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EEE SANJAYA CHAUWAL Social Studies of 37


“A COMPLETE DOSE OF SOCIAL STUDIES ”

COMPLETE DEFINITIONS + CHEAT TIPS + MANY MORE ....

Publishment: 2069\06\221st Edition : 2071/06/222nd Edition : 2073/06/22

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DEFINITIONS:

UNIT =I WE, Our Community & Nation:

1]Federal system of government F. G. S. is a system of government in which several statesunite together under a central authority but remains independent in internal affairs.

2] Federalism is a system of government under which power is divided between a centralauthority & its various constituent units.

3] Two-Tier system of government is defined a system of government having central andregional levels.

4] Development region are the regions that are divided by the government to run theadministrative affairs smoothly and to have overall equal sustainable development.

5] Unitary system is the system of government having only one level of government.

6] Natural region are those region which are naturally made and are divided bygeographical condition, climate, vegetation, rivers. For example: Terai,hills valley,etc

7] Administrative Region is that region which is divided according to population, town,village, infrastructure, available with other administrative resource. Eg: V. D. C, Zonedistricts etc.

8] Decentralization is a system in which power and authority are distributed to localgovernment or bodies from central government.

9] Loo is the tropical monsoon hot wind blowing from Bay of Bengal to eastern part ofNepal carrying heavy rain during summer season.

UNIT =II Infrastructures of Development :

1] Means and Resources are those things which are very necessary for development.

2] Human resources are those resources with power, training, experience and skills toutilize natural resources properly.

3] Skilled human resources means people or group of people who have the ability and skillto do well in any sort of works for the development.

4] Short term skilled manpower means the people who have been trained and made skilledwithin a short period of time & on low budget.

5] Long term skilled manpower means the people who have skill, knowledge & aretechnically trained over a long period of time on huge budget.




UNIT =III Our Traditions ,Social Value and Norms:

1] Heritage denotes to the valuable things & qualities such as historical building andcultural traditions that have been passed down from previous generation to the presentgeneration.

2] Folk songs are the songs that are sung according to place, race, religion etc. which areperformed in various festivals, ceremonies, marriages e.t.c

3] Folk music is the music played with folk songs in marriage, rituals and ceremonies.

4] Classical dance is a dance which reflects the highest standard within a long establishedform of ancient time.

5] Folk dance is a dance of a particular people or area and is traditional.

6] Dhan nach is a folk dance of Limbu community held in Mela parba by holding eachother’s hand.

7] Palam is a song which is sung during Dhan nach.

8] Gajo is a stick that is used to play the folk musical instruments like Dhol,Nagara,Tyamko, etc by hitting.

9] National days are those special days that we celebrate from government to local level torelate various events such as great revolution, celebration of achievements.

UNIT- IV Social Problems and Solutions :

1] Girl trafficking is a social crime in which innocent & illiterate girls are sold inside thecountry or overseas either for force work or for prostitution.

2] AATWIN is an umbrella organization of 15 organization working together foreradication of girl trafficking.

3] Prostitution means doing sex with forcefully for money or other benefits.

4] Custom is a traditional way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a society.

5] Dowry is the property or money brought by a bride to her husband’s home on hermarriage.

6] Untouchability means discrimination among people on the basis of their caste.

7] Deuki pratha is a tradition of offering a girl child to the god at a temple in the hilly




region of FWDR.

8] Ghumto pratha is a custom of covering the face by a married woman so that men cannotsee her face.

9] Jhuma pratha is a tradition of offering the second daughter to the monastery in thehimalayan region of Nepal.

10] Corruption is taking money or any other advantages illegally missuing power andauthority.

11] Transparency International is organization that publishes annually index of corruptionof the related country.

12] Refugee is the people who have been forced to leave their homes especially theircountry because of civil war.

13] UNCHR is a specialized agency of UN established to look after refugees of the world.

14] Chhaupadi pratha is a bad custom of keeping the women out of house during period ofmenstruation hilly region or MWDR and FWDR.

15] Kumari pratha is a tradition of keeping young daughter in the Kumari temple inside theKathmandu valley in Newar community.

16] Drugs are those substances which damages the physical as well as mental strength of aaddictor.

17] Drug addiction is act of getting addiction to the influence of drugs which is poisonous.

UNIT =V Civic Conciousness:

1] Government organs are the organs of government having powers and functions to runthe country smoothly.

2] Legislative is the important government organ that is responsible for law framing as perthe people’s wills.

3] Executive is the government body for implementing laws framed by the legislature forrunning the state affairs.

4] Judiciary is government organ which gives equal justice to the people using existinglaws of a country.

5] Bill is a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion.

6] Bicameralism is a system of a parliament having two house or chambers.




7] Unicameralism is a system of parliament having single chamber or house.

8] Precedent is verdict made by Supreme Court relating any issue which is not mentionedin existing laws.

9] Republic is a system of governing without King and works in democratic norms.

10] Loktantra is the system of working for the welfare of the people by people’srepresentatives.

11] Competitive multiparty democracy means democratic system where more than twopolitical parties exist.

12] Rule of law means system of running the state of affairs according to provision ofexisting laws.

13] Impunity means illegal activities committed by turning a blind eye to the laws of anation.

14] Ordinance is the decision made by government to put some urgent works in actionwhen the legislative is in off or meeting is not holding properly.

15] Constitutional Assembly is the assembly formed through the election in order to draftthe constitution.

16] Conflict management is act of bringing two warring group on the table of negotiation.

17] Constitutional organ are special body mentioned further in the constitution besides thegovernmental organs.

18] End of impunity means act of punishing those who violates the laws.

19] Adult franchise means right to every people above 18 years to caste vote in election.

20] Electoral roll is a list of the people that are eligible to caste vote in election.

21] Manifesto is the written document representing the future programs of the politicalparty and presented to the public before election.

22] Ballot paper is a paper showing regions for casting the vote to different candidates.

23] Election is a procedure by which person is elected from many candidates for rule.

24] Sovereignty is right to freely run state of affairs without any external county'sdomination.




25] People’s supremacy is act of respecting the rights, privileges & freedom of people.

26] Secular country is a country that follows all types of religion neglecting particularreligion as national religion.

27] Interim Constitution is the constitution that is followed until new constitution is drafted.

28] National integrity is the act of preventing the nation or its people from becomingdivided and weaving them for unity.

29] Autocratic system is a one man led system where s/he runs the state affairs randomly.

30] Democratic system is a system where people's representatives run the state affairs asper people's wills & demands.

31] General election is an election which held in every 5 years to form government in alldemocratic countries.

32] Dash gaga is the unused land between Nepal & India borders.

33] Rights are socially recognized claims of individuals.

34] Human Rights are those rights needed for an individual for over round developmentwithout any external interference.

35] Polling centers are booths that are set up in several places of election constituency.

36] Referendum is a democratic process of taking public opinion in which every adultcitizen of a country is asked a straight forward question or has to choose between twoalternatives about any important national or political issues.

37] Parliament means the highest law making body consisting people’s representatives orKing.

38] Claim is a process of correcting the mistakes occurred in electoral roll by submittingan application in election commission.

39]Protest is process of giving application for the removal of names from electoral roll bythe citizens when the name of the dead ones, migrated people, married women or personswithout citizenship are published.

UNIT=VI Our Earth :

1] Climate is the general weather conditions in an area over a long period of time.

2] Climatic region is a region throughout which the condition of relief, temperature rainfall,vegetation and human activities are less or more similar.




3] Thematic map is a map that includes all the information that expresses what peoplewant to know.

4] Earthquake is any sudden movement of a portion of the earth’s crust due to naturalcause which produces shaking.

5] Hypo center or focus is the point within the earth’s crust where first vibration comes.

6]Epic center is a point vertically above the hypo center.

7] Richter scale is a scale used to measure the intensity of the earthquake.

