Contents

MeettheauthorOnlygotaminute?Onlygotfiveminutes?IntroductionPronunciationguide

1Hæ,hvaðheitirþú?Hi,what’syourname?Greetingpeopleandsaying‘goodbye’•Askingsomeone’snameandsayingyourname•Askingwheresomeoneisfromandsayingwhereyouarefrom•Saying‘yes’and‘no’•Thankingsomebody

2Hvaðatungumáltalarðu?Whichlanguage(s)doyouspeak?Saying‘excuseme’•Sayingwhichlanguagesyouspeak/don’tspeak•Askingsomeonewhichlanguage(s)theyspeak•Sayingwhatyourmothertongueis

3MammaBjörnseríslenskBjörn’smotherisIcelandicSayingwhichnationalityyouare•Referringtomembersofyourfamily•Referringtoyourmaleandfemalefriends,yourboyfriend/girlfriend,yourhusband/wife

4ChristoferdökkhærðurChristofisdark-hairedDescribingsomebody’sappearance•Describingsomebody’spersonality•Askingsomebody’sfullname•AskinganIcelanderwhathis/herlastnameis

5ChristoferaðlesaChristofisreadingLearningaboutIceland•DiscoveringmoreaboutIceland’scapitalcity,Reykjavik•Makingsuggestionsonwhattodoandwheretogo

6HannferklukkantvöHeleavesattwoo’clockAskingsomebodywhattheirtelephonenumberisandsayingwhatyourtelephonenumberis•Sayingwhattimeitis(wholehours)andaskingthetime•Sayingwhatyearitis•LearningabouttheIcelandiccurrency•Sayingwhereyoulive

7SjáumstíkvöldklukkanhálfníuSeeyoutonightathalfpasteight

Learningthedaysoftheweek•Talkingaboutpartsoftheday•Sayingwhatthetimeis

8ÉgtalaðiviðErluIspoketoErlaAskingsomebodywhathe/shedoesforaliving•Learningaboutoccupations

9ViðsjáumstumhelginaI’llseeyouattheweekendTalkingaboutplansfortheweekend•Talkingaboutwhatyoudidattheweekend

10Hafðirðuþaðekkigott?Didn’tyouhaveanicetime?Writinge-mails•Talkingaboutyourholiday

11Geturðufariðútíbúðfyrirmig?Canyougototheshopforme?Goingshopping•Askingforitemsoffoodanddrink

12BjörnogGuðrúnkaupafiskibollurBjörnandGuðrúnbuyfishcakesMoreaboutshoppinginthesupermarket•Buyinggroceries

13Hvaðerímatinn?What’sfordinner?Askingwhat’sfordinner•Layingthetable

14TakkfyrirmigThanksforthemealLearningaboutmealtimeetiquette

15Ertutilíaðkomaíbíó?Doyouwanttogotothecinema?Makingplans•Goingtothecinema

16GuðrúnáafmæliIt’sGuðrún’sbirthdaySayinghowoldyouare•Wishingsomebodyahappybirthday•Months,seasons,highdaysandholidays•Sayingwhatthedateis

TakingitfurtherKeytotheexercisesAppendix:moreonpronunciationIcelandic–EnglishvocabularyEnglish–IcelandicvocabularyIndex

Meettheauthor

IhaveaBAdegreefromtheUniversityofIcelandandanM.Phil.degreeingenerallinguisticsfromtheUniversityofCambridge,England,whereIalsotaughtbeginners’coursesinIcelandicfortwoyears.IwasawardedtheHenrikSteffensgrantforayear’sstudyinGermanyfromtheAlfredToepferInstituteFVS,Hamburg.

AsafreelancetranslatorIhaveperformedassignmentsforIcelandicandforeigntranslationagenciesandanumberofprivateenterprisecompanies,translatinginvariousfields,includingtourism,advertising,administrationandbusiness.Since2007IhaverunmyowntranslationagencyinIcelandwhichundertakestranslatingandediting,mainlytextsfromEnglishandGermanintoIcelandic.

HildurJónsdóttir

1Onlygotaminute?

IcelandicistheofficiallanguageofIceland,alargecountryof103,000km²withjustover300,000inhabitants.Two-thirdsofthepopulationliveinornearthecapital,Reykjavik,inthesouthwest.

Icelandic,likeNorwegian,Swedish,DanishandFaroese,belongstotheNordiclanguagegroupoftheGermaniclanguagefamily.Icelandwassettledintheperiodad870–930byVikingsmostlyfromNorway,especiallyWesternNorway.IntheeleventhcenturyIcelandicandNorwegianbegantodiverge,andtwocenturieslatertherewasacleardistinctionbetweenthetwolanguages.

Icelandichasnotchangedgreatlythroughthecenturies.Themainchangeshavebeeninthephoneticsystem,especiallyofvowels,withlittleeffectonthewrittenlanguage.Theinflectionalsystemandsyntaxhaveundergonefewerchanges.MostoftheoldIcelandicvocabulary,suchashann(he),hús(house),sjá(see),stillexistsinthemodernlanguage.Newwordsaregenerallyformedbyconnectingolderwordsandwordpartstogetherinanewway:forexample,fromthewordslíf(life)andfræði(science)thewordlíffræði(biology)wasformed.Thereare,however,manyloanwordsinthelanguagewhichhavebeenadaptedtoIcelandicpronunciation,spellingandinflection.Thewordbíll,forexample,isaloanwordfromDanish.OtherloanwordsinIcelandicincludebanani(banana),kaffi(coffee)andte(tea).

Thesurvivalofthewrittenlanguagehasplayedanimportantpartinconservingthelanguage.LawswerewritteninIcelandicatthebeginningofthetwelfthcentury,andtheIcelandicsagasdatefromthethirteenthandfourteenthcenturies.AtranslationoftheNewTestamentintoIcelandicwasprintedin1540,followedbythewholeBiblein1584.

Thebest-knownmodernIcelandicauthorisundoubtedlyHalldórLaxness(1902–1998),winneroftheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1955.

5Onlygotfiveminutes?

IcelandicistheofficiallanguageinIceland,acountryofjustover300,000people.Icelandisalargecountry,of103,000km²,buttwo-thirdsofthepopulationliveinthecapital,Reykjavik,andsurroundingtownsinthesouthwestofthecountry.Peopleliveonlyaroundthecoastline,asthemiddleofthecountryisuninhabitablewitharcticdeserts,glaciers,mountainsandvolcanoes(usuallydormant).Thewest,northandeastcoastshavemanyfjords,creeksandcoves.

IngeothermalareasinIcelandtherearemanygeysersandhotsprings.ThemostfamousoftheseistheGreatGeysirinsouthwestIceland,whichfirsteruptedinthefourteenthcenturyandfromwhichtheEnglishword‘geyser’isderived.Wheniteruptsitshootsajetofsteamingwatertoheightsofupto70metres.TherearenumerouswaterfallsinIceland,themostfamousbeingGullfoss(GoldenWaterfall)intheriverHvítáinthesouthwest,andDettifoss,Europe’smostpowerfulwaterfall,intheglacialriverJökulsáinnortheasternIceland.TheglacierVatnajökull(GlacierofLakes)insoutheastIcelandisthebiggestglacierinEuropeandcoversabout8%ofthecountry.

TheclimateinIcelandismild,duetothewarmGulfStreamthatflowsalongthesouthcoastofthecountryandthencontinueswestandnorthalongthecoast.Thewintersarefairlywarmandthesummersfairlycool.TheNorthernLights(AuroraBorealis)canfrequentlybeseeninIcelandfromSeptemberthroughMarch.Inmidwinter(mid-NovembertotheendofJanuary)thedaysareveryshortandthereisdaylightforonlythreetofourhoursaday.Inthesummer,ontheotherhand,thereiscontinuousdaylightfortwotothreemonthsandthedaysarelonginearlyspringandautumn.

IcelandicbelongstotheNordiclanguagegroupoftheGermaniclanguagefamily,togetherwiththeotherScandinavianlanguages,Norwegian,Swedish,DanishandFaroese.Icelandic,FaroeseandNorwegianareWestNordiclanguagesandSwedishandDanishareEastNordiclanguages.

Icelandwassettledintheperiodad870–930.MostofthesettlerscamefromNorway,especiallyWesternNorway,withafewfromSwedenandDenmarkand

fromNordicsettlementsintheBritishIsles(Ireland,ScotlandandtheScottishIsles).TheNorsemenfromtheBritishIslesbroughtwiththempeopleofCelticorigin.ThelanguageinIcelandwas,however,OldNorsefromtheoutsetandtheCelticinfluenceonthelanguageislimitedtoafewloanwordsandnamesofpeopleandplaces.AmongtheCelticpeople’snamesthathavesurvivedtothepresentdayareKjartan,NjállandKormákur.

IcelandicandNorwegianbegantodivergeintheeleventhcentury,butthedistinctionbetweenthetwolanguageswasnotfullymarkeduntilabouttwocenturieslater.

Icelandichasnotchangedgreatlythroughoutthecenturiesandcanbeclassifiedasaconservativelanguage.ModernIcelandicisverysimilartotheVikinglanguage,andspeakersofmodernIcelandiccanreadthesagas,whichwerewritteninthethirteenthandfourteenthcenturies,withoutanygreatdifficulty.Themainchangeshavebeeninthephoneticsystem,especiallyofvowels,withlittleeffectonthewrittenlanguage.Theinflectionalsystem,syntaxandvocabularyhaveundergonefewerchanges.

MostoftheoldIcelandicvocabularystillexistsinthemodernlanguage.ManycommonwordsinmodernIcelandicarethesameasinOldNorse,wordssuchhöfuð(head),þú(you),haf(sea).ManyidiomsandphrasesfromoldIcelandicliteraturearestillusedineverydaylanguagetoday,suchaskomaeinhverjumíopnaskjöldu(totakesomeonebysurprise),whichtranslatesliterallyastocomeatsomeoneonthesidethatisn’tprotectedbytheirshield.

Wordshavebeengraduallyaddedtothelanguageoverthecenturiesandsomeolderwordshavebeengivennewmeaningsalongsidetheiroldones.Someoldwordshavebeenrevivedandgivenanewmeaning.Thewordsími(telephone)isanoldwordthatusedtomeanthreadorline.Changesinsocietyinthelasttwohundredyearshavecalledformoreandmorenewwords.Mostofthesenewwordsareformedbyjoiningexistingwordsandwordpartstogetherinanewway.Forexample,ljósmynd(photograph)ismadeupofthewordsljós(light)andmynd(image),andthewordlíffræði(biology)wasformedfromlíf(life)andfræði(science).Somewordshavebeenderivedfromothers.Thewordþota(jet),forexample,isderivedfromtheverbþjóta(speed,dash).

Theinfluenceoflanguagepurismhasbeenstrongerthaninrelatedlanguages,andnewIcelandicwordsfornewconceptsareoftenpreferredtoimported

foreignwords.Examplesincludesjónvarp(television),tölva(computer)tölvupóstur(e-mail)andnetfang(e-mailaddress).Thereare,however,alsomanyloanwordsinthelanguagewhichhavebeenadaptedtoIcelandicpronunciation,spellinganddeclensionsorconjugations.Thewordbíll(car),forexample,isaloanwordfromDanish;otherloanwordsincludebanani(banana),kaffi(coffee),te(tea)andtóbak(tobacco).

Thesurvivalofthewrittenlanguagethroughthecenturieshasplayedanimportantpartinconservingthelanguage.TheIcelandiclanguagewasfirstwrittendownaround1100,andthentextswerewrittenbothinLatinandIcelandic.LawsforthecountrywerewritteninIcelandicatthebeginningofthetwelfthcentury.TheIcelandicsagasdatefromthethirteenthandfourteenthcenturies.AtranslationoftheNewTestamentintoIcelandicwasprintedin1540,followedbythewholeBiblein1584.TheIcelandiclanguagewastheseventeenthlanguagethattheBiblewastranslatedinto.TheIcelandicBiblewasthefoundationofthelanguageoftheChurch,andsermonsandreligiousbookswerebasedonthistranslation.

Icelandicculturehasalong,richliterarytradition.TheIcelandicsagasareavaluablecontributiontoworldliterature.Undoubtedlythebest-knownIcelandicauthorisHalldórLaxness(1902–1998),winneroftheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1955,whosenovelshavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages.ThemostfamousisprobablySjálfstættfólk(Independentpeople).SteinunnSigurðardóttir’sbest-knownnovel,Tímaþjófurinn(TheThiefofTime),1986,whichhaspoeticlanguageandpoemsintegratedintothetext,wasmadeintoaFrenchfilm,Voleurdevie,in1999.AfilmofEinarMárGuðmundsson’snovelEnglaralheimsins(AngelsoftheUniverse),1993,wasdirectedbyFriðrikÞórFriðrikssonin2000.Anotherleadingauthor,SigurjónBirgirSigurðsson,writesunderthenameSjón;hisbest-knownnovelisSkugga-Baldur(2003).AverypopularcrimewriterisArnaldurIndriðason,bestknownforhisbookMýrin(2000),whichwasfilmedin2006byBaltasarKormákur.IcelandersarestillenthusiasticreadersandbooksarethemostpopularChristmaspresents.MorebooktitlesarepublishedpercapitainIcelandthananywhereelseintheworld.

Otherartformshavedevelopedgreatlyduringthepasthundredyears.TheIcelandicfilmindustryhasflourishedsincethelatetwentiethcentury,andBörnnáttúrunnar(ChildrenofNature),directedbyFriðrikÞórFriðriksson,wasnominatedforanOscarasthebestforeignfilmintheyear1991.ThemusicscenehasalsothrivedinIcelandduringthepastfewdecades.Themostfamous

Icelandicsinger,BjörkGuðmundsdóttir,hassoldover15millionalbumsworldwideandtheIcelandicbandSigurRósispopularnotonlyinIcelandbutinternationally.

Introduction

ThiscourseisintendedforlearnerswithnopreviousknowledgeofIcelandic.Whetheryou’relearningIcelandiconyourown,orattendingaclass,thiscourseisverywellsuitedtoyourpurposes.ItisafunctionalcoursewhichaimstoteachyoutocommunicateinIcelandicandtousethelanguageinapracticalway.Thevocabularyintroducedisthereforecentredaroundrealisticeverydaysituations.Alongsidethevocabularyfromeverydaylife,themaingrammaticalstructuresofIcelandicareexplained,sothatyoucancreatesentencesofyourown.

Icelandic

IcelandicisspokeninIceland,anislandintheNorthAtlanticOceanbetweenNorwayandGreenland.Icelandisarelativelybigcountry–103,000km2–buthasonlyaround300,000inhabitants.IcelandicbelongstotheNordiclanguagegroupoftheGermaniclanguagefamily,togetherwiththeotherScandinavianlanguages,Norwegian,Swedish,DanishandFaroese.IcelandicdevelopedfromVikingAgeWestNorse,whichwasspokeninNorwayanditscolonies,andwasbroughttoIcelandbytheVikingsettlersfromNorway.IntheeleventhcenturyIcelandicandNorwegianbegantodiverge,butthedistinctionbetweenthetwolanguageswasnotfullymarkeduntilabouttwocenturieslater.

TheIcelandiclanguagehasnotdevelopedgreatlyinrecentcenturies.ModernIcelandicisverysimilartotheVikinglanguageandspeakersofmodernIcelandiccanreadthesagas,whichwerewritteninthethirteenthandfourteenthcenturies,withoutanygreatdifficulty.Icelandiccanthereforebeclassedasaveryconservativelanguage.HardlyanydialectsexistinIcelandic;thisisprobablyduetothesmallsizeofthepopulation,strongfamilyties,regularcontactbetweendifferentgroupsofpeopleandthefactthatthewrittenlanguagehassurvivedforcenturies.Thedialectsthatdoexistdifferonlyinpronunciationfromthestandardlanguage.

Icelandicisaninflectionallanguage,whichmeansithascasesandendings

addedtothewords.SomeofthegrammarstructuresareverysimilartoGermanandmuchofthevocabularybearsresemblancetootherGermaniclanguages(suchastheotherScandinavianlanguages,GermanandDutch).IfyoualreadyknowaGermaniclanguage,learningIcelandicwillbeeasierforyou.

Howtousethebook

Eachunitconsistsofdialogues,vocabularylists,grammarexplanationsandexercises.Throughoutthebookthereareadditionalpronunciationexplanations,commentsaboutthevocabularyandexplanationsinEnglishaboutIcelandorIcelandicsociety.

Atthebeginningofthebookthereisapronunciationguideinwhichthemainpronunciationrulesaregiven,butfurtherruleswillbeintroducedinsubsequentunits.Moredetailsaregivenintheappendix.Youshouldstudythepronunciationguideatthebeginningofthebookverycarefully,listentotherecordingandtrytopractiseasmuchasyoucan.TherearesomesoundsinIcelandicwhichdonotexistinEnglish(orrelatedlanguages),soyouneedtopayspecialattentiontothepronunciation.

Ineachunitthereareafewdialogues(oftentwoorthree).NormallythedialoguesareprecededbyanintroductioninEnglishorIcelandic.Youshouldreadthisintroductionbeforeyoureadthedialogues,becauseitgivesyouthecontextofthedialogues.Allofthedialoguesappearontherecordingwhichaccompaniesthebook.Todevelopgoodpronunciation,youarestronglyadvisedtousetherecordingifpossible.

Youneedtostudythedialogue.Thevocabularylistafterthedialoguegivesyouthemeaningofthenewwordsandphrases(wordsfromallunitscanbefoundintheIcelandic–Englishvocabularyattheendofthebook).

Nexttherearegrammarexplanations.OnlythemaingrammarrulesofIcelandicaredescribedinthisbook.WhenyouhaveprogressedyouwillstillneedtoconsultIcelandicgrammarbooks.

Attheendofeachunityouwillfindanumberofexercises.Itisveryimportanttodotheexercisessothatyoucanpractisewhatyouhavelearntintheunit,both

newgrammarstructuresandnewvocabulary.Trytodoalltheexercisesbothorally(topractisespeakingIcelandic)andinwriting(topractisewritingIcelandic).Theexercisesaredesignedtopractisecommunicationandalsogrammarstructures.

Therecordingthataccompaniesthebookcontainsselectedmaterialfromtheunits.Audiotrackinginformationinthebookwillguideyoutotherelevantplaceintherecording.Itcontainsthewordsinthepronunciationguideatthebeginningofthebook,allthedialogues,andsomeofthegrammarexplanations.Thebookcanbeusedwithouttherecording,butinthatcaseyoushouldtrytolistentoIcelandicspokenbynativespeakerswheneverpossible(e.g.online).Tryalsotoreadoutloudasoftenasyoucantoincreaseyourconfidenceinpronunciation.TrytouseIcelandicwheneveryougetachanceandrememberthatpracticemakesperfect!

Abbreviations

Listentotheaudio,availabletobuyinstoreoronline.acc. accusatived hasdinthepasttenseð hasðinthepasttensedat. dativef. femininegen. genitiveimp. imperativem. masculinen. neuternom. nominativepastpart. pastparticiplepl. pluralsing. singulart hastinthepasttense

Pronunciationguide

TheIcelandicalphabethas32letters:

Asyoucansee,IcelandichassomeletterswhichEnglishdoesn’thave:á,ð,é,í,ó,ú,ý,þ,æ,ö.Don’tworryiftheseseemquiteforeigntoyou–wewillgothroughthepronunciationofeachletterlateron.Itisimportanttorealizethatthelettersá,é,í,ó,úandýareseparatelettersfroma,e,i,o,uandy,andtheyhavetheirownpronunciation.Thesuperscriptmark´isthereforenotasymboloflengthorstress.Sothelettersaandá,forexample,correspondtodifferentsounds:aispronouncedlikeainEnglishfatherandáispronouncedlikeowinEnglishdown.

Wewillnowgothroughthepronunciationofeachletterofthealphabet.Onlytheregular(i.e.usual)pronunciationwillbegivenhere;exceptionswillbeintroducedinlaterunitsofthebookandintheappendix.Toexplainthepronunciation,acomparisonwithEnglishandotherlanguageswillbemade.Phoneticsymbols(withinsquarebrackets)willalsobeusedtocomplementtheexplanations.IPA(InternationalPhoneticAlphabet)symbolsareusedinthephonetictranscriptionexceptintwocases:thesymbol[þ]isusedinsteadof[θ]andthesymbol[ö]insteadof[œ].InIcelandicphoneticsbooksthesetwosymbolsarenormallyusedinsteadoftheIPAones.SomeofthesoundsdonotoccurinEnglishanditisthereforeveryimportanttolistencarefullytotherecordingthataccompaniesthebook.Trytopractisethesoundsasmuchasyoucan.Intheendyouwillgetthehangofeventhe‘strangest’sounds!

