.3.4.2 Outdoor air intakes, vents, etc., must have motorized dampers:

6.4.3.4.3 Damper Leakage per table

6.4.3.4.4 Ventilation Fan Controls for fans larger than 0.75 hp to shut off fans when not required


Where dampers are required by the standard,they shall meet the following leakage limits:

Table 6.4.3.4.3 Maximum Damper Leakage (HVAC Mandatory Section)

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Section 6.4.3.4.5Enclosed Parking Garage Ventilation

Provide a system to automatically detect contaminant levels and adjust the fan speed accordingly. Must be able to reduce fan speed to 50% or less.


Mandatory Provisions 6.4.3 Controls (cont.)

• 6.4.3.5 Heat Pump Auxiliary Heat Control

• 6.4.3.6 Humidification and Dehumidification

• 6.4.3.7 Freeze Protection and Snow/Ice Melting Systems

• 6.4.3.8 Ventilation Controls for High-Occupancy Areas

• 6.4.3.9 Heating in Vestibules

LOCKOUT THERMOSTAT

OUTDOORS

TWO-STAGE THERMOSTAT

INDOORS

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6.4.3.8 Ventilation Controls

Demand control ventilation (DCV): A ventilation system capability that provides for the automatic reduction of outdoor air intake below design rates when the actual occupancy of spaces served by the system is less than design occupancy.


DCV Control

6.4.3.9 Ventilation Controls for High-Occupancy Areas. Demand control ventilation (DCV) is required for spaces larger than 500 ft2 and with a design occupancy for ventilation of greater than 25 people per 1000 ft2 of floor area.

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CO2 TracksOccupancy

The metabolic rate of people is predictable, so that as people enter a space, the total CO2

production can be predicted


6.4.3.9 Heating in Vestibules

Heating allowed only when the outdoor temperature is below 45ºF and with a maximum setpointtemperature of 60ºF.Good exception for using transfer air.

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6.4.3.10 Direct Digital Control (DDC) Requirements (Shall be Provided)


6.4.3.10.2 DDC Controls

The DDC system shall be capable of all of

the following, as required, to provide

the control logic required in Section 6.5:

Monitoring zone and system

demand for fan pressure, pump

pressure, heating and cooling

Transferring zone and system

demand information from

zones to air distribution system

controllers and from air distribution

systems to heating and cooling plant

controllers

Automatically detecting those

zones and systems that may be

excessively driving the reset logic and generate an alarm or other indication

to the system operator

Readily allowing operator removal of

zone(s) from the reset algorithm

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6.4.3.10.3 DDC Display

DDC must trend and graphically display input and output points


6.4.4 HVAC SystemConstruction and Insulation

• 6.4.4.1 Insulation– 6.4.4.1.1 General

– 6.4.4.1.2 Duct and Plenum Insulation per Tables 6.8.2 A&B - Location

– 6.4.4.1.3 Piping Insulation per Tables 6.8.3 A&B – 60<fluid<1050F

– 6.4.4.1.4 Sensible Heating Panel – R–3.5 envelope insulation counts

– 6.4.4.1.5 Radiant Floor Heating – R-3.5 on bottom of floor not slab on grade in floor heating

• 6.4.4.2 Ducts and Plenum Leakage– 6.4.4.2.1 Duct Sealing – All duct pressure class ratings shall be

designated on the drawings

– 6.4.4.2.2 Duct Leakage Tests – over 3 in. static

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HVAC Mandatory Section 6.4.4.1.3 Piping Insulation

A chilled water system is designed for a chilled water supply temperature of 440F with a 160F range. Is insulation required on the return piping?

No, the return piping design temperature is 600F. This is a minimum code; watch out for part-load conditions.


