Complete Thesis 11.09 - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39188/... · Buhner,...
Transcript of Complete Thesis 11.09 - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39188/... · Buhner,...
References 169
REFERENCES
Abd EI-Gawad, H. A. and Aly, A. M. (2011) Assessment of aquatic Environmental
for Wastewater Management Quality in the Hospitals: a Case Study.
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(7): 474-782.
Abdel-Massih, R. M., Melki, P. N., Afif, C. and Daoud, Z. (2013) Detection of
genotoxicity in hospital wastewater of a developing country using SOS
chromotest and Ames fluctuation test. Journal of Environmental Engineering
& Ecological Science, http://www.hoajonline.com/journals/pdf/2050-1323-
2-4.pdf,doi:10.7243/2050-1323-2-4.
Adelowo, O., Fagade, O. A., Oke, A. J. (2008) Prevalence of co-resistance to
disinfectants and clinically relevant antibiotics in bacterial isolates from three
hospital laboratory wastewater in south western Nigeria. World Journal of
Microbiol Technology, 24:1993-94.
Advisen, Ltd. (2012) Emerging Environmental Risks in the Healthcare industry
February; white paper. http://www.acegroup.com/us-sets/advisen_emerging
environmentrisk_whitepaper.pdf
Alabi, O. A. and Shokunbi, O. S. (2011) Toxicological effects of hospital wastewater
using animal bioassays. Annals of Biological Research, 2(2): 265-275.
Al-Ahmad, A., Daschner, F. D. and Kümmerer, K. (1999) Biodegradability of
cefotiam, ciprofloxacin, meropenem, penicillin G, and sulfamethoxazole and
inhibition of wastewater bacteria. Archives of Environmental Contamination
Toxicology, 37:158-163.
Alessio, G. (2010) Pharmaceutical Compounds In Waters. Investigations On
Hospital Effluents As A Source of Environmental Contamination And On
Their Treatability, Settore Scientifico Disciplinare ICAR/03 Università Degli
Studi Di Ferrara.
Ames, B. N. (1971) The detection of chemical mutagens with enteric bacteria, in: A.
Hollaender (Ed.). Chemical Mutagens, Principles and Methods for their
Detection, Plenum, New York, 1: 267-282.
References 170
Ames, B. N. and McCann, J. (1981) Validation of the salmonella test: A reply to
Rinkus and Legator. Cancer Research, 41: 4192-4196.
Ames, B. N., Durston, W. E., Yamasaki, E. and Lee, F. D. (1973) Carcinogens is
mutagens: a simple test combining liver homogenates for activation and
bacteria for detection. Proc. National Academy of Science (U.S.A), 70(8):
2281-2285.
Ames, B. N., Durston, W. E., Yamasaki, E. and Lee, F. D. (1973b) Carcinogens are
mutagens: a simple test system combining liver homogenates for activation
and bacteria for detection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science
U.S.A, 70: 2281–2285.
Ames, B. N., Lee, F. D. and Durston, W.E. (1973a) An improved bacterial test
system for the detection and classification of mutagens and carcinogens.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A, 65:782-786.
Ames, B. N., McCann, J. and Yamasaki, E. (1975) Methods for detecting
carcinogens and mutagens with the salmonella/mammalian-microsome
mutagenicity test. Mutation Research, 31: 347–36431:347-364.
Amovei, H. A., Asgharnia1, A. A., Mohammadi, H. Fallah, R., Dehghani. and
Miranzadeh, M.B. (2011) Investigation of hospital wastewater treatment
plant efficiency in north of Iran during 2010- International Journal of
Physical Sciences, 7(31): 5213 – 5217
Anderson, D., Bishop, J. B., Garner, R. C. and Selby, P. B. (1995) Cyclophosphamide:
review of its mutagenicity for an assessment of potential germ cell risk.
Mutation Research, 330: 115–118.
Andreozzi, R., Marotta, R., Paxeus, N. (2003) Pharmaceuticals in stp effluents and
their solar photo degradation in aquatic environment. Chemosphere,
50:1319–1330.
APHA (1995). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 19th
edition American Public Health Association. Washington, DC.
References 171
APHA (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 20th
edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
Arden, E., Lockett, W.T. (1914) Experiments on the oxidation of sewage without the
aid of filters. Journal of Social Chemistry India. 33: 523-539.
Atasoy, A. R., Karakece, E., Patek, M., Alpsoy, L. and Kiran, A. (2012) Determination
of Genotoxic Pollution of Some Hospital Wastewater with salmonella Ames
Test. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 4: 859-865.
AWWA. (1990) Water quality and treatment New York, American Water works
Association McGraw Hill Co.
Aziz, R. N., Fawzi, S. Al-Zubaidy, K, Harith, J. Al-Mathkhury. and Musenga.
(2014) Physico-chemical and Biological Variables of Hospitals Wastewater
in Erbil City. Iraqi Journal of Science, 55(1): 84-92.
Bagatini, M. D., Vasconcelos, T. G., Laughinghouse, H. D., Martins, A. F. and
Tedesco, S. B. (2009) Biomonitoring Hospital Effluents by the Allium cepa
L. Test. Bull Journal of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 82: 590-
592.
Bajpayee, M., Pandey, A. K., Parmar, D. and Dhawan, A. (2005) Current Status of
Short-Term Tests for Evaluation of Genetoxicity Mutagencity, and
Carnogenicity of Environmental chemicals and NcEs. Toxicology
Mechanisms and Methods, 15:155-180.
Bannasch, P., Gresemer, R. A., Anders, F., Becker, R., Cabaral, J. R., Della Porta,
G., Feron, V. J., Henschler, D., Ito, N., Kroes, R., McKnight, B., Mohr, U.,
Magee, P. N., Montesano, R., Napalkov, N. P., Nesnow, S., Pegg, A. E., Rao,
G. N., Turusov, V. S., Waherendorf, J., and Wilbourn, J. (1986) Long term
assays for carcinogenicity in animals. IRAC Science Publication, 83:15-83.
Barrueco, C., and de la Pena, E. 1988. Mutagenic evaluation of the pesticides captan,
folpet, captafol, dichlofluanid and related compounds with the mutants
TA102 and TA104 of Salmonella typhimurium. Mutagenesis, 3: 467–480.
References 172
Bilos, C., and J.C. Colombo (1998). Trace metals in suspended particles, sediments
and Asiatic clams (Corbicula fluminea) of the Rio de la Plata Estuary.
Environmental Pollution, 99:1-11.
Binelli A., Riva C. and A. Provini (2007). Biomarkers in Zebra mussels for
monitoring and quality assessment of Lake Maggiore (Italy). Biomarkers,
12(4): 349-368.
Blanch, A. R., J. L. Caplin, A. Iversen, I. Kühn, A. Manero, H. D. Taylor, and X.