Vowels

CD1,TR1,00:00:36

a[a] issimilartoainEnglishfatheranditislikeFrenchGermanItalian/Spanisha.Example:sandur(sand).

á[au] likeowinEnglishdown.Example:ást(love).e[ ] likeeinEnglishbed.Example:senda(send).é[j ] likeyeinEnglishyes.Example:ég(I).i[I] likeiinEnglishhid,bid.Example:listi(list).í[i] likeeainEnglishheat.Example:sími(telephone).o[Ø] likeawinEnglishlaw,bawd.Example:loft(air).ó[Øu] isverysimilartotheexclamationohinEnglish.Example:bóndi

(farmer).u[y] doesnotoccurinEnglish.Itisproducedbytryingtopronounce[I]

(asinIcelandiclistiorEnglishhid)withroundedlips.ThissoundappearsinGermanforshortü,likefünf,küssen.Example:hundur(dog).

ú[u] likeoinEnglishwho.Example:Rússland(Russia).y[I] likeiinEnglishhid,bid.Example:synda(swim).ý[i] likeeainEnglishheat.Example:sýna(show).æ[ai] likeiinEnglishhide.Example:læsa(lock).ö[ö] doesnotoccurinEnglish.Itisproducedbytryingtopronounce[ ]

(asinIcelandicsendaorEnglishbed)withroundedlips.ItisquitesimilartotheiinEnglishbirdandeainEnglishheard.Example:hönd(hand).

ei[ i] likeainEnglishcame.Example:neisti(spark).ey[ i] likeainEnglishcame.Example:keyra(drive).au[öy] seedescriptionoföabove–[y]ispronouncedlike[i],exceptthatyou

roundyourlips.Thesound[y]onlyappearsinthiscombination[öy]inIcelandic.Example:haust(autumn).Warning:IfyouknowGerman,thenbereallycarefulwhenyoupronouncethelettersau–theyarenotpronouncedlikeGerman[au]!

Consonants

CD1,TR1,00:02:30

b[ ] likeEnglishb,butwithabitmorebreathing;likepinEnglishspin.Example:bær(town).

d[ ] likeEnglishd,butwithabitmorebreathing;liketinEnglishstop.Example:draumur(dream).

ð[ð] likethinEnglishfather.Example:eða(or).f[f] likefinEnglishfather.Example:fá(get).g hasthreemainpronunciations:

[ ]Whenthelettergappearsatthebeginningofwords,itispronouncedlikeEnglish[g],butwithabitmorebreathing,likekinEnglishskip.Examples:gata(street),grár(grey).

[γ]Whengappearsbetweenvowels,orbetweenavowelandðorr,ithasagutturalsoundwhichdoesnotoccurinEnglish,butcanbeheardinSpanishinthewordTarragona.Listencarefullytotherecordingandtrytoimitatewhatyouhear.Examples:saga(story),sagði(said),sigra(win).

[x]WhengappearsinthemiddleofawordbeforetorsithasasoundwhichdoesnotoccurinEnglish,butwhichcanbeheardinScottishloch,GermanachandSpanishjota.Examples:hægt(possible),hugsa(think).

h[h] likehinEnglishhe.Example:hundur(dog).j[j] likeyinEnglishyes.Example:já(yes). k hasthreemainpronunciations:

[kh]Whentheletterkappearsatthebeginningofwords,itispronouncedlikekinEnglishkick.Examples:kasta(throw),króna(unitofmoneyusedinIceland).

[ ]Inthemiddleofawordbetweenvowelsorattheend:seedescriptionof[ ]above.Examples:taka(take),tak(hold).

[x]Whenkappearsinthemiddleofawordbeforetorsithasthe[x]sound:seeaboveunderthethirdpronunciationoftheletterg.Example:rakt(damp).

l[l] likelinEnglishland.Example:lás(lock).m[m] likeminEnglishmother.Example:mála(paint).

n hastwomainpronunciations:[n]likeninEnglishnight.Example:nú(now).

[η]likeninEnglishsing.Example:fingur(finger).

p hastwomainpronunciations:

[ph]whentheletterpappearsatthebeginningofwords,itispronouncedlikepinEnglishpen.Example:penni(pen).

[ ]Inthemiddleofawordbetweenvowelsorattheend:seedescriptionof[ ]above.Examples:tapa(lose),tap(loss).

r[r] verysimilartorinEnglishbrrutteredbyspeakersshudderingwithcold.Itisatrill,i.e.itisrolled.ThissoundappearsinScottishEnglishandinSpanish,asinTarragona.Listencarefullytotherecordingandtrytoimitatewhatyouhear.Example:rós(rose).

s[s] likesinEnglishsea.Example:sól(sun).t hastwomainpronunciations:

[th]whenthelettertappearsatthebeginningofwords,itispronouncedliketinEnglishtime.Example:taska(handbag,suitcase).

[ ]Inthemiddleofawordbetweenvowels:seedescriptionof[ ]above.Example:gata(street).

v[v] likevinEnglishvery.Example:vasi(pocketorvase).

x[ s]or[xs]Youcanpronouncetheletterxas[ s]oras[xs].Seedescriptionof[x],[s]and[ ]above.Example:buxur(trousers)

þ[þ] likethinEnglishthriller.Example:þurfa(need).

Stressandlength

Stress

CD1,TR1,00:05:41

InIcelandicthefirstsyllableofaword(e.g.skóinskóli(school))isstressed(i.e.spokenwithmoreemphasis).Theonlyexceptionthatneedconcernushereishalló,saidwhenansweringthetelephone.

Length

Rule1:Vowelswithoutstressareshort.Example:skóli–thesyllableliisnotstressedso[I]isshort.

Rule2:Stressedvowelsarelongunlesstwoormoreconsonantsfollow.Examples:tala(speak)–long,oneconsonantfollowing,trúa(believe)–long,noconsonantfollowing,koss(kiss)–short,twoconsonantsfollowing.

Rule3:Consonantsarelongonlyiftheyarewrittendoubleandtheycomedirectlyafterthestressedvowel.Examples:ball(ball)–longl,finna(find)–longn;buttal(speech)–shortl(notwrittendouble),hestanna,hávaxinn–shortn(doesnotcomedirectlyafterthestressedvowel).Thereareexceptions(namely,pp,ttandkk)whichwewilllookatlateron.

1

Hæ,hvaðheitirþú?Hi,what’syourname?

Inthisunityouwilllearn•Howtogreetpeopleandsay‘goodbye’•Howtoasksomeone’snameandsayyourname•Howtoaskwheresomeoneisfromandsaywhereyouarefrom•Howtosay‘yes’and‘no’•Howtothanksomebody

Languagepoints•personalpronounssuchaség(I)andþú(you)•commonquestionwordssuchashvað(what)andhvar(where)•wordorderinquestions

•theverbsaðvera(tobe)andaðheita(tobecalled)•countrynamessuchasÍsland(Iceland)

Greetings

CD1,TR2

QUICKVOCAB

hæ!hi!hvaðsegirðu?howareyou?(lit.whatsayyou?)alltfíntgood,fine(lit.

everythingfine)sæll!/sæl!(toawoman)hiblessaður!/blessuð!(toawoman)hi(lit.blessed)sællogblessaður!/sælogblessuð!(toawoman)hi(lit.happyandblessed)komdusæll/komdusæl(toawoman)hi(lit.comehappy)komdublessaður/komdublessuð(toawoman)hi(lit.comeblessed)komdusællogblessaður/komdusælogblessuð(toawoman)hi(lit.comehappyandblessed)sællvertu/sælvertu(toawoman)hi(lit.behappy)góðandag!/góðandaginn!gooddaygottkvöld!/góðakvöldið!goodevening

Insight

Topronouncesomelettercombinationscorrectly,thinkofthemasbeingwrittendifferently.Thecombinationhv(asinhvað)soundslikekv,andllwithnoconsonantafterit(asinsæll)almostalwayssoundslikedl.Thedoubleconsonantstt,kkandppsoundlikeht(orhd),hk(orhg)andhp(orhb)–thenormalhsoundfollowedbyashortconsonant.Ithelpstoattachthehtothe(short)vowelandimagineatinybreakbetweenthehandthefinalconsonant.Saygottintwosteps:goh-t.

Languagenotes•ThequestionHvaðsegirðu?(Howareyou?)isusedmorebyyoungerpeople.Itcanbeansweredinseveralways:alltfínt(lit.everythingfine),baraalltfínt(lit.justeverythingfine),alltágætt(lit.everythingOK/so-so),baraalltágætt(lit.justeverythingOK/so-so).

Hæisusedmorebyyoungerpeople.

Sæl(usedtoaddressafemale)andsæll(usedtoaddressamale)areusedlessbyyoungpeople(unlesstheyareaddressingolderpeople).

Blessuð(usedtoaddressafemale)andblessaður(usedtoaddressamale)canbeusedbothasgreetingsandasgoodbyes.Theyareusedbetweenolderpeople,althoughinrecentyearsithasbecometrendytousethemasgreetingsbetweenyoungerpeople.

•Thegreetingssællogblessaður,komdusæll,komdublessaður,komdusællogblessaðurandsællvertuareusedbyolderpeople.

Góðandaginn/Góðandagisusedinthemorningaswell.

Goodbyes

CD1,TR2,00:01:47

QUICKVOCAB

blessgoodbyeviðsjáumstseeyou(lit.wewillseeeachother)sjáumstseeyoubæ!bæ,bæ!byeblessaður/blessuð(toawoman)goodbyevertublessaður/vertublessuð(toawoman)bye(lit.beblessed)vertusæll/vertusæl(toawoman)bye(lit.behappy)LanguagenotesBlessisusedbybotholderandyoungerpeople.Bæisusedmorebyyoungerpeople.

•Thegoodbyesvertublessaðurandvertusællareusedbyolderpeople.

Hæ,hvaðheitirþú?Hi,what’syourname?ChristofisafriendofBjörn’s.He’sjustarrivedinIcelandwithhisgirlfriendAnna.ChristofandAnnahavecometovisitBjörnandhisfamily.BjörnmeetsAnnaforthefirsttime.

CD1,TR2,00:02:30

Björn Hæ!Hvaðheitirþú?Anna Anna.Enþú?Björn ÉgheitiBjörn.

QUICKVOCAB

hæhihvaðwhatheitir,heiti(fromheita)arecalled,amcalledþúyou(sing.)enbutenþú?andyou?/howaboutyou?égI

Insight

ThenameBjörnispronouncedasifitwerespeltBjördnorBjödn.Thelettersrnarealwayspronouncedasrdnorasdn,andinsomecommonwordseitherpronunciationispossible.

Björn ÞettaerInga,mammamín.Inga (turningtoChristof)Sæll!HeitirþúChristof?Christof Já,égheitiChristof.

QUICKVOCAB

þettathiser(fromvera)ismammamother,mummínmyjáyes

Insight

Theletteriispronouncedíbeforethelettersng.SaythenameIngaasifitwerespeltÍnga.

Hvaðanertu?Whereareyoufrom?Björndoesn’tknowwhereAnnacomesfrom,andIngadoesn’tknowwhereChristofcomesfrom.

CD1,TR2,03:11

Björn (turningtoAnna)Hvaðanertu?Anna ÉgerfráHollandi.Inga (turningtoChristof)ErtþúlíkafráHollandi?Christof Nei,égerfráÞýskalandi.

QUICKVOCAB

hvaðanwherefromertu(ert(fromvera)+þú)areyouer(fromvera)amfráfromHollandi(fromHolland)HollandlíkaalsoneinoÞýskalandi(fromÞýskaland)Germany

Björn’sfatherKáricomeshomeandBjörnintroducesChristofandAnnatohim.

Björn ÞettaeruChristofogAnna.

Kári VelkomintilÍslands!ChristofogAnna Takk!Kári EruðþiðfráÞýskalandi?Christof Já,égerfráÞýskalandienAnnaerfráHollandi.

QUICKVOCAB

eru(fromvera)areogandvelkomin(fromvelkominn)welcometiltoÍslands(fromÍsland)Icelandtakkthankyou,thankseruð(fromvera)areþiðyou(plural)

Insight

Rememberthattheletterskkarealwayspronouncedashk(orhg).Saythewordtakkintwosteps:tah-k(ortah-g).

Grammar

CD1,TR2,03:50

Theverbaðvera(tobe)

Theverbaðvera(tobe)isastrongverbinIcelandic,asinmostlanguages(includingEnglish).Ithasthefollowingformsinthepresenttense:

aðvera tobeéger Iam

þúert youarehann/hún/þaðer he/she/itisviðerum weareþiðeruð youareþeir/þær/þaueru theyare

Languagenotes•Thewordto,whichoftenaccompaniesEnglishverbsintheinfinitive(asintobe),isaðinIcelandic.

•Inthethirdpersonplural(they)therearethreepronounscorrespondingtothethreegrammaticalgendersinIcelandic:þeirismasculine,þærisfeminine,þauisneuter.Fortwomenyouwouldthereforeuseþeir,fortwowomenyouwoulduseþærandforamanandawomanyouwoulduseþau.

Questions

CD1,TR2,04:21

CommonquestionwordsinIcelandicare:

hvað whathver whohenær whenhvar where

WhenyouformquestionsinIcelandicyoualwaysplacetheverbbeforethesubjectnounorpronoun:

statement questionÞúheitirAnna.YournameisAnna.

Hvaðheitirþú?Whatisyourname?(lit.Whatarecalledyou?)HeitirþúAnna?IsyournameAnna?(lit.ArecalledyouAnna?)

Thepronounþúinquestions

Inquestionsyounormallyputthepronounþúandtheverbtogether:

ErtþúfráÞýskalandi?ErtufráÞýskalandi? AreyoufromGermany?

Iftheverbformendsin-tthentheþisdropped;otherwisetheþchangestoð:

HeitirþúAnna?→HeitirðuAnna? IsyournameAnna?

Ifyoudon’tputtheþúandtheverbtogether,youareeffectivelystressingthepronoun:

Hvaðheitirþú? What’syourname?

Theverbaðheita(tobecalled)

CD1,TR2,04:59

Theverbaðheita(tobecalled)isalsoastrongverblikeaðvera.Ithasthefollowingformsinthepresenttense:

aðheita tobecalledégheiti Iamcalledþúheitir youarecalledhann/hún/þaðheitir he/she/itiscalledviðheitum wearecalledþiðheitið youarecalledþeir/þær/þauheita theyarecalled

Note–Thepluralpresentformsofalmostallstrong/irregularverbsareregular;youaddtheregularendings-um,-ið,-atothestemoftheverb.Onlytheverbaðveraandafewothers(thosewhichendiná,ooruintheinfinitive,e.g.fá(get),þvo(wash),skulu(shall))haveirregularpluralpresentforms.

Cases

TherearefourcasesinIcelandic:nominative(likeIinIdidit),accusative(likemeinHehitme),dative(likemeinGiveittome)andgenitive(likeJohn’sinJohn’shouse).AllnounsinIcelandichaveaparticularformdependingonwhichcasetheyarein.Wewilllearnmoreabouteachcaselateron.

Mostverbsandallprepositions(wordslikeon,from,to)takeaparticularcase,i.e.thenounthatfollowstheverbortheprepositionhastobeinaparticularcase.Theprepositionfrá(from)alwaystakesthedative,sothenounfollowingthisprepositionmustbeinthedativeform.Thewordland(country)islandiinthedativeandwordsendingin-land(likeÍsland,Þýskaland,Holland)thereforealwaysendin-landiinthedative.Wethereforesay:

Égerfrá Þýskalandi(Germany) Hollandi(Holland) Íslandi(Iceland)

Englandi(England)Bretlandi(Britain),Stóra-Bretlandi(GreatBritain)Írlandi(Ireland)Finnlandi(Finland)Grænlandi(Greenland)Frakklandi(France)Póllandi(Poland)Rússlandi(Russia)Tékklandi(CzechRepublic)Ungverjalandi(Hungary)Grikklandi(Greece)Tyrklandi(Turkey)Indlandi(India)Tælandi(Thailand)Eistlandi(Estonia)Lettlandi(Latvia).

Notallcountrynamesendin-land,though.Thefollowingcountriesdonotend

in-land,andtheyhappentobethesameinthedativeform:

Thefollowingcountriesdonotendin-land;theyhavedifferentformsinthedative.Wewilllearnmoreabouttheseformslater.

Trytolearnthenamesofthecountrieslistedabove.Canyousaywhichcountryyoucomefrom?Howaboutyourforeignfriends–canyousaywheretheycomefrom?

PracticeYougointoasmallcornershoptobuyafewthings.Theshopassistantgreetsyouandasksyousomequestions:

CD1,TR2,05:29

Shopassistant Góðandaginn!You (Useanequivalentphrase.)Shopassistant Hvaðanertu?You (Sayyou’refromEngland.)Shopassistant Hvaðheitirðu?You (SayyournameisSuzannaandask‘Howaboutyou?’)Shopassistant ÉgheitiEiríkur.

YouarecalledJonandyourfriendisMarkus.YouarefromSweden.Youstart

talkingtoawomanonthebusandsheasksyouthefollowingquestions.AnswerinIcelandic.

CD1,TR2,06:17Hvaðheitiðþið?

EruðþiðfráEnglandi?

Listthecountriesmentionedinthisnewspaperadvertisement.

Saywherethesepeoplearefrom.

Example:WandaerfráPóllandi.

Summary•Importantvocabulary:Hæ!Sæll(masculine)/Sæl(feminine)!

•lmportantvocabulary:Bless!Sjáumst!

•Personalpronouns:ég,þú,hann/húnþað;við,þið,þeirþær/þau

•Strongverbaðvera(tobe):éger,þúert,hanner,viðerum,þiðeruð,þeireru•Strongverbaðheita(tobecalled):égheiti,þúheitir,hannheitir,viðheitum,þiðheitið,þeirheita•Commonquestionwords:hvað,hver,hvenær,hvar

•Thepronounþúinquestions:ertþú…?→ertu…?

•Fourcasesfornouns:nominative(nom.),accusative(acc.),dative(dat.),genitive(gen.).

•Mostverbsandallprepositionstakeaparticularcase:frátakesthedative.

•Importantvocabulary:ÉgerfráEnglandi/Þýskalandi.

2

Hvaðatungumáltalarðu?Whichlanguage(s)doyouspeak?

Inthisunityouwilllearn•Howtousethecourtesywordfyrirgefðu(excuseme)•Howtosaywhichlanguage(s)youspeak/don’tspeak•Howtoasksomeonewhichlanguage(s)theyspeak•Howtosaywhatyourmothertongueis

Languagepoints•firstgroupofregularverbs(tala(speak))•casegovernmentofverbs•genderofnouns•weakdeclensionoffemininenouns(femininenounsendingin-a)

ÉgtalaíslenskuIspeakIcelandic

CD1,TR3

Kona Fyrirgefðu,talarðuensku?Maður Nei,égtalaekkiensku.Égtalabaraíslenskuogdönsku.

QUICKVOCAB

kona(f.)womanmaður(m.)manfyrirgefðuexcuseme,sorrytalarðu(talar(fromtala)+þú)doyouspeakensku(acc.fromenska,f.)Englishtalaspeakekkinotbaraonlyíslensku(acc.fromíslenska,f.)Icelandicdönsku(acc.fromdanska,f.)Danish

Insight

Rememberthattheletterskkarealwayspronouncedashk.Saythewordekkiintwosteps:eh-ki.

Þiðtaliðmjöggóðaíslensku!YouspeakIcelandicverywell!

Björn’ssister,Kristín,chatstoChristofandAnna.

CD1,TR3,00:32

Kristín Þiðtaliðmjöggóðaíslensku!Christof Takk!Kristín Taliðþiðmörgtungumál?Christof Móðurmálmitterþýska,enégtalalíkaensku,spænskuog

ítölsku–ogsvolitlaíslensku!Kristín Vá,þaðeraldeilis!EnþúAnna,hvaðatungumáltalarþú?Anna Égtalahollenskusemmóðurmálogégtalalíkaensku,þýsku

ogrússnesku–ogsvolitlaíslenskueinsogChristof!