6.4.5 Walk-in Coolers and Freezers

Automatic door closers

Curtains or other methods to minimize infiltration

Minimum Insulation Coolers R-25 and Freezers R-32 & Freezer Floor R-28

ECMs for fan motors ≤ 1 HP condenser and evaporator

Light efficacy minimum 40 lm/watt or timer to shut off in 15 min

Freezer Glass: triple-pane gas filled or heat-reflective

Cooler Glass: double pane and heat-reflective or triple-pane gas filled or heat-reflective

Freezers anti-sweat heaters WO control power draw ≤ 7.1 W/ft2 of door opening

Coolers anti-sweat heaters WO control power draw ≤ 3.0 W/ft2 of door opening

Freezers use temperature-based defrost termination control

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6.4.6 Refrigerated Display Case

Lighting shall have one of the following:

Low temperature display case

Anti-sweat heater controls

• Automatic time switch

• Motion sensors with minimum 50% reduction

• Temperature-based defrost termination control

• Control terminates on upper temperature then time limit

• RH of air outside glass, OR

• Condensation on inner glass


HVAC Prescriptive Section 6.5.1 Economizers – Can be traded off Economizers

– Every system with a fan shall have either air- or water-side economizers

– Climate-dependent requirements based on DOE-2 analysis and bin analysis

6.5.1.1.1 Sized to provide 100% of the design CFM as Outdoor Air for cooling

6.5.1.1.2 Control off supply air temperature (not mixed air temperature)

6.4.3.3.4 Both outdoor air and return air dampers shall meet leakage requirements of Table 6.4.3.3.4

6.5.1.1.5 Means must be provided to relieve excess outdoor air to prevent over-pressurization

6.5.1.1.5 Relief air outlet located to avoid recirculation

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Economizers

No Econ 1b


HVAC Prescriptive Section 6.5.1(i) Economizer Exception

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HVAC Prescriptive Section Table 6.5.1.1.3 Air Economizer High Limit Setpoints


Computer RoomEconomizer Requirement

Required when capacity exceeds value in Table 6.5.1 A&B

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Computer Room Exceptions

Systems primarily serving computer rooms where:

1) Total design cooling load of all computer rooms in the building is less than 3,000,000 Btu/h and the building in which they are located is not served by a centralized chilled water plant, or

2) Room total design cooling load is less than 600,000 Btu/h and the building in which they are located is served by a centralized chilled water plant, or

3) Local water authority does not allow cooling towers, or

4) Less than 600,000 Btu/h of computer room cooling equipment capacity is being added to an existing building.


6.5.1.1.6 Sensor Accuracy

Outdoor air, return air, mixed air and supply air sensors shall be calibrated within the following accuracies:

a. Dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures shall be accurate to ±2°F over the range of 40°F to 80°F.

b. Enthalpy and the value of a differential enthalpy sensor shall be accurate to ±3 Btu/lb over the range of 20 to 36 Btu/lb.

c. Relative humidity shall be accurate to ±5% over the range of 20% to 80% RH.

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How to Recognize Integrated Economizers – 6.5.1.3

Basic control sequence:• When the outdoor air condition is below the lock-out setpoint, upon

a call for cooling, the economizer outdoor air damper is modulated to maintain a supply air temperature of 53oF to 57oF.

If outdoor air alone cannot satisfy the cooling requirement:

• Integrated control sequence• The economizer outdoor air damper is maintained at 100% open and the

compressor is cycled as the second stage of cooling.

• Non-integrated control sequence• The compressor is energized. The economizer outdoor air damper position will

be determined by the resulting supply air temperature.


6.5.1.3 – Added Requirement b.

Units that include an air economizer shall comply with the following:

b. DX units that control the capacity of the mechanical cooling directly based on occupied space temperature shall have a minimum of two stages of mechanical cooling capacity per the following effective dates:

75,000 Btu/h Rated Capacity—Effective 1/1/2014

65,000 Btu/h Rated Capacity—Effective 1/1/2016

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6.5.1.4 DX Cooling Stage Requirements

Effective 1/1/2014, all other DX units, including those that control space temperature by modulating the airflow to the space, shall comply with the requirements of Table 6.5.1.4.