8] Seismograph is an instrument used to record vibrations produced by earthquake.

9] Mantle is the fluid substances floating under continental plates.

10] Volcano is eruption of hot gases, lava,rock,water vapour from the earth’s crust.

11] Lamas are the animals used to transport goods in Andes mountain range of SouthAmerica.

12] Extreme climate is that type of climate in which very cold in winter, very hot insummer and very dry weather without rainfall.

13]Selvas is tropical rain forest stretched in the area of Amazon basin of South America.

14] Taiga is the coniferous forest stretched from Canada to Siberia in Northern pole.

15] Oasis is the place in the desert where small amount of water are found to grow plants.

16] Igloo is the houses made from snow pieces by the Inuit’s and Eskimos in North Pole.

17] Weather is the state of atmosphere at place and time in terms of temperature, wind etc.

18] Snowline is a border line above which snow never melts in mountain region above5000m height.

19] Prairies are extensive grassland that lies in central plains of North America.

20] Nomads are member of a people that travels from place to place to find fresh pasturefor its animals.

21] Orchard is a piece of enclosed land planted with fruit trees.

22] Pampas is the large treeless plains in South America in Argentina.




23] Estates in Africa are known as large agricultural farms which have regular rainfall.

24] Angel falls is the longest waterfall in the world [979] meter that lie in Guinea highlandin Venezuela.

25] Lumbering is the process of taking up disused articles of furniture to space andespecially followed in Canada.

26] Political map is that map which shows the location of country, capital and other placesoften including road or rail links.

27] Atacama desert is the driest place in the world where very small rainfall occurs inmany years.

28] Amap is a representation of the spherical earth on a flat surface drawn to scale.

UNIT=VII Our Past :1] Delhi accord is the agreement done in India between King Tribhuvan, Ranas and Nepalicongress in 1951A.D 18 February to eliminate Rana rule from Nepal.

2]Bhim Dutta Panta was one of the commander of liberation army during revolution andalso very dissatisfied with acts of then government.

3] Referendum means process of giving vote by the people of a country on single politicalissues.

4] Piskar Assaination is event in history of Nepal in which ILE Thami,Bir Bahadur Thamiwere killed by Panchayat government in 2040 BS in Sindhupalchowk district.

5]Timberbote incident is the incident in which Panchayat government killedRamlaxman ,Captain Yagya Bahadur in 2031 BS.

6] In 2042 Nepali Congress launched a civil disobedience movement throughout thecountry against increasing corruption,smuggling,criminal activities called as Satyagraha.

7] Some youths revolts were motivated by the communist ideology revolted againstgovernment in Jhapa in 2028 BS .This incident is called as Jhapa revolt.

8] In 2018 BS,Durganda Jha threw the bomb at the vechile in which King Mahendra wastravelling .This incident is called Janakpur incident.

9] Ram nath dahal,Krishna kuikel,Narayan shrestha were killed in Sukhani,Ilamaccusing them for Jhapa revolt in 2029 BS.This incident is called Sukhani incident.

10] World war is defined as a war involving many countries of a world directly orindirectly in different parts of the world especially the wars of A.D. 1914-1919 and 1939-1945.




11] Cold war is a situation between the countries in which they cannot take part in war dueto balanced power but criticized voice of one another.

12] COMECON /Molotov plan is a plan made by the foreign minister of Russia Molotovto provide economic aid to Soviet countries.

13] Marshall plan is the plan made by U.S. secretary of State, George Marshall to spreadthe communism and to provide aid to European countries.

14] Axis group is that group that supported Germany in II world war. E g; Austria,Turkey.

15] Allies group is that group that supported France in II world war. E g: Britain,Russia.

16] Ultra nationalism means arrogance that the emperor or people are the superior in theworld.

17] Triple Alliance is united country of Germany,Hungary and Australia against othercountries.

18] Triple Entente is united country of Britain,Russia and France against Triple Alliance inI world war.

19] Atlantic charter is the charter carried out by President of US Rooservelt and UK PrimeMinister Churchill across the Atlantic Ocean in a warship.

20] Balkan war is the attack from the nations of Balkan region on Turkey.

21] Colonialism is act of ruling a weak and poor nation by a powerful nation.

22] Ottoman empire is the Balkan region owned by Turkey.

23] Pearl harbor event is the event in which Japanese air force bombarded the American

warships at Pearl Harbour in 7th December 1941.D. during I world war.

24] Anti comm-intern pact is a treaty done to spread communism in Europe by Japan&Germany in 1936 A.D.

25] League of nation is a group of country established on 10th January 1920 A.D toprevent from world war in the future.

26] Versailles treaty is a treaty signed between Allies and Germany in Versailles palace ofFrance which ended I world war.

27] Black hand is a secret organization formed by Serbian youths to take revenge withAustria-Hungary for their occupation.




UNIT= VIII Economic Activities :

1] Tourism Industry is business activity connected with providing accommodation,entertainment,supplies or services to tourist.

2] Domestic Tourist is that tourist who travels from one place to another within their owncountry.

3] International tourist is that tourist who travels from one country to another countryfor pleasure, seminars, business, pilgrimage etc.

4] Tourists are those people who travels or visits from one place to another place forpilgrimage, seminars,adventure,pleasure etc.

5] Eco-tourism is that type of tourism which integrates the effort for conservation &preservation of ecosystem.

6] Village tourism is that type of tourism that is practiced in the villages for mobilization ofthe local resources.

7] Mountain tourism is process of extension of tourism into the mountain region in order toexplore their resources.

8] Rafting is an adventure pleasure done in fast flowing rivers with a small inflatable boats.

9] Plan is a detailed proposal for doing or achieving something.

10] Foreign Employment is defined as the work done by the people of one country in othercountry to earn money.

UNIT= IX International Relation,Peace and Cooperation :

1] Veto is a special right given to permanent member of Security Council by which theycan deny the decisions passed by General Assembly.

2] Security Council is the organ of UN consisting 15 members states: 5 permanent & 10temporary.

3] General Assembly is parliament of UN which is composed of all the UN member states& meets in regular yearly session under a president elected from among member states.

4] UN Peace keeping force is defined as military force mobilized in conflicting area of theworld by Security Council to maintain peace & security.

5] International Terrorism means act of destroying life & property anywhere in the worldby any terrorist group.




Data and Date :DATE HISTORICAL EVENTS OF NEPAL2007 Delhi accord /declaration of democracy.2008 Enforcement of interim constitution.2009 Declaration for C.A election.2010 Matrika koirala’s government2011 Dismiss of matrika’s government.2012 Tanka prasad’s government.2013 Dissmiss of Tanka prassad's government.2015 First general election.2017 Black day /Panchayat system started

Date From 2017 to 20362017 Panchayat system started.2018 Janakpur incident2020 New civil law en-acted2028 Jhapa revolt2029 Sukhani incident2031 Timberbote incident2036 Declaration of referendum.

Date Events from 2036 to 2046 B.S2036 Declaration of referendum2037 Referendum held.2040 Piskar assaination.2042 Satyagraha &bomb blast.2046 Mass movement –I

Date Events from 2046 to 20652046 I –mass movement started.2048 Parliament election2051 Madhyavadhi nirbachan2052 Maoist armed revolution2057 Royal massacre occurred.2059 Gyanendra took executive power2062 II-mass movement started2064 C.A election2065 Declaration of federal republic

Date Important dayFALGUN 7 DEMOCRACYBAISAK7H 11 LOKTANTRAMAGH 16 MARTYRDECEMBER 10 HUMAN RIGHTSEPTEMBER 8 EDUCATION




FEBRUARY 14 VALENTINEJESTHA 15 REPUBLICMARCH 8 WOMENMAY 1 LABOURFALGUN 1 MAIOST RevoltJANAUARY 11 UNITYOCTOBER 24 U.N.OASHOJ 3 CONSTITUTION (Sambhidhan diwas)

DATE Event of world war I1914 Austria-Hungary declared war against Austria1915 Italy declared war against Austria.1916 Italy declared war against Germany.1917 USA declared war against Germany.1918 Black day of German force.1919 Paris Peace Treaty.