QUICKVOCAB

talið(fromtala)speakmjögverygóða(fromgóður)goodmörgmanytungumál(n.)language(s)móðurmál(n.)mothertonguemitt(fromminn)myþýska(f.)Germanspænsku(acc.fromspænska,f.)Spanishítölsku(acc.fromítalska,f.)Italiansvolitla(fromsvolítill)little,littlebitváwowþaðeraldeilis!that’simpressive!hvaðawhichhollensku(acc.fromhollenska,f.)Dutchsemmóðurmálasamothertongueþýsku(acc.fromþýska,f.)Germanrússnesku(acc.fromrússneska,f.)Russianeinsoglike

Grammar

Group1regularverbs

TherearetwogroupsofregularverbsinIcelandic,calledhereGroups1and2.Theverbaðtala(tospeak)belongstotheGroup1regularverbs,whichisthelargergroup.Regularverbschangeinafixedway–theirconjugationfollowsrules.Irregularandstrongverbs,however,showsomevariation–theirconjugationonlypartiallyfollowsrules.Toconjugateregularverbsyouaddfixedendingstothestemoftheverb(i.e.themainpartoftheverb).Youfindthestemoftheverbbyleavingoffthefinal-a,sothestemoftalaistal-.Theendingsinthisgroupofregularverbsare:singular-a,-ar,-ar,plural-um,-ið,-a.Toconjugatetheverbaðtalayouthereforeaddtheseendingstothestemtal:CD1,TR3,01:30

aðtala tospeakégtala Ispeakþútalar youspeakhann/hún/þaðtalar he/she/itspeaksviðtölum* wespeakþiðtalið youspeakþeirþærþautala theyspeak*ThefollowingruleappliesinIcelandicforalltypesofwords(verbs,nounsetc.):whenthereisanainthestemandanendingbeginningwithuisadded,thentheaalwayschangestoö.

Onceyou’velearnttheendingsofthisgroup,youknowhowtoconjugatethemajorityofverbsinIcelandic!

Casegovernmentofverbs

Asmentionedbefore,mostverbsinIcelandictakeaparticularcase,i.e.thenounthatfollowsaverbhastobeinaparticularcase.Themajorityofverbstaketheaccusativecase(likemeinEnglishhehitme)andIadviseyoutomemorizethoseverbswhichtakethedativeorthegenitive(veryfewtakethegenitive!).

Gender

NounsinIcelandicareeithermasculine,feminineorneuter.Thegenderofnounsisgrammatical,i.e.thegenderisdeterminedbytheformofthenounandnotitsmeaning.Insomecases,however,thegenderofanounis‘natural’;oftenwhenanounreferstoawomanthenthatnounisfeminine(kona(woman))andwhenanounreferstoamanthenthatnounismasculine(maður(man)).Thisis,however,notalwaysthecase–forexamplemostofthewordsforprofessionalsaremasculine,butareusedforbothmenandwomen(e.g.Húnerlæknir(Sheisadoctor);seeUnit8).

Theendingsofnounscanoftenhelpyoutodecidewhichgenderthenounis:

Note–Theserulesforendingshavesomeexceptions,thoughtheyarefew.Ifyoudon’twanttolearnalltheendingsatonce,thenstartwiththemostcommon

ones:masculine:-ur;feminine:-a(youcanusethewordsmaðurandkonatohelpyouremember!).

Weakfemininenouns

AllnounsinIcelandichavefourforms,oneforeachcase(nominative,accusative,dativeandgenitive).Forsomenounsthesefourformsaredifferentfromeachother,butforsomenounssomeoftheformscanbeidentical.Theprocessofputtingnounsintheirfourcaseformsiscalled‘declension’.MostfemininewordsinIcelandicendin-a.Thedeclensionofthesewordsiscalledaweakdeclension:theending-uisaddedtothesteminaccusative,dativeandgenitive.Youfindthestemofnounsbyleavingofftheending,herebyleaving

off-a:

Inthevocabularyliststhroughoutthebookthecasewillbegivenforweakfemininenounsiftheyarenotinthenominativecase.

Thenamesofthelanguagesareallfemininewordsendingin-a.Rememberthat

theverbtalatakesaccusativeandwethereforesay:

Languagenotes•TherulewemetwiththeGroup1regularverbsalsoapplieshere:theainthestemchangestoöifanendingbeginningwithuisadded:ítalskabecomesítölsku,franskabecomesfrönsku,danskabecomesdönsku,portúgalskabecomesportúgölsku,japanskabecomesjapönsku(notethatonlytheainthesyllablenexttotheendingchanges),búlgarskabecomesbúlgörsku.

•Thewordsforlanguagesareallwrittenwithoutacapitalletter.

PracticeYouneedtoaskfordirectionsandyoudecidetoaskamanyoumeetinthestreet.YouarenotconfidentenoughtocommunicatewithhimonlyinIcelandicsoyouaskinIcelandicifhespeaksEnglish.

CD1,TR3,02:06

You (Say‘Excuseme,doyouspeakEnglish?’)Man Nei,égtalabaraíslenskuogdönsku.You (Say‘IalsospeakDanish!’)

Listento,orread,thedialogueagain,andanswerthesequestions.

CD1,TR3,02:40HvaðtalarChristofmörgtungumál?

HvaðatungumáltalarAnna?

QUICKVOCAB

hvað…mörghowmanyYoumeetamancalledMagnus.Greethimandaskhimwherehecomesfromandwhichlanguageshespeaks.Trytoworkoutwhathisanswersmean.

CD1,TR3,04:12

CanyousaythefollowinginIcelandic?

CD1,TR3,04:53HespeaksIcelandic,DanishandSwedish.

Theydon’tspeakEnglish.

Whichlanguagesdoeshespeak?

TheyonlyspeakFrench.

DoesAnnaalsospeakIcelandic?

Summary•Importantvocabulary:Égtalaensku,íslenskuogþýsku.

•Importantvocabulary:Móðurmálmitterenska.

•Importantvocabulary:ekki=not.Example:Égtalaekkiensku.

•TherearetwogroupsofregularverbsinIcelandic.Fixedendingsareaddedtothestemoftheverb(infinitiveminus-a).Group1isthelargergroup,withendings:-a,-ar,-ar,-um,-ið,-a.Example:égtala,þútalar,hanntalar,viðtölum,þiðtalið,þeirtala.

•Nounsaremasculine(m.),feminine(f.)orneuter(n.).Nounsendingin-uraremasculineandnounsendingin-aarefeminine(withveryfewexceptions).

•Weakfemininenounsendin-ainnominativesingular.Theirdeclensioniscalledaweakdeclension:theending-uisaddedtothesteminaccusative,dativeandgenitivesingular.(Youfindthestemofnounsbyleavingofftheending,here-a.)Examples:nom.fjölskylda,acc./dat.gen.fjölskyldu;nom.Anna,acc./dat./gen.Önnu.

•Generalrule:whenthereisanainthestemandanendingbeginningwithuisadded,thenthelastainthestemalwayschangestoö.Examples(stem+ending):tal+-um→tölum;

Ann+-u→Önnu.

•Thenamesoflanguagesarefemininenounsendingin-a.Theverbtalatakesaccusativeandwethereforesay:Égtalaíslensku,ensku,dönsku…

3

MammaBjörnseríslenskBjörn’smotherisIcelandic

Inthisunityouwilllearn•Howtosaywhichnationalityyouare•Howtorefertomembersofyourfamily•Howtorefertoyourmaleandfemalefriends,yourboyfriendgirlfriend,yourhusbandwife

Languagepoints•possessivepronounsinmasculineandfeminine,singular,nominative(minn,mín…)

•definitearticlesinthenominative(-inn,-in,-ið)

ÞjóðerniNationalityKærastaBjörns,Guðrún,ogbestivinurBjörns,Gunnar,hittaChristofogÖnnu.

CD1,TR4

Guðrún HæogvelkomintilÍslands!Christof Takk!Guðrún Christof,ertþúekkiþýskur?Christof Jú,égerþýskur.Gunnar EnþúAnna,ertþúlíkaþýsk?Anna Nei,égerhollensk.Gunnar Já,ertuhollensk?!PabbiminnerHollendingur!

QUICKVOCAB

kærasta(f.)girlfriendBjörns(fromBjörn)Björn’sbesti(frombestur)bestvinur(m.)malefriendhittameetþýskurGerman(masculineform)júyes(answertoanegativequestion)þýsk(fromþýskur)German(feminineform)hollensk(fromhollenskur)Dutch(feminineform)pabbi(m.)father,dadminnmy(masculineform)Hollendingur(m.)Dutchman

Insight

ThenameGuðrúnispronouncedasifitwerespeltGvuðrún–Guð(God)andwordsbasedonGuðarealwayspronouncedwithvinsertedaftertheg.

Languagenotes•NotethatinIcelandictherearetwowordsforfriend,vinur(malefriend)andvinkona(femalefriend).Boyfriendandgirlfriendarekærastiandkærasta–kærmeansdear,beloved.

•Ifyouwanttoanswer‘yes’toanegativequestion(aquestionwithekki)thenyouhavetousejú.

FjölskyldaBjörnsBjörn’sfamilyCD1,TR4,00:44

FjölskyldaBjörnsermjögstór.PabbihansheitirKáriogmammahansheitirInga.ÞaueruforeldrarBjörns.AmmahansheitirGunnhildurogafihansheitirLeifur.Björnálíkalangömmuoglangafa–langammahansheitirInga(einsogmammahans)oglangafihansheitirÓlafur.Björnátvösystkini.SystirhansheitirKristínogbróðirhansheitirJón.KristínergiftogmaðurinnhennarheitirÞór.KristínogÞóreruhjón.Þaueigaeittbarn,stelpusemheitirÁsta.ÁstaerfrænkaBjörns.JónergifturogkonanhansheitirElín.Þaueigalíkaeittbarn,

stráksemheitirMagnús.MagnúserfrændiBjörns.

QUICKVOCAB

stórbigforeldrar(pl.)parentshanshisamma(f.)grandmotherafi(m.)grandfatherá(fromeiga,+acc.)has,ownslangamma(f.)great-grandmothertvötwolangafi(m.)great-grandfathersystkini(pl.)siblings,brothersandsisterssystir(f.)sisterbróðir(m.)brothergift/gifturmarriedmaður(m.)man;husbandhennarherhjón(pl.)marriedcouple

barn(n.)childstelpa(f.)girlsemwhofrænka(f.)niece,cousin,aunt,femalerelativekona(f.)woman;wifeeittonestrákur(m.)boy,canalsomeanguyfrændi(m.)nephew,cousin,uncle,malerelativedóttir(f.)daughtersonur(m.)son

Insight

Thewordbarnispronouncedasifitwerespeltbardnorbadn.Rememberthatthelettersrnarealwayspronouncedrdnordn(dnonlyincommonwords).

Languagenotes•Therearealsothewordsmóðir(mother)andfaðir(father),butthesearemoreformal.

•Sometimesthewordeiginmaðurisusedforhusband,butitisquiteformal.

•Sometimesthewordeiginkonaisusedforwife,butlikeeiginmaðuritsoundsformal.

•ThereisnowordinIcelandiccorrespondingtoEnglishgrandparents–youhavetosayafiogamma(grandfatherandgrandmother).

Þauerugift(theyaremarried)hasthesamemeaningasÞaueruhjón(theyareamarriedcouple).

•Whenreferringtoawomanbeingmarriedyouusegift.Whenreferringtoamanbeingmarriedyoucanuseeithergifturorkvæntur.Manypeople(especiallytheoldergeneration)consideritmorecorrecttousekvæntur.

Grammar

Nationalities

Ifyou’veforgottenthetranslationsforthesecountries,lookatthelistsinUnit1.

Languagenotes•Themasculineformoftheadjectiveendsin-urandthefeminineformisthestemoftheadjective(whichyougetbydroppingtheending-ur).Ifthemasculineformhasainthestem,thenthatachangestoöinthefeminineform.

•Thenationalityadjectivesareallwrittenwithoutacapitalletter.

•Theatoösoundchangeruledoesnotapplywhenthewordisinthemasculinenominativesingular.Intheworddanskur,forexample,theendingis-urbuttheaisnotchangedtoö.

Definitearticle

Thereisnoindefinitearticle(a,aninEnglish)inIcelandic.WethereforesayBjörnerstrákur(Björnisaguy)withoutanarticle.

Thereisadefinitearticle(liketheinEnglish)inIcelandic,whichisaddedtotheendofthenoun:maður(aman),maðurinn(theman).Thedefinitearticlehasdifferentformsdependingonthegender,thenumberandthecaseofthenounit

isaddedto.Thesearetheformsinthenominativesingular:

Insight

Themasculineformhasdoublenlikehann,thefemininehasonenlikehúnandtheneuterhasðlikeþað.

Note–Ifthenounendsinavowelinthenominativethenthei-ofthedefinitearticleisdropped.

Possessivepronouns(my,your…)

Thepossessivepronouns(innominativesingular,masculineandfeminine)are:

Insight

Themasculineformsminn/þinnendindoublenandhavenosuperscriptmark,likehann,andthefeminineformsmín/þínendinonenandhaveasuperscriptmarklikehún.

Inthefirstperson(my)youalwaysuseminn/mínandinthesecondperson(your)youalwaysuseþinn/þín.Itdependsonthegenderofthenounwhetheryouuseminn/þinnormín/þín:ifthenounismasculineyouusethemasculineformsminn/þinnandifthenounisfemininethenyouusethefeminineformsmín/þín.

Inthethirdperson(his,her)youcanusehansandhennarwithmasculineandfemininenouns.

Languagenotes•Thepossessivepronounalmostalwaysfollowsthenoun(notlikeinEnglish).Itcansometimesprecedethenoun:thisgivesitspecialemphasis.

•Anounfollowedbyapossessivepronounhastobeinthedefiniteform(síminnminn,maðurinnminn,konanmín).Exceptions:somewordsexpressingfamily/closerelationscannotbeinthedefiniteform:mammamín,pabbiminn,móðirmín,faðirminn,ammamín,afiminn,langammamín,langafiminn,systirmín,bróðirminn,vinurminn,vinkonamín.Thisisnottrueofmaðurandkona(seeabove),norofkærastiandkærasta;thesehavetobeinthedefiniteform:kærastinnminn,kærastanmín.

PracticeAnswerthequestionsasindicated.

Hvaðheitirmammaþín?(Sayshe’scalledMarion.)bHvaðheitirpabbiþinn?(Sayhe’scalledDesmond.)cHvaðheitirammaþín?Enafiþinn?(Sayshe’scalledGladysandhe’scalledTerry.)dHvaðheitirbróðirþinn?Ensystirþín?(Sayhe’scalledSeanandshe’scalledTracy.)

Pairthesequestionsandanswers.

ErtuGrænlendingur?

Ermammaþínþýsk?

Erpabbiþinnrússneskur?

ErMagnúsgiftur?

ErIngibjörggift?

Nei,hannerekkirússneskur.Hannerfranskur.

Nei,húnerekkigift.

Nei,égerÞjóðverji.

Já,hannergiftur.

Nei,húnernorsk.

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoIcelandic.Ifyouhavetherecording,youcoulddothisasanoralexercise.

CD1,TR4,02:12GunnarisfromIceland.

HespeaksIcelandic.

Hisparents’namesareSigríðurandMagnús.

What’shisgrandmother’sname?

Björn’ssister,Kristín,ismarried.

Herhusband’snameisÞór.

Summary•Importantvocabulary:íslenskur,enskur,þýskur,danskur…

•Importantvocabulary:pabbi(m.),mamma(f.),sonur(m.),dóttir(f.),afi(m.),amma(f.)…

•Thewordjúisusedtoansweranegativequestion.Example:–Ertþúekkiþýskur?–Jú,égerþýskur.

•Pronunciation:rnispronouncedrdn(ordnincommonwords).Example:barnispronouncedasifitwerespeltbardn.

•Thenominativemasculineformoftheadjectiveendsin-urandthefeminineformisthestemwithnoending.Example:Hanneríslenskur.Húneríslensk.

•ThereisnoindefinitearticleinIcelandic.Example:Björnerstrákur.

•Thedefinitearticleisaddedtotheendofthenoun.Example:maður=aman,maðurinn=theman.

•Definitearticleinnominativesingular:m.-(i)nn,f.-(i)n,n.-(i)ð.Ifthenounendsinavowelinthenominativethenthe-i-ofthearticleisdropped.Examples:m.maðurinn,síminn;f.verslunin,konan;n.barnið.

•Possessivepronounsfollowthenoun.Theyare:minn(m.nouns),mín(f.nouns)=myþinn(m.nouns),þín(f.nouns)=yourhans(m.andf.nouns)=hishennar(m.andf.nouns)=herExamples:pabbiminn,mammamín,pabbiþinn,mammaþín,pabbihans,

mammahans,pabbihennar,mammahennar.

•Anounfollowedbyapossessivepronounhastobeinthedefiniteform.Example:síminnminn,bókinmín.Exceptionsaresomewordsexpressingfamily/closerelations:mammamín,pabbiminn,systirmín,bróðirminn.

4

ChristoferdökkhærðurChristofisdark-haired

Inthisunityouwilllearn•Howtodescribesomebody’sappearance•Howtodescribesomebody’spersonality•Howtoasksomebody’sfullname•HowtoaskanIcelanderwhathis/herlastnameis

Languagepoints•adjectivesinthenominative•declensionofweakmasculinenouns(masculinenounsendingin-i)•genitiveofstrongmasculinenouns(Björns,Ólafs…)

ÚtlitogpersónuleikiAppearanceandpersonalityCD1,TR5

Christoferdökkhærðuroghávaxinn.Hannerhressogskemmtilegur.

Annaerlíkadökkhærðogmjöggrönn.Húnerfrekaralvarlegogmjögheiðarleg.

Björnerljóshærðuroghávaxinn.Hannermjögduglegur.

Guðrúnerljóshærðmeðsítthár.Húnerlágvaxinogfrekarþybbin.Húnersvolítiðfeimin.

Ingaermeðskollitað,stutthár.Húnerlágvaxinogaðeinsoffeit.Húnermjöggestrisin.

Káriergráhærður.Hannerhároggrannur.Hannermjögopinskárensamtalltafkurteis.

QUICKVOCAB

dökkhærðurdark-hairedhávaxinntallhressfun,livelyskemmtilegurfun,entertainingdökkhærð(fromdökkhærður)dark-hairedgrönn(fromgrannur)thinfrekarrather,abitalvarleg(fromalvarlegur)seriousheiðarleg(fromheiðarlegur)honestljóshærðurblond

duglegurhardworking,efficientljóshærð(fromljóshærður)blondmeðwithsítt(fromsíður)longhár(n.)hairlágvaxin(fromlágvaxinn)shortþybbin(fromþybbinn)chubbysvolítiðalittlebitfeimin(fromfeiminn)shyskollitaðdarkblond,lightbrownstutt(fromstuttur)shortaðeinsalittlebitoftoofeit(fromfeitur)fatgestrisin(fromgestrisinn)hospitablegráhærðurgrey-hairedhártallgrannurthinopinskároutspoken,franksamtstill,yetalltafalwayskurteispolite

Insight

Thewordsvolítiðisnormallypronouncedsoldið.

Hvaðheitirðufullunafni?What’syourfullname?AnnaasksBjörnandGuðrúntheirfullnames.

CD1,TR5,01:17

Anna Björn,hvaðheitirðufullunafni?

Björn ÉgheitiBjörnKárason.Anna EnþúGuðrún,hvaðheitirþúfullunafni?Guðrún ÉgheitiGuðrúnBjörkÓlafsdóttir.

QUICKVOCAB

fullu(fromfullur)fullnafni(fromnafn,n.)name

Insight

Thewordsfulluandnafniarepronouncedasiftheywerewrittenfudluandnabni.Rememberthatthelettersllarealmostalwayspronounceddl.Thelettersfnarealwayspronouncedbn(thiscombinationisnotverycommon,though).

KristínKáradóttirerdóttirKáraKristínKáradóttirisKári’sdaughterCD1,TR5,01:49

BjörnheitirfullunafniBjörnKárasonogKristínsystirhansheitirfullunafniKristínKáradóttir,afþvíaðpabbiþeirraheitirKári.BjörnKárasonþýðiraðBjörnersonurKáraogKristínKáradóttirþýðiraðKristínerdóttirKára.

QUICKVOCAB

heitirfullunafnihisfullnameisafþvíaðbecauseþeirratheirþýðir(fromþýða)meansaðthatKára(gen.fromKári)Kari’s

Languagenote•Thephraseafþvíað(because)isverycommoninIcelandic.Wecanuseitwithwordsthatwe’velearnt:Égtalaíslensku,afþvíaðégerfráÍslandi(IspeakIcelandic,becauseI’mfromIceland).

ItisverycommonforIcelanderstohavenicknames.Theseareformedfromthefirstnameandnormallycontainadoubleconsonantandendin-iformenand-aforwomen.Normallythenicknameisshorterthanthefirstnamebutthisisnotalwaysthecase(e.g.thenicknameNonniforJón).Examples:Sigríður–Sigga,Kolbrún–Kolla,Sólveig–Solla,Sigurður–Siggi,Guðmundur–Gummi,Karl–Kalli.