Vilanova. (2003) Comparison of Enterococcal populations related to urban
and hospital wastewater in various climatic and geographic European
regions. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 94: 994-1002.
Bolognesi, C., Landini, E., Perrone, E., and Roggieri, P. (2004) Cytogenetic
biomonitoring of a floriculturist population in Italy: Micronucleus analysis
by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with an all-chromosome
centromeric probe. Mutation Research, 557(2): 109–117.
Bombardier, M., Bermingham, N., Legault, R. and Fouquet, A. (2001) Evaluation of
an SOS-Chromotes based approach for the isolation and detection of
sediment - associated genotoxins. Chemosphere, 42: 931-944.
Bonneau, D., Thybaud, V., Melcion, C., Bouhet, F., and Cordier, A. 1991. Optimum
associations of tester strains for maximum detection of mutagenic compounds
in the Ames test. Mutation Research, 252(3): 269–279.
Brooks, B., Chambliss, C., Stanley, J., Ramirez, A., Banks, E., Johnson, R., (2005)
Determination of selected antidepressant in fish from an effluent-dominated
stream. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 113 (6): 464–469.
Buhner, S.H. (2002) The lost language of plants –The ecological importance of plant
medicines to life on earth. Chelsea Green Publishing: White River Junction,
Vermont.
Calamari, D. and Alabaster, J.S. (1980) An approach to theoretical models in
evaluating the effects of mixtures of toxicants in the aquatic environment.
Chemosphere, 9: 533-538.
References 173
Carballa, M., Omil, F., Lema, J., Llompart, M., Garcia-Jares, C., Rodriguez, I.,
Gomez, M., Ternes, T. (2004) Behavior of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics
andhormones in a sewage treatment plant. Water Research, 38: 2918–2926.
Carlsson, C., Johansson, A., Alvan, G., Bergman, K., Kuhler, T. (2006a) Are
pharmaceuticals potent environmental pollutants? part i: Environmental risk
assessments of selected pharmaceutical excipients. Science of the Total
Environment, 364: 67–87.
Carlsson, C., Johansson, A., Alvan, G., Bergman, K., Kuhler, T. (2006b) Are
pharmaceuticals potent environmentalpollutants? part ii: Environmental risk
assessments of selected pharmaceutical excipients. Science of the Total
Environment, 364: 88–95.
CCLIN, Paris–Nord. (1999) Elimination of liquid effluents hospitals establishments-
Recommendations Institut Biomedical des Cordeliers, Paris, 74.
Charlotte and Smith. (2002) Journal of the Pharmacy Society of Wisconsin,
December. http://www.premierinc.com/safety/topics/epp/downloads/PSW_
article.pdf
Chitnis, V., Chitnis, S., Vaidya, K., Ravikant, S., Patil, S., Chitnis, D. (2004).
Bacterial population changes in hospital effluent treatment plant in central
india. Water Research, 38:441–447.
Claxton, L.D., Houk, V.S., Huges, T.J., (1998) Genotoxicity of industrial wastes and
effluents. Mutation Research, 410: 237–243.
Clean Technology Consultant. (1994). Design criteria of wastewater treatment plant.
Ratchawithi hospital. Bangkok. Thailand.
Corbitt, R.A. (2004) Standard handbook of environmental engineering (2nd ed) .New
York McGraw Hill Inc.
Czyz, A., Szpilewska, H., Dutkiewicz, R., Kowalska, W.A., Biniewska-Godlewska,
W´grzyn. (2002) Comparison of the Ames test and a newly developed assay
for detection of mutagenic pollution of marine environments. Mutation
Research, 519: 67-74.
References 174
Danial, F.B., Meier, J.R. and Deanglo, A.B. (1993) Advances on research on
carcinogenic genotoxic byproducts of chlorine disinfection: chlorinated
hydroxyfuranones and chlorinated acetic acids. Annals Ist Super Sanita,
29:279-291.
Daniel, F.B., Robinson, M. Olson, G.R., Stober, J.A. and Paged, N. P. (1994)
Toxicology studies on MX, a disinfectant byproduct. Journal of American
Water works Association, 86(3): 103-111.
Daniel, R. D., Bettina, C.H. and Evenlyn, O. (2006) Toxicology and risk assessment
of Pharmaceuticals. First published in organic pollutants in the water cycle”/
Thorsten Reemtsma, (Ed.).Wiley VCH, 287-309
Daughton, C. and Ternes, T. (1999) Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in
the environment: Agents of subtle change? Environmental Health
Perspectives, 107: 907–938.
Davis, L. and Ford, P. (1992) Toxicity Reduction Evaluation and Control.
Technomic Publishing Company Inc.
Deloffre-Bonnamour, N. (1995) Wastes rejects from health establishments: liquid
effluents to solid wastes. Master’s Thesis, University Claude Bernard-Lyon1,
Institut Universitaire Professionnalise, Department of Environment and
Ecodevelopment, Lyon, 75.
DeMarini, D. M., Abu-Shakra, A., Felton, C. F., Patterson, K.S. and Shelton, M. L.
(1995) Mutation spectra in salmonella of chlorinated, chlorminated, or ozone
drinking water extracts: comparison to MX. Environmental and Molecular
Mutagen, 26: 270-285.
Doerger, J.U., Meier, J.R., Dobbs, R.A., Johnson, R.D. and Ankley, G.T. (1992)
Toxicity reduction evaluation at a municipal wastewater treatment plant using
mutagenicity as an endpoint. Archives of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology, 22:384-388.
References 175
Dowling, K. and Mothersill, C. (2001) The further development of rainbow trout
primary epithelial cell cultures as a diagnostic tool in ecotoxicology risk
assessment. Aquatic Toxicology. 53: 279–89.
Dunnet, C.W. (1995) A multiple comparison procedure for comparing several
treatments with a control. Journal of Mathematics Statics Association, 50:
1096-1121.
Ekhaise, F. and Omavoya, B. (2008). Influence of Hospital Wastewater Discharged
From University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin City on its
Receiving Environment. American - Euroasian. Journal of Agricultural
Environmental Science, 4(4):484-488.
EMEA. (2006) Guideline on the environmental risk assessment of medicinal
products for human use. Tech. rep., European Medicines Agency.
Emmanuel, E. (2004) Evaluation des risques sanitaires et ecotoxicologiques lies aux
effluents hospitaliers. Ph.D. thesis, Istitut national des science appliquees de
Lyon.
Emmanuel, E., Blanchard, J. M., Keck, G., and Perrodin, Y. (2001) Caractérisation
chimique, biologique etécotoxicologique des effluents hospitaliers Déchets
Sciences et Techniques, revue francophone d’ecologie industrielle, N 22 -
2éme trimester, 31-33.