DATE Events of world war II1938 German attack upon Austria1939 German attack on Poland1940 Japan joined axis power.1941 USA declared war against axis power1942 Java ocean war1943 Italy surrendered1944 Allies make Paris free1945 USA attack atom bomb in Japan

ORGANIZATION FOUNDERS.O.S DR. Herman GmeinerRed Cross Society Jean Henry DunantSCOUT Robert Baden Powell

The tropical grassland of Savana climatic region is called: inSavana Central AfricaCampos BrazilLlanos VenezuelaVeld South Africa

The native person of equatorial climatic region is called: inPygmies CONGORed Indians Amazon ValleySemang,Sakai,dayak Indonesia

The native people of Savana region are: inMasai KENYA




Hausa & Tanzania Nigeria

The native people of tropical desert climate are: inBushman KALAHARI DESERT.Bindubas Australian desert.Bedouins Arabian desert.

The native people of Tundra climate are called: inAlaska & Greenland EskimosScandinavia LappNorthern most Canada Inuits.

Deserts ContinentsSaharaKalahariNamibLibyan

Africa

SonaranColorado

North America.

AtacamaMonte

South America

DevelopmentRegion

Mountains Rivers Conservation area People

EDR Mt.everest,Mt.Kanchanjuna,Makalu

Sunkoshi,Dudhkoshi,Tamakoshi,Indrawati,Likhu,Arun,Tamor.

KanchanjungaConservationArea,The Koshi TappuWildLife Reserve.

Tharu,Rais Limbu,Sherpa.

CDR GaneshHimal ,Langtang,GauriShankar.

Trishuli,Narayani,Rapi.

Langtang NationalPark, ChitwanNational Park ,ParsaWildlife Reserve.

Sherpas,Bhutias,Chhetris,Tamangs,Gurungs,Magars,Dnuwars,Tharus,Marbadis,Newars.

WDR Annapurna,Dhaulagiri.

Seti,Kaligandaki,gandaki,Daraundi,Madi,Marsyandi,Trishuli,Budhi Gandaki.

Manaslu ConservationArea,NarayaniWildlife ,DhorpatanHunting Reserve.

Tharus,Satars,Rajbansis,Duras,Muslims.

MWDR Kanjirowa,Sisne,Patarasi.

Karnali,Bheri,Tila,ThuliBheri,Seti.

Sheyphoksundo,Rara,Bardiya National Park.

Brahmins,Chhetris,Magars,Thakuris.

FWDR Mt.Api,Mt.Saipal.

Mahakali ,Karnali. Khaptad NationalPark ,ShuklaphantWildlife Reserve.

Brahmins, Chhetri.




Tropical zone:

Equatorial climate Savana climateThis climate is found in Amazon Basin & GuineaCoast in South America, Congo Basin & GuineaCoast in Africa, Malaysia &East Indies.

This climatic region is found in Cuba,Kenya,Bolivia, Uganda inAfrica,Sudan,Nigeria,Senegal,Paraguay&Argentina in South America.

It is found within the latitude of 5º north & southof equator.

It is found within the latitude of 5º to 20º boththe hemispheres.

This region receives direct rays of the sun. Daysand night are equal & no change in season.

This region has two seasons i.e. summer andwinter. It is very hot in summer and dry in winter.There is very low rainfall.

The equatorial climatic region is sparselypopulated. People follow primitive way of living.They love by hunting animals and gathering wildfruits and edible roots.

Most of the people have developed agriculturethrough primitive type. Most of the native tribesdepend chiefly on cattle for their living. Cattle arekept for. Meat and milk. People always wander insearch of fodder and water.

Some of the natives of this region are thePygmies of Congo, the Red Indians of Amazonvalley and the Semang,Sakai & Dayaks ofIndonesia.

Some of the natives of this region are Masai inKenya and Tanzania and Hausa in Nigeria.

Tropical desert climate. Tropical monsoon climate.This climate is found in Kalahari desert, Arabian,Iranian and Thar desert in Asia, Arizona andMexican deserts in North America, the greatAustralian desert in Australia.

This climate is found in India, Nepal, Pakistan,Srilanka , Southern China, Burma, Cambodia,East Africa, West Indies, Venezuela, and CentralAmerica, Philippines.

It is found within the latitude of 20º to 30º north& south of the equator.

It is found within the latitude of 10º to 30º northand south of equator.

Climate is very hot and dry throughout the year.The rainfall is very scanty and unreliable. Thereis almost no rainfall.

Climate is hot and plenty rainfall in summer anddry and cold in winter region.90% rainfall takesplace in summer.

Only 5% of world population lives there .peopledon’t live there due to hot and dry weather. Mostof the people have primitive lifestyle and live onselling meat milk and skin of the camel.

This region is among the most densely populatedregions of the world. The climate is favorable foragriculture. This region is diversely populated.People show more interests in westerncivilization.

Temperate zone:

Mediterranean climatic region The Temperate grassland.This climate is found in countries bordering theMediterranean Sea in Europe, Central Chile inSouth America, South-West and South-East

The Temperate grassland has different names indifferent continents. They are called Prairies inNorth America,Pampas in South America,Veld in




Australia. Africa, Steppes in Eurasia and Downs inAustralia.

It is found within the latitude of 30º to 60º north &south of equator.

It is found within the latitude of 40º to55º north &south of equator.

This climatic region is influenced by dry tradewinds in summer. Summer is hot & dry, but winteris mild and moist as it receives adequate rainfalldue to the effect of the westerlies[western wind] .

It has extreme climate. This region lies in theinterior parts of the continents where there is noinfluence of sea. The difference between thesummer and the winter temperature is extremelygreat.

Natural vegetation has adopted itself to withstandthe summer drought. It is famous for fruitproduction. Both cultivation and commerce arewell developed here.Population density is veryhigh.

This climatic region does not receive enough rainto support growth of trees. On the whole theseregions don’t have thick population. Agricultureis the main occupation. Most of the grassland iscleared for agriculture.

It is also called as “Garden of the world” as thereis abundant fruit production. And “The garden ofthe world” as it produces 70% of the world’sexports of citrus fruit.

Prairies grasslands of the USA and Canada arealso called as “Breadbasket of the world” or“Granaries of the world” as they are the largestproducer and exporter of wheat in the world.

ORGANIZATION FUNCTIONSUnited Nations Fund for Population Activities. Encouraging women to participate in development

works.Norwegian Agency For International Development. Provides free legal service to Nepalese women.International Labour Organization. Helps to abolish all kinds of child labour .World Food programme. Provides food to Bhutanese refugeesDanish International Development Agency. [Danida]Provides help & training programmes to deaf people.Directorate General for International Development. Helps Kamaiyas,provides accommodation & training

to women.International Nepal Fellowship Helps to rehabilitate drugs addicts & Leprosy.Jaycees,Rotary,Leo,Lions club. Helps physically challenged & underprivileged

people,victims of Natural calamities.Nepal Red Cross Society. Provides medical treatment & first aid programmes.Scout. Runs programs to mobilize the youths towards social

service.Save Our Soul. Provides shelter & education to the orphan &

helpless children.

2046 Movement 2062/63MovementIt was started from 2046-11-7 It is started from 2062-12-24.It was ended on 2046-12-26. It was ended on 2063-1-11 BSIt was held to end Panchayat system from Nepal. It was held to end King rule from Nepal.This emerge multiparty democracy. This emerge Loktantra & democracy dawned.Nepali Congress & United Communists held thismovement.

Seven Party Alliance & Maiost held themovement.