Icelandicsurnamesarenormallyformedbyadding-sonor-dóttirtothefirstnameofthefatheringenitive.Somepeoplehaveothersurnames,suchasMöllerorNordal,butthisisnotverycommon.WhenyouaddressIcelandersyouonlyusetheirfirstname.Surnamesareveryseldomused.Eveninthetelephonebooknamesarearrangedaccordingtofirstnames!NotethatyoucansayHúnheitirKristínandHúnheitirKristínKáradóttirbutyoucannotsay*HúnheitirKáradóttir(thissentenceiswrong).Ifyouwanttosaywhatsomebody’slastnameis,youhavetosayHúnerKáradóttir.

Ifyouwanttoasksomebodytheirfullname,yousay:Hvaðheitirðufullunafni?Ifyouwanttoasksomebodytheirsurname,yousay:Hverssonertu/

Hversdóttirertu?(lit.Whosesonareyou?/Whosedaughterareyou?)

Grammar

Adjectives

Adjectivesare‘describing’or‘qualifying’words.Theychangetheirform(i.e.gender,caseandnumber(singularorplural))accordingtotheformofthenounthattheyqualify.Inthenominativesingularthemasculineformoftheadjectivenormallyendsin-ur,thefeminineformisthestemoftheadjective(i.e.hasno

ending)andtheneuterformnormallyendsin-t.Youfindthestemoftheadjectivebyleavingofftheendingofthemasculineform(normally-ur).Therearetwomaingroupsofadjectivesdependingontheendingsinthenominativesingular.

ThemeaningsofthenewadjectivesinthefollowingtablesaregiveninthefirstQuickvocabofthisunitandbelow.Ontherecordingyoucanhearhowíslenskur(Icelandic)andgrannur(thin)soundintheirmasculine,feminineandneuterforms.

CD1,TR5,02:28Thefollowingendingsareforthefirstgroupofadjectives,towhichmostadjectivesinIcelandicbelong.

Thisisthebiggestsubgroupofadjectives.

Ifthestemoftheadjectiveendsinaconsonant+-ð/-d/-t,thenthefinal-ð/-d/-tofthestemisreplacedintheneuterbythe-tending.

Ifthestemoftheadjectiveendsinavowel+-ð/-dd,thenwhentheneuterending-tisaddedtoit,theresultingclusterofconsonantsissimplifiedto-tt.

Someadjectivestakethemasculineendings-nor-l.Theseadjectivesalreadyhavenorlattheendofthestem.

Ifthestemoftheadjectiveendsinavowel,thentheendinginthemasculineis-randtheendingintheneuteris-tt.

Ifthestemoftheadjectiveendsin-ror-s,thenthereisnoendinginthemasculine.Themasculineformandthefeminineformarethereforeidentical.

Insomeofthesubgroupsabovewehaveanatoövowelchange.Wewillnowlookinmoredetailatthissoundchangerule.Therulethatwehadbeforesaysthatwhenthewordhasainthestemthenthatachangestoöwhenanendingbeginningwithuisaddedtotheword.Inthecasesabovewegetthisvowelchangealthoughnoendingisadded.Thereasonsforthisarehistorical(thereusedtobean-uending)andyoujusthavetorememberthatyoualwaysgetthisvowelchangeinthefemininesingularnominative.Wethereforegetavowelchangefromatoöintheadjectivesgrannur–grönn,svartur–svörtanddanskur–dönsk.Thissoundchangeruleis,however,morecomplex.Itis

calledtheu-umlautruleinIcelandicgrammarbooks.Whenaisthevowelinthestemanduisthevowelinthenearestsyllable(orhistoricallytherewasanuinthenearestsyllable,asinthefemininesingularnominative)thentheachangestoö.Intheadjectivealvarlegur–alvarleg,thereisnou-umlaut,becausetheainthestemisnotinthesyllablenearesttotheending(eisinthenearestsyllable,andit‘blocks’theumlaut).Ifthereareothervowelsbetweentheainthestemandu(orahistoricaluwhichhasdisappeared),thentheyblockthevowelshift.

Anadditionaldetailofthisruleisthatinunstressedsyllablesachangestouratherthantoö.Thisucanthencauseanotherchange.Intheadjectivegamall–gömul,thesecondaofthestemisinanunstressedsyllable(onlythefirstsyllableisstressedinIcelandic:seethePronunciationguide)andthereforechangestou,becausetherewashistoricallyanuinthefollowingsyllable.Theainthefirst,stressed,syllablethenchangestoö,becausethereisanuinthefollowingsyllable(gamal-isthestem;thisbecomes*gamulwhichbecomesgömul).

Notethatadjectivesofnationalitysuchasjapanskur–japönskanditalskur–itölskareexceptionstothisadditionaldetail:theunstressedachangestoöandnotu.

Thisu-umlautvowelchangeruleisageneralruleinIcelandic,andappliestonouns,verbsandadjectives.Thefollowingendingsareforthesecondgroupofadjectives:themasculineendsin-inn,thefemininein-inandtheneuterin-ið(thesearethesameendingsasforthedefinitearticle–seeUnit3):

Noticethattheadjectivechangesitsformaccordingtothenounitdescribes,bothwhenitimmediatelyprecedesthenounandalsowhenitfollowsthenounandisseparatedfromitbyaformoftheverbaðvera(tobe).Theredoesn’thavetobeanounpresent;ifapersonisdescribinghim/herselfthentheadjective

isinthemasculineformifthepersonisamanandinthefeminineformifthepersonisawoman.

Note–Theformoftheadjectivethatisgivenindictionariesisthemasculineform.IntheQuickvocablistsinthisunitandinthesubsequentunitswealsogivethemasculineformoftheadjectiveifitappearsineitherthefeminineortheneuterinthetext.

Weakmasculinenouns

Mostnounsthatendin-iaremasculine.Themasculinenounsthatendin-iarecalledweakmasculinenouns(Kári,Frakki,sími…)andtheirdeclensioniscalledaweakdeclension:theending-aisaddedtothestemintheaccusative,dativeandgenitive.Rememberthatyoufindthestemofnounsbyleavingofftheending,here-i.

IntheQuickvocablistsinthisunitandinthesubsequentunitsthecasewillbegivenforweakmasculinenounsiftheyarenotinthenominativecase.

Genitiveofstrongmasculinenouns

Masculinenounsthatdonotendin-iinthenominativearecalledstrongmasculinenouns.Thegenitiveofalargegroupofthesenounsisformedbyadding-stothestemoftheword.Examples:

nominative genitiveÓlafur Ólafs(Ólaf(stem)+s)Leifur Leifs(Leif(stem)+s)

Björn Björns(Björn(stem)+s)Gunnar Gunnars(Gunnar(stem)+s)Einar Einars(Einar(stem)+s)Jón Jóns(Jón(stem)+s)Jóhann Jóhanns(Jóhann(stem)+s)

PracticeDescribethesepeople.Youmayfindthefollowingvocabularyuseful:

QUICKVOCAB

unguryoungsköllótturbaldhamingjusamurhappyreiðurangry

CD1,TR5,03:08

Givethecorrectforms.

Erla,systirmín,er(fyndinn)________.Húnerekki(leiðinlegur)________.Húnermeð(svartur)________hár.

KærastinnminnheitirEinar.Hanner(rólegur)________ogmjög(traustur)________.

Katríner(sætur)________enaðeinsof(þybbinn)________.

Langammamínermjög(mjór)________.

Gunnar,bróðirminn,er(latur)________og(þrjóskur)________.Enhanneralltaf(kurteis)________.

QUICKVOCAB

fyndinnfunnyleiðinlegurboringrólegurquiettrausturreliablesæturcute,good-lookingmjórthinlaturlazyþrjóskurstubbornWhosedaughterisshe?Whosesonishe?

CD1,TR5,04:00

Hversdóttirerhún?

PabbihennarheitirAtli.

PabbihennarheitirIngi.

PabbihennarheitirEinar.

PabbihennarheitirKarl.

Hverssonerhann?

PabbihansheitirSnorri.

PabbihansheitirAlbert.

PabbihansheitirJóhann.

PabbihansheitirGuðmundur.

Summary•Importantvocabulary:útlit:dökkhærð(ur),ljóshærð(ur),hávaxin(n),lágvaxin(n)…

•Importantvocabulary:persónuleiki:skemmtileg(ur),hress,alvarleg(ur),feimin(n)…

•Importantvocabulary:afþvíað=because.Example:ÉgtalaenskuafþvíaðégerfráEnglandi.

•Icelandicsurnames:-sonand-dóttirareaddedtothefirstnameofthefatherinthegenitiveform.Examples:KristínKáradóttirerdóttirKára.GunnarKárasonersonurKára.

•Adjectiveschangetheirformaccordingtotheform(i.e.gender,caseandnumber)ofthenounthattheyqualify.

•Therearetwogroupsofadjectives.1(thebiggergroup):m.-ur,f.-(noending),n.-tExamples:íslenskurmaður,íslenskkona,íslensktbarn2m.-inn,f.-in,n.-iðExamples:feiminnmaður,feiminkona,feimiðbarn.

•Infemininesingularnominativethereisanatoövowelchange.Examples:danskurmaður,dönskkonagrannurmaður,grönnkona.

•Theatoövowelchangeruleiscalledtheu-umlautrule.Whenaisthevowelinthestemanduisthevowelinthenextsyllable(orhistoricallythereusedtobeauinthenextsyllable,asinf.sing.nom.),thentheachangestoö.Intheadjectivealvarlegur–alvarlegthereisnou-umlautchangebecauseainthestemisnotthevowelnearesttotheu.

•Weakmasculinenounsendin-iinnominativesingular.Theirdeclensioniscalledaweakdeclension:theending-aisaddedtothesteminaccusative,dativeandgenitive.Examples:nom.Kári–acc./dat./gen.Káranom.sími–acc./dat./gen.síma•Strongmasculinenounsdonotendin-iinnominativesingular.Thegenitiveofalargegroupofthesenounsisformedby

adding-stothestem:Examples:Ólafur(stemÓlaf)–gen.ÓlafsBjörn(stemBjörn)–gen.BjörnsJón(stemJón)–gen.Jóns.

5

ChristoferaðlesaChristofisreading

Inthisunityouwilllearn•MoreaboutIceland•AboutIceland’scapitalcity,Reykjavik•Howtomakesuggestionsonwhattodoandwheretogo

Languagepoints•howtousetheconstructionaðveraaðgeraeitthvað(tobedoingsomething)•howtorefertoobjectsinstitutionsconceptsusingpersonalpronouns

•howtousetheverbaðætla(tobegoingto,intend,plan)•thecasegovernmentofprepositions•howtorefertopeople/objectsusingarelativepronoun(sem(who,which))

ÉgeraðlesaI’mreadingChristoferaðlesabókumÍsland.

CD1,TR6

Björn Hvaðertuaðlesa?ErþettabókumÍsland?Christof Já.Björn Erhúnáíslensku?Christof Já,égeraðæfamigaðlesaíslensku.Björn Frábært!

QUICKVOCAB

lesa(+acc.)read

bók(f.)bookum(+acc.)aboutáíslenskuinIcelandicégeraðæfamigI’mpractising(lit.I’mtrainingmyself)frábært(fromfrábær)great

Insight

Ineverydayspeechtheginégandtheðinaðaredropped;forexample,égeraðlesaispronouncedjeralesa.

MiðbærReykjavíkurThecentreofReykjavikBjörn,ChristofogAnnaætlaaðfaraaðskoðamiðbæReykjavíkurámorgun.

CD1,TR6,00:29

Christof Hvaðerhelstaðsjáímiðbænum?Björn Þaðermargtathyglisvertaðsjáímiðbænum.Viðverðumað

skoðaAlþingishúsið,HallgrímskirkjuogHáskólaÍslands.ViðverðumlíkaaðfaraáListasafnÍslandsogÞjóðminjasafnið.Viðskulumsvofaraákaffihúseinhversstaðar.ÞaðerumjögmörgkaffihúsímiðbæReykjavíkur.

QUICKVOCAB

miðbær(m.)citycentreReykjavíkur(fromReykjavík,f.)ofReykjavik,Reykjavik’sætla(fromætla)aregoingtoaðfaratogoaðskoða(+acc.)toseemiðbæ(frommiðbær,m.)citycentre

ámorguntomorrowHvaðerhelstaðsjáímiðbænum?Whatarethemainthingstoseeinthecitycentre?þaðerthereismargtathyglisvertmanyinterestingthingsverðum(fromverða)havetoAlþingishúsið(n.)theIcelandicparliamentbuildingHallgrímskirkju(acc.fromHallgrímskirkja,f.)thechurchofHallgrímurháskóla(acc.fromháskóli,m.)universityÍslands(fromÍsland)ofIceland,Iceland’slíkaalsolistasafn(n.)artgalleryÞjóðminjasafnið(n.)theNationalMuseumsafn(n.)museumviðskulum(fromskulu)let’ssvothenkaffihús(n.)caféeinhversstaðarsomewhereþaðerutherearemörgmany

Insight

Whenyousaythewordsafn,rememberthatthelettersfnarepronouncedbn.Alsobecarefulwiththewordmargt–thegisleftoutinthepronunciationanditispronouncedmart.

Háskólinner–hanner…Theuniversityis–itis…

BjörnogChristoftalasamanumstaðiíReykjavík.

CD1,TR6,01:05

Christof HvarerHáskóliÍslands?Björn HannerviðhliðinaáÞjóðminjasafninu.Christof Já,já.EnhvarerListasafnÍslands?Björn Þaðerhjátjörninni.Bíddu,égætlaaðnáíkortafReykjavík.Christof Já,flott.

QUICKVOCAB

talasamanum(+acc.)talktoeachother/chataboutstaði(fromstaður,m.)placesviðhliðinaá(+dat.)besideÞjóðminjasafninu(fromÞjóðminjasafnið,n.)theNationalMuseumhjá(+dat.)by,attjörninni(fromtjörn,f.)smalllake,pondbíddu(frombíða)waitnáí(+acc.)get,fetchkort(n.)mapaf(+dat.)of,fromflott(fromflottur)great

Insight

Whenyousaythewordtjörninni,rememberthatthelettersrnarepronouncedrdnordn.

ReykjavíkerhöfuðborgÍslandsReykjavikisthecapitalofIcelandCD1,TR6,01:40

ReykjavíkerhöfuðborgÍslands.Reykjavíkerfallegborg.Ímiðbænumertjörnogmjögfallegurgarður,semheitirHljómskálagarðurinn.ÍReykjavíkerlíkaöflugtskemmtanalíf.

QUICKVOCAB

höfuðborg(f.)capitalfalleg(fromfallegur)beautifulborg(f.)citygarður(m.)park,gardenöflugt(fromöflugur)greatskemmtanalíf(n.)nightlife(lit.entertainmentlife)

Tip

Icelandisabigcountry(103,000km2)buthasapopulationofonly300,000.Inthemiddleofthecountrythereareglaciers,lavaandsandydeserts,sopeopleonlylivearoundthecoastline.Asitisonlypossibletodrivethroughthemiddleofthecountryinmountainjeepsowingtotheroughterrain,ifyouwanttotravelfromthewesttotheeastofthecountry,forexample,youhavetodrivealongthecoast.Thecapital,Reykjavik,hasabout100,000inhabitants.ThefiveadjacentmunicipalitiesofKópavogur,Hafnarfjörður,Garðabær,SeltjarnarnesandMosfellsbærarealsorelativelybig(byIcelandicstandards!).ReykjavikandtheneighbouringtownsarejointlycalledinIcelandicHöfuðborgarsvæðið(thecapitalarea),andclosetotwo-thirdsofthetotalpopulationlivehere.

Grammar

Presentcontinuous

Theconstructionaðveraaðgeraeitthvað(tobedoingsomething)isverycommoninIcelandic.Itisusedtoindicateatemporaryactiontakingplaceatthe

momentofspeaking.Thefollowingexamplesshowhowitisused:

Replacinganounwithapronoun

CD1,TR6,02:05

Whenyoureplaceanounwithapersonalpronoun,youusethemasculine,feminineorneuterformofthepersonalpronoun(hann,hún,það)dependingonthegenderofthenoun.Examples:

Erbókin(feminine)áíslensku?Já,húneráíslensku.

IsthebookinIcelandic?Yes,itisinIcelandic.

HvarerHáskóli(masculine)Íslands?HanneríReykjavík.

WhereistheUniversityofIceland?ItisinReykjavik.

HvarerListasafn(neuter)Íslands?Þaðerímiðbænum.

WhereistheArtGalleryofIceland?Itisinthecitycentre.

Erfjölskylda(feminine)Björnsstór?Já,húnerstór.

IsBjörn’sfamilybig?Yes,itisbig.

Theregularverbaðætla(tobegoingto,etc.)

Theverbaðætla(tobegoingto,intend,plan)belongstotheGroup1regularverbs,thelargestgroup.We’vealreadyseenoneverbfromthisgroup,aðtala,andtheverbaðætlaisconjugatedinthesameway.Youaddfixedendings(singular-a,-ar,-ar,plural-um,-ið,-a)tothestem(infinitiveminusa).

CD1,TR6,03:07

aðætla tobegoingto,intend,planégætla Iamgoingtoþúætlar youaregoingtohannhúnþaðætlar hesheitisgoingtoviðætlum wearegoingtoþiðætlið youaregoingtoþeirþærþauætla theyaregoingto

Prepositions

Rememberthatallprepositionstakeaparticularcase,i.e.thenounthatfollowstheprepositionhastobeinaparticularcase.Whenyoulearnanewpreposition,learnalsowhichcaseittakes.Normallyaprepositionalwaystakesthesamecase,buttherearesomeprepositionswhichcantakeeitheraccusativeordative.Theprepositionsíandátaketheaccusativewhenthereismovementinvolvedbuttakethedativewhenthereisnomovementinvolved.

movement:ímiðbæinn(acc.)intothecitycentreposition:ímiðbænum(dat.)inthecitycentre

Hereisasummaryoftheprepositionswe’vehadsofar:•accusative:umabout

•dative:fráfrom,afof,from,viðhliðinaábeside,hjáby,at,with,meðwith(canalsotaketheaccusative)•genitive:tilto

;áin(to);at,in(to),on(to)

movement:accusativeposition:dative

Howtosay‘who,which’

Therelativepronounsemmeanswhoorwhich,i.e.youusesemforreferringbothtopersonsandtothings.ThisisonegrammarpointthatiseasierinIcelandicthanEnglish!

Stelpan,semer… Thegirlwhois…Garðurinn,semer… Thegardenwhichis…

‘Thereis/are’

IfasentencebeginswithThereis/areyoutranslateitintoIcelandicwithÞaðer/eru.

ÞaðerumörgkaffihúsímiðbæReykjavíkur.

TherearealotofcafésinthecentreofReykjavik.

If,however,anounreferringtoaplaceappearsbeforethereis/arethenyoudon’tuseþaðinthetranslationintoIcelandic.

ÍmiðbæReykjavíkurerumörgkaffihús.

InthecentreofReykjaviktherearemanycafés.

PracticeYouarechattingwithAnna.Replytoherquestions.

CD1,TR6,03:32

Anna Hvaðertuaðgera?You (Sayyou’rereadingabook.)Anna HvaðeruChristofogBjörnaðgera?You (Saythey’rechattingaboutReykjavik.)Anna HvarerHáskóliÍslands?You (Sayit’sinReykjavik.)

Translatethefirstlineofthisadvertisement.

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoIcelandic.

AnnaandIngaarehavingachat.

What’sthebookcalled?

It’scalledÍslandámorgun.

Whereistheartgallery?

It’sinReykjavik.

Whatareyoureading?

I’mreadingabookaboutItaly.

Summary•Importantvocabulary:Égeraðlesabókáíslensku.

•Importantvocabulary:höfuðborg(f.),miðbær(m.),kirkja(f.),háskóli(m.),safn(n.)(listasafn,þjóðminjasafn),kaffihús(n.),tjörn(f.),garður(m.).

•Pronunciation:margtispronouncedasifitwerespeltmart(gisleftout).

•Presentcontinuous:aðveraaðgeraeitthvað=tobedoingsomething.Examples:Égeraðlesa.Égeraðskrifa.

•Replacinganounwithapronoun:youusethemasculine,feminineorneuterformofthepersonalpronoun(hann,hún,það)dependingonthegenderofthenoun.Examples:Erbókin(f.)áensku?Já,húneráensku.Hvarerháskólinn(m.)?Hannerímiðbænum.Hvarerlistasafnið(n.)?Þaðerviðhliðinaákirkjunni.

•Theverbaðætla(tobegoingto,intend,plan)belongstotheGroup1regularverbs(likeaðtala,seeUnit2).