Emmanuel, E., Blanchard, J. M., Keck, G., Perrodin, Y. and Vermande, P. (2002)
Effects of hospital wastewater on aquatic ecosystem, XXVIII Congreso
Interamericano De Ingenieria Sanitaria y Ambiental Cancún, México.
Environmental Bio Detection Products Inc. (EBPI). (2011) The SOS-Chromotest
Version 6.3, Instruction for Use, Canada.
EPA. (1986) Guide for Infectious Waste Management, EPA/ 530- SW-86-014.
EPA. (1990) Medical Waste Management in USA, Second Interim Report to
Congress, EPA/ 530-SW-90-087A.
References 176
Erlandsson, B. S. Matsson. (1978) Medically used radionuclides in sewage sludge.
Water Air and Soil Pollution, 2:199–206.
Escher, B.I., Baumgartner, R., Koller, M., Treyer, K., Lienert, J. and McArdell, C. S.
(2011) Environmental toxicology and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals
from hospital wastewater. Water Research, 45(1): 75-92.
Farr, L and Barcelö, D. (2003) Energy Pollutant in water analysis. Trends in
Analytical Chemistry, 22(10):14-16.
Farre, M., Perez, S., Kantiani, L. and Barcelo, D. (2008) Fate and toxicity of
emerging pollutants, their metabolites and transformation products in the
aquatic environment. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 27(11): 991–1007.
Fent, K., Weston, A. and Caminada, D. (2006) Ecotoxicology of human
pharmaceuticals. Aquatic Toxicology, 76: 122– 159.
FEPA. (1991) Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Control in Nigeria
Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). Government Press.
Lagos, 238.
Ferk, F., Misik, M., Grummt, T., Majer, B., Fuerhacker, M., Buchmann, C., Vital,
M., Uhl, M., Lenz, K., Grillitsch, B., Parzefall, W., Nersesyan, A.,
Knasmuller, S., (2009) Genotoxic effects of wastewater from an oncological
ward. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental
Mutagensis, 672(2): 69–75.
Fish, F., Lampert. I., Halachmi, A., Riesenfeld, G., Herzberg, M. (1987) The SOS
chromotest kit: A rapid method for the detection of genotoxicity. Toxicology
Assessment, 135(2):14731-33.
Fluckiger-Isler, S., Baumeister, M., Braun, K., Gervais, V., Hasler- Nguyen, N.,
Reimann, R.,Van, G. J., Wunderlich, H.G. and Engelhardt, G. (2004)
Assessment of the performance of the Ames II assay: a collaborative study
with 19 coded compounds. Mutation Research, 558: 181-197.
References 177
Friederich, U., Aeschbacher, H.U., Seiler, J.P. and Wurgler, F.E. (1982) The
Salmonella/ microsome mutagenicity assay: some possible cause for
interlaboratory. Mutation research, 103: 133-140.
Fujii, K. (1991) Evaluation of the newborn mouse model for chemical
tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis, 12:1409–1415.
Garner, R. C., Millcr, E. C. and Miller, J. A. (1972) Liver microsomal metabolism of
aflatoxin BI to a reactive derivative toxic to Salmonella typhimurium
TA1530. Cancer Research, 32: 2085-2066.
Gartiser, S., Brinker, L., Erbe, T., Kummerer, K., Willmund, R., (1996)
Contamination of hospital wastewater with hazardous compounds as defined
by 7a whg. Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica, 24(2): 90–97.
Gautam, A. K., Kumar, S., & Sabumon, P. C. (2007) Preliminary study of physico-
chemical treatment options for hospital wastewater. Journal of Environmental
Management, 83: 298 - 306.
Gebel, T. and Koenig, A. (1999) Impact of dimethyl sulfoxide and examples of
combined genotoxicity in the SOS chromotest. Mutation Research, 444:
405-411.
General Standards for Discharge of Environmental Pollutants, (1986) The
Environment (Protection) Rules.
Giuliani, F., Koller, T., Wurgler, F., Widmer, R. (1996) Detection of genotoxic
activity in native hospital wastewater by the umuc test. Mutation Research,
368: 49–57.
Glaze, W. H., Andeman, J.B., R.J., Conolly, R.B., Hertz, C.D., Hood, R. D. and
Pegram, R.A. (1993) Determining health risks associated with disinfectants
and disinfectants by products: research needs. Journal of American Water
Works Association, 85: 53-56.
Glowienke, S., Frieauff, W., Allmendinger, T., Martus, H.J., Suter, W., Mueller, L.
(2005) Structure-activity considerations and in vitro approaches to assess the
genotoxicity of 19 methane, benzene, and toluene-sulfonic acid esters.
Mutation Research, 581: 23-34.
References 178
Golterman, H. L., Clymo, R. S., & Ohnstade, M. A. M. (1978) Methods for Physical
and Chemical Analysis of Freshwaters. Blackwell Scientific Publications,
London, 215.
Goverment of India. (1998) Ministry of Environment and Forests Gazette
notification No 460 dated July 27, New Delhi,10-20.
Gupta, P., Mathur, N., Bhatanagar, P., Nagar, P., and Srivastava, S. (2009)
Genotoxicity evaluation of hospital waste water. Ecotoxicology and
Environmental Safety, 72: 1925-1932.
Halling-Sorensen, B., Nielsen, S. N., Lanzky, P., Ingerslev, F., Lutzhoft, H.,
Jorgensen, S. (1998) Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical
substances in the environment - a review. Chemosphere, 36(2): 357–393.
Hartmann, A., Alder, A.C., Koller, T., Widmer, R.M. (1998) Identification of
fluoroquinolone antibiotics as the main source of umuC genotoxicity in
native hospital wastewater. Environmental Toxicology, 17(3): 377–382.
Hartmann, A., Golet, E.M., Gartiser, S., Alder, A.C., Koller, T., Widmer, R.M.
(1999) Primary DNA damage but not mutagenicity correlates with
ciprofloxacin concentrations in German hospital wastewaters. Archives of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 36: 115– 119.
Hayes, A.W. (1982) Principles and methods of toxicology. New York, Raven Press,
238-241.
Henderson, L., Albertini, S. and Aardema, M. (2000) Thresholds in genotoxicity
responses. Mutation Research, 464:123-128.
Hermens, J., Canton, H., Jansen, P. and De Jong, R. (1984) Quantitative Structure –
activity relationship and toxicity studies of mixtures of chemicals with
anesthetic potency: acute lethal and sub lethal toxicity to Daphnia magna.
Aquatic Toxicology, 5: 143-154.
Hernando, M.D., Heath, E., Petrovic, M., Barcelo, D. (2005) Trace-level determination
of pharmaceutical residues by LC-MS/MS in natural and treated waters. A
pilotsurvey study. Annals of Biological Chemistry, 385: 985–991.