Deuki pratha Jhuma prathaIt is done in FWDR of Nepal. It is done in Himalayan region of Nepal.




In this,young girl are offered in temple to getblessing from god.

In this,young girls are offered in Gumba or Stupa.

It is followed by hindu people. It is followed by Buddhist people.That girl cannot exercise her basic rights & shouldsee sanitation of Temple.

That girl cannot exercise rights & should see insanitation of Gumba.

Specialized organs of UN and its function:Name of organs Headqu

arterDate ofEstablishment

Functions

International LabourOrganization(ILO)

Geneva,Switzerland.

11th,April,1919AD.

To abolish the child labour from the world.To provide social and economic security to thelabors.To help the countries to formulate laws regardingthe labours.

World HealthOrganization(WHO)

Geneva,Switzerland

7TH,April1948 AD

To improve the condition of health of the people ofthe world through necessary suggestion andtechnique.To help for eradication of various epidemics anddisease in the world by providing vaccinations.

The United NationsHigh Commissionfor Refugee(UNCHR)

Geneva,Switzerland

1951 AD To provide food, shelter,health facilities andsecurity to the refugees.

United NationsEducational,Scientific and CulturalOrganization(UNESO)

Paris,France

1946 AD To contribute international peace and securitythrough the development of education,scienceculture and communication.

To encourages the world to preserve nationalheritage.

Food andAgriculturalOrganization(FAO)

Rome,Italy.

4th November1946 AD

To raise level of nutrition,improved agriculturalproductivity,better lives of rural population and tocontribute to the growth of world economy.

United NationDevelopmentProgram (UNDP)

1966 AD To provide support for proper utilization ofresources,uplift the lift the standard of the peopleand increase the productivity in developingcountries.

CHEAT TIPS :

Federal system of government is needed in Nepal in order to accommodate regionaldiversity and for proportional sustainable overall development in all regions.




Main in habitat of; Tharu = Terai region of F.W.D.R. Chepang =Makwanpur district. of C.D.R. Raute = Dang district of M.W.D.R

Manang & Mustang are the driest place of Nepal that lies in W.D.R.

Nepal communist party was established in 2004 B.S.

17th SAARC summit was held in 24th and 25th Kartik in 2068 BS atAddu,Maldives and 18th SAARC summit was held in 10th and 11th (2014,Nov-26,27)Mangsir in 2071 BS at Kathmandu,Nepal.

Norwegian Agency for International Development is international organization thathas been providing free legal services to Nepalese women.

Nirpajung Rana was the education minister during Rana Congress government in2007 B.S

Lake Titica is in the highest altitude of South America.

Nepal was declared as Federal Republic on 15th Jestha 2065 B.S.

One way to eradicate untouchability is equal participation of underprivileged people& low caste people in every sector of development.

First president =Dr.Rambaran Yadav Vice president =Parmananda Jha.

President is elected through general election & Prime minister is elected throughparliament in Nepal.

Constituent Election was held in Nepal on 28th chaitra 2064 B.S.

Historical Agreement between Nepal government and Maiost held on 5th Mangsir2063 B.S.

Lakhan Thapa was the first martyr of Nepal.

Copersukar Company of Brazil prepares wine from sugarcane.

Nepal lies in 2nd position in SAARC countries in corruption after Afghanistanaccording to survey 2011A.D.

*66.66 % or 401 out of 601 members are needed to amend the new constitutionaccording to present constitution. But now only 66.66% members out of total memberspresent in legislative parliament can amend.

90% of annual rainfall takes place in summer in Tropical Monsoon climate and 90%




of annual rainfall takes places in winter in the Mediterranean climate. Maiost started the revolution with the objective of ending the Monarchy &

establishing republic in Nepal.

Chandra shumser was prime minister of Nepal during I world war

Juddha Shumser was prime minister of Nepal during World War II.

President is head of state & Prime minister is head of Executive.

The deepest george(5500m) formed by Kaligandaki river lies between Annapurna &Dhaulagiri range in the WDR .

Immediate cause of the II world war is attack on Poland by Hitler as he demandedDanzing & Polish Corridor back from Poland in 1939 A.D.

Immediate cause of I world war is murder of prince of Austria - hungary,ArchdukeFranz Ferdinand & his wife Sophie Chotek by member of Black hand on 28 June 1914A.D.

Equatorial region is hot throughout the year because the rays of sun are verticalthroughout the year in this region.

Rara N.P lies in mid- Western development region. One problem of this region isfrequent epidemics.

Nepal was divided into 14 zones & 75 districts in 2018 Baisakh 1.

Nepal was divided into 4 development regions in 2029 & 5 regions in 2037 B.S.

2017 Poush 1st is called the Black day in the history of Nepal because KingMahendra ban on political party of Nepal and started Panchayat era & preventedpeople from having fundamental rights.

Judiciary is called as guardian of the constitution because it safeguards theconstitution,laws & act.

Delhi agreement was criticized as this agreement did not totally ended Rana regime &ignored voice of Liberation army.

The refugee of China & Bhutan are residing in Nepal.

CIAA is most important constitutional organ because it helps to control corruption inthe country by preventing abuse of authority.

Ganeshman Singh is the commander of people’s movement I.




We feel colder when we go to higher altitude because in every 160-165meter, the

temperature decreases by 10 Celsius.On the basis of climate & natural vegetation,the whole climate can be classified into differentclimatic zones.: Tropical zone. Temperate zone. Frigid zone.

The East-West length of Nepal is 885 km & north –South width is 193 km.

Pokhara is called as Lake District & cherapunji of Nepal.

Age limit to caste vote in election is 18 years & to be candidate is 25 years.

First general election was held on 2015 B.S.1st Falgun .Nepali Congress won thetwo-third majority in that election.

Supreme Court is called as Court of records because it keeps records for futuretestimony & perpetual tasks.

Mr.Ban Ki Moon of South Korea is the present secretary of UN .He assumed post on

2012 1st January as his previous tenure was finished on 2012AD.

Two reasons for banning political parties by King Mahendra were: Increasingcorruption & lack of rule in the country

Martyrs of Nepal are Shukra Raj Shastri,Dharma Bhakta Mathema ,Ganga LalShrestha &Dashrath Chand.

Four types of election are:General ,Mid-term, By & local election.

Africa is called as Dark Continent because of difficult topography, dense jungle & theprevailing cultures of different groups.

The Suez Canal separates Africa fromAsia.

49% of total land area of Canada is covered by forest.

The inner part of the continent has extreme type of climate due to obstacles for thewesterly winds to reach very far from the sea.

King Tribhuvan made declaration of the establishment of democracy & the end of

Rana rule from Nepal on 7th Falgun 2007 BS.




Main cause of failure of League of Nations is absent of USA on it.

Two social organizations that are against girl trafficking are ABC Nepal & MaitiNepal.

The most important result of: I world war=Establishment of League of Nation. II world war=Establishment of UNO.

9 Political parties got victory in the CA election of 2064.

AATWIN=Alliance Against Trafficking of Women & Girl in Nepal.

Supreme court =1 Appellate court= 16 District court =75 in Nepal.

Referendum was announced on 10thJestha 2036 BS &held on 20th Baisakh 2037 BS.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights was issued on 10th December 1948 AD.Itconsists 30 articles.

Turkey was called as sick man of Europe as it was split from vast Ottaman Empire inBalkan by attacking it by states of Balkan region.

German Emperor Kaiser William –II said that ‘I can send my army to fight againstany troops but my heart shiver when I listen name of Gorkhali’.

Historical declaration of House of Representatives was done in 4th jestha 2063 BS.

House of representative is restored on 11th Baisakh 2063 BS.

Dwarika Devi Thakurani was the first woman prime minister of Nepal.

According to the Interim constitution,the executive power lies in the council ofMinister.

The Maiost insurgency began on 1st Falgun 2052 from Rolpa and lasted on 5thMangsir 2063.