•Normallyaprepositionalwaystakesthesamecase,butsomeprepositionscantakeeitheraccusativeordative.Theprepositionsíandátaketheaccusativewhenthereismovementinvolvedbuttakethedativewhenthereisnomovementinvolved.Movement:ímiðbæinn(acc.)=intothecitycentrePosition:ímiðbænum(dat.)=inthecitycentre

•Otherprepositionsalwaystakethesecases:accusative:um(about)dative:frá(from),af(of,from),viðhliðinaá(beside),hjá(by,at,with),með(with–canalsotaketheaccusative)genitive:til(to)•Relativepronounsem(who,which)isusedtorefertobothpersonsandthings.Examples:Maðurinn,semer…=Themanwhois…;Safniðsemer…Themuseumwhichis…

Þaðer/eruisonlyusedatthebeginningofasentenceinIcelandic(unlike‘thereis/are’inEnglish);otherwiseyoujustuseer/eruonitsown.Examples:ÞaðerumörgkaffihúsímibæReykjavíkur.=TherearealotofcafésinthecentreofReykjavík.ÍmiðbæReykjavíkurerumörgkaffihús.=InthecentreofReykjaviktherearemanycafés.

6

HannferklukkantvöHeleavesattwoo’clock

Inthisunityouwilllearn•Howtoasksomebodywhattheirtelephonenumberisandtosaywhatyourtelephonenumberis

•Howtosaywhattimeitis(wholehours)andtoaskthetime•Howtosaywhatyearitis•AbouttheIcelandiccurrency•Howtosaywhereyoulive

Languagepoints•cardinalnumbers•genderofcompoundnouns

ChristoftalarísímannChristofspeaksonthetelephone

Christoferaðtalaísímann.HannvillfáupplýsingarumflugtilAkureyrar.

CD1,TR7

Kona FlugfélagÍslands,góðandag.Christof Góðandaginn.HvenærerfyrstaflugtilAkureyrarámorgun?Kona Þaðerklukkan7ífyrramálið.Christof Hvenærþarfégaðmætaútáflugvöll?Kona Ekkiseinnaenklukkan6.Christof Já,já,ókei.Takkkærlega!Kona Þaðvarekkert!

QUICKVOCAB

símann(acc.fromsími,m.)thetelephonevill(fromvilja)wantsfá(+acc.)getupplýsingaruminformationaboutflug(n.)flighttilAkureyrar(fromAkureyri)toAkureyriFlugfélagÍslandsAirIceland(lit.airlineofIceland)hvenærwhenfyrstafirstklukkan7at7o’clockífyrramáliðtomorrowmorningþarf(fromþurfa)needmætashowupútáflugvöll(fromflugvöllur,m.)attheairport(lit.outon/ atairport)ekkiseinnaennotlaterthanókeiOKtakkkærlegathanksverymuch,thanksalotvar(fromvera)wasekkertnothing

BjörntalarviðÖnnuBjörnspeakstoAnnaCD1,TR7,00:45

Björn HvenærfariðþiðtilAkureyrar?Anna Snemmaífyrramálið–klukkan6eða7.Björn HvenærkomiðþiðsvoafturtilReykjavíkur?Anna Eftirviku.

QUICKVOCABtalavið(+acc.)talktofarið(fromfara)gosnemmaearlyeðaor

komið(fromkoma)comesvothenafturagaineftir(normally+acc.)afterviku(acc.fromvika,f.)week

Insight

Inquestionstheðendingofsecondpersonpluralverbsislostandthepronounþiðispronouncedði:fariðþiðispronouncedfariðiandkomiðþiðispronouncedkomiði.

HvaðersímanúmeriðhjáErlu?What’sErla’stelephonenumber?

ChristofætlaraðhittaErlu,vinkonuBjörns,sembýráAkureyri.HannætlarlíkaaðhittaSnorra,frændaBjörns,sembýrábóndabærétthjáAkureyri.

CD1,TR7,01:07

Christof HvaðersímanúmeriðhjáErlu?Björn Heimasíminner4617776oggsm-síminner8934456.Christof Oghvaðerheimilisfangið?Björn ÞaðerVesturgata41.Christof EnhvaðersíminnhjáSnorra?Björn Heimasíminnhjáhonumer4624713oggemsanúmeriðer

8674983.

QUICKVOCAB

bóndabæ(frombóndabær,m.)farm

rétthjá(+dat.)near,closetosímanúmer(n.)telephonenumbergsm-sími(m.)mobileheimilisfang(n.)addressVesturgata(f.)WestStreetheimasíminn(m.)thehomenumber(lit.thehometelephone)gemsanúmer(n.)mobilenumber

Languagenotes•Notethattheprepositionhjá(at,by,with)takesthedative(seeUnit5).AfterthisprepositionthewordsErla,aweakfemininenoun,andSnorri,aweakmasculinenoun,arethereforeusedintheirdativeforms:ErluandSnorra.Notealsothattheverbhitta(meet)takestheaccusative(likemostverbs).AfterthisverbthewordsErlaandvinkona(femalefriend),weakfemininenouns,arethereforeusedintheiraccusativeforms:Erluandvinkonu;andthewordsSnorriandfrændi(malerelative),weakmasculinenouns,arealsousedintheiraccusativeforms:Snorraandfrænda.

•NotethatyoucansaybothHvaðersíminnhjáErlu?andHvaðersímanúmeriðhjáErlu?YoucanalsosayHvertersímanúmeriðhjáErlu?,butthisisusedmainlybyolderpeople.

•TherearethreewordsforamobilephoneinIcelandic:gsm-sími,gemsiandfarsími.Ineverydayspeechthewordgemsiisnormallyused(atleastbyyoungerpeople).

AkureyrierstærstibærinnáNorðurlandiAkureyriisthebiggesttowninthenorthCD1,TR7,02:00

NorðurhlutiÍslandserkallaðurNorðurland.AkureyrierstærstibærinnáNorðurlandi.AusturhlutiÍslandserkallaðurAusturlandogstærstibærinnþarheitirEgilsstaðir.SuðurhlutiÍslandserkallaðurSuðurlandogstærstibærinnþarerSelfoss.HöfuðborginReykjavíkeráSuðvesturlandi.VesturhlutiÍslandsskiptistíVesturlandogVestfirði.StærstibærinnáVesturlandiheitirAkranesogstærstibærinnáVestfjörðumheitirÍsafjörður.

QUICKVOCAB

norðurhlutiÍslandsthenorthernpartofIcelanderkallaðuriscalledNorðurlandlit.northernlandstærstibiggestbærinn(m.)townausturhlutiÍslandstheeasternpartofIcelandAusturlandlit.easternlandþartheresuðurhlutiÍslandsthesouthernpartofIcelandSuðurlandlit.southernlandvesturhlutiÍslandsthewesternpartofIcelandskiptistíisdividedintoVesturlandlit.westernlandVestfirði(fromVestfirðir,pl.)lit.westernfjordsáVestfjörðum(fromVestfirðir,pl.)lit.inthewesternfjords

Pointsofthecompass

CD1,TR7,02:53

ThereisnorailwaysysteminIceland.Ifyouwanttotravelaroundyouthereforehavetogobyprivatecar,busorair.Thebussystemisgoodandefficient(inwinter,though,therearefewerdestinations).Flyingisalsoagoodoption.ThedomesticairlineinIcelandisFlugfélagÍslands.

Grammar

Cardinalnumbers

CD1,TR7,03:16

Thecardinalnumbersone,two,threeandfourhaveseparateformsforthethreegenders(thisappliesalsotoallnumbersthatendwith1,2,3or4,e.g.21,32,93,674,etc.).

Insight

Thelettersnnarepronouncedasdnwhentheyfollowaletterwithasuperscriptmark(í,ý,é,á,ú,ó)oradiphthong(thelettersæ,ei,ey,au):einn(one,m.),Spánn(Spain).Otherwisetheyarepronouncedaslongn:tunna(barrel).But:Ifnnispartofthedefinitearticleitisalwayspronouncedaslongn:kránni(thepub,dative).

Insight

Einnhasdoublenlikehann(thoughit’spronounceddifferently),einhasonenlikehún;tveirendsineirlikeþeir;tværendsinærlikeþærandtvöhasanösoundlikeþau(auispronounced[öy]).

Don’tworryhereaboutthepluralformsofthenouns–wewilllearnaboutthemlateron.

Theothercardinalnumbershaveonlyoneformforallthreegenders.

Hundred,thousandandmillionarenounsandthereforetheyareofaparticulargenderandhavepluralforms.Thenounhundraðisneuter(likeallnounswhosestemsendin-að,Unit2)andthereforeweusetheneuterformofthenumbersone,two,threeandfourwhentheyarefollowedbyhundrað;þúsundisneuterandthereforeweusetheneuterformofthenumbersone,two,threeandfour;milljónisfeminineandthereforeweusethefeminineformofthenumbersone,two,threeandfour.

0núll1einn,ein,eitt2tveir,tvær,tvö3þrír,þrjár,þrjú4fjórir,fjórar,fjögur5fimm6sex7sjö8átta9níu10tíu11ellefu

12tólf13þrettán14fjórtán15fimmtán16sextán17sautján18átján19nítján20tuttugu30þrjátíu40fjörutíu50fimmtíu60sextíu70sjötíu80áttatíu90níutíu

100 (eitt)hundrað200 tvöhundruð

1.000 (eitt)þúsund2.000 tvöþúsund

1.000.000 (ein)milljón2.000.000 tværmilljónir

21 tuttuguogeinn(f.ein,n.eitt)432 fjögurhundruðþrjátíuogtveir(f.tvær,n.tvö)1.990 eittþúsundníuhundruðogníutíu1990 nítjánhundruðogníutíu(usedforyears)

Noticethatyouonlyuseoneog:

430 fjögurhundruðogþrjátíu438 fjögurhundruðþrjátíuogátta

Wewillnowhavealookatwhenyoushouldusethemasculine,feminineandneuterformsofthenumeral:

•Ifthenumberindicateshowmanyitemsthereare,itcomesbeforethenounand

agreeswithit:tveirmenn,tværkonur,tvöhús.

•Ifthenumberidentifiesaparticulariteminaseries–ayear,achapter,ahouse,anhouroftheday–itfollowsthenoun(ifany)andisneuter:(árið)nítjánhundruðníutíuogtvö(theyear1992);kaflieitt(chapterone);Vesturgataeitt(number1,Vesturgata);klukkaneitt(oneo’clock).

•Ifthenumberisjustadigit,usedforcountingingeneraloringivingatelephonenumber,themasculineisused:1,2,3,4:einn,tveir,þrír,fjórir;símanúmeriðmitter5524317fimm,fimm,tveir,fjórir,þrír,einn,sjö.

Tellingthetime

CD1,TR7,04:45

Youusetheneuterformofthenumbersone,two,threeandfourwhensayingwhattimeitis.

•ToaskwhattimeitisyouuseHvaðerklukkan?(lit.whatistheclock?).

•Toaskwhattimesomethingwilltakeplace,youuseKlukkanhvað…?(lit.theclockwhat?).

•TosayIt’s4o’clockyouuseKlukkanerfjögur(lit.theclockis4).

•Tosaywhattimesomethingtakesplace,i.e.tosayat4o’clock,youuseklukkanfjögur.

Hvaðerklukkan? What’sthetime?Klukkanerfjögur. It’sfouro’clock.KlukkanhvaðætlarAnnaaðfara?Húnætlaraðfaraklukkanfjögur.

WhattimeisAnnagoingtoleave?She’sgoingtoleaveatfouro’clock.

Sayingwhatyourphonenumberis

•TosaywhatyourtelephonenumberisyousaySímanúmeriðmitter…/Símanúmeriðhjámérer…Síminnminner…/Síminnhjámérer….Theprepositionhjátakesthedativesowehavetousethedativeformofég,

whichismér.Thenounsímanúmerisneuterandwethereforehavetousetheneuterformmittofthepossessivepronoun.

•ToasksomebodyelsewhattheirtelephonenumberisyousayHvaðersímanúmeriðþitt?/Hvaðersímanúmeriðhjáþér?Hvaðersíminnþinn?/Hvaðersíminnhjáþér?Herewehavetousethedativeformofþú,whichisþér(wewilllearntheotherformsofthepersonalpronounslateron);þittistheneuterformofthepossessivepronoun.

•Ifyouwanttoasksomebodywhatanotherperson’stelephonenumberisyousay(usingthenameAnnaasanexample)HvaðersímanúmeriðhjáÖnnu?HvaðersíminnhjáÖnnu?Thenameofthepersonhastobeinthedativeform.Sofarwehaveonlylearntthedeclensionoffemininenounsendingin-aandofmasculinenounsendingin-isothesearetheoneswecanuseatthemoment.

Hvaðersímanúmeriðþitt? Símanúmeriðmitter…Hvaðersímanúmeriðhjáþér? Símanúmeriðhjámérer…Hvaðersíminnþinn? Síminnminner…Hvaðersíminnhjáþér? Síminnhjámérer…HvaðersímanúmeriðhjáÖnnu? SímanúmeriðhjáÖnnuer…HvaðersíminnhjáÖnnu? SíminnhjáÖnnuer…

TheIcelandiccurrency

TheIcelandiccurrencyistheIcelandickróna.Thesingularformiskrónaandthepluralformiskrónur.Thenounkrónaisfeminine(likealmostallwordsendingin-a)sowith ityouuse thefeminineformof thenumbersone, two,threeandfour.

einkrónatværkrónurþrjárkrónurfjórarkrónur

Noticethatiftheamountendsin1(e.g.21,331…)thenyouusethesingularformkrónaalthoughtheamountishigherthanonekróna.(Thisistrueofallother nouns, soyouwould say21maður,331maður etc.) tuttugu og einkróna,þrjúhundruðþrjátíuogeinkróna

Bothkrónaandkrónurareabbreviatedkr.

Youcanalsousethewordkallinsteadofkrónurinspokenlanguage.Itisamasculinewordwhichisonlyusedinthesingular.Itismostcommontousekallwith5kr.,10/20/30/40…kr.,100200…kr.and1,0002,000…kr.

fimmkall,tíkall,fimmtíukall,hundraðkall,þúsundkall,tvöþúsundkall

Note that if the amount is 1,100 kr. you can say either eitt þúsund og eitthundraðkrónurorellefuhundruðkrónur.

Thestrongverbaðbúa(tolive)

Theverbaðbúa(tolive)isastrongverb–itsconjugationonlypartiallyfollowsrules.Noticethatthepluralisregular,i.e.youaddtheregularendings-um,-ið,-atothestem(youfindthestembyleavingoutthe-aoftheinfinitive).

CD1,TR7,05:22

aðbúatoliveégbý Iliveþúbýrð youlivehannhúnþaðbýr hesheitlives

viðbúum weliveþiðbúið youliveþeirþærþaubúa theylive

Prepositionsandplacenames

CitiesandtownsTosaythatyouliveinaparticularcityortown,youusetheprepositionsíorá.Forallforeigncitiesyouuseí:ÉgbýíLondon,Róm,Berlín,París,Amsterdam,Osló,Helsinki,Kaupmannahöfn(Copenhagen)…

ForIcelandictownsandcitiesyouuseeitheríorá:ÉgbýíReykjavík,Kópavogi(fromKópavogur),Hafnarfirði(fromHafnarfjörður),Garðabæ(fromGarðabær),Mosfellsbæ(fromMosfellsbær),Borgarnesi(fromBorgarnes).

ÉgbýáSeltjarnarnesi,Akureyri,Egilsstöðum(fromEgilsstaðir),Ísafirði(from Ísafjörður), Akranesi (from Akranes), Sauðárkróki (fromSauðárkrókur).

Alltownsendingin-eyriandmosttownsendingin-fjörðurtaketheprepositioná(Hafnarfjörðuristhemainexception).

Notethattheprepositionsíandátakethedativehere(position).

StreetsTosaythatyouliveinaparticularstreetyouusetheprepositionáandthedativeformofthestreetname(againdativebecausethereisnomovementinvolved).CommonstreetendingsinIcelandicare:-gata(f.,street)and-vegur(m.,street,road).Thedativeformoftheweakfemininenoungataisgötu,andthedativeformofvegurisvegi.Herearesomeexamples:ÉgbýáVesturgötu5(dat.fromVesturgata),Laufásvegi5(dat.fromLaufásvegur).

Notethatthestreetnumberalwaysappearsafterthestreetname.

Compoundnouns

Thegenderofcompoundnounsisalwaysdeterminedbythelastnounofthe

compound.

símanúmertelephonenumber(n.) sími(m.),númer(n.)flugvöllurairport(m.) flug(n.),völlur(m.)

Notealsothatthefirstwordinacompoundisveryofteninthesingularaccusativeorgenitiveform.

PracticeSay,thenwriteout,thefollowingtimesinwords.

CD1,TR7,05:44

Say,thenwriteout,theanswerstothefollowingcalculationsinwords.Ifyouhavetherecordingyoucouldtrythisexerciseasmentalarithmetic!

CD1,TR7,06:322+3=5

4−1=3

1+12=13

3+14=17

5+15=20

2+16=18

2+13=15

4+15=19

18−8=10

10−8=2

QUICKVOCAB

plúsplusmínusminuseruequalsListentotherecording,andwritedowntheyearsthatyouhear.Trywritingtheminfiguresandinwords.

CD1,TR7,08:37AnswerthefollowingquestionsinIcelandic,sayingtheappropriatetelephonenumbersaloud,thenwritingthemoutinwords.(Notethatsímanúmer/símiisabbreviatedtos.)

CD1,TR7,09:21HvaðersímanúmeriðhjáÖnnu?

HvaðersímanúmeriðhjáIngu?

HvaðersíminnhjáÁstu?

HvaðersíminnhjáKára?

HvaðersíminnhjáAtla?

Writeoutthereducedpricesshownintheadvertisementonthenextpage.

QUICKVOCAB

áðurbeforenúnowbolurtopbuxurtrouserskápawoman’scoatmussablouse

AnswerthefollowingquestionsinIcelandic,usingtheplacenamesinparentheses.

Hvarbýrðu?(London)bHvarbýrErla?(Akureyri)cEnBjörn?(Reykjavík)dHvarbýrChristof?(Berlín)eHvarbýrfjölskyldaChristofs?(München)fHvarbúamammaogpabbiErlu?(Ísafjörður)

WriteoutinwordsthenumbersintheseadvertisementsfromMorgunblaðið,oneofIceland’smainnewspapers.

QUICKVOCAB

símbréf(n.),fax(n.)faxnetfang(n.),e-mail(n.)e-mailaddress,e-mailheimasíða(f.)homepageopiðásunnudagopenonSundayfrá…tilfrom…toklukkanisabbreviatedtokl.

Summary•Importantvocabulary:talaísímann.

•Thecardinalnumbersone,two,threeandfour(andnumbersendinginthem,e.g.21,32…)haveseparateformsforthethreegenders.Examples:m.:einnmaður,tveir/þrír/fjórirmenn;f.:einkona,tvær/þrjár/fjórarkonur;n.:eittbarn,tvö/þrjú/fjögurbörn

•Thelettersnnarepronouncedasdnafteraletterwithasuperscriptmark(í,ý,é,á,ú,ó)oradiphthong(æ,ei,ey,au):einn,Spánn.Otherwisetheyarepronouncedaslongn:tunna.Except:Ifnnispartofthedefinitearticleitisalwayspronouncedaslongn:kránni.

Hundrað(hundred),þúsund(thousand)andmilljón(million)arenouns:theyareofaparticulargenderandhavepluralforms.Thenumbersone,two,threeandfourthereforechangetheirformwhenusedwiththesenouns.Examples:sing.:eitthundrað(n.),eittþúsund(n.),einmilljón(f.)pl.:tvö/þrjú/fjögurhundruð(n.),tvö/þrjú/fjögurþúsund(n.),tvær/þrjár/fjórarmilljónir(f.)

•Youusetheneuterformofthenumbersone,two,three,fourwhensayingwhattimeitis.Examples:Hvaðerklukkan?Klukkanereitt/tvö/þrjú/fjögur.Klukkanhvaðferðu?Égferklukkantvö.

•Importantvocabulary:Hvaðersímanúmeriðþitthjáþér?Símanúmeriðmitter…Símanúmeriðhjámérer…

•Youusethemasculineformofthenumbersone,two,three,fourwhengivingatelephonenumber.Example:–SímanúmeriðhjáÖnnuerfjórir,þrír,einn,tveir,tveir,einn,fjórir.

•TheIcelandiccurrencyistheIcelandickróna.Thesingularformiskrónaandthepluralformiskrónur(bothabbreviatedkr.).Itisafeminineword,soyouusethefeminineformofthenumbersone,two,threeandfourwithit.

Examples:þrjárkrónur,fimmtíuogtværkrónur,fjögurhundruðþrjátíuogþrjárkrónur.

•Strongverbaðbúa(tolive):égbý,þúbýrð,hannhúnþaðbýr,viðbúum,þiðbúið,þeirþærþaubúa.

•Tosaythatyouliveinaparticularcityortown,youusetheprepositionsíoráwiththedative.Forallforeigncitiesyouuseí:ÉgbýíLondon,Róm,Berlín,París,Helsinki…ForIcelandictownsandcitiesyouuseeitheríorá:ÉgbýíReykjavík,Kópavogi,Hafnarfirði,Garðabæ,Mosfellsbæ,Borgarnesi.ÉgbýáSeltjarnarnesi,Akureyri,Egilsstöðum,Ísafirði,Akranesi.

•Thegenderofcompoundnounsisalwaysdeterminedbythelastwordofthecompound.Example:símanúmer(n.)fromsími(m.)+númer(n.)

7

SjáumstíkvöldklukkanhálfníuSeeyoutonightathalfpasteight

Inthisunityouwilllearn•Thenamesofdaysoftheweek•Expressionsreferringtopartsoftheday•Howtosaywhattimeitis

Languagepoints•Theverbaðfarainthepresenttense•Theverbaðverainthepasttense•Howtoexpressthefuture

SunnudagurtilsigursSundayforvictoryCD1,TR8

Hereisarhymetohelpyoulearnthedaysoftheweek.

Sunnudagurtilsigurs,mánudagurtilmæðu,þriðjudagurtilþrautar,miðvikudagurtilmoldar,fimmtudagurtilframa,föstudagurtilfjár,laugardagurtillukku.

QUICKVOCAB

sunnudagurSunday(fromsunna–oldwordforsun)sigurs(fromsigur,m.)victorymánudagurMonday(frommáni–oldwordformoon)mæðu(gen.frommæða,f.)distress,trouble

þriðjudagurTuesday(fromþriðji–third)þrautar(fromþraut,f.)hardship,trialmiðvikudagurWednesday(frommið–middleandvika–week)moldar(frommold,f.)earth,soilfimmtudagurThursday(fromfimmti–fifth)frama(gen.fromframi,m.)distinction,fame(oldmeaning),career (today’smeaning)föstudagurFriday(fromfasta–fast,i.e.noteating)fjár(fromfé,pl.n.)moneylaugardagurSaturday(fromlaug–warmspring,i.e.washday)lukku(gen.fromlukka,f.)luck

Insight

Thedaysoftheweekareallmasculine,andarewrittenwithoutacapitalletter.

ChristofhringiríErluChristofringsErlaChristofogAnnaætlaaðhittavinkonuBjörns,Erlu,sembýráAkureyri.ÞauætlaaðfaraátónleikaíAkureyrarkirkju.

CD1,TR8,00:36

Erla Halló?Christof Já,erþettaErla?Erla Já,þettaerhún.Christof Hæ!ÞettaerChristof.Erla Já,hæ!Christof Hvaðsegirþú?Erla Baraalltfínt!Christof Klukkanhvaðerutónleikarniríkvöld?Erla Þeirbyrjaklukkanhálfníu.Christof Viðsjáumstíkvöld!

QUICKVOCAB

hringjaringætla(Group1regular)aregoingtoaðhitta(+acc.)tomeetsemwho,whichtónleikar(pl.m.)concertíAkureyrarkirkjuinthechurchofAkureyriHvaðsegirþú?Howareyou?(lit.whatsayyou?)barajustallt(fromallur)everythingfínt(fromfinn)greatklukkanhvað(at)whattimeíkvöldthiseveningbyrja(Group1regular)startklukkanhálfníuat8.30

Insight

Theprefixhálf-(half)isnotstressed.Inhálfníuthestressisonníu.

ChristofogAnnabíðaeftirErluChristofandAnnawaitforErla

ChristofogAnnabíðaeftirErlufyrirutanAkureyrarkirkju.

CD1,TR8,01:18

Christof Fyrirgefðu,hvaðerklukkan?Kona Húneraðverðahálfníu;húner25mínúturyfir8.Christof Takkkærlega!Kona Þaðvarekkert!

QUICKVOCAB

bíðaeftir(+dat.)waitforfyrirutan(+acc.)outsidehúneraðverðait’salmost

Note–Theprepositionfyrirutancanalsobeusedasanadverb.Adverbsdonothavetobefollowedbyanouninaparticularcase,sowecanhavethesentenceChristofbiðurfyrirutan(Christofwaitsoutside).

Grammar

Thedaysoftheweek,startingwithSunday

CD1,TR8,01:44

Hvaðadagurerídag? Whatdayisittoday?Þaðermánudagur./Ídagermánudagur.

It’sMonday./TodayisMonday.

Christofferámánudaginn. Christofisgoing/leavingonMonday.

Christoffórámánudaginn. Christofwent/leftonMonday.

Partsoftheday

QUICKVOCABdagur(m.)daykvöld(n.)evening

Whattimeisit?

CD1,TR8,02:05•fullhours(seeUnit6)(Rememberthenumerals1–4and21–24areusedinneuterform.)

Klukkanereitt,tvö.It’soneo’clock,twoo’clock.

•halfhoursInIcelandicyouhavetothink‘halftoorbeforethenexthour’.

Klukkaner…hálfeitt(halfbeforeone)(12.30),hálffjögur(halfbeforefour)(3.30),hálfellefu(halfbeforeeleven)(10.30)etc.

•quarterhoursKlukkaner…korteryfir(quarterpast)sjö(7.15),korteryfirátta(8.15),korteryfirníu(9.15).Klukkaner…korterí(quarterto)tíu(9.45),korteríellefu(10.45),korterítólf(11.45)

•minutesNoticethatthenumerals1–4,21–24,etc.areinthefeminineformbeforemínúta(minute),whichisfeminine.

Klukkanertuttuguogþrjármínúturyfireitt(1.23)(or:eitttuttuguogþrjú).Klukkanertværmínúturítvö(1.58)(or:eittfimmtíuogátta).Hvaðerklukkan?Klukkan/Húnerfimm.Whattimeisit?It’sfive

o’clock.Klukkanhvaðætlarðuaðfara?Whattimeareyougoing?KlukkanhvaðætlarðuaðhittaÖnnu?WhattimeareyougoingtomeetAnna?Klukkanfimm.Atfive.(NoticethatnoprepositionisusedinIcelandic).

Youusethefeminineformofthenumeralonlywhenitisfollowedbymínúta/mínútur;otherwiseyouusetheneuterform:Klukkanertvær(fem.)mínúturítvö(neuter).

Thestrongverbaðfara(togo,leave)

Theverbaðfara(togo)isastrongverb.

CD1,TR8,03:40

aðfara togoégfer Igoþúferð yougohannhúnþaðfer hesheitgoesviðförum wegoþiðfarið yougoþeirþærþaufara theygo

Languagenotes•Rememberthatthepluralpresentformsofalmostallstrongverbsareregular;youaddtheregularendings-um,-ið,-utothestemoftheverb.

•Rememberalsotheatoösoundchangerule.

Thefuture

Thefutureisoftenexpressedbyusingtheverbaðætla.

Hvaðætlarðuaðgeraámorgun?

Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow/Whatareyoudoingtomorrow?

ÉgætlaaðhittaÖnnuannaðkvöld.

I’mgoingtomeetAnnatomorrowevening.

Viðætlumaðfaraátónleikaámorgun.

We’regoingtoaconcerttomorrow.

Thepresenttenseofverbsisalsousedtoexpressthefuture.Inthiscasethereisoftenatimephrase,suchasámorgun,includedinthesentence.

Example:

Égferámorgun. Iwillgotomorrow.

Thestrongverbaðvera(tobe)inthepasttense

Thestrongverbaðvera(tobe)hasthefollowingformsinthepasttense(presenttenseformsareincludedaswell):

aðvera tobeéger/var Iam/wasþúert/varst youare/werehanner/var heis/wasviðerum/vorum weare/wereþiðeruð/voruð youare/wereþeireru/voru theyare/were

Languagenote•Inthepluralpasttensetheendingsareregular(-um,-uð,-u),butwhatcomesbeforetheendingsisirregular.

PracticeAnswerthefollowingquestionsinIcelandic.Youranswersshouldbewholesentences.

CD1,TR8,04:05HvenærætlarðuaðhittaÖnnu?(tomorrowevening)bHvenærætlarðuaðhittaErlu?(tomorrow)cHvenærætlarðuaðhringjaíLáru?(onFriday)dHvenærætlarðuaðfaratilÍslands?(onMonday)eKlukkanhvaðbyrjatónleikarniríkvöld?(at8.30p.m.)fKlukkanhvaðætlarðuaðfaraámorgun?(at3.15p.m.)gKlukkanhvaðætlarðuaðhittaDóruífyrramálið?(at9.20p.m.)hKlukkanhvaðætliðþiðaðfaraannaðkvöld?(at8.45p.m.)

Readthenewspaperclippingsandworkoutwhichdaysandpartsofdaysarementioned.

AssumingtodayisWednesday,answerthefollowingquestionsinIcelandic.

Hvaðadagurerídag?

Hvaðadagurvarígær?

Hvaðadagurvarífyrradag?

Hvaðadagurerámorgun?

TakethepartofChristofinthisconversation.

CD1,TR8,06:15

Erla Hæ!Hvaðertuaðlesa?Christof Saythatyou’rereadingabookaboutItaly.Erla Já.Hvaðheitirhún?Christof Sayit’scalledItalytomorrow.Erla Hmm.ErtuekkiaðlesabókumÍsland?Christof Sayyou’realsoreadingabookaboutIceland–it’scalled

Icelandtoday.Erla Hvenærferðuámorgun?Christof Sayyou’llgoearly(usepresenttenseofgo),atnine

tomorrowmorning.

TranslatethesesentencesintoIcelandic.

Whatdayisittoday?ItisSunday.

Sorry,whattimeisit?It’shalfpasttwo.

LookattheschedulesoverthepageofRíkissjónvarpið(Statetelevision)andStöðtvö(Channeltwo),twoIcelandicTVchannels,andanswerthesequestionsabouttheirprogrammes.Theverbbyrjameansstart;itisaregularGroup1verb.Inyouransweryoushouldusepersonalpronouns(he,she,it)torefertotheprogrammeinquestion(thegenderofnewwordsyouwillneedisgiven).Thefirstanswerisgiventohelpyougetstarted.

RÍKISSJÓNVARPIÐHvenærbyrjarMorgunstundin?Húnbyrjarklukkanníu.

HvenærbyrjarMallamús?

KlukkanhvaðbyrjarLísa?

KlukkanhvaðbyrjarKastljósið?

KlukkanhvaðbyrjarÞýskifótboltinn?

KlukkanhvaðbyrjarÍslandsmótiðíhandbolta?

HvenærbyrjarLaugardagskvöldmeðGíslaMarteini?

HvenærbyrjarSpaugstofan?

HvenærbyrjarmyndinFangaflugvélin?

STÖÐTVÖHvenærbyrjarBarnatímiStöðvar2?

HvenærbyrjarOprahWinfrey?

KlukkanhvaðbyrjarLottóið?

KlukkanhvaðbyrjarÍslandídag?

KlukkanhvaðbyrjarmyndinIllskantekurvöldin?

QUICKVOCAB

morgunstund(f.)morninghourMallaawoman’snicknamemús(f.)mouseLísaawoman’snamekastljós(n.)spotlightþýskifótboltinn(fótbolti,m.)(the)GermanfootballÍslandsmótiðíhandbolta(Íslandsmót,n.)Icelandichandball championshiplaugardagskvöldmeðGíslaMarteini(laugardagskvöld,n.) SaturdaynightwithGísliMarteinnspaugstofa(f.)comedyprogramme(lit.jokeinstitute)mynd(f.)filmfangaflugvélin(flugvél,f.)theprisoners’aeroplaneBarnatímiStöðvar2(barnatími,m.)ChannelTwochildren’s programmelottó(n.)lotteryRememberthatÍslandisneuter

illskantekurvöldintheeviltakesover(lit.takesthepower)

Summary•Importantvocabulary(allmasculine):mánudagur,þriðjudagur,miðvikudagur,fimmtudagur,föstudagur,laugardagur,sunnudagur.

Ámánudaginn/þriðjudaginn/miðvikudaginn/fimmtudaginn/föstudaginn/laugardaginn/sunnudaginn=on(this/last)MondayTuesdayWednesdayThursdayFridaySaturdaySunday.Examples:Hannferásunnudaginn.=He’sgoing/leavingonSunday.Hannfórásunndaginn.=Hewent/leftonSunday.

•Partsoftheday:ígær:ígærmorgun,ígærkvöldi;ídag:ímorgun,íkvöld;ámorgun:ífyrramálið,annaðkvöld

Hvaðerklukkan?

Fullhours:Klukkanereitt,tvö.(Numbers1–4inneuterform.)Halfhours:Klukkanerhálfeitt(12.30).Think‘halftoorbeforethenexthour’.Quarterhours:Klukkanerkorteryfirátta(8.15).Klukkanerkorteríátta(7.45).Minutes:Klukkanertværmínúturyfirtvö(2.02).Klukkanertværmínúturítvö(1.58).(Numbers1–4infeminineformbeforemínúta.)•Strongverbaðfara(togo):égfer,þúferð,hannhúnþaðfer,viðförum,þiðfarið,þeir/þær/þaufara.Thepluralpresentisregular(theregularendings-um,-ið,-uareaddedtothestem).Remembertheatoösoundchangerule.

•Thefutureisoftenexpressedbytheverbaðætla.Example:ÉgætlaaðhittaÖnnuámorgun.Thepresenttenseofverbscanalsobeusedtoexpressthefuture.Example:Égferámorgun.

•Strongverbaðverainthepasttense:égvar,þúvarst,hannhúnþaðvar,viðvorum,þiðvoruð,þeir/þær/þauvoru.

8

ÉgtalaðiviðErluIspoketoErla

Inthisunityouwilllearn•Howtoasksomebodywhathe/shedoesforaliving•Aboutoccupations

Languagepoints•Group2regularverbs(kenna(teach),þekkja(know),gera(do))inthepresenttenseandinthepasttense

•Group1regularverbsinthepasttense(talaði…)•Wordorderinsentences

Christof,AnnaogErlafaraákaffihúsChristof,AnnaandErlagotoacafé

Christof,AnnaogErlafaraákaffihúseftirtónleikana.

CD2,TR1

Erla HvaðgeriðþiðíÞýskalandi?Eruðþiðínámieðaaðvinna?Christof ÉgeráfimmtaáriílæknisfræðiogAnnaer

hjúkrunarfræðingur.Enhvaðgerirþú?Erla Égerkennari.Égkennispænskuímenntaskólanumhérna.Christof HvernigþekkirðuBjörn?Erla Viðvorumsamanígrunnskóla.ÉgólstuppíReykjavík.

QUICKVOCAB

eftir(normally+acc.ordat.)aftertónleikana(fromtónleikar,pl.m.)concertgerið(fromgera,Group2(ð)+acc.)doíÞýskalandiinGermanyaðveraínámitobestudyingvinnaworkáfimmtaáriinthefifthyearlæknisfræði(f.)medicinehjúkrunarfræðingur(m.)nursekennari(m.)teacherkenni(fromkenna,Group2(d)+acc.)teachmenntaskóli(m.)secondaryschool,highschoolhérnaherehvernighowþekkir(fromþekkja,Group2(t)+acc.)knowgrunnskóli(m.)primaryschoolólstupp(fromalastupp)grewup

TheIcelandicschoolsystem

school ageleikskóli(kindergarten,nurseryschool) 2–6yearsgrunnskóli(primaryschool) 6–16years

(compulsory)menntaskóli/framhaldsskóli(secondary/highschool)

16–20years

háskóli(university) 20+years

ÞauhaldaáframaðtalasamanTheycontinuetalkingCD2,TR1,00:49

Erla Hvaðgerðuðþiðígær?Christof Viðskoðuðummiðbæinnogsvohittumviðþýskanvinminn

sembýrhérna.Erla Já,hvaðervinurþinnaðgerahérna?Christof Hannkenndiþýskuígrunnskólaífyrraennúnavinnurhann

semþýðandi.Erla HvaðgerðihanníÞýskalandi?Christof Hannvaraðlæraheimspekienhættiínámiogákvaðaðkoma

tilÍslands.

QUICKVOCAB

haldaáframcontinuegerðuð(fromgera,Group2(ð))didskoðuðum(fromskoða,Group1+acc.)saw,wentsightseeing,lookedathittum(fromhitta,Group2(t)+acc.)metþýskanvinminn(acc.)aGermanfriendofminehérnaherekenndi(fromkenna,Group2(d))taughtifyrralastyearnúnanowvinnur(fromvinna)workssemasþýðandi(m.)translatorgerði(fromgera,Group2(ð))didlæra(Group2(ð))learn,studyheimspeki(f.)philosophyhætti(fromhætta,Group2(t))quit,stoppednámi(fromnám,m.)learning,studyákvað(fromákveða)decidedaðkomatocome

Insight

Thewordsemcanmeanwho,whichandalsoas.

Hvaðstarfarðu?Hvaðgerirðu?Whatdoyoudoforaliving?CD2,TR1,01:30

•Christoferínámi.Hanneraðlæralæknisfræði.Christofisstudying.Heisstudyingmedicine.

•Annaerhjúkrunarfræðingur.HúnvinnuráspítalaíÞýskalandi.Annaisanurse.SheworksinahospitalinGermany.

•Björnerlögfræðingur.Hannútskrifaðistívorogvinnurnúnaálögfræðistofu.Björnisalawyer.Hegraduatedinthespringandisworkingnowinalawfirm.

•Guðrún,kærastaBjörns,erritari.Húnvinnuráfasteignasölu.Guðrún,Björn’sgirlfriend,isasecretary.Sheworksatanestateagent’s.

•Kristín,systirBjörns,erfiðluleikariíSinfóníuhljómsveitÍslands.HúnkennirlíkaíTónlistarskólanumíReykjavík.Kristín,Björn’ssister,isaviolinistintheIcelandSymphonyOrchestra.ShealsoteachesattheReykjavikMusicSchool.

•Þór,maðurinnhennar,erleikari.HannleikuraðallegaíÞjóðleikhúsinu.Thor,her

husband,isanactor.HeperformsmainlyattheNationalTheatre.

•Jón,bróðirBjörns,ermyndlistarmaður.HannlærðiíSvíþjóð.Jón,Björn’sbrother,isapainter.HestudiedinSweden.

•Ingaerviðskiptafræðingur.HúnvinnurhjáLandsbankaÍslands.Ingaisagraduateinbusinessadministration.SheworksattheNationalBankofIceland.

•KárierdósentísagnfræðiviðHáskólaÍslands.KáriisaseniorlecturerinhistoryattheUniversityofIceland.

QUICKVOCAB

spítali(m.)hospitallögfræðingur(m.)lawyerútskrifaðist(fromútskrifast)graduatedívorinthespringlögfræðistofu(dat.fromlögfræðstofa,f.)lawfirmritari(m.)secretaryfasteignasölu(dat.fasteignasala,f.)estateagent’sfiðluleikari(m.)violinistsinfóníuhljómsveit(f.)symphonyorchestratónlistarskóli(m.)musicschoolleikari(m.)actorleikur(fromleika)acts,performsaðallegamainlyÞjóðleikhús(n.)NationalTheatremyndlistarmaður(m.)painterlærði(fromlæra,Group2(ð))studiedviðskiptafræðingur(m.)graduateinbusinessadministrationLandsbanki(m.)NationalBankdósent(m.)seniorlecturersagnfræði(f.)(thescienceof)historyviðHáskólaÍslands(m.)attheUniversityofIceland

Languagenotes•Theverbaðvinnaisusedmuchmorethantheverbaðstarfa.