References 179
Holm, J., Rugge, K., Bjerg, P., Christensen, T. (1995) Occurrence and distribution
of Pharmaceutical organic compounds in the groundwater down gradient of a
landfill (grinsted, denmark). Environmental Science and Technology,
29:1415–1420.
Houk, V. S. (1992) The genotoxicity of industrial wastes and effluents (a review).
Mutation Research, 277: 91-138.
Hunachew, B. and Getachew, R. (2011) Assessment of Waste Stabilization Ponds
for the Treatment of Hospital Wastewater: The Case of Hawassa University
Referral Hospital. World Applied Sciences Journal, 15(1): 142-150.
IARC (2004) Some drinking-water disinfectants and contaminants, including arsenic.
IARC Monographic Evaluation Carcinogenic Risks to Human, 84: 1-477.
Ibeh, I. N. and Omoruyi, M. I. (2011) Seasonal Dynamics in the Physico-chemical
parameters of Hospital effluent fro a University Teaching Hospital based on
Southern Nigeria. Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 1(1): 7-17
IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety) (2000) Disinfectants and
disinfectants by-products. Environmental Health criteria, 216, WHO. Geneva
Ito, N., Imada, K., Hasegawa, R., and Tsuda, H. (1989) Rapid Bioassay Methods for
Carcinogens and Modifiers of Hepatocarcinogenesis, CRC Crit. Review
Toxicology. 19: 385–415.
Ito, N., Imada, K., Hirose, K. and Shirai, T. (1998) Medium Term Bioassays for
Carcinogenicity of Chemical Mixtures. Environmental Health Perspective.
106: 1331-1336.
Jayalakshmi, V., Lakshmi, N and Singara Charaya, M. A. (2011) Assessment of
Physico- Chemical Parameters of water and wastewaters in and around
vijaywada. International journal of research in Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical Sciences, 2(3): 1041-1046.
Johns, C. and Luoma, S.N. (1990). Arsenic in benthic bivalves of San Francisco Bay
and the Sacramento/San Joaquin River delta. The Science of the Total
Environmental, 97(98): 673-684.
References 180
Jolibois, B. and Guerbet, M. (2005a) Hospital wastewater genotoxicity. Annals of
Occupational Hygiene, 50(2): 89-196.
Jolibois, B. and Guerbet, M. (2005b) Evaluation of industrial, hospital and domestic
wastewater genotoxicity with the Salmonella fluctuation test and the SOS
chromotest. Mutation Research, 565: 51–62.
Jolibois, B. and Guerbet, M. (2005c) Efficiency of two waste water treatment plant
in removing genotoxicity. Archives of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology, 36:115–119.
Jolibois, B., Guerbet, M., Vassal, S. (2003) Detection of hospital wastewater
genotoxicity with the SOS chromotest and Ames fluctuation test.
Chemosphere, 51: 539–543.
Josephy, P. D., Gruz, P., and Nohnii, T. (1997) Recent advances in the construction
of bacterial genotoxicity assays. Mutation Research, 386:1–23.
Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Dinsdale, R.M. and Guwy, A.J. (2008) The removal of
pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit
drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving
waters. Water Research, 43(2): 363-380.
Kier, L.E., Brusick, D.J., Auletta, A.E., Von Halle, E.S., Brown MM, Simmon VF,
Dunkel V, McCann J, Mortelmans K, Prival M, Rao TK, Ray V. (1986) The
Salmonella typhimurium / mammalian microsomal assay. A report to the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program. Mutation
Research, 168: 69–240.
Klobucar, G., Stambuk, A., Hylland, K., and Pavlica, M. (2008). Detection of DNA
damage in haemocytes of Mytilus galloprovincialis in the coastal ecosystems
of Kaštela and Trogir Bays, Croatia, Science of Total Environment, 405: 330-
337.
Kocak, E., Yetilmezsoy, K., Gonullu, M.T., Mustafa, P. (2010) A statistical
evaluation of the potential genotoxic activity in the surface waters of the
Golden Horn Estuary. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 60:1708–1717.
References 181
Kolpin, D., Furlong, E. T., Meyer, M. T., Thurmann, E. M., Zaugg, S. D., Barber, L.
B. & Buxton, H. T. (2002) Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic
wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999–2000: a national
reconnaissance. Environmental Science Technology, 36: 1202–1211.
Kosma, C., Lambropoulou, D., Triantafyllos, A. (2010) Occurrence and removal of
ppcps in municipal and hospital wastewaters in Greece. Journal of
Hazardous Materials, 179: 804–817.
Kreuzinger, N., Clara, M., Droiss, H. (2004) Relevance of the sludge retention time
(srt) as design criteria for wastewater treatment plants for the removal of
endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals from wastewater. Water Science
and Technology, 50(5): 149-156.
Ku¨mmerer, K. (2001) Drugs in the environment: emission of drugs, diagnostic
aidsand disinfectants into wastewater by hospitals in relation to other sources
– a review. Chemosphere, 45: 957- 969.
Ku¨mmerer, K. (2004) Resistance in the environment. Journal of Antimicrobial
Chemotherapy, 54(2): 311–320.
Ku¨mmerer, K. (2009) Antibiotics in the aquatic environment – a review – part i.
Chemosphere, 75(4): 417–434.
Ku¨mmerer, K. and Al-Ahmad, A. (1997) Biodegradability of the anti-tumor agents
5-fluorouracil, cytarabine, and gemcitabine: Impact of the chemical structure
and synergistic toxicity with hospital effluent. Acta hydrochim Hydrobiology,
25(4): 166–172.
Ku¨mmerer, K. and Helmers, E. (2000) Hospital effluents as a source of gadolinium
in the acquatic environment. Environmental Science and Technology, 34:
573–577.
Ku¨mmerer, K. and Henninger, A. (2003) Promoting resistence by the emission of
antibiotics from hospitals and households into effluent. Clinical Microbiology
and Infection, 9(12):1203–1214.
References 182
Ku¨mmerer, K., Erbe, T., Gartiser, S., Brinker, L. (1998) Aox-emissions from
hospital into municipal wastewater. Chemosphere, 36(11): 2473–2445.
Ku¨mmerer, K., Helmers, E., Hubner, P., Mascart, G., Milandri, M., Reinthaler, F.,
Zwakenberg, M. (1999) European hospitals as a source for platinum in the
environment in comparison with other sources. Science of the Total
Environment, 225: 155–165.
Lenz, K., Koellensperger, G., Hann, S., Weissenbacher, N., Mahnik, S., Fuerhacker,
M. (2007a) Fate of cancerostatic platinum compounds in biological
wastewater treatment of hospital effluents. Chemosphere, 69: 1765–1774.