Failure of League of Nation & breach of Versailles treaty is cause of II world war.

The Security Council appoints the head of peace keeping force. Constitution of Nepal was declared on 2072 ,Ashoj 3 BS




Repeated Answers :1]Nepal government has ensured some rights for upliftment of female in Nepal are:i. Right to safe abortion.ii. System of getting citizenship from the certificate of mother.iii. Equals right in parental property.iv. Reservation in every sector including civil services.v. 33% seat for women in every sectors.

2] Following are the preventive measures to prevent girl trafficking:o Open border between Nepal & India should be closed.o Death penalty should be given to girl traffickers which leads traffickers to be afraid

from death.o Women should be empowered more in every sectors.o Girl trafficking problem should be raise as international issue because it is not a

problem of one country for only one time.

3] The roles that should be played by political parties for sustainability of democracy,Maintenance of Peace &country’s development in Nepal are as :

Political party should work together for the sustainability of democracy according tothe people’s spirit.

Political party should not be corrupted &should not provide shelter to the law breaker& then rule of law can be maintained in the country.

Political party should implement all the agreement done from 2063 BS till now formutual understanding & development.

Political parties should not run towards money & power. If they do it,then this timealso like 2017 incident happens in Nepal .i.e. Autocracy Monarchy will restain inNepal.

The democracy re-stained with the blood of Martyr’s should be protected & followtheir principles.

Criticism should not be done by any political party because criticism for the sake ofopposition is harmful for ruling & opposition party as well as nation.

The different movements launched in our country to gain different fundamental rights& freedom should be exercised.

4] The names of Panchai Baza are:*Narsingha:It is made up of copper,which is played by blowing. Its size is long & shape ishalf circle.

*Jhayli/Jhyamta/Jhurma:It is made up of bronze metal which is played by hitting the twopieces together with both hands




*Nagara/Damaha: It is made up of copper which is played by hitting with a gajo.

*Sahnai:It is made up of wood & metal which is played by putting it between lips & blownwhen playing & it produces a melodious sound.

*Tyamko:It is wrapped with leather & played by hitting on it with gajo. It is smaller thansize of Nagara.

5]The major function of Provincial or state government are :*Carry out local development tasks.*Generate revenues for state expenditure.*Conduct internal administration works.*Maintain internal law & order.*Use of local means & resources properly.

6]The major function of Central or Federal government are ;*Frames national monetary policies.*Handles external defense.*Maintain diplomatic relationship.*Mobilizes military force in the country.*Looks after the works of provincial government.

7]Four factors affecting climate are;

*Altitude:Increase in altitude decreases the temperature of that area. With every incrementof 160-165 meter from sea level temperature also decreases by 1º C.

*Latitude:Equatorial region is very hot than polar region because of slanted part of suntowards .This region is warmer than other in the higher altitudes.

*Distance from sea:*Ocean breeze:

8] 6 organs of UNO are;*Trusteeship Council*Security council*Social & Economic council*General Assembly*International Court of Justice*The Secretariat:

Secretariat is appointed from General Assembly from the term of 5 yearsamong member nations .The present Secretariat is Mr Ban Ki Moon of South Korea whoassumed the post on 2012AD.He organizes conferences,prepares the drafts,reports,carrieson correspondence & registers the treaties.

9]Four causes of establishing more industries & factories in eastern development




region are as :*Easily availability of natural resources & means which are required for development &establishment of industries.

*Accessibility of infrastructure of development in every nook & corner of EDR for benefitof individuals & society.

*People grows large amount of tea,jute,tobacco,sugar-cane,potato etc which increase thethe rate of establishment of industries to meet the needs of industries.

*Tourism industry is also increasing in EDR due which people start to open industryrelated to tourism sector.

10] Four points about possibilities of tourism inWDR are:*Lake City ‘Pokhara’ lies here which attracts number of tourists to get refreshment withnatural scene & beauty.

*The perennial fast flowing rivers are also available here which attracts the tourists forrafting, paragliding & Bunjee jumping.

*WDR consists the Lumbini ‘Birth place of Lord Buddha’.So tourists come to see &explore more facts about Lumbini & Buddha for universal peace & brotherhood.

*The infrastructure of development is easily available & linked with airlines service,transportation,communication & is near with capital city.

11] Four function of Peace keeping force are:*To clear away the risky mines & bomb which are under grounded.*To provide security during election.*To ensure that there is no fighting group or violence.*To protect both fighting groups from bad condition.*To contribute world peace.

12] CDR is more developed than other region of Nepal because of:*Only one International Airport of Nepal lies in this region.*Among 58 municipalities 20 lies in this region.*All the infrastructure of development is already reached in this region.*The high post administrative office is located here to meet basis needs.*Facilities of Communication,electricity,peace ,security,job etc are available.*The capital city of Nepal ‘Kathmandu’ lies here.When we see from all side,the development task of other development region are affectedby this region.So,it is also called as mother development region.

13]EDITORIALKANTIPUR DAILY 2069-06-22Federal government




The Legislative parliament made the third amendment to make Nepal as aFederal Republican State.But this work cannot be done upto 5 years because of political powerfor the seat in the government.It is a one reason but other region are cannot be explained asreason is not finite.In Nepal,for Political party, politics is only for source of income.

Mainly political party are searching for seat in CA& in government by makingfederal state on basis of caste beside on basis of geographical region.It is sure that Politicalparty has power to make Nepal as developed country in the world after federal but they don’twant.All Nepalese people want development of country from federal system not fragmentationof country.

-The Editor…

14]Important things while making Bar diagram,pie chart or wheel- chart & Time line :*Year & month (if given) should be indicating in timeline but date shouldnot be.*Scale should be properly written in Timeline & bar-diagram.*They should be drawn clearly on a full page with use of pencil.*Make attractive index in Bar-diagram.*While drawing time line it is not required to copy the table of events but in timeline, dateshould be written to the left & events should be described inside pencil or box.*Data of pie chart should be arranged in ascending or descending order before pasting inpie chart.

15] Five provisions of Delhi accord are:*There will no restrictions to open political parties.*An elected Constituent Assembly will frame a democratic constitution within 2 years.*King Tribhuvan will remain the King of Nepal.*There will remain an interim cabinet of 10 ministers under the Prime Ministership ofMohan Shumsher of which 5 will be taken from the Nepali Congress.*All the Political prisoners will be set free & agitators have to hand over all the weapons tothe government & stop the movement.

16]Find the temperature of Sagarmatha of altitude 8848 meter if the temperature ofKathmandu of 2248 m is 32º C.Solution :Temperature of Kathmandu=32º CTemperature of Sagarmatha=?Altitude of Kathmandu =2248 mAltitude of Sagarmatha =8848 mWe know that,Difference in altitude of Kathmandu & Sagarmatha=8848m-2248 m = 6600 mChange in Temperature =1º×6600

165º C=40º C

Again,Temperature of Sagarmatha =40ºC-32ºC

=8º CHence,Temperature of Sagarmatha is 12ºC when temperature of Kathmandu is 8ºC.




17] Causes of girl trafficking:*Poverty:*Lack of job opportunities.*Ignorance from government.*illiteracy & Lack of awareness.

18] Causes of corruption:*Lack of rule of law.*Lack of transparency.*Less salary.*Monopoly in power.*Lack of strict law & punishment.*Political instability.*Lack of felling of responsibility & nationality.

19]Causes of Being refugees:*Civil or International war.*Racial or religious conflict.*Fear of harassment/persecution.*Political movement & variation in ideology.*Unable to bear the pressure of government or state terror.

20] Following are the steps to be taken to preserve classical& folk dances:*Folk songs & classical dances should be guided by the parents to their new generationwhich can be a guideline to up-coming new generation.

*Folk & classical dances should not perform only in local level.It should be performed innational & International level.