HVAC Prescriptive Section 6.5.1.2.1 Water-Side Economizers

• Shall provide 100% of expected cooling load at outdoor air conditions less than 50oF drybulb / 45oF wetbulb

• Procedure:–Recalculate cooling loads assuming normal design assumptions

except with outdoor air set to 50oF / 45oF

–Determine what supply air temperature is required based on system type and controls

–Use coil selection program to determine required condenser water temperature to meet load

–Use tower selection program to determine if tower can provide required CW temp at 45oF wetbulb

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Table 6.5.1.2.1 Computer Rooms

Provide 100% cooling at these outside air conditions


Water-Side Economizers 6.5.1.3 Integrated Economizer Control

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HVAC Prescriptive Requirements Economizer Heating Impact

Single-Fan Dual Duct system:

not allowed with air economizer


6.5.2 Simultaneous Heating and Cooling Limitation

6.5.2.1 Zone Controls• No reheating

• No recooling

• No mixing hot and cold

• No simultaneous heating and cooling of same zone

6.5.2.2 HydronicSystem Controls• 6.5.2.2.1 Three-Pipe

System (Not Allowed)

• 6.5.2.2.2 Two-Pipe Changeover System (Allowed With Limitations)

• 6.5.2.2.3 Hydronic(Water Loop) Heat Pump Systems

6.5.2.3 Dehumidification –Some allowed• Reduce supply air by

50%

• Lower than 40,000 Btu/h capacity

• Special spaces

• 75% of site recovered heat (including condenser heat)

• 90% recovered energy used to reheat

• Desiccant systems

6.5.2.4

.1 Humidification –Water-side economizer for humidity control with dewpoint above 35ºF

.2 preheating jacket shut-off valve

.3 insulate humidifier dispersion tube if used with cooling

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HVAC Prescriptive Requirements6.5.2.1 Zone Reheat Limitation (No DDC)

Minimum Setpoint no larger than the larger of:

• 30% of peak

• 0.4 cfm/ft2

• Min. OA vent. rate

• 300 cfm

• Approved alternate

• Required by other codes

HOT WATER

Reheat Energy

VAV Reheat Zone


HVAC Prescriptive Requirements 6.5.2.1 Zone Reheat Limitation (with DDC)

• 20% of design peak airflow

• Reheated air can be 50% of design peak airflow

• Air between dead band and full heating or cooling is modulated

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EXCEPTIONS: • WARM-UP OR SETBACK• LABS

6.5.2.1.1 Overhead Supply Air Temperatures Limited


6.5.3 Air System Design and Control

6.5.3.1 Fan System Power and Efficiency

6.5.3.1.1 Allowable Fan HP

6.5.3.1.2 Motor Nameplate Horsepower

6.5.3.2 Fan Control

6.5.3.2.1 Fan Airflow Control

6.5.3.2.2 VAV Static Pressure Sensor Location

6.5.3.2.3 VAV Setpoint Reset

6.5.3.3 Multiple-Zone VAV System Ventilation Optimization Control

6.5.3.4 Supply Air Temperature Reset Controls

6.5.3.5 Fractional Horsepower Fan Motors

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Fan Power Table


Included and Excluded Fans

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Pressure Drop Table 6.5.3.1-2


Motor Selection

• 6.5.3.1.2 Motor Nameplate Horsepower: For each fan, the selected fan motor shall be no larger than the first available motor size greater than the brake horsepower. The fan brake horsepower must be indicated on the design documents to allow for compliance verification by the code official.

• Exceptions to 6.5.3.1.2:

a. For fans less than 6 bhp, where the first available motor larger than the

brake horsepower has a nameplate rating within 50% of the brake

horsepower, the next larger nameplate motor size may be selected.

b. For fans 6 bhp and larger, where the first available motor larger than the

brake horsepower has a nameplate rating within 30% of the brake

horsepower, the next larger nameplate motor size may be selected.

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6.5.3.1.3 Fan Efficiency

FEG (fan efficiency grade) ≥ 67

Design total efficiency ≥ maximum fan total efficiency -15%-points

From amca.org website


6.5.3.2.1 Fan Airflow Control

DX and chilled water units controlled directly by space temperature shall have:• Min of 2 speed with low ≤ 66%• At low speed, the power ≤ 40%

DX and chilled water units controlling space temperature by varying airflow shall have:• Modulate fan speed low ≤ 50%• At low speed, the power ≤ 30%

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6.5.3.2 Fan Control Effective Dates


HVAC Prescriptive Section 6.5.3.2.2Static Pressure Sensor Location

• 6.5.3.2.3 VAV Setpoint Reset– For systems with digital control at zone level, setpoint must

be reset based on zone requiring greatest pressure.

– The setpoint is reset lower until one zone damper is nearly wide open.

• 6.5.3.2.2 VAV Sensor controlling fan must be located such that its setpoint ≤ 1.2 in. wc

– If this results in the sensor being located downstream of major duct splits, multiple sensors shall be installed in each major branch. Exception: Systems using 6.5.3.2.3

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6.5.3.3 VAV Ventilation OptimizationMulti-zone systems with DDC box control must use ASHRAE 62.1 Appendix A - Vent Op


Temperature Reset Controls

-SA

X

0.25

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6.5.3.5 Fractional Horsepower Fan Motors

Electrically-Commutated Motors

1/12 HP ≤ Motors ≤

1HP

Minimum rated

efficiency 70%

Adjust speed for

balancing or remote control


6.5.4 Hydronic System Design and Control

6.5.4.1 Boiler Turndown

6.5.4.2 Hydronic Variable Flow Systems

6.5.4.3 Chiller and Boiler Isolation

6.5.4.4 Chilled- and Hot-Water Temperature Reset Controls

6.5.4.5 Hydronic (Water Loop) Heat Pumps and Water-Cooled Unitary Air Conditioners

6.5.4.6 Pipe Sizing

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6.5.4.1 Boiler Turndown

The system turndown requirement shall be met through the use of multiple single-input boilers, one or more modulating boilers, or a combination of single-input and modulating boilers.


HVAC Prescriptive Section 6.5.4Hydronic System Design and Control

• 6.5.4.2 Variable flow required for systems• >10 total hp• More than 3 control valves• Modulate to <50% design flow• Except systems requiring constant flow that have pump system power

<75 hp• Requires an auto shut-off valve at each heat pump on a loop with total

system pump power over 10 hp

• Individual chilled water pumps• 5 hp motor

• 30% design wattage at 50% flow

• Controlled as a function of flow or pressure differential at end of system with setpoint not more than 110% of critical circuit pressure drop

• Or with DDC a function of Valve position

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HVAC Prescriptive Section 6.5.4Hydronic System Design and Control

• 6.5.4.3 Pump isolation– Corresponding flow reduction must occur when chiller or

boiler is shut down

– Series chillers considered as one chiller

– Chillers and boilers with constant speed pumps on headers shall have no less than same number pumps as the chillers

• 6.5.4.4 Chilled and hot water reset based on load indicator

– Exceptions:

• <300,000 Btu/h

• Result in improper operation

• Variable flow systems


6.5.4.5 Hydronic (Water Loop) Heat Pumps and Water-Cooled Unitary

• Water source heat pumps and unitary water cooled equipment shall have a 2-position valve to shut off water flow when the compressor is off• Exception: Units with water economizers

6.5.4.5.1

• Pumps >5 HP shall be controlled to have no more than 30% wattage at 50% flow6.5.4.5.2

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6.5.4.6 Pipe Sizing


6.5.5 Heat Rejection Equipment

Fans over 7.5 HP Reduce to 2/3speed or less

Automatically change speeds to

control leaving temperature

Above not required in Climate Zones 1

& 2, or for some condenser systems

Multi-cell towers run all the fans you can and all at the same

speed

Do not use centrifugal fans on open towers over 1100 GPM unless

ducted

Towers must turn down to handle the smallest pump or 50% design flow

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6.5.6 Energy Recovery

Many Exceptions, including heating in Zones 1 and 2; cooling in Zones 3c, 4c, 5b, 5c, 6b, 7 and 8; and any system that has less than 75% of the exhaust at a single location


6.5.6 Energy Recovery

Many Exceptions, including heating in Zones 1 and 2; cooling in Zones 3c, 4c, 5b, 5c, 6b, 7 and 8; and any system that has less than 75% of the exhaust at a single location

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HVAC Prescriptive Section 6.5.6 Energy Recovery

6.5.6.2 Condenser Heat Recovery for Service Water Heating– 24 hrs per day

– Heat rejection >6 MMBtu/h

– SWH load >1 MMBtu/h

– Must provide smaller of 60% of heat rejection or preheat peak service hot water to 850F

– Exceptions for heat recovery and solar energy


HVAC Prescriptive Section 6.5.7 Exhaust Hoods

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6.5.7.1.4 Kitchen Dining facility

Total kitchen hood exhaust airflow rate greater than 5000 cfm, then it shall be option 1: At least 50% of all replacement air is transfer air that would otherwise be exhausted.


Maximum Exhaust of Kitchen Hoods

6.5.7.1.5 Performance Testing. An approved field test method shall be used to evaluate design airflow rates and demonstrate proper capture and containment performance of installed commercial kitchen exhaust systems. Where demand ventilation systems are utilized to meet Section 6.5.7.1.4, additional performance testing shall be required to demonstrate proper capture and containment at minimum airflow.

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Laboratory Exhaust Systems


HVAC Prescriptive Section 6.5.8 Radiant Heat• 6.5.8.1 Radiant Heating required for heating

unenclosed spaces– Except loading docks with air curtains

• 6.5.8.2 Radiant Heating in enclosed spaces must comply with the standard

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HVAC Prescriptive Section 6.5.9 Hot Gas Bypass Limitation

– Table for VAV and single zone VAV units, hot gas bypass is not allowed on constant-volume units

– Multiple steps or continuous unloading with hot gas initiated only after unloading to:

Rated Capacity Maximum Hot Gas Bypass Capacity (% of Total Capacity)

240,000 Btu/h (70 kW) 15%

> 240,000 Btu/h (70 kW) 10%

Total Unit Capacity Unloaded down to before bypass


6.5.10 Door Switches

Any conditioned space with a door

Cooling: Reset setpoint to ≥ 90ºF≤ 5 min of opening or disable cooling

Heating: Reset setpoint to ≤ 55ºF≤ 5 min of opening or disable heating

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6.5.11 Refrigeration Systems

Condensers

• Condensing tempera-ture tied to design DB temperature

• ECM motors• Variable setpoint control• Control fans in unison• Minimum condensing

temperature ≤ 70ºF

Compressors

• Floating suction pressure control

• Liquid subcooling• Cycle off crankcase

heaters

Refrigeration Systems


6.6 Alternate Compliance Path

6.6.1 Computer Room Systems: New Metric

• power usage effectiveness (PUE): computer room energy divided by IT equipment energy calculated in accordance with industry-accepted standards (see Informative Appendix E).

• power usage effectiveness—category 0 (PUE0): peak electric demand (kW) for the entire computer room, including IT equipment and supporting infrastructure, divided by peak electric demand (kW) of the IT equipment.

• power usage effectiveness—category 1 (PUE1): annual energy consumption (kWh) for the entire computer room, including IT equipment and supporting infrastructure, divided by annual energy consumption (kWh) of the IT equipment.

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Table 6.6.1 – PUE


6.6.1.1 Alternate Path

• Computer rooms must comply with 6.4 – mandatory

• Show that the annual kWh use PUE1 is below the maximum in Table 6.6.1

• Show that the 50% design kW PUE0 is below the maximum in Table 6.6.1

• Show that the 100% design kW PUE0 is below the maximum in Table 6.6.1

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Example PUE

From Google Website


Numerator and Denominator

From Google Website

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6.7 Submittals

• 6.7.1 AHJ may require compliance documentation 4.2.2

• Completion Requirements are mandatory

• 6.7.2 Completion Requirements– 6.7.2.1 Drawings

– 6.7.2.2 Manuals

– 6.7.2.3 System Balancing• 6.7.2.3.1 General

• 6.7.2.3.2 Air System Balancing

• 6.7.2.3.3 Hydronic System Balancing

• 6.7.2.4 System Commissioning

Trim impellers or change speed on pumps larger than 10 hp when throttling of pump is greater than 5% of nameplate hp or 3 hp


OTHER EQUIPMENTSection 10

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Pump Requirement from Section 10


SERVICE WATER HEATINGSection 7

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SWH Section 7Compliance Path


Requirements for RecirculationSystems and Remote Heaters

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SWH Mandatory Section 7.4.1 SWH Load Calculations

• Must be performed

• Manufacturer’s published methods or generally acceptable design practice in publications (e.g., ASHRAE Handbook-Applications)


SWH Mandatory Section 7.4.2SWH Equipment Efficiency Table 7.8

Equipment Type Size Category Sub-Category or Rating Condition

Performance Required 9/1/2001c

Test Procedurea

Electric Water Heaters

12 kW Resistance 0.93-0.00132V EF DOE 10 CFR Part 430

> 12 kW Resistance 20 + 35V SL, Btu/h ANSI Z21.10.3 24 Amps and

250 Volts Heat Pump 0.93-0.00132V EF DOE 10 CFR

Part 430

Gas Storage Water Heaters

75,000 Btu/h 20 gal 0.62-0.0019V EF DOE 10 CFR Part 430

> 75,000 Btu/h and 155,000 Btu/h

< 4,000 Btu/h/gal 80% Et (Q/800 + 110V)

SL, Btu/h

ANSI Z21.10.3

Gas Instantaneous Water Heaters

50,000 Btu/h and 200,000 Btu/h

4,000 Btu/h/gal and 2 gal

0.62-0.0019V EF DOE 10 CFR Part 430

> 200,000 Btu/hd 4,000 Btu/h/gal and < 10 gal

80% Et ANSI Z21.10.3

> 200,000 Btu/hd 4,000 Btu/h/gal and 10 gal

80% Et (Q/800 + 110V)

SL, Btu/h

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SWH Mandatory Section 7.4.2SWH Equipment Efficiency

• Hot water supply boilers and water heaters must meet standby loss requirements

• Except where they have 140 gal of storage and all of the following:

– Tank insulation to R-12.5

– No standing pilot

– Fuel-fired heaters have flue damper or fan-assisted combustion


SWH Mandatory Section 7.4.3SWH Insulation

Insulation to the Table 6.8.3 (HVAC table) required for the following:

– Recirculation system piping including the pipe between a tank and separate heater

– 8 ft of outlet piping from the tank of a storage type non-recirculating system

– Inlet piping between the tank and heat trap on a storage type non-recirculating system

– Externally heated pipes (e.g., heat trace)

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SWH Mandatory Section 7.4.4 SWH Controls

• 7.4.4.1: Storage temperature controls down to 120oF

• 7.4.4.2: Time switches (or other occupant detecting switches) for recirculation and heat-trace systems

• 7.4.4.3: Outlet temperature controls for public lavatories 110oF

• 7.4.4.4: Circulating pump controls to limit pump operation to heating cycle + 5 minutes


SWH Mandatory Section 7.4.5 SWH Pools

• 7.4.5.1: Pool heaters must have on/off switch (thermostats do not count)

• 7.4.5.1: No standing pilots for pool heaters

• 7.4.5.2: Pool covers required for heated pools and insulated R-12 covers if heated over 90ºF

• 7.4.5.3: Pumps and heaters must have time switches

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SWH Prescriptive Requirements 7.5 Combined Space and Water Heating

• Equipment must meet both HVAC and SWH requirements

• The system must meet one of the following criteria:– System must meet a prescribed standby-loss requirement

for water heating

– Calculations to show that the combined system uses energy less than or equal to dedicated systems

– Combined heater input is 150,000 Btu/h


7.5.3 Buildings with High-Capacity Service Water Heating Systems

• New Buildings

• Installed input capacity ≥ 1,000,000 Btu/h

• Minimum thermal efficiency (Et) of 90%

• Can use input capacity averaging over multiple units

• These requirements go into effect 7/30/2015

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HVAC Section 6.3 Simplified Approach

• Purpose– To ease complexity and compliance burden for 80% of building

permits

• Consistent with prescriptive requirements

• Fits on two pages– Compliance form is 1 page

• 6.3.1 Limited to …– Buildings with 1 or 2 stories

– Buildings less than 25,000 ft2

– Single-zone systems

– Air-cooled or evaporatively-cooled condenser


Simple Building Example

• Existing warehouse/office

• Warehouse unconditioned (no heat or cool)

• Office has gas-electric AC unit

• Modified to expand offices and to convert warehouse into a training room, storage and office

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Existing Conditions


Proposed Retrofit

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Mechanical Systems


Do the New HVAC Systems & Equipment Have to Comply?

“4.1.1.5 Changes in Space Conditioning. Whenever unconditioned or semi-heated spaces in a building are converted to conditioned spaces, such conditioned spaces shall be brought into compliance with all applicable requirements of this standard that would apply to the building envelope, heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, service water heating, power, lighting, and other systems and equipment of the space as if the building were new.”

Conclusion: New systems and equipment must comply.

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Does the Existing HVAC SystemHave to be Upgraded?

“Compliance shall not be required for equipment that is being modified or repaired but not replaced, provided that such modifications and/or repairs will not result in an increase in the annual energy consumption of the equipment…” (6.1.1.3 Exception a)

Conclusion: Existing unit, including thermostat and other controls, need not be upgraded and may be repaired without invoking full compliance provided the repairs do not increase energy use.


Can the Existing System Be Used to Condition Newly Conditioned Space?

When HVAC or service water heating to an addition is provided by existing HVAC or service water heating systems and equipment:

–Such existing systems and equipment shall not be required to comply with this standard.

–However, any new systems or equipment installed must comply with specific requirements applicable to those systems and equipment. (6.1.1.3)

Conclusion: Existing system may be used to condition new space, but any new equipment must meet the Standard (for example, new duct must be insulated)

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New Systems & Equipment Must Comply


HVAC Equipment Efficiency

• HP-1: Split Heat Pump <65,000 Btu/h Cooling: 13 SEERHeating: 7.7 HSPF

• AC-2: Gas/Electric AC >65,000 <135,000 Btu/hCooling: 11 EER – 11.2 IEERHeating: <225,000 Btu/h

78% AFUE or 80% Et

• EWH-1: Electric resistance wall heaterNo requirement

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Simplified Approach 6.3.1 Economizer Requirements

• Not required for existing AC unit (AC-1); existing equipment need not be upgraded

• Not required for split system heat pump for office (HP-1); less than 54,000 Btu/h

• Required for training room AC system (AC-2); larger than 90,000 >54,000 Btu/h


Simplified Approach 6.3.2

6.3.2 Criteria. The HVAC system must meet all of the following criteria:

a. The system serves a single HVAC zone.

b. The equipment must meet the variable flow requirements of Section 6.5.3.2.1.

c. Cooling (if any) shall be provided by a unitary packaged or split-system air conditioner that is either air cooled or evaporatively cooled, with efficiency meeting the requirements shown in Table 6.8.1-1 (air conditioners), Table 6.8.1-2 (heat pumps), or Table 6.8.1-4 (packaged terminal and room air conditioners and heat pumps) for the applicable equipment category.

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d. The system shall have an air economizer meeting the requirements of Section 6.5.1.

e. Heating (if any) shall be provided by a unitary packaged or split-system heat pump that meets the applicable efficiency requirements shown in Table 6.8.1-2 (heat pumps) or Table 6.8.1-4 (packaged terminal and room air conditioners and heat pumps), a fuel-fired furnace that meets the applicable efficiency requirements shown in Table 6.8.1-5 (furnaces, duct furnaces, and unit heaters), an electric resistance heater, or a baseboard system connected to a boiler that meets the applicable efficiency requirements shown in Table 6.8.1-6 (boilers).

f. The system shall meet the exhaust air energy recovery requirements of Section 6.5.6.1

g. The system shall be controlled by a manual changeover or dual setpoint thermostat.



h. If a heat pump equipped with auxiliary internal electric resistance heaters is installed, controls shall be provided that prevent supplemental heater operation when the heating load can be met by the heat pump alone during both steady-state operation and setback recovery. Supplemental heater operation is permitted during outdoor coil defrost cycles. The heat pump must be controlled by either: (1) a digital or electronic thermostat designed for heat-pump use that energizes auxiliary heat only when the heat pump has insufficient capacity to maintain setpoint or to warm up the space at a sufficient rate; or (2) a multi-stage space thermostat and an outdoor air thermostat wired to energize auxiliary heat only on the last stage of the space thermostat and when outdoor air temperature is less than 40oF.

i. The system controls shall not permit reheat or any other form of simultaneous heating and cooling for humidity control.

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j. Systems serving spaces other than hotel/motel guest rooms, and other than those requiring continuous operation, which have both a cooling or heating capacity greater than 15,000 Btu/h and a supply fan motor power greater than 0.75 hp, shall be provided with a time clock that: (1) can start and stop the system under different schedules for seven different day types per week; (2) is capable of retaining programming and time setting during a loss of power for a period of at least ten hours; (3) includes an accessible manual override that allows temporary operation of the system for up to two hours; (4) is capable of temperature setback down to 55oF during off hours; and (5) is capable of temperature setup to 90oF during off hours.


Simplified Approach 6.3.2Duct & Piping Construction

k. Except for piping within manufacturers’ units, HVAC piping shall be insulated in accordance with Tables 6.8.3-1 and 6.8.3-2. Insulation exposed to weather shall be suitable for outdoor service, e.g., protected by aluminum, sheet metal, painted canvas, or plastic cover. Cellular foam insulation shall be protected as above or painted with a coating that is water retardant and provides shielding from solar radiation.

l. Ductwork and plenums shall be insulated in accordance with Tables 6.8.2-1 and 6.8.2-2 and shall be sealed in accordance with Section 6.4.4.2.1.

m. Construction documents shall require a ducted system to be air balanced in accordance with industry accepted procedures.

n. Outdoor air intake and exhaust systems shall meet the requirements of Section 6.4.3.4.

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o. Where separate heating and cooling equipment serves the same temperature zone, thermostats shall be interlocked to prevent simultaneous heating and cooling.

p. Systems with a design supply air capacity greater than 10,000 cfm shall have optimum start controls.

q. The system shall comply with the demand control ventilation requirements in Section 6.4.3.8.

r. The system complies with the door switch requirements in Section 6.5.10.


THANK YOU!

ANY QUESTIONS?Mack Wallace

[email protected]

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Evaluation & Certificate

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