Leprat, P. (1998) Les rejets liquides hospitaliers, quels agents et quelles solutions
techniques? Revue Techniques hospitalieres, 632: 49–52.
Levin, D.E., Hollstein, M.C., Christman, M.F., Schwiers, E.A., Ames, B.A. (1982b)
A new Salmonella tester strain (TA102) with A:T base pairs at the site of
mutation detects oxidative mutagens. Proceedings of the National Academy
of Science U.S.A, 79: 7445–7449.
Levin, D.E., Yamasaki, E., Ames, B, N. (1982a) A new Salmonella tester strain for
the detection of frameshift mutagens: a run of cytosines as a mutational hot-
spot. Mutation Research, 94: 315–330.
Li, C., Fu-Tien, J. (1993) Physical and Chemical Composition of Hospital Waste.
Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 14(3): 145.
Lindqvist, N., Tuhkanen, T., Kronberg, L. (2005) Occurrence of acidic
pharmaceuticals in raw and treated sewages and in receiving waters. Water
research, 39: 2219–2228.
Liu, Q., Zhou, Y., Chen, L., Zheng, X. (2010) Application of mbr for hospital
wastewater treatment in china. Desalination, 250: 605–608.
Mahmond, K., Azar, A.M. and Khan, M.R. (2012) A Survey of Tehran Hospitals
Wastewater International Conference on Future Environment and Energy (
IPCBEE), 28: 22.
References 183
Mahvi, A., Rajaizadeh, A., Fatehizadeh, A., Yousefi, N., Hosseini, H. and ahmadian,
M.(2009) survey wastewater treatment condition and effluent quality of
Kerman Province Hospitals. World Applied Science Journal, 7(12):1521-
1525.
Malling, H.V. (1971) Dimethylnitrosamine: formation of mutagenic compounds by
interaction with mouse liver microsomes. Mutation Research, 13:425-429.
Mandal, S. K. and Dutta, J. (2009) Integrated Bio-Medical Waste Management Plan
for Patna City, Institute of Town Planners. India Journal, 6(2):1-25.
Margulis, A.B., Il’inskaya, O.N., Kolpakov, A.I., El’-Registan, G.I. (2003)
Induction of SOS response by auto regulatory factors of microorganisms.
Russian Journal of Genetics, 39: 993–996.
Maron, D., Katzenellenbogen, J., Ames, B.N. (1981) Compatibility of organic solvents
with the Salmonella/microsome test. Mutation Research, 88: 343–350.
Maron, M. and Ames, B.N. (1983) Revised methods for the Salmonella
mutagenicity test. Mutation Research, 113: 173-215.
Mathur, N., Bhatnagar, P., Bakre, P. (2005) Assessing mutagenicity of textile dyes
from Pali (Rajasthan) using Ames Bioassay. Applied Ecology and
Environmental Research, 4(1):111–118.
Matsushima, H., (1988) A selected ion monitoring assay for triclosan in medical
wastewater. Biomedical and Environmental Mass Spectrometry, 16: 255–257.
McCan, J. and Ames, B.N. (1976) Detection of carcinogens in the Salmonella /
microsome test. Assay of 300 chemicals. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Science U.S.A. 73: 950 – 954.
McCann, J. and Ames, B.N. (1977) The Salmonella/ microsome mutagenicity test:
Predictive value for animal carcinogenety: Hiatt HH, Watson J.D and
Windstar (Eds). Origin of Human Cancer, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,
Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1431-1450.
References 184
McCann, J., Choi, E., Yamasaki, E. and Ames, B.N. (1975) Detection of
carcinogens in the Salmonella/microsome test. Assay of 300 chemicals.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A. 72: 5135–5139.
Mersch-Sundermann, V.U., Schneider, G., Klopman and Rosenkranz, H.S. (1994)
SOS induction in Escherichia coli and Salmonella mutagenicity: a
comparison using 330 compounds. Mutagenesis, 9: 205–224.
Mesdaghinia, A., Naddafi, K., Nabizadeh, R., Saeedi, R., Zamanzadeh, M. (2009).
Wastewater characteristics and appropriate method for wastewater
management in the hospitals. Iran Journal of Public Health, 38(1): 34-40.
Metcalf & Eddy Inc (2003). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse. 4th Ed.
McGraw-Hill. New York.
Metcalfe, C., Koening, B., Bennie, D., Servos, M., Ternes, T., Hirsch, R. (1991)
Occurrence of neutral and acidic drugs in the effluents of Canadian sewage
treatment plants. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 22(12):
2872–2880.
Miller, E.C. and Miller, J.A. (1971) The mutagenicity of chemical carcinogens:
correlations, problems and interpretations. In: Chemical Mutagens, Plenum,
New York, 1: 83-119.
Moerisidik, S.S. (1993). Technology alternatives for hospital waste management.
Seminar Limbah Rumah Sakit. Jakarta. Universitas Indonesia. Indonesia.
Monarca, S., Feretti, D., Collivignarelli, C., Guzzella, L., Zerbini, I., Bertanza, G.,
Pedrazzani, R. (2000) The influence of different disinfectants on mutagenicity
and toxicity of urban wastewater. Water Research, 34 (17): 4261–4296
Moore, D., Felton, J.S. (1983) A microcomputer program for analyzing Ames test
data. Mutation Research, 199: 95-105.
Moreno-Abril, O. and Carrillo Gallego, E. (2002) Técnicas de estudio de la
mutagenicidad. Higiene y Sanidad Ambiental, 2: 26-32.
References 185
Morino-Canniello, N.F. and Piegorsch, W.W. (1996) The Ames test: the two-fold
rule revisited, Mutation Research, 369: 23-31.
Mortelmans, K. and Stocker, B.A.D. (1979) Segregation of the mutator property of
plasmid R46 from its ultraviolet-protection properties. Molecular and
General Genetics, 167: 317–327.
Mortelmans, K. and Zeiger, E. (2000) The Ames Salmonella /microsome
mutagenicity assay. Mutation Research, 455: 29-60.
Movahedian, H., Bina, B., Asghari, G.H. (2005) Toxicity Evaluation of Wastewater
Treatment Plant Effluents Using Daphnia magna. Iranian Journal of
Environmental Health, Science and Engineering, 2: 14.
Mutsumato, S.T. (2003) Efeitòs tòxicos e genotòxicos de metais pesados,
especficamente do cromo trivalente e hexavalente Tese de Doutorado,
Univeridade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Sao José do Rio Preto.
Mutsumato, S.T. and Marin – Morales, M.A. (2004) Mutagenic potential of the
water of a river tannery effluents using Allium cepa test system. Cytologia,
69: 399-488.
Mutsumato, S.T., Mantovani, M.S., Mallaguti, MI., Dias, L.A. and Marin-Morales,
M.A. (2006) Genotoxcity and mutagencity of water contaminated with
tannery effluents as evaluated by the micronucleus test comet assay using the
fish Oreochromis niloticus and chromosome aberrations in onion root- tips.
Genetics and Molecular biology, 29(1): 148 -158.
Narbonne, J. F., Djomo, J. E., Ribeira, F. V. and Garrigues, P. (1999). Accumulation
kinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed to sediment by the
mollusk Corbicula fluminea. Ecotoxicology and Environmental, 42: 1-8.
NSFC (National Small Flow Clearinghouse) (1996) On- site Wastewater Disposal
and Public Health. Pipeline, summer, 7(3): 87-90.
O’Brien, T. Xu, J. and Pateino, S.R. (2001) Effects of gluthione on chromium –
induced DNa crossing and DNA Polymerase arrest. Moleular and Cell
Biochemistry, 222: 173 – 182.
References 186
OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2009)
Guidelines for testing of Chemicals, 4: 451– 486.
Ohe, T., Shaughnessy, D. T., Landi, S., Terao, Y., Sawanishi, H., Nukaya, H.,
Wakabayashi, K., and DeMarini, D. M. (1999) Mutation spectra in
Salmonella TA98, TA100, and TA104 of two phenylbenzotriazole mutagens
(PBTA-1 and PBTA-2) detected in the Nishitakase River in Kyoto, Japan.
Mutation Research, 429(2):189-198.
Ohe, T., Watanabe, T., Wakabayashi, K. (2004) Mutagens in surface waters: a
review. Mutation Research, 567: 109-149.
Ohlsen, K., Ternes, T., Werner, G., Wallner, U. Löffler, D., Ziebuhr, W. Witte, W.,
Hacker, J., (2003) Impact of antibiotics on conjugational resistance gene
transfer in Staphylococcus aureus in sewage. Environmental Microbiology,
5(8): 711–716.
Ohta, T., Tokishita, S., Tsunoi, R., Ohmae, S. and Yamagata, H. (2002)
Characterization of Trp+reversions in Escherichia coli. Strain WP2uvrA.
Mutagenesis, 17(4): 313-316
Ojo, O. A. and Adeniyi, I.F. (2012) The Impacts of Hospital Effluent Discharges on
the Physico-chemical Water Quality of a Receiving Stream at Ile-Ife,
Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development, 5(11): 82-87.
Onursal, B. (2003) Health Care Waste Management in India. The World Bank.
Orloff, K. and Falk, H. (2003) An international perspective on hazardous waste
practices. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health,
206(4-5): 291- 302.
Ortolan, M. G. S. (1999) Avaliação do efluente do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto
Alegre: citotoxicidade, genotoxicidade, perfil microbiológico de bactérias
mesofílicas e resistência a antibióticos. Dissertação de Mestrado, Faculdade
de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre,
Brasil, 115.
References 187
OSPAR (2007) Practical Guidance Document on Whole Effluent Assessment.
Ospar Commission Publication, 316: 978-1905.
Parvez, S., Venkataraman, C., Mukherji, S. (2006) A review on advantages of
implementing luminescence inhibition test (Vibrio fischeri) for acute toxicity
prediction of chemicals. Environment International, 32: 265–268.
Patil, A.D and Shekdar, A.V (2001) Health care waste management in India, Journal
of Environmental Management, 63: 211-220.
Pauwels, B. and Verstraete, W. (2006) The treatment of hospital wastewater: an
appraisal. Journal of Water Health, 4(4): 405 - 416.
Pavlica, M., Klobucar, G., Mojas, N., Erben, R., and Papes, D. (2001) Detection of
DNA damage in haemocytes of zebra mussel using Comet assay. Mutation
Research, 490: 209-214.
Paz, M., Muzio, H., Gemini, V., Magdaleno, A., Rossi, S., Korol, S. & Moretton, J.
(2004) Aguas residuales de un centro hospitalario de Buenos Aires,
Argentina: características químicas, biológicas y toxicológicas. Higiene y
Sanidad Ambiental, 4: 83-88.
Paz, M., Muzio, H., Mendelson, A., Magdaleno, A., Tornello, C., Balbis, N.,
Moretton, J. (2006) Evaluation of Genotoxicity and Toxicity of Buenos Aires
City Hospital Wastewater Samples. Journal of Brazilian Social Ecotoxiology,
1(1): 1-6.
Petrovic, M., Gonzalez, S. & Barcelo, D. (2003) Analysis and removal of emerging
contaminants in wastewater and drinking water. Trac, 22(10): 685–696.
Preston, R.J., Kean, B.J. and Galloway, S. (1987) Mammalian in vivo cytogenetic
assay: analysis of chromosome aberrations in bone marrow cells. Mutation
Research, 198: 157-165.
Prival, M. J. and Mitchell, V. D. (1982) Analysis of a method for testing azo dyes
for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium in the presence of flavin
mononucleotide and hamster liver S9. Mutation Research, 97: 103-116.
References 188
Prival, M.J., Bell, S.J., Mitchell, V.D., Peiperl, M.D., Vaughan, D.L. (1984)
Mutagenicity of benzidine and benzidine-congenor dyes and selected monoazo
dyes in a modified Salmonella assay. Mutation Research, 136: 33–47.
Quillardet, P. and Hofnung, M. (1985) The SOS chromotest: a review. Mutation
Research, 297: 235-279.
Quillardet, P., Huisman, O., Ari, R. and Hofnung, M. (1982) SOS chromotest, a
direct assay of induction of an SOS function in Escherichia coli K12 to
measure genotoxicity. Proceeding of National Academics Science USA, 79:
5971–5975.
Raschid-Sally, L. and Jayakody, P. (2008) Drivers and characteristics of wastewater
agriculture in developing countries: Result from a global assessment,
Colombo, Sri Lanka. IWMI Research report 127, International Water
Management Institute, Colombo.
Reid, T.M., Morton, K.C., Wang, C.Y., King, C. M. (1984) Mutagenesis of azo dyes
following metabolism by different reductive/oxidative systems. Environmental
Mutagenesis, 6: 247-259.
Reid, T.M., Wang, C.Y., King, C.M., Morton, K.C. (1983) Conversion of congo red
and 2-azoxyfluorene to mutagens following in vitro reduction by whole-cell
rat caecal bacteria. Mutation Research, 117: 105-112.
Richardson, M. L. & Bowron, J. M. (1985) The fate of pharmaceutical chemicals in
the aquatic environment. Journal of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, 37: 1-12.
Richardson, S. and Ternes, T. (2005) Water analysis: Emerging contaminants and
current issues. Analytical Chemistry, 77(12): 3807–3838.
Roberts, C.A. (1996). Selenium contamination in Corbicula transplanted into
agricultural drains in the Imperial Valley, California. Division of Environ.
Contaminants, Carsbad Field Office U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Roberts, P., Thomas, K., (2006) The occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in
wastewater effluent and surface waters of the lower tyne catchment. Science
of the Total Environment, 356: 143–153.
References 189
Rodrigues, N. L. and Powlowsky, U. (2007) Testes de toxicidade aguda atraves de
bioensaios no extrato solubilizado dos residues Class II a-Naoinertes e
Calsse II BInertes. Eng. Sanit. Ambent, 12: 8-16.
Roopadevi, H. and Somashekar, R. K. (2012) Assessment of the toxicity of waste
water from a textile industry to Cyprinus carpio. Journal of Environmental
Biology, 33(2):167-71.
Rosenkranz, H.S., Mersch-Sundermann, V., Kloopmann, G. (1999) SOS chromotest
and mutagenicity in Salmonella: evidence for mechanistic difference.
Mutation Research, 431:31-8.
Ruiz, M. J. and Marzin, D. (1997) Genotoxicity of six pesticides by Salmonella
mutagenicity test and SOS chromotest. Mutation Research, 390: 245–255.
Ruth and Stringer. (2011) International Science and Policy Coordinator. Health
Care without Harm. Safe and sustainable healthcare waste treatment – an
essential element of healthcare without harm. Journal of Environmental
Management, 34: 23-31
SAICM, “Provisional draft strategy for strenghthening the engagement of the health
secrtor in implementation of the Strategic Approach to International
Chemicals Managemnet,” Geneva, April, 2011.
Sakamoto, H. and Hayatsu, H. (1990) A simple method for monitoring mutagenicity
of river water. Mutagens in Yodo river system, Kyoto-Osaka. Bull
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 44: 521-528.
Saliona - Salonen, M.S. and Jokela, J.K. (1991) Measurement of organic halogen
compounds in urine as an indicator of exposure. Scandinavian Journal of
workplace and Environmental Health, 17:75-78
Santos, J., Aparicio, I., Alonso, E. (2007) Occurrence and risk assessment of
pharmaceutically active compounds in wastewater treatment plants. a case
study: Seville city (Spain). Environmental International, 33: 596–601.
References 190
Sarafraz, S., Khani, M., Yaghmaeian, K. (2007) Quality and quantity survey of
hospital wastewater in hormozgan province. Iran Journal of Health Science
Engineering, 4(1): 43–50.
Scheytt, T., Mersmann, P., Lindstadt, R., Heberer, T. (2005) Determination of
sorption coefficients of pharmaceutically active substances carbamazepine,
diclofenac, and ibuprofen, in sandy sediments. Chemosphere, 60: 245–253.
Schuster, A., Hadrich, C. Kummerer, K. (2008) Flows of active pharmaceuticals
ingredients originating from healthcare practices on a local, regional, and
nationwide level in germany - is hospital effluent treatment an effective
approach for risk reduction? Water Air and soil pollution, 8: 457– 471.
Schwartz, T., Kohnen, W., Jansen, B., Obst, U. (2003) Selection of antibiotics
resistant bacteria and their resistance gens in wastewater, surface water
and water biofilms. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 43: 325-335.
Sebastian, T. (2008) The Ames test: a methodological - short review. Environmental
Biotechnology, 4(1): 7-14.
Shanabruch, W.G. and Walker, G.C. (1980) Localization of the plasmid (pKMIOl)
gene(s) involved in recA+ /ex4+-dependent mutagenesis. Molecular and
General Genetics, 179: 289-297.
Shaner, H. ( 1997) Professional development series, becoming a mercury free
facility: A priority to be achieved by the 2000. American Society for
Healthcare Environmental Sciences of the American Hospital Association.
APHA, Washington DC. 130.
Sharma, P., Kumar, M., Mathur, N., Singh, A., Bhatnagar, P. and Sogani, M. (2013)
Health care industries: potential generators of genotoxic waste. Environmental
Science and Pollution Research, DOI 10.1007/s11356-013-1500-9
Shirai, T., Hirose, M. and Ito, N. (1999) Medium term bioassays in rats for rapid
detection of the carcinogenic potential of chemicals. IARC Science
Publication, 146: 251–272.
References 191
Shukla, G.S., Kant, R and Tripathi, B.D. (1980) Ecological investigation of
physico – chemical characteristics and phytoplankton productivity of river
ganga at Varanasi. Geobios, 16: 20-27
Silva, J., Erdtmenn, B. and Henriques, J.A.P. (2003) Genetica Toxicologica .
Alcance, Porto alegre, 70-74.
Snyder, R.D. and Green, J.W. (2003) A review of the genotoxicity of marketed
pharmaceuticals. Mutation Research, 488: 151–169.
Sprehe, M. M., Geiben, S.U. and Vogelpohl, A. (1999) Treatment of AOX-
containing wastewater from hospitals- degradation of iodized X-ray contrast
medium. Korrespomdenz Abwasser, 46(6): 548-558.
Status of Bio Medical waste generation in country as submitted by SPCBs and PCCs
f or the year (2011) www.cpcb.nic.in / waste / biomedical waste / status
biomedical waste.
Steger-Hartmann, T., Kummer, K., Hartmann, A. (1997) Biological degradation of
cyclophosphamide and its occurrence in sewage water. Ecotoxicology and
Environmental Safety, 36: 174–179.
Stuer- Lauridsen, F., Birkved, M., Hasen, L.P., Holten Lutzhoft, H.C. and Halling-
sorenson, B. (2000) Environmental Risk assessment of Human
Pharmaceuticals in Denmark after Normal Therapeutic Use. Chemosphere,
40(7): 783-793
Sugimura, T., Sato, S., Nagao, M., Yahagi, T., Matsushima, T., Seino, T., Takeuchi,
T., Kawachi, T. (1976) Overlapping of carcinogens and mutagens. In:
Fundamental of Cancer Prevention (ed. Magee, Takayama, Sugimura,
Matsushima), University Park Press, Baltimore, 78:191-215.
Tahiri, E.M., Benaabidate, L., Nejjari, J., Fikri Benbrahim, K. (2012) Assessment of
physico - chemical and biological parameters of Al Ghassani hospital
wastewaters, Fez – Morocco. Journal of Material Environmental Science,
3(1): 115-120
References 192
Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F., Stensel, H. (2004) Wastewater engineering:
Treatment and Reuse, 4th ed. Mc Graw- Hill. New York, 30-69.
Ternes, A.T., Giger, W., Joss, A. (2006) ‘Introduction’. In: Human pharmaceuticals,
hormones and fragrances, the challenges of micropollutants in urban water
management, IWA publishing, London, UK, 453. The Bio Medical Waste
(B.M.W) (1998), (Management and Handling) Rules.