*Folk & classical dance should be conserved from the influence of western dance & songsby mobilizing youths in this sector.

*All people should respect to their own folk & classical dance.Not only own dance, theyshould inter-change their songs & dance in the community level for promotion&conservation.

21]According to the constitution,to open the political party ,the following conditionsneed to be fulfilled:*In the rules of political party,there should be the provision of an election of the membersof all levels.*There should be a provision to keep the members of a party disciplined*The members from women, dalit & underprivileged communities of different levels & itshould be inclusive.*The rules & regulations of Political party should be democratic.

22] Qualifications to be candidate in the election: Should be citizen of Nepal.




Should have completed age of 25 years. Should not hold any public post -paid from state treasure. Should not be disqualified by any law of Nepal. Should not be punished in any criminal offense.

23] Following are the measures to establish peace in Nepal:*Utilizing the available resources within the country, different industries should be set up& employment opportunities should be provided to people.

*The infrastructures of development should be expanded to all nook & corner of thecountry & the doors of economic development should be opened.

*The government should make & implement strong laws,confusing laws & order shouldshould be removed from the constitution.

*The political leaders of our country should stop dancing in foreign tunes & shouldcooperate & coordinate with each other for the good of the country & country men.

24]Following points are the Nepal’s role in establishing international peace &understanding:*Known as birth place of Lord Buddha, Nepal does not want to be embroiled in anywar,debate or conflict.

*Nepal is a member of the non -aligned group of small & poor countries.

*Nepal has been sending her force as peace keeping force every year.

*As a UN member since 1995,Nepal has been playing an important role in establishingworld peace.

*Nepal has been temporary member of the UNO twice & Kulchandra Gautam from Nepalhas worked as deputy General Secretary of the UNO.

25] Disadvantages of foreign employment:*Due to lack of medical facilities, security & life insurance, even life can be lost.*Women have to be the victims of sexual harassment.*Nepalese have to sell their land, property while going to abroad.*People spent on foreign employment can be used by the brokers.*People may not get desire work or salary.*There is lack of skilled manpower in the country for nation development.*Lack of foreign languages they have to suffer from humiliation & sometimes can be sentin prison.

26] Advantages of foreign employment:*Remittance can be earned from foreign employment.*It improves the international relationship.*Since remittance can be used in different sectors the development task can be increased.




*It improves the economic standard of the family.*It helps to solve the problem of unemployment.*It helps to know different skills,knowledge,techniques & development process.

27] Positive & negative effects of the tourists:Positive effectsNegative effects

Helps in earning foreign exchange. Can spread sexual perversity.Due to tourists,different trades& industries run inthe country.

Can deal in drugs.

Helps in providing employmentopportunities.

Can steal valuable things of the country.

Help Nepal to become famous all over theworld.

Can intervene internal affair of the country.

Teach us their culture & languages. They can pollute the environment & also causesextinction of rare flora & fauna.

28]Formation of present Executive:Present executive is formed under the act of Interim constitution 2063 BS of Nepal.Present executive is formed under the chairmanship of ………….The coalitiongovernment is formed of political parties………………of Nepal. The present politicalparty in executive are ……………… Executive means the government. Prime minister iselected from the legislative parliament by the two–third majority of the present voters atthere. It also refers the cabinet or council of ministers. The ministers including deputyprime ministers, assistant ministers, and state ministers are nominated by Prime ministerfrom the related political parties. Some name of Minister & their post is given below:Ministers name Post…………………. Prime minister…………………. Deputy prime minister………………… Home ministerIn every democratic country executive change in 5 years.Note:…………….Means present.

29]House of representatives brought such changes in Nepal :*His majesty’s government is changed into Nepal government.*Nepal is declared as a secular country.*All the powers of the King are suspended & his property is made taxable.*Royal Nepal army is changed into Nepal army.*National anthem will be changed i.e changed.

30] 9 days programme to show tourists around:Day Programmes

1st I will reach the Tribhuvan International airport to welcome my guest. I will provide themacco- mmodation in hotel soaltee.

2nd I will show them artistic, religious place of Pashupati,Swayambhunath, Bouddhanath &other place.

3rd I will show them different artistic palaces, temples & museums built in different eras.




4th I will show them the beauty of world famous mountains through mountain flight.

5th I will show them the natural beauties of Pokhara & also provide them the opportunity forparaglidingin sarangkot & rafting.

6th I will familiarize them with different facts about Buddhism by visiting in Lumbini.

7th I will show them around Chitwan NP & Parsa wildlife reserve on elephants & to see naturalbeauty& scene.

8th We will return from there & visit Manakamana temple by cable car & return back toKathmandu.

9th I will see them off at airport & request to come back & visit Nepal once more with friends &request for advertisement on Nepal in their place.

31]Tourism :Potential Problems SolutionsNatural tourism Lack of Infrastructures Development of infrastructures.Historical tourism Lack of Peace & security Improve peace & securityReligious & cultural tourism Lack of clean

environmentEmphasis on clean environment.

Adventure tourism Lack of dissemination Provision of dissemination.

32]List down the roles played Nepal for International peace and understanding?*Known as the birth place of the pioneer of peace Gautam Buddha,Nepal doesnot want tobe embroiled in any war,conflict or debate.*Nepal has been sending her force to world peace every year.*Nepal has been the temporary member of the UNO twice.*Nepal is a member of the nonaligned group of small and poor countries.*As a UN member since 1955,Nepal has been playing an important role in establishingpeace.

33]Prepare a poster reflecting one of our national days and also write down the detailsunder neath.

MONARCHY ACTSNEPALI PEOPLE RE-ACTS

MASSMOVEMENT II IS ACTIONLOKTANTRA IS RE-ACTION

LOKTANTRAHI – HI !!MONARCHY BYE – BYE !!

Loktantra Day:The autocratic rule of king has ended in Nepal.This historical alteration

has been possible with the success of II mass movement of 2062/63.It is also called the




April Uprising(Basanta Baplav).Now,Nepal is democratic country.So to remember this dayevery year we observe Loktantra Day on 11th Baisakh.

34] Government:Nepal is a multi-party system federal republic. The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063

has defined three organs of the government.Executive: The executive power of Nepal is vested in the Council of Ministers. Theresponsibility of issuing general directives, controlling and regulating the administration ofNepal lies in the Council of Ministers. The Prime Minister of Nepal is the head of theGovernment. The Prime Minister appoints the Ministers. While appointing Ministers, thePrime Minister shall appoint them, on the recommendation of the concerned political party,from amongst the members of the Legislature-Parliament.Legislative: The Legislature-Parliament of Nepal is unicameral. Constituent assembly isworking as the legislature of Nepal at present. Legislative is composed of 601 members.Among them, 240 members are directly elected by the people from 240 constituencies. 335members are elected through proportional basis and 26 members are nominated by thecabinet.All the bills are presented in the parliament. After passing the bills by the majority.After his approval, it becomes the law. In this way, all the laws are made in theparliament.The legislative controls over the finance of the country. Legislative passes theannual budget according to which the government spends money in varioustasks.Legislative can raise questions to any work of the government. If the governmentdoes not work properly, legislative can withdraw its support and government is dissolved.In this way the legislative has control over the executive.Judiciary: The Constitution provides three tiers of Court which include the SupremeCourt of Nepal, the Court of Appeal and the District Courts. Supreme Court is the ApexCourt. All courts and judicial institutions except the constitutional assembly court areunder the Supreme Court. There is no distinction between Criminal and Civil court exceptsome basic procedures. District Court is the Court of first instance upon which Court ofAppeal hear appeal. In addition to these regular courts there is provision in constitution toestablish special types of courts or tribunals for the purpose of hearing special types ofcases by the law. According to this provision there are four Revenue Tribunals, oneAdministrative Court, one Labor Court, one Debt Recovery tribunal and one Debtrecovery Appeal Tribunal and one special court are functioning under the respective laws.These institutions are under the judicial control of the Supreme Court. There are 16 Courtof Appeal and 15 Districts in Nepal. The Supreme Court is also the ultimate interpreter ofthe constitution.35] The Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA):

As an apex constitutional body for corruption control, we strive hard toattain the goal of good governance by means of punitive, curative and preventive actionsagainst corruption. We also endeavor for the establishment of the rule of law in the countryby reducing improper conduct and corruption. The Commission for the Investigation ofAbuse of Authority (CIAA) is an apex constitutional body to curb corruption and itstentacles in the country. Interim constitution of Nepal 2007 has empowered CIAA toinvestigate and probe cases against the persons holding any public office and theirassociates who are indulged in the abuse of authority by way of corruption and/or




improper conduct. It also focuses on detection and punishment of corrupt acts on theone hand and social, cultural and institutional reform on the other.36) Corruption:

Corruption is a social evil having pervasive nature. It is prevalentin various forms and dimensions. It has been deeply rooted in society as a'convention', 'tradition', 'psychological need' and 'necessity' with a regular practicenot only in public service, but also in business transaction and other kinds of dealingsas well. All strata of the society have been adversely affected by corruption.Corruption is also the issue of governance and effective management. Corruptioncontrol is the most urgent and imperative task to be accomplished in Nepal toestablish a fair and transparent governance system. Political corruption is the use ofpower by government officials for illegitimate private gain.Favouritism,nepotism andclientism involve the favouring of not the perpetrator of corruption but someonerelated to them, such as a friend, family member or member of an association.Examples would include hiring a family member to a role they are not qualified for orpromoting a staff member who belongs to the same political party as you, regardlessof merit.37]Drug trafficking:

Police investigations show that Nepal is emerging as apotential market and a transit point for traffickers to ship the drugs to internationaldestinations like India, China, America, and other European countries.The countriesof drug production have been seen as the worst affected by prohibition.In manycountries worldwide, the illegal drug trade is thought to be directly linked to violentcrimes such as murder; this is especially true in third world countries, but is also anissue for many developed countries worldwide.Substance abuse, also known as drugabuse, is a patterned use of a substance (drug) in which the user consumes thesubstance in amounts or with methods neither approved nor supervised by medicalprofessionals. Substance abuse/drug abuse is not limited to mood-altering or psycho-active drugs. Using illicit drugs – narcotics, stimulants, depressants (sedatives),hallucinogens, cannabis, even glues and paints, are also considered to be classified asdrug/substance abuse. There are many cases in which criminal or antisocial behavioroccur when the person is under the influence of a drug.

We have visited to a historical place Lumbini in 2068/2/22 B.S. A report of our case studyis given below under following headings;

* PLACE VISITED & TITLE OF STUDY:

We students of grade X decided to visit Lumbini with the objective of seeing is better thanlearning for study .Lumbini lies in southern plain,in Kapilvastu district of Nepal.A topic ofour study is : ‘A Historical Tour To Lumbini’

* OBJECTIVES:




We had visited Lumbini for major given objectives:

1] To explore precise birth place of Lord Gautam Buddha.

2] To know the existing problems facing by Lumbini.

3]To find out the historical and religious importance of Lumbini.

METHODOLOY:

We applied following methods during our educational excursion:

1] Primary method:

a]Interview with experts.

b] Field visit.

c]Witness & Photographs.

2] Secondary method:

a]Newspaper

b]Leaflet & Booklet

c] Books & journals.

FINDINGS

Lumbini have been kept in the list of world heritage site by UNESCO in 1997A.D. Lumbini is theholiest place for the Buddhist as it was the birthplace of Shakyamuni Gautam Buddha. TheAshoka pillar made by Emperor Ashoka in 245 BC is located here .The Mayadevi temple and thePuskarni pond are other ancient attractions of Lumbini.The latest excavation has shown the spot offootprints of Lord Buddha .The sacred garden is shown in the form of screen tree .To one side ofAshoka pillar,there is Puskarni pond where Mayadevi had taken bath before giving birth toBuddha.Lumbini has a number of temples, including the Mayadevi temple, and others underconstruction. The venture was a China-UN joint project.The committee was given the authority to"draft a master plan to develop Lumbini as a peaceful and tourism area and table the proposal" andthe responsibility to gather international support for the same.

There is an International Monastery Zone where many countries havebuilt and some are building monument, stupas and temples .The countries like China,India,

Thailand,Myanmar France,Japan,South korea ,German have constructed many monasteries andstupas . Libraries,Museums.

* CONCLUSIONS:




In conclusion,Lumbini is a peerless landmark of Buddhist world .It promotes the universalbrotherhood and friendship in the world .It may be a significant place to those who like to exploremore about Lord Buddha ''Light of Asia''.It is an international center for tourist gathering.

* RECOMMENDATIONS:

Travelling broadens the horizon of our mind.Some methods to protect Lumbini areas are:

a]Separate governmental organization should be open to conserve it.

b] Some information flowing programmes should be launched about Lumbini.

c] Security should be provided to every visitors,nuns and monks.

d] Advertisement of Lumbini should be done in national and international level for tourismdevelopment.

e] Lumbini should be preserved and conserved from being deleted from world heritage list.

“Let’s all preserve Lumbini together ”

-----------Educational Excursion

General facts & information about Nepal:Capital: KathmanduTotal area: 1, 47,181 sq.kmLocation: longitude 80º4' east to 88º12' east

: latitude26º 22' north to 30º 27' northBorder: China to the North,India to the south,east & west.Topography: About 77 % Mountains & HillsHighest peak: Mt. Everest [8848 m]Population : 26,494,504 (2011AD )Growth Rate :1.35 %Lower part: Southern Saptari [61 m]Distance to near sea: 55 KMWater power Potential: 83,000 MWNational Motto: Mother & Motherland are greater than heavenNational Anthem: Sayaun Thunga Phool Ka Hami.Legislature: Constituent AssemblyGovernment: Federal RepublicOfficial language: NepaliLiteracy rate 68.2 %Life expectancy: 66.16 years [Average]Regional development: Dhankuta,Kathmandu,Pokhara,Birendranagar & Dipayal.Water % =2.8HDI (2014) =0.548 [145th Rank]Calling code =+977




Religion : 81 % Hindu. 9% Buddhist ,5% Muslim,5 % Kirant Mundhum,christian andothersRegion: Southern AsiaContinent: Asia

Geography Situated between China in the north and India in the SouthPopulation 28 MillionLanguage Nepali is the national language.Time Nepal time is 5 Hours 45 Minutes ahead of GMTCurrency Nepalese RupeePeople: Over 40 Ethnic Groups & 70 Spoken LanguagesTopography: From the world's deepest gorge 'Kali-Gandaki' to highest point on earth "TheEverest"National Bird: Impean Pheasant (Danfe)National Flower: Rhododendron Arboretum (Lali Gurans)Weekened: Saturday is the official holiday in Nepal.Winter (December - February)Summer (March - May )Monsoon (June - August)Autumn (September - November)840 different species of wet-land, migratory and residential bird, 8% of the world'spopulation of birds.President: Bidhya Devi Bhandari (2015)

#Executive of NEPAL :

Chairman of the Communist Party of Nepal, Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli,became the firstprime minister under the new Constitution on Oct. 11,2015.Later that month, parliamentelected Bidhya Devi Bhandari as president. Bhandari received 327 of 549 votes to defeatNepali Congress party leader Kul Bahadur Gurung.The first woman president,Bhandaripreviously served as the Minister of Defense and as vice-chairwoman of the CommunistParty of Nepal.