•Notethatprofessionaltitlesoftenendin-fræðingur,whichcanmeanscholar,

expert.Branchesofscience/industryoftenendin-fræði,whichcanmeanscience.

læknisfræðimedicine læknirdoctorsagnfræðihistory sagnfræðingurhistorianviðskiptafræðibusinessadministration

viðskiptafræðingurgraduateinbusinessadministration

hagfræði(economics) hagfræðingur(economist)lögfræðilaw lögfræðingurlawyerhjúkrunarfræðinursing hjúkrunarfræðingurnurseverkfræðiengineering verkfræðingurengineerjarðfræði(geology) jarðfræðingur(geologist)sálfræðipsychology sálfræðingurpsychologistlíffræðibiology líffræðingurbiologisttölvunarfræði/tölvufræðicomputerscience

tölvunarfræðingur/tölvufræðingurcomputerscientist

•Theprofessionslistedaboveareallmasculinenouns(theendings-ir,-uraremasculineendings).Formostprofessionsthereisonlyonewordwhichisusedforbothmenandwomen,butforsomeprofessionstherearetwowords,oneusedformen(normallyendingin-maður)andoneforwomen(endsin-kona).

leikariactor leikkonaactressmyndlistarmaðurartist myndlistarkonaartisthárgreiðlumaðurhairdresser hárgreiðlukonahairdresserafgreiðslumaðurshopassistant afgreiðslukonashopassistant

Grammar

PasttenseofGroup1regularverbs

InthepasttenseofGroup1regularverbstheendings-aði,-aðir,-aði,-uðum,-uðuð,-uðuareaddedtothestem(infinitiveminus-a).Rememberthattheatoösoundchangerulealwaysapplies.Thepresentformsareincludedhereaswell.

Languagenotes•Thelatterpartoftheendingsinthepasttenseplural(underlinedabove)aresharedbyallverbs(i.e.Group1andGroup2regularverbs,strongverbsandirregularverbs).

•Thefollowingverbs,whichwehavealreadylearnt,alsobelongtothisgroup:ætla,byrja,skoða,borða,starfa.

PresentandpasttenseofGroup2regularverbs

TheGroup2regularverbsaredividedintothreesubgroups,dependingontheendingstheyhaveinthepasttense.Theverbendingsinthesethreesubgroupsare,however,thesameinthepresenttense.Inthepresenttensetheendings-i,-ir,-ir,-um,-ið,-aareaddedtothestemoftheverb,andinthepasttensetheendings-di,-dir,-di,-dum,-duð,-du(subgroup1)/-ti,-tir,-ti,-tum,-tuð,-tu(subgroup2)/-ði,-ðir,-ði,-ðum,-ðuð,-ðu(subgroup3)areaddedtothestem.

Languagenote•Wehavealreadylearnttheverbsþýðaandhringja,whichbelongtothissubgroup.

Languagenotes•SomeverbsinIcelandic(regular(mainlyfromGroup2),irregular(seeaðvilja(towant)inUnit11)andstrong)endin-jaintheinfinitive.Intheconjugationoftheseverbsthe-j-fromthestemonlyappearsinthepluralpresentforms.Intheconjugationoftheverbaðþekkjathejdisappearsfromthesecondpersonplural,wheretheendingbeginswith-i.ThisisbecauseofageneralruleinIcelandic:jcanneverbewrittenbetweenýeyæ/k/gandi(herewedon’twritejbetweenkandi).Notethatthisappliestotheverbhringjafromthesubgroupabove(itdoesnothavejinthesecondpersonplural,becauseyouneverwritejbetweengandi).

•Wehavealreadylearnttheverbshitta,mætaandhætta,whichbelongtothissubgroup.

•Ifthestemoftheverbendsin-tt,oneofthetsisdroppedwhentheendingisadded.Thepresentandpasttenseformsarethereforeidentical:éghitt-i(Imeet),éghit-ti(Imet).

Languagenotes•Theverbæfaalsobelongstothissubgroup.

Asmentionedbefore,thelatterpartoftheendingsinthepasttensepluralofallthreesubgroups(underlinedabove)aresharedbyallverbs.

Thisistheruleforwhenyoushouldused,torðinthepasttenseofGroup2verbs.

•Youusetheendingdifthestemoftheverbendsinm,n,ng,lorð.Example:

kenn-a→fikenndi

•Youusetheendingtifthestemoftheverbendsint,k,p,sord.Example:hitt-a→fihitti

•Youusetheendingðifthestemoftheverbendsinr,forg.Example:ger-a→gerði

Notethatthisisthesamerulethatweusewhenweformtheimperative(seeUnit12).

Wordorder

The(conjugated)verbinIcelandicisalmostalwaysinthesecondpositioninasentence/clause(ignoringmostconjunctions,suchasafþvíað,en).Notethattheverbisnotnecessarilythesecondwordinthesentence,butitisthesecondidea(technicallythesecondsyntacticconstituent).

Ígærskoðaðiégmiðbæinn. YesterdayIwentsightseeinginthecitycentre.

Svohittiégþýskanvinminn. ThenImetaGermanfriendofmine.Hannkenndiíslensku,ennúnavinnurhannsemþýðandi.

HeusedtoteachIcelandic,butnowheworksasatranslator.

HannerJónsson,afþvíaðpabbihansheitirJón.

HisnameisJónsson,becausehisfather’snameisJón.

AnnaogGunnarerufráÍslandi,ogElínerlíkafráÍslandi.

AnnaandGunnararefromIceland,andElínisalsofromIceland.

HvarerAkureyrarkirkja? WhereisthechurchofAkuyreyri?

Theexceptiontothisruleiswhentheverbisinthefirstpositioninquestionswithoutaquestionword:

Talarþúensku? DoyouspeakEnglish?

PracticeListentotherecordingandgivethecorrectformsoftheverbsasyouheartheminthefollowingsentences.Ifyoudon’thavetherecording,workoutwhatthecorrectformsshouldbe.

CD2,TR1,03:07(kenna,presenttense)Ég________þýskuogíslensku.

(gera,presenttense)Hvað________hann?

(gera,presenttense)Hvað________foreldrarhans?

(þekkja,presenttense)Hvernig________þúErlu?

(ætla,pasttense)Ég________aðfaraheim.(heimhome)f(ætla,pasttense)Við________aðfaraheim.

(kenna,pasttense)Við________enskuognorsku.

(hitta,pasttense)Hvenær________þærÖnnu?

Björn’sfriendMagnúsasksyousomequestions.Thetexts‘Þauhaldaáframaðtalasaman’and‘Hvaðstarfarðu?Hvaðgerirðu?’earlierintheunitwillhelpyou!

CD2,TR1,04:22

MagnúsHvaðgerirInga?You (Saythatshe’sagraduateinbusinessadministrationandworks

intheNationalBankofIceland.)Magnús ErChristofaðvinna?You (Say‘no,he’sstudyingmedicine’.)Magnús ErBjörnhjúkrunarfræðingur?You (Say‘no,he’salawyer’.)

Magnús ErKristínsellóleikari(cellist)?You (Say‘no,she’saviolinist’.)MagnúsVinnurGuðrúnhjábílasölu(carsalesroom)?You (Say‘no,sheworksinanestateagency’.)Magnús ErKáridósentílæknisfræði?You (Say‘no,he’saseniorlecturerinhistory’.)

Findfifteenoccupationsinthiswordsearch.Makeanoteofallthewordsyoucansee.

Summary•Importantvocabulary:skóli(m.),leikskóli,grunnskóli,menntaskóli/framhaldsskóli,háskóli.

•Importantvocabulary:smiður,ritari,þjónn,læknir,kennari,hjúkrunarfræðingur,viðskiptafræðingur,verkfræðingur,tölvunarfræðingur,lögfræðingur.

•Importantvocabulary:Hvaðstarfarðu?Hvaðgerirðu?

•Professionaltitlesoftenendin-fræðingur(expert,scholar)andbranchesofscienceoftenendin-fræði(science).Examples:lögfræði–lögfræðingur;verkfræði–verkfræðingur;hjúkrunarfræði–hjúkrunarfræðingur;tölvunarfræði–tölvunarfræðingur;líffræði–líffræðingur.

•Formostprofessionsthesamewordisusedforbothmenandwomen,butforsomeprofessionstherearetwowords,oneformen(normallyendingin-maður)andoneforwomen(endingin-kona).Examples:leikari–leikkona;myndlistarmaður–myndlistarkona;hárgreiðslumaður–hárgreiðslukona;afgreiðslumaður–afgreiðslukona.

•PasttenseofGroup1regularverbs:theendings-aði,-aðir,-aði,-uðum,-uðuð,-uðuareaddedtothestem(i.e.infinitiveminus-a).Example:égætlaði,þúætlaðir,hann/húnþaðætlaði,viðætluðum,þiðætluðuð,þeirþær/þauætluðu.

•Group2regularverbs:Inthepresenttensetheseendingsareaddedtothestem:-i,-ir,-ir,-um,-ið,-a.Inthepasttensetherearethreesubgroupswithdifferentendingsaddedtothestem:-di,-dir,-di,-dum,-duð,-du(subgroup1);-ti,-tir,-ti,-tum,-tuð,-tu(subgroup2);-ði,-ðir,-ði,-ðum,-ðuð,-ðu(subgroup3).

Examples:Subgroup1:present:égkenni,þúkennir,hannkennir,viðkennum,þiðkennið,þeirkennapast:égkenndi,þúkenndir,hannkenndi,viðkenndum,þiðkennduð,þeirkennduSubgroup2:present:égþekki,þúþekkir,hannþekkir,viðþekkjum,þiðþekkið,þeirþekkjapast:égþekkti,þúþekktir,hannþekkti,viðþekktum,þiðþekktuð,þeirþekktuSubgroup3:present:éggeri,þúgerir,hanngerir,viðgerum,þiðgerið,þeirgerapast:éggerði,þúgerðir,hanngerði,viðgerðum,þiðgerðuð,þeirgerðu

•Group2regularverbsarein:Subgroup1(dendings)iftheverbstemendsinm,n,ng,lorðSubgroup2(tendings)iftheverbstemendsint,k,p,sord

Subgroup3(ðendings)iftheverbstemendsinr,forg.

•Wordorder:TheconjugatedverbinIcelandicisalmostalwaysinthesecondpositioninasentenceorclause(ignoringmostconjunctions,suchasafþvíað,en).Examples:ÍfyrramáliðætlaégaðhittaÖnnu.Hannkenndiensku,ennúnavinnurhannsemþýðandi.Theoneexceptionisquestionswithoutaquestionword,whentheverbisinthefirstposition:Talarþúíslensku?

9

ViðsjáumstumhelginaI’llseeyouattheweekend

Inthisunityouwilllearn•Totalkaboutwhatyou’regoingtodoandwhatyoudid

Languagepoints•Thestrongverbaðfarainthepasttense•Declensionofpersonalpronouns•Theverbconstructionverabúinnaðgeraeitthvað•Declensionofstrongfemininenouns(höfn,Reykjavík,Akureyri,Danmörk…)

•Declensionofthefemininedefinitearticle•Adverbsofplace(inn,inni…)

Christof,AnnaogErlahittastafturChristof,AnnaandErlameetagainCD2,TR2

Erla Hæ!Gamanaðsjáykkur!Anna Sömuleiðis!Erla Hvaðgerðuðþiðídag?Christof ViðfórumaðskoðahúsDavíðsStefánssonar.Erla Já,erþað?Davíðeruppáhaldsskáldiðmitt!Anna Svolöbbuðumviðniðuraðhöfn.Erla Já,þaðermjögfallegtniðriviðhöfnina.

QUICKVOCAB

gamanniceaðsjá(+acc.)toseeykkur(acc.fromþið)yousömuleiðislikewisefórum(fromfara)wenthús(n.)houseDavíðStefánssonanIcelandicpoeterþað?really?(lit.isit?)uppáhalds-favouriteskáld(n.)poetmitt(n.)mylöbbuðum(fromlabba,Group1)walkedniðurað(+dat.)downtohöfn(dat.,f.)harbourniðriviðhöfninadownbytheharbour

Sjáumstumhelgina!Seeyouattheweekend!CD2,TR2,00:39

Erla Hvaðætliðþiðaðgeraámorgun?Christof ÉgætlaaðheimsækjaSnorraogAnnaætlaraðkíkjaíbúðir.Erla Jæja,égþarfvístaðfaraafturaðkenna.Viðsjáumstum

helginaáðurenþiðfariðsuður.Anna Já,viðgerumþað.

QUICKVOCAB

umhelgina(fromhelgi,f.)attheweekendheimsækja(+acc.)visitkíkjahavealookbúðir(pl.frombúð,f.)shopjæjawellþarf(fromþurfa)haveto,needvístprobably

áðurenbeforeviðgerumþaðwe’lldothat(lit.we’lldoit)

ChristoftalarviðBjörnísímannChristoftalkstoBjörnonthetelephone

ChristofhringiríBjörn.Kristín,systirBjörns,svararísímann.

CD2,TR2,01:07

Kristín Já,halló?Christof Hæ,þettaerChristof.Kristín Nei,hæ!Christof ErBjörnheima?Kristín Já,bídduaðeins,égætlaaðkallaáhann.…Björn Blessaður!HverniglíkarþéráAkureyri?Christof Mjögvel.ÍgærskoðuðumviðhúsDavíðsStefánssonarog

Lystigarðinnogsvofórumviðauðvitaðísund!Björn ErtubúinnaðhafasambandviðErlu?Christof Já.Viðhittumhanabæðiífyrradagogígær.Björn Já,hvaðgerðuðþið?Christof ÍfyrradagfórumviðátónleikaíAkureyrarkirkjuogsvoígær

borðuðumviðhádegismatsaman.Björn ErtubúinnaðheimsækjaSnorra?Christof Nei,égætlaaðfaratilhansámorgun.

QUICKVOCAB

svarar(fromsvara,Group1)ísímannanswersthetelephoneheimaathomeaðeinsalittlebitkallaá(+acc.)call(somebody)

HverniglíkarþéráA.?HowdoyoulikeitinA.?velwellLystigarðinn(fromLystigarður,m.)park,botanicgardenauðvitaðofcoursefórumísundwentswimmingsund(n.)swim,swimmingaðhafasambandvið(+acc.)contactsamband(n.)contact,connection,relationshipbæði…ogboth…andgerðuð(fromgera,Group2(ð))didhádegismat(fromhádegismatur,m.)lunchsamantogetherertubúinnaðheimsækjahaveyouvisitedtilhanstohisplace(lit.tohim)hans(gen.fromhann)tohim,his

Grammar

Thestrongverbaðfara(togo)inthepasttense

Strongverbsfeatureavowelchangeandnoendinginthefirstpersonsingularinthepasttense.Thestrongverbaðfarahasthefollowingformsinthepasttense

(presenttenseformsareincludedaswell):

Languagenotes•Inthepluralpresenttenseofallverbs(regular,irregularandstrong)theruleis:stem+regularendings(-um,-ið,-a)(exceptthatainthestembecomesöiftheendingbeginswithu).(Theverbaðveraandafewothersareexceptions.)•Rememberthatinthepluralpasttensetheendingsareregular(-um,-uð,-u),butwhatcomesbeforetheendingsisirregular.

Declensionofpersonalpronouns

Insight

Itisn’ttoodifficulttolearnthedeclensionofpersonalpronounsintheplural.Thefirstandsecondpersonaredeclinedinthesameway,exceptthattheformbeginswithointhefirstpersonandyinthesecondperson.Inthethirdpersontheaccusativeformsinfeminineandneuterarethesameasthenominativeforms,soyoudon’thavetolearnnewforms.Thedativeandgenitiveformsarethesameforallthreegenders.

Sayingthatyou’vedonesomething

Theverbconstructionverabúin(n)aðgeraeitthvaðmeanshavefinisheddoingsomething,havedonesomethingorhavealreadydonesomething.Thewordbúin(n)isformedfromtheverbbúa(whichcanmeanamongotherthingsprepare,make).Ithasthesameendingsasanadjectiveendingin-inninthemasculine,nominative:

MaðurinnerbúinnaðhittaErlu.

Themanhas(already)metErla.

Konanerbúinaðlesabókina. Thewomanhasfinishedreadingthebook.

Barniðerbúiðaðborða. Thechildhasfinishedeating.

Declensionofstrongfemininenouns

Wehavealreadyseenthedeclensionofweakfemininenouns,i.e.femininenounsthatendin-ainnominative(Unit2).Femininenounsthatdonotendin-ainthenominativearecalledstrongfemininenounsandtheyhave

noendinginthenominative.Theirdeclensionisasfollows:

Languagenotes•Moststrongfemininenounsaredeclinedlikeborg.

•Instrongfemininenounsthathaveöinnom.sing.,theöchangestoawhenanendingbeginningwithaisadded.

nominative genitivehöfnharbour hafnarbiðröðqueue biðraðartjörnpond tjarnargjöfpresent gjafar

•ThewordsAkureyriandhelgihavenoendinginthenominative;theiispartofthestemandnotanending.Instrongfemininenounswherethestemendsin-i,theidisappearsinthegenitive.

Thereareafewstrongfemininenounswhichareirregular,e.g.systir,dóttir,

ReykjavíkandDanmörk:

Notethatvíkmeanscove,creek.Therearequiteafewplacenamesthatendin-vík,suchasKeflavík(atown,siteofIceland’sinternationalairport)andGrindavík(atown).

Declensionofthefemininedefinitearticle

nominative -(i)naccusative -(i)nadative -(i)nnigenitive -(i)nnar

Theiisleftoutifthestemofthenounendsinavowel.

Insight

Theseendingsarealmostthesameasthoseforthedeclensionofhún:acc.hana,dat.henni,gen.hennar.

Adverbsofplace

Thefollowingadverbsofplaceareusedwhenmovementisinvolved:útout(side),innin(side),niðurdown(stairs),uppup(stairs).

Égætlaaðfarainn. I’mgoingtogoinside.Égætlaaðfaraút. I’mgoingtogooutside.

Theseplaceadverbshavetheending-iifthereisnomovementinvolved:úti,inni,niðri,uppi.

Égerinni. I’minside.Égerúti. I’moutside.

PracticeCompletethefollowingsentenceswiththecorrectformsofthepersonal

pronouns.Sentencesa–hareontherecording.

CD2,TR2,02:21Égtalaðium(hann).(talaum+acc.=speakabout)bViðfórumtil(hann).

Hanntalaðivið(hún).

Viðætlumaðfaratil(hún).

Talaðirþúum(ég)?

Hanntalarbaraum(þú).

Húnþekkir(hann).

Þekkirþúbarnið?Nei,égþekki(það)ekki.

Égtalaðivið(þær).

Éghugsaoftum(þið).(hugsaum+acc.=thinkabout;hugsa:Group1)kIngaþekkir(þeir)ekki.

Konurnartöluðuvið(þau).

Ætlarðuaðskrifa(við)bréf(letter)?

Lookbackatthethirdtextinthisunit(ChristoftalarviðBjörnísímann)andanswerthefollowingquestionsaboutChristofusingfullsentences.

Hvað var Christof búinn að gera á Akureyri þegar (when) hann hringdi íBjörn?

VarhannbúinnaðhittaErlu?

VarhannbúinnaðskoðahúsDavíðsStefánssonar?

VarhannbúinnaðfaraíAkureyrarkirkju?

VarhannbúinnaðheimsækjaSnorra?

Varhannbúinnaðfaraísund?

VarhannbúinnaðskoðaLystigarðinn?

ChristofalsospeakstoInga,Björn’smother,onthephone.TakeChristof’spartintheconversation.

CD2,TR2,03:11

Inga Sæll!Christof (Respondappropriately.)Inga HverniglíkarþéráAkureyri?Christof (Say‘verymuch’;lit.‘verywell’.)Inga ErtubúinnaðhittaErluogSnorra?Christof (Sayyes,youmetErlayesterdayandyou’regoingtovisit

Snorritomorrow.)Inga HittirðusysturErlu?Christof (Sayno,sheisinReykjaviknow.)Inga HvaðertubúinnaðskoðaáAkureyri?Ertubúinnaðskoðahús

DavíðsStefánssonar?Christof (Confirmthatyouwenttoseeityesterday–useskoða.)

Lookatthecartoonsbelow.Translatethetext.

QUICKVOCAB

likavið+acc.tolike(somebody)

ErtubúinaðhittaKára?Já,viðhittumstáþriðjudaginn.

Hverniglíkarþérviðhann?Mjögvel!

Summary•Importantvocabulary:labbaniðuraðhöfn,skoðalystigarð,faraísund,borðahádegismatsaman,heimsækjaÖnnu/Snorra.

•Importantvocabulary:helgi(f.),umhelgina(attheweekend).Sjáumstumhelgina!

•Importanttelephonevocabulary:ErAnna/Björnheima?Já,bídduaðeins.

•Strongverbaðfara(togo)inthepasttense:past:égfór,þúfórst,hannfór,viðfórum,þiðfóruð,þeirfóru

•Inthepluralpresenttenseofallverbs(regular,irregularandstrong)theruleis:stem+regularendings(-um,-ið,-a).Thereareafewexceptions,includingaðvera.

•Thepersonalpronounsaredeclinedasfollows:nom.ég,þú,hann,hún,það,við,þið,þeir/þær/þauacc.:mig,þig,hann,hana,það,okkur,ykkur,þá/þær/þaudat.:mér,þér,honum,henni,því,okkur,ykkur,þeim/þeim/þeimgen.:mín,þín,hans,hennar,þess,okkar,ykkar,þeirra/þeirra/þeirra

•Theverbconstructionverabúin(n)aðgeraeitthvaðmeanshavefinisheddoingsomething,have(already)donesomething.Thewordbúin(n)isformedfromthe

verbaðbúaandithasthesameendingsasanadjectiveendingin-inninm.nom.:m.búinn;f.búin;n.búið.

•Strongfemininenounshavenoendinginthenominativesingular(theydonotendin-a).Theyaredeclinedasfollows:nom.-:borg,helgi,Kristínacc.-/-u:borg,helgi,Kristínudat.-/-u:borg,helgi,Kristínugen.-ar:borgar,helgar,KristínarMoststrongfemininenounsaredeclinedlikeborg.

•Declensionofthedefinitearticleinthefemininesingular:nom.:-(i)n;acc.:-(i)na;dat.:-(i)nni;gen.:-(i)nnar.Theiofthearticleisleftoutifthestemofthenounendsinavowel.Example:nom.:borgin;acc.:borgina;dat.:borginni;gen.:borgarinnar.

•Thefollowingadverbsofplaceareusedwhenmovementisinvolved:út,inn,niður,upp.Examples:Égætlaaðfarainn/út.=I’mgoingtogoinside/outside.Theyendin-iifthereisnomovementinvolved:úti,inni,niðri,uppi.Examples:Égerinni/úti.=I’minside/outside.

10

Hafðirðuþaðekkigott?Didn’tyouhaveanicetime?

Inthisunityouwilllearn•Howtowriteane-mail•Howtotalkaboutyourholiday

Languagepoints•Thestrongverbaðkoma(tocome)inthepresentandthepasttense•Theirregularverbaðhafa(tohave)inthepresentandthepasttense•Abouttheuseofcases(nom.,acc.,dat.,gen.)•Declensionofstrongmasculinenouns(hundur,bíll…)•Declensionofthemasculinedefinitearticle

•Moreaboutthecasegovernmentofverbs

ChristofogAnnasendaBirnitölvupóstChristofandAnnasendBjörnane-mailCD2,TR3

Hæ,hæ!

Hérergottveður,sólog15stigahiti.ÍgærkvöldifórumviútaðborðameðErluogíkvöldætlumviðaðhittaSnorraákaffihúsi.VikomumafturtilReykjavíkurínæstuviku.Skilaðukveðjufráokkurtilallra.Sjáumstbráðum!

ChristofogAnna

QUICKVOCAB

senda((+dat.),+acc.,Group2(d))send

Birni(dat.ofBjörn)Björntölvupóst(acc.fromtölvupóstur,m.)e-mailhérheregott(fromgóður)goodveður(n.)weathersól(f.)sunstiga(fromstig,n.)degreeshiti(m.)heat,warmthfaraútaðborðagooutfordinner(lit.outtoeat)komum(fromkoma)comeínæstuvikunextweekskilaðukveðjufráokkurgiveourregardsskila(+dat.,Group1)returnallra(fromallir)everybodysjáumstseeyoubráðumsoon

Insight

Insteadofusingtölvupóstur,peopleoftenusee-mail(n.).However,itisconsidered‘better’Icelandictousetölvupóstur.Sometimestölvupósturisshortenedtopóstur.

ChristofogAnnakomaafturtilReykjavíkurChristofandAnnareturntoReykjavik

BjörnnæríChristofogÖnnuáflugvöllinn.

CD2,TR3,00:45

Björn Hæ!Gamanaðsjáykkur!Christof Sömuleiðis!Björn HöfðuðþiðþaðekkigottáAkureyri?Christof Jú,viðhöfðumþaðmjöggott.

Björn Bíðiðþiðhérna,égætlaaðnáíbílinn.Égkomájeppanum,afþvíaðbíllinnminnerbilaður.

QUICKVOCAB

nærí(fromnáí+acc.)picksupáflugvöllinnattheairportgamanpleasant,nicehöfðuðþiðþaðekkigott?didn’tyouhaveanicetime?hafaþaðgotthaveanicetimebíðið(imp.frombiða)waitbílinn(acc.frombíll,m.)carjeppanum(dat.fromjeppi,m.)jeepbilaðurbrokendown

Björn,ChristofogAnnafaraheimtilBjörnsBjörn,ChristofandAnnagotoBjörn’shouse

Björn,ChristofogAnnaleggjaafstaðheim.

CD2,TR3,01:18

Björn Égskaltakabakpokannþinn,Anna.Anna Takk!Nei,tókstuhundinnmeðþér?Björn Já,Tryggurgamlifékkaðkomameð.

QUICKVOCAB

leggjaafstaðgo,startajourneyskal(fromskulu)shall,willtaka(+acc.)takebakpokann(acc.frombakpoki,m.)backpacktókstu(fromtaka+þú)didyoutake

hundinn(acc.fromhundur,m.)dogTryggurdog’sname(meansloyal)gamalloldfékk(fromfá)get,beallowedfékkaðkomameðwasallowedtocomewithme(lit.gottocomewith)

Insight

Aquestionstartingwithneiconveyssurprise.

Grammar

Thestrongverbaðkoma(tocome)

Languagenotes•Rememberthatinthepluralpresenttenseofallverbs(regular,irregularandstrong)theruleisalways:stem+regularendings(-um,-ið,-a),notforgettingthatainthestembecomesöiftheendingbeginswithu.Thereareafewexceptionstotherule,includingaðvera.

•Inthepluralpasttensetheendingsofallverbsareregular(-um,-uð,-u),butinstrongverbswhatcomesbeforetheendingsisirregular.

Theirregularverbaðhafa(tohave)

Theverbaðhafa(tohave)isanirregularverb.Thereisadistinctionmadebetweenirregularandstrongverbs:allstrongverbsfeatureavowelchangeand

havenoendinginthepasttensefirstpersonsingular(I),whereasirregularverbsalwayshaveanendinginthepasttensefirstpersonsingular(andonlysomefeatureavowelchange).Theverbaðhafahasthefollowingformsinthepresent

andthepasttense(regularendingsareinbold):

Languagenotes•Thepasttenseformsareregular:stem+endingsforGroup2regularverbs.

•Rememberthatthepluralpresenttenseofallverbsisregular(thereareafewexceptions).Thisverbisthereforeveryregularandconsequentlyeasytomemorize!

•Rememberthattheatoösoundchangerule(u-umlautrule)alwaysapplies.

Declensionofstrongmasculinenouns

We’vealreadylookedatthedeclensionofweakmasculinenouns,i.e.masculinenounsendingin-iinthenominative(Unit4).Rememberthatthosemasculinenounswhichdonotendin-iarecalledstrongmasculinenouns.Inthenominativetheyendin-ur,-l,-n,-rorhavenoending.Thedeclensionofmost

strongmasculinenounsisasfollows:

Thestrongmasculinenounnominativeendingscanalsoberepresentedas-ur,-(l)l,-(n)n,-(i)r(seeUnit2).Theendinglalwayshasanotherlimmediatelyprecedingit,butthatlispartofthestemofthenounandnotanending.Inthesamewaytheendingnhasanothernimmediatelyprecedingitandtheendingrhasaniimmediatelyprecedingit(thefirstnandiarethenpartofthestem).Itisimportanttoknowwhatisthestemofthenounandwhatistheending,becauseyoualwaysaddthecaseendingstothestemofthenoun.

Tip

Thewordshaveeithernoendinginthedativeasforstrákur,oran-iendingasforhundur.Theruleis:(a)ifthestemofawordfromthisgroupendsinoneconsonant,ithasnoendinginthedative,e.g.strákurisstrákinthedative;(b)ifthestemendsintwoconsonantsithasan-iendinginthedative,e.g.hund-urishund-iinthedative,unlessthesetwoconsonantsare-kk-,-gg-or-ng-,inwhichcasethereisnoendinginthedativesingular,e.g.sokk-ur(sock)issokkinthedativesingular,vegg-ur(wall)isvegginthedativesingularandhring-ur(ring)ishringinthedativesingular.Thisrulehasmanyexceptions(e.g.steinissteiniinthedative)butitcanbeusedasaguideline.

Thereareafewstrongmasculinenounswhichareirregular,e.g.maður(whoseendingsare,however,regular),bróðir,sonur,fjörður,

Björn:

Declensionofthemasculinedefinitearticle

nominative -(i)nnaccusative -(i)nndative -numgenitive -(i)ns

Theiisleftoutifthestemofthenounendsinavowel.

Insight

Theseendingsarealmostthesameasforthedeclensionofhann:acc.hann,dat.honum,gen.hans.

Strongmasculinenouns

Casegovernmentofverbs

Themajorityofverbstaketheaccusative.Youshouldmemorizethoseverbsthattakeeitherthedativeorthegenitive.Notethatsomeverbsallowdoubleobjectconstructions,e.g.senda,kenna.

Égsendihonumtölvupóst Isenthimane-mail.Égkenndihonumþýsku ItaughthimGerman.

Wordorderindoubleobjectconstructionsisnormally:verb+dat.+acc.,andthepersoninvolvedisalwaysinthedative.

ÉgsendiGuðmundi(dat.)tölvupóst(acc.).

IsentGuðmundurane-mail.

Égsendihonum(dat.)tölvupóst(acc.). Isenthimane-mail.Égsendihonum(dat.)hann(acc.). Isenthimit.

UseofthecasesinIcelandic

AccusativecaseTheaccusativecaseismainlyused:

•afterverbsthatrequireobjectsintheaccusative:éghittiIngu(ImetInga),égkenniensku(IteachEnglish);•aftercertainprepositions:talaumhana(speak

abouther);•afterprepositions(á,í)whenthesubject(orobject)isinmotion:faraímiðbæinn(gointothecitycentre);•withcertaintimeexpressions:ídag(today),ámorgun(tomorrow).

DativecaseThedativecaseisused:

•todescribethelocationofsomebodyorsomething:áÍslandi(inIceland);•withcertaintimeexpressions:ínæstuviku(nextweek);•aftercertainprepositions:fráþýskalandi(fromGermany),hjámér(withme,atmyplace/home);•indoubleobjectconstructions:égkenndihonumensku(ItaughthimEnglish),égsendihonumtölvupóst(Isenthimane-mail);•afterverbsthatrequireobjectsinthedative:hannhjálpaðimér(hehelpedme).

GenitivecaseThegenitivecaseisused:

•tomarkpossession:mammaBjörns(Björn’smother);•aftercertainprepositions:faratilGunnars(gotoGunnar’s);•incertainconstructions(e.g.aboutage):einsársgamall(oneyearold)(wewilllookatthislater);•aftercertainverbs(veryfew!):égsaknahennar(Imissher).

PracticeGivethecorrectformsoftheverbaðkoma.

CD2,TR3,01:42Ég__________(presenttense)ámorgun.

Við__________(presenttense)ámorgun.

__________(presenttense)þúámorgun?

Hvenær___________(pasttense)þúígær?

Hvenær__________(pasttense)hanntilAkureyrar?

Usethewordsintheboxbelowtocompletethisholidaymessage.

CD2,TR3,02:15

Ég________tilÍslandsí________.Hérer________gottveður.Ámorgunætlaégað________Ingu,________Björns.Égkemheimá________.Sjáumst________!

WhatwouldyousayinIcelandicinthefollowingsituations?

Youmeetyourfriend.Greethim/herandsaythatyou’rehappytoseehim/her.

Yourfriendhasjustcomebackfromholiday.Askifhe/shehadanicetime.

Yourfriendisgoingonholiday.Askhimherwhenhesheiscomingbackhome.

Summary•Importantvocabulary:sendatölvupóst:ÉgsendiÖnnu(dat.)tölvupóstígær.

•Importantvocabulary:bíll(m.),jeppi(m.),náíÖnnu(acc.)útáflugvöll.

•Strongverbaðkoma(tocome):present:égkem,þúkemur,hannkemur,viðkomum,þiðkomið,þeirkomapast:égkom,þúkomst,hannkom,viðkomum,þiðkomuð,þeirkomu.

•Irregularverbaðhafa(tohave):present(regularpluralpresent):éghef,þúhefur,hannhefur,viðhöfum,þiðhafið,þeirhafapast(stem+Group2endings):éghafði,þúhafðir,hannhafði,viðhöfðum,þiðhöfðuð,þeirhöfðu

•Strongmasculinenounsdonotendin-iinnominativesingular,butendin-ur,-(l)l,-(n)n,or-(i)rorhavenoending.Thel,nandiwithinbracketsarepartofthestem.Moststrongmasculinenounsaredeclinedasfollows:nom.-ur,-l,-n,-r,noending:hundur,strákur,bíll,steinn,læknir,Gunnar

acc.noending:hund,strák,bíl,stein,lækni,Gunnardat.-iornoending:hundi,strák,bíl,steini,lækni,Gunnarigen.-s:hunds,stráks,bíls,steins,læknis,Gunnars

•Declensionofthedefinitearticleinthemasculinesingular:nom.:-(i)nn;acc.:-(i)nn;dat.:-num;gen.:-(i)ns.Theiofthearticleisleftoutifthestemofthenounendsinavowel.Example:nom.:hundurinn;acc.:hundinn;dat.:hundinum;gen.:hundsins.

•Useofcases:accusative:aftermostverbs(éghittiIngu,égkenniensku);aftercertainprepositions(um–talaumhana);aftertheprepositionsíandáwhenthesubject(orobject)isinmotion(faraímiðbæinn);incertaintimeexpressions(ídag,ámorgun).dative:location(áÍslandi);incertaintimeexpressions(ínæstuviku);aftercertainprepositions(fráþýskalandi,hjámér);indoubleobjectconstructions(égkenndihonumensku);aftercertainverbs(hannhjálpaðimér).genitive:possession(mammaBjörns);aftercertainprepositions(til–faratilGunnars);incertainconstructions(e.g.einsársgamall);afteraveryfewverbs(égsaknahennar).

11

Geturðufariðútíbúðfyrirmig?Canyougototheshopforme?

Inthisunityouwilllearn•Aboutgoingshopping•Toaskforitemsoffoodanddrink

Languagepoints•PastparticipleofGroup1and2regularverbs,oftheirregularverbaðhafa(tohave)andofthestrongverbaðgeta(can,tobeableto)inthepresentandthepasttense

•Useoftheverbaðgeta•Theirregularverbaðvilja(towant)inthepresentandthepasttense•Declensionofweakandstrongneuternouns•Declensionoftheneuterdefinitearticle

ÁleiðinniheimOnthewayhomeCD2,TR4

Björn Égætlaaðkomaviðísjoppuáleiðinniheim–égersvorosalegasvangur.Viljiðþiðeitthvað?

Anna Já,þaðyrðigottaðfáeitthvaðaðborða.…Stelpa Góðandaginn!Getégaðstoðaðþig?Björn Já,égætlaaðfáeinapylsumeðtómatsósuogsinnepiogeina

samlokumeðhangikjötiogsalati.Stelpa Eitthvaðfleira?Björn Já,égætlalíkaaðfáeinnpokaafostapoppiogeinaflöskuaf

sódavatnimeðsítrónu.

…Stelpa Viltufápoka?Björn Já,takk.Stelpa Gjörðusvovel!Björn Takkfyrir.

komaviðí(+dat.)stopatsjoppu(acc.fromsjoppa,f.)kioskleiðinni(dat.fromleið,f.)way,routeheimhomesvosorosalegaterribly,extremelysvangurhungryviljið(fromvilja,+acc.)wanteitthvað(acc.)somethingyrði(fromvera)wouldbegott(fromgóður)goodaðfátogetget(fromgeta)canaðstoðað(fromaðstoða,Group1+acc.)help,assisteina(acc.fromein)onepylsu(acc.frompylsa,f.)hotdogmeð(+dat.oracc.)withtómatsósu(dat.fromtómatsósa,f.)ketchupsinnepi(dat.fromsinnep,n.)mustardsamloku(acc.fromsamloka,f.)sandwichhangikjöti(dat.fromhangikjöt,n.)smokedmeat

kjöt(n.)meatsalati(dat.fromsalat,n.)saladfleiramorepoka(acc.frompoki,m.)bagaf(+dat.)ofostapoppi(dat.fromostapopp,n.)popcornwithcheeseflösku(acc.fromflaska,f.)bottlesódavatni(dat.fromsódavatn,n.)sodawatersítrónu(dat.fromsítróna,f.)lemonjátakkyes,pleasegjörðusvovelhereyouare(lit.dosowell–seethenoteaboutthisphraseinUnit14)takkfyrirthanks(lit.thanksfor)

Insight

Thewordvatnispronouncedasifitwerewrittenvahdn.Theletterstnarealwayspronouncedashdn.Saythewordintwosteps:vah-dn.

IngabiðurBjörnaðfaraútíbúðIngaasksBjörntogototheshop

MammaBjörns,Inga,erinniíeldhúsi.

CD2,TR4,01:02

Inga Björnminn,geturðuekkifariðútíbúðfyrirmig?Björn Jú,ekkertmál.Inga Þaðvantarfisk,mjólk,smjör,grænmeti…Bíddu,égætlaaðskrifa

lista.

QUICKVOCAB

biður(frombiðja+acc.)ask

búð(f.)shopinnií(+dat.)inside(of)eldhúsi(dat.fromeldhús,n.)kitchenBjörnminnBjörndearfarið(pastpart.fromfara)gofyrir(+acc.(cansometimestakedat.))forekkertmálnoproblemvantar(fromvanta,Group1+acc.)needfisk(acc.fromfiskur,m.)fishmjólk(acc.,f.)milksmjör(acc.,n.)buttergrænmeti(acc.,n.)vegetablesbíddu(imp.frombíða)waitskrifa(Group1)writelista(acc.fromlisti,m.)list

Grammar

Pastparticiple

Thepastparticipleisformedfromverbs(English:gone,spoken,written)anditisusedinverbconstructionssuchasinEnglishIhavespokenandIhadspoken.InIcelandicthereareafewotherverbconstructionswhereitisused(seeUseoftheverbaðgetabelow).Thepastparticipleisformedinthefollowingway:

•Group1regularverbs:stem+-að.

talað(spoken),ætlað(planned),byrjað(begun)

•Group2regularverbs:stem+-t.TherearesomeexceptionsasthepastparticipleofsomeGroup2regularverbsendsin-að(e.g.aðbrosa(tosmile)–pastparticiple:brosað;aðtrúa(tobelieve)–pastparticiple:trúað).

gert(done),kennt(taught),þekkt(known)

•Irregularverbs:learntheparticipleforeachverb.Itendsin-að(althoughsomeendinðlikeaðná(toget,reach)–náð,seeUnit12),-tor-ið(sometimesstem+-að/-t);theverbaðhafa(tohave):stem+t;theverbaðvilja(towant):stem

+að.

haft,viljað had,wanted•Strongverbs:learnforeachverb;normallyendsin-ið(sometimesstem+-ið).Therearetwoexceptions,theverbaðgeta(tobeableto)–pastparticiple:getaðandtheverbaðsjá(tosee)–pastparticiple:séð.

farið,lesið,komið gone,read,come

Thestrongverbaðgeta(tobeableto,can)inthepresentandthepasttense

Note–Rememberthatinthepluralpresenttenseofallverbs(regular,irregularorstrong)theruleisalways:stem+regularendings(-um,-ið,-a)(althoughtheatoösoundchangerulealwaysapplies).Thereareafewexceptions,suchastheverbaðvera.Rememberalsothattheendingsareregular(-um,-uð,-u)forthepluralpasttenseofstrongverbs,butwhatcomesbeforetheendingsisirregular.

Useoftheverbaðgeta(tobeableto)

Theverbaðgetaisalwaysfollowedbythepastparticiple.ThisisdifferentfromEnglish,whereitisfollowedbytheinfinitive.

Getégaðstoðaðþig? CanIhelpyou?(pastparticiplefromaðstoða,Group1regularverb)Geturðufariðútíbúð? Canyougototheshop?(pastparticiplefromfara,strongverb)Geturðukomiðmeðmér? Canyoucomewithme?

(pastparticiplefromkoma,strongverb)

Theirregularverbaðvilja(towant)inthepresentandthepasttense

Languagenotes•Thepluralpresenttenseisregularasforallotherverbs(excepttheverbaðveraandafewothers).Thepasttenseforms(insingularandplural)arealsoregular:stem+endingsforGroup2regularverbs.

•Rememberthatintheconjugationofverbsendingin-jaintheinfinitive,the-j-onlyappearsinthepluralformsofthepresenttense(seeUnit8).

•Notethattheverbaðviljacanbefollowedbyeitheranoun/pronounintheaccusativeformoraninfinitivewithouttheinfinitivemarkerