Completion, Workover and Salt Tables

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Completion, Workover Fluids and Salt Tables

I. Drill-In Applications

Prior to entering the productive interval, the conventional

drilling fluid (mud) is replaced with a secondary, “Drill-In”

fluid.

The purpose of the “Drill-In” fluid is to promote the drilling

process, while minimizing the potential for formation damage.

II. Completions

The “Completion Fluid” is used to control wellbore pressures

during operations subsequent to drilling.

III. Workover (WO)

Used during later remedial operations

The objectives vary from pressure control to solids removal.



Completion, Workovers Fluids and Salt Tables

Objectives

a) Solids Free Brines

1) Control wellbore pressures

2) Remove cuttings or other debris

3) Protect production capacity

b)Polymer

1) Remove cuttings or other debris

2) Restrict fluid loss

3) Reduce friction pressures



Wellbore Pressure Control

The completion, workover fluid and salt tables are used to

balance the pressures inside the wellbore with that in the

reservoir.

pH = [0.0519] x D

where:

pH = Hydrostatic Head, psi/ft

D = Brine Density, lbs/gal



Mixing the HE® Polymers

in The Lighter Brines

Dry Powders: Dissolution is rapid

Proper dispersion of the polymers requires

shear conditions similar to that used for other

polymers (eg., Drispac, Flowzan, etc) in order

to avoid lumping.

Emulsion Polymers: Getting the polymer into solution requires

inverting the emulsion. Under low shear

conditions, this can pose problems.



HE® Polymer Emulsions

These are oil-outside phase emulsions, having droplets (micells) of

water and polymer dispersed through a continuous phase of oil.

Building viscosity in brine requires inverting the emulsion, putting

the water into the outside phase and allowing dispersion of the

polymer into solution.

Oil



HE® Polymer Emulsions

Under low shear mixing conditions in light brine, incomplete

inversion may occur, resulting in;

a) Lower than expected fluid viscosity.

b) Soft, white mass of partially hydrated polymer separating to

the fluid surface.

Solution:

a) Increase the amount of shear

b) Add a surfactant

c) Add the polymer to fresh water, before adding the salt.



HE®

Polymer Emulsions

Inversion

Shear Brine

Composition

Surfactant



Mixing the HE® Polymers

In The Heavier Brines

Dry Powders: Dispersion is rapid and easy

Dissolution is slow, and may require:

Advanced Formulating

Heating

Emulsion Polymers: Tends to invert easier in the heavy brines thanin the less dense fluids. That is, the emulsion

is less stable in the more concentrated salt

solutions.

Shear

Surfactant



Dissolution

In the process of “dissolving”, the smaller unit (ion or

Polymer strand) is extracted from the larger crystal or

granule by “free” water



Hydration

In dissolving, each and every ion takes on one or more layers

of water. This “water of hydration” allows separation of the

ions.

In the more concentrated brine systems, much of theavailable water is used simply in this manner.

As the concentration of dissolved salts increases,

progressively less water is available for hydrating the

polymers.

Ca++



Water Content in Various Brines

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

110%

8 10 12 14 16

Brines Density, ppg

W a t e r C o n t e n t , W

t %



3% KCl + HE® Polymers

concentration, lb/BBl = 1 2 3 4 5 6

HE®100 Powder PV = 6 11 14 19 - 35

YP = 2 6 11 19 - 43

HE®100 Emulsion PV = 7 12 16 21 30 -

YP = 1 8 19 31 35 -

HE®100 Powder PV = 5 8 12 17 29 37

YP = 0 2 3 11 17 23

HE®100 Emulsion PV = 5 8 15 21 33 38

YP = 0 7 16 28 42 69



10 ppg NaCl + Polymer

concentration, lb/BBl = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

HE®100 Powder PV = 8 13 21 28 35 40 -

YP = 1 4 4 10 21 29 -

HE®100 Emulsion PV = 8 13 18 25 32 38 41

YP = 2 6 13 19 28 43 61

HE®100 Powder PV = 6 9 12 16 20 25 40

YP = -1 1 2 3 6 8 10

HE®100 Emulsion PV = 6 9 14 19 25 34 37

YP = 0 2 6 13 21 34 36



10.7# CaCl2 + Polymer


HE®100 Powder PV = 9 14 20 28 39 48 54

YP = 0 2 7 11 15 24 42

HE®100 Emulsion PV = 10 14 21 25 38 47 56

YP = -1 2 5 13 15 26 41

HE®100 Powder PV = 7 10 14 17 22 27 34

YP = 1 2 2 4 7 10 12

HE®100 Emulsion PV = 7 10 15 22 29 39 46

YP = 1 3 6 11 20 28 47



11.5 ppg NaBr + Polymer


HE®100 Powder PV = 6 9 13 16 21 27 45

YP = 0 2 4 9 15 22 30

HE®100 Emulsion PV = - 12 15 19 24 31 36

YP = - 3 9 16 23 28 43

HE®100 Powder PV = 5 7 10 14 18 23 30

YP = 0 1 2 4 9 14 19

HE®100 Emulsion PV = 5 8 11 17 25 32 36YP = 0 1 6 12 15 25 37



7 lb/BBl HE®300 (Dry) in CaCl2

Brine Density = 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6

PV = 40 45 73 75 95 80

YP = 30 17 19 25 21 30

7 lb/BBl HE® 300 in CaCl2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Brine Density, ppg

P l a s t i c V i s

c o s i t

10.6 11.611.411.211.010.8



13.0 ppg CaBr Brine


HE®100 Powder PV = 15 22 23 60 141 - -

YP = 0 1 12 -3 -6 - -

HE®100 Emulsion PV = 9 15 22 34 51 71 98

YP = 1 1 3 3 8 15 19

HE®100 Emulsion PV = 13 15 19 25 33 45 64

YP = -1 0 1 2 4 8 10



16.0 ppg CaBr/ZnBr Brine

concentration HE®100 Emulsion HE®300 Emulsion

lb/BBl PV YP PV YP

1 15 0 - -

2 26 4 - -

3 40 7 14 2

4 59 14 18 4

5 80 20 27 4

6 112 26 37 6

7 186 4 51 13

8 - - 77 20

9 - - 97 33



3% KCl + 6 lb/BBl HE100d

Fann 50 Data - 2500F Equivalent

rpm

Shear Shear Viscosity Fann 35 n' 0.4683

Rate Stress cp Dial Reading K' 0.0221

sec-1 dyne/cm2 degress

3 5.11 24 470 4.7 Visc = 69

6 10.22 32 313 6.3 (170 sec-1)

100 170.3 117 69 22.9

200 340.7 162 48 31.7 PV = 23

300 511.0 196 38 38.4 YP = 15

Equivalent Fann 35 Reading = (Shear Stress) / 5.107



3% KCl + 6lb/BBl HE100d

0

50

100

150

200

Temperature,0F

V i s c o s i t y ,

c p ( 1 7 0 s e c

- 1 )

75 85300300250250200150100

1 Hr 1 Hr

With Stabilizer



3% KCl + 7 lb/BBl HE®300 (d)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Temperature,0F

V i s c o s i t y , c p ( 1 7 0 s e c

- 1 )

75 300300250250200200150100 85

I Hr

I Hr I Hr

With Stabilizer



3% KCl + 5 lb/BBl HE®100 Emulsion

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Temperature,0F

V i s c o s i t y ,

c p ( 1 7 0 s e c

- 1 )

75 75300300250250200200150100

I Hr

I Hr

I Hr

With Stabilizer



3% KCl + 5 lb/BBl HE®300 Emulsion

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Temperature,0F

V i s c o s i t y

, c p ( 1 7 0 s e c

- 1 )

I Hr

I Hr

Hr

75 75300300250250200200150100

With Stabilizer



10 ppg NaCl + 6 lb/BBl HE®100 Emulsion

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Temperature,0F

V i s c o s i t y ,

c p ( 1 7 0 s e c

- 1 )

85

1 Hr

300250250200200150100 300 85

1 Hr

1 Hr

With Stabilizer



10.7 ppg CaCl2 + 7 lb/BBl HE®100 Emulsion

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Temperature,0F

V i s c o s i t y , c p ( 1 7 0 s e c

- 1 )

150

1 Hr

7730030025025020020010075

1 Hr

1 Hr

With Stabilizer



13 ppg CaBr2 + 6 lb/BBl HE®100 Emulsion

0

50

100

150

200

Temperature,0F

V i s c o s i t y , c

p ( 1 7 0 s e c - 1 )

150

1 Hr

7830030025025020020010578

1 Hr 1 Hr



16 ppg ZnBr2 + 6 lb/BBl HE®100 Emulsion

0

50

100

150

200

Temperature,0F

V i s c o s i t y , c p ( 1 7 0 s e c - 1 )

78 7830 030 025025 020020015 5110

1 Hr

1 Hr

1 Hr



10# NaCl + 5 ppb HE100 (e) + 1 ppb NaHCO3

Temp = 740F After Aging for 15 Hours at 3500F

RPM

Percent

Viscosity Viscosity of Original

cp cp Viscosity 3 380 299 79%

6 304 185 61%

101 94 61 64%

201 71 50 70%

301 61 47 76%

502 52 42 80%

pH = 8 7.7



13 ppg CaBr2 + 9 lb/BBl HE300 Emulsion

0

50

100

150

200

0 5 10 15

Time at 3500F, hrs

V i s c o s i t y , c p ( 4 0 s e c

- 1 )

0

100

200

300

400



14.2 ppg CaBr2 + 6 lb/BBl HE®100 Emulsion

+ 2.5 lb/BBl Starch + 20 lb/BBl CaCO3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 5 10 15 20

Time at 2000F, Hrs

V i s c o s i t y , c p ( 1 7 0 s e c - 1 )



5 lb/BBl HE®300 Emulsion in 16 ppg ZnBr2

0

50

100

150

200

Temperature,0F

V i s c o s i t y , c p ( 1 7 0 s e c - 1 )

80 80350350300300250250200200

1 Hr 1 Hr

1 Hr

1 Hr

HE® Polymers in Brines



Conclusions

A. The HE® Polymers are effective viscosifiers for brines in Drill-in, Completions or

Workover applications.

B. The HE® Polymers provide a number of potential benefits, including:

Thermal Stability

Carrying Capacity

Restricted fluid invasion

Friction Reduction

C. The powdered forms of the HE® Polymers are most applicable in the lighter brines,

including KCl, NaCl, CaCl2, and NaBr.

D. The HE Emulsion Polymers are applicable in all the compositions.

Completion, Workover and Salt Tables

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