Ternes, T. and Hirsch, R. (2000) Occurrence and behavior of x-ray contrast media in
sewage facilities and the aquatic environment. Environmental Science and
Technology, 34: 2741–2748.
The Bio Medical Waste (B.M.W) (1998), (Management and Handling) Rules.
The President’s Cancer Panel. (2010) U.S Department of Health and Human
Services. Reducing Environmental Cancer Risk: What We Can Do Now.
Thomas, P., Foster, G. (2004) Determination of non - steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs, caffeine, and triclosan in wastewater by gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry. Journal of Environmental Science and Health A, 39 (8):
436–444.
Tripathi, R., Pancholi, S.S., and Tripathi, P. (2011) A 14-day subchronic
genotoxicity study of nimesulide in mouse bone marrow cells in vivo.
Pharmacologyonline, 1: 544-551.
Tsakona, M., Anagnostopoulou, E., Gidarakos, E. (2006) Hospital waste management
and toxicity evaluation: A case study. Waste Management, 27: 912–920.
Tyagi, V. K., Chopra, A.K., Durgapal, N.C. and Kuma, A. (2007) Evaluation of
Daphnia magna as an indicator of toxicity and treatment efficacy of Municipal
Sewage Treatment Plant. Journal of Applied Science Environmental
Management, 11(1): 61-67.
Urase, T. and Kikuta, T. (2005) Separate estimation of adsorption and degradation
of pharmaceutical substances and estrogens in the activated sludge process.
Water Research, 39: 1289–1300.
References 193
USEPA. (1989) Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes. EMSL
Cincinnnati OH 45268: US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).
USEPA. (2009) Benchmark Dose software (BMDS) version2.1 Users Manual
Version 2.0, Draft.Doc No,: 53-BMDS-RPT-0028.Washington, DC: Office
of Environmental Information.
Venitt, S., Bartsch, H., Becking, G., Fuchs, R. P. P., Hofnung, M., Malaveill, C.,
Matsushima, T., Rajewsky, M. R., Roberfroid, M. and Rosenkranz, H. S.
(1986) Tests in bacteria. IARC Science Publication, 83:143 –161.
Verlicchi, P., Galletti, A., Masotti, L. (2010a) Management of Hospital
Wastewaters: The Case of the Effluent of a Large Hospital Situated in a
Small Town. Water Science and Technology, 61 (10): 2507 –2519.
Verlicchi, P., Galletti, A., Petrovic, M., Barcelo, D. (2010b) Hospital effluents as a
source of emerging pollutants: An overview of micropollutants and
sustainable treatment options. Journal of Hydrology, 389: 416–428.
Vijay, U., Bhatnagar, P., Mathur, P. (2014a) Physico-chemical Characterization of
Health Care Establishments Wastewater. Inventi Impact: Water &
Environment, 3:135-140.
Vijay, U., Bhatnagar, P., Mathur, P. (2014b) Mutagenicity Evaluation of Health
Center Wastewater with the Mutant TA 100 and TA 102 Strains of Salmonella
typhimurium. Inventi Rapid: Pharma Biotech & Microbiology, 3:1-4.
Wadhia, K. and Clive Thompson, K. (2007) Low - cost ecotoxicity testing of
environmental samples using microbiotests for potential implementations of
the Water Framework directive. Trends in analyst. Chemistry, 26: 300-307.
Walker, G.C. and Dobson, P.P. (1980) Mutagenesis and repair deficiencies of
Escherichia coli umuC mutants are suppressed by the plasmid pKM101.
Molecular and General Genetics, 172: 17–24.
Wangsatmaja, S. (1997) Environmental action plan for a hospital. Asian Institute of
Technology. School of Environment. Bangkok. Thailand.
References 194
Webb, S., Ternes, T. A., Gibert, M. and Olejniczak, K. (2003) Indirect human
exposure to pharmaceuticals via drinking water. Toxicology Letters, 142:
157–167.
White, P.A. and Rasmussen, J.B. (1996) The genotoxic hazards of domestic wastes
in surface waters. Mutation Research, 410: 223–236.
WHO Fact Sheet No.253 (2000) Wastes from Health-Care Activities Wikipedia;
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur.
WHO. (1999). Guidelines for safe disposal of unwanted pharmaceuticals in and
after emergencies. Essential drugs and other Medicines Department. World
Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.180.
WHO. (2004) Guidelines for safe disposal of unwanted pharmaceuticals in and after
emergencies. Essential drugs and other Medicines Department. World Health
Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 245.
Wilcox, P., Naidoo, A., Wedd, D. J., and Gatehouse, D.G. (1990) Comparison of
Salmonella typhimurium TA102 with Escherichia coli WP2 tester strains.
Mutagenesis, 5(3): 285–291.
Wyasu, G. and Okereke, N. Z-J. (2012) The influence of hospital wastewater and
food samples grown within Ahmadu Bello University, Zara- Nigeria on its
receiving environment. Advance in Applied Science Research, 3(3):
1686-1690.
Zegura, B., Heath, E., Cernoša, F. (1995) Combination of in vitro bioassays for the
determination of cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of wastewater, surface
water and drinking water samples. Chemosphere, 75: 1453–1460.
Zeiger, E, Haseman, J.K., Shelby, M.D., Margolin, B.H., Tennant, R.W. (1990)
Evaluation of four in vitro genetic toxicity tests for predicting rodent
carcinogenicity: confirmation of earlier results with 41 additional chemicals.
Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 16 (18): 1–14.
References 195
Zeiger, E. (1985) The Salmonella mutagenicity assay for identification of
presumptive carcinogens. In: Handbook of Carcinogen Testing (ed. Milman,
Weisburger), Noyes Publishers, Park Ridge, NJ, 83-99.
Zeiger, E. (2001) Mutagens that are not carcinogens: faulty theory or faulty tests?
Mutation Research, 492: 29-38.
Zeiger, E., Anderson, B., Haworth, S., Lawlor, T., Mortelmans, K. (1992)
Salmonella mutagenicity tests: V. Results from the testing of 311 chemicals.
Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 21:141-147.
Zhitkovich, A., Voitkun, V. and Costa, M. (1996) Formation of the amino acid –
DNA Complexes by hexavalent and trivalent chromium in vitro: Importance
of trival chromium and the phosphate group, Biochemistry, 35: 7275-7282.
Zuccato, E., Castiglioni, S., Bagnati, R., Chiabrabdo, C., Grassi, P., Fanelli, R.
(2008) Illecit drugs, a novel group of environmental contaminants. Water
Research, 42: 961–968.
Zwiener, C. and Frimmel, F. (2000) Oxidative treatment of pharmaceuticals in
water. Water Research, 34 (6):1881–1885.