History of Major Earthquake in NEPAL:1310 BS / 1255 ADThe first recorded earthquake in history of Nepal took place on June 7, 1255 AD. Onethird of the total population of Kathmandu were killed including Abahya Malla , the Kingof Kathmandu valley , numerous buildings and temples of the valley were entirelydestroyed while many of them were severely damaged, the magnitude of the earthquakeis said to be around 7.7 in Richter scale

1316BS/ 1260 ADNext recorded big earthquake after 1255 AD was during the reign of King Jayadev Malla,many buildings and temples collapsed and many more were severely damaged,Although the exact number of fatalities cannot be confirmed still we know from the factsthat there was a heavy loss of live resulting from the earthquakes and from thesubsequent epidemic and famine said to be widespread which arose from the aftermath




of the disaster.

1463BS/ 1408ADThe month August or September of this year saw another major earthquake hit thevalley of Kathmandu and the surrounding areas, during the reign of king Shyam singh.The temple of Rato Matchendranath was completely destroyed while many othertemples and buildings collapsed and were damaged. Cracks on land appeared in manyplaces. There was a heavy loss of lives and livestock.

1737BS/ 1681 ADEither on the month of December or January, during the reign King Sri Niwas Malla,another major earthquake said to hit Nepal and the Kathmandu valley. Although verylittle information is available on this particular earthquake, there was heavy loss lives aswell as many buildings including temples were either damaged or destroyed.

1767 ADIn months of June and July another significant earthquake seemed to have hit Nepal.Twenty one shocks and aftershocks of this particular earthquake is said to haveoccurred in a span of twenty four hours. No written or verbal records survive to indicateany human loss or the magnitude of sufferings and damages caused.

1866 BS/ 1810 ADDuring the reign of King Girban Yudha Bikram Shah in themonths of May or Junetwenty one shocks of earthquakes in total were felt in Nepal. Although the loss in humanlives and cattle were limited, many houses, building and some temples were eitherdestroyed or damaged.

1880 BS / 1823ADSeventeen earthquake tremors of variousmagnitudes were felt in the region ofKatmandu valley but these shocks probably were smaller relative to the pastearthquakes as there was no report of loss of human lives or livestock.

1890 BS/ 1833 ADDuring the reign King Rajendra Bikram Shah on the months of August or September,Twomajor strikes were experienced in the Kathmandu valley. The first one was felt inaround 6 pm and the second one was around 11 pm at night when most of the valleypeople were already in their beds. Houses, temples, public shelters collapsed. The towerof Dharahara was also severely damaged. The towns of Thimi and Bhaktapur took thebrunt of the disaster severely damaging the housing facilities, roads network andvarious temples. Many building and temples were utterly destroyed.

1891 BS/ 1834 ADFour major earthquakes were felt in the months of June and July. These earthquakesdestroyed or damaged many buildings and temples. However, the extent of damage wasmuch less than the previous ones (i.e., 1833 event). Since there was a lot of rain whichcommenced and ended with the earthquakes the search and rescue operations wereseverely hampered. The Bagmati River was over flooded and a bridge over the river also




swept away. The crops planted near the banks of the rivers were also swept away. Thereare no records of human or livestock casualties.said to have collapsed withinKathmandu Valley and in totality over 18000 houses collapsed all over the country.

1990 BS/ 1934 ADMagh (January- February) Earthquake, Known as Great Nepal Bihar Earthquake struckthe Kingdom of Nepal and it's surrounding areas around 2 pm on the 16th of January.The magnitude of the earthquake was 8.4 on the Richter scale. Casualty figures werehighest for any recorded earthquake in the history of Nepal. In total 8519 people losttheir lives in Nepal, A total of 126355 houses were severely damaged and around 80893buildings were completely destroyed.Total money spent from the earthquake relief fundwas NRs 206500 inside Kathmandu valley only. Earthquake relief fund was establishedby the king, loans were provided for earthquake effected people and earthquakevolunteers groups were formed.

2072 BS/2015 ADAmagnitude-7.8 earthquake struck central Nepal,near the capital, Katmandu (its hypocenterwas at a depth of approximately 8.2 km ,epicenter was east of Lamjung District atBarpak, Gorkha ),on April 25, 2015, killing more than 8,000 people, injuring about 21,000,and damaging or destroying thousands of structures, including the treasured Dharahara Towerand the temple complex Bhaktapur Durbar Square.It caused avalanches on Mt. Everest,which killed at least 19 people.Another strong earthquake hit Nepal just three weeks later,on May 12. At least 200 people were killed and well over 2500 injured in themagnitude-7.3 ( It struck at the depth of 18.5 km )earthquake, whose epicenter was about 50 mileseast of Kathmandu.

Ways to write answers:*Leave few lines after finishing one question to make answer distinct &attractive.*Attempt the questions from group A, B & C.*Attempt the question of one group before entering another.*Write in paragraph the question that needs to be explained but other can bewritten in points.*Don’t forget to write answer no. in for each question.*You can use index in map .It is better to post items in map of continents thanof Nepal to get marks.*Have a lot of writing practice.*Write what you are asked not what you know.*Punctuation plays a great role in lingual subject, so be careful in punctuation.*Could you make your handwriting beautiful?You know,good appearance isloved more.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocenter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicenter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamjung_District




Subject = Social Studies F.M:100Sample Question set P.M:40Priority will be given to creativity & critical writing than note written.Group ‘A’ (1×8=8) Very short answer questions

1] Why has Nepal to be federal state? Write in a sentence.2] Write a social effect caused by Deuki Pratha.3] When was 2nd election of constituent Assembly held in Nepal?Write full date.4] What is the magnitude and epicenter of earthquake that took place on Baisakh 12,2072 ?5] Which symbols are used to denote following facts:I) National park II)Hospital6] Why Savana grassland called as zoo of world?7] Write immediate cause of II world war?8] Who is the present Chief Judge of Nepal?

Group ‘B’ 914×4=56)Short answer question:9] What type of activities are necessary to raise the living standard of Nepalesepeople.Describe.10] Insert following statistics in wheel-chart:CONTINENTS Refugees[in lakhs]Asia 71Africa 95Europe 86America 19

11] Which system of government do you prefer among democratic multiparty system orautocratic monarchy system in Nepal ? Why ? Describe your views.

12] Write any 4 results of Federal system of government on basis done on caste.

13]Why do people start and continue drug abuse?Justify with reason.

14] Prepare a poster which reflects one of our national days & write down the caption.

15] Why corruption is taken as major social hazards? Prepare a report for the AnnapurnaPost mentioning the solutions of it.

16] Define social evils with example .Write any 4 steps to avoid the evils.

17] How is present Executive is formed? Mention any 2 functions of it.

18] Differentiate between Mediterranean zone & Equatorial zone in 4 points.

19] Show following dates in time-line:1936 Germany reclaims Rhineland1938 Germany attacks Austria.




1942 Java war.1943 Italy surrendered.

20] What is the objective of current plan? Mention 4 Strategies of 3 year Interim plan ofNepal.

21] How is the Security Council of UNO formed? Write down the function of it.

22] Write full form of UNMIN .Write 3 tasks of it to maintain peace in Nepal.

Group ‘C’ [4×9=36]Very long answers:23] Write down the name of 3 organs of the state .Explain any 3 /3 works done by each ofthe organ.

24] Insert in the Africa map;River Limpopo,Indian ocean,Red sea,Diamond mining area,Equator,Cairo,Saharadesert,Cape town,Lake Victoria.

ORInsert in Nepal map on full page;Janak himal, Araniko highway, Karnali River, Phewa Lake, Apple production area,Muktinath.

25] prepare a report on the basis of your study visit with the following headings :Visited place & introduction, Objectives Methodology, Findings, conclusion & suggestions.

26] Mention 5 points each on the positive & negative effects of tourism industry in oursociety & describe any 2 of them of both sides.

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COMPLETE …RaisLimbu, Sherpa. CDR Ganesh Himal,Lang tang, Gauri Shankar. Trishuli,Narayani,R api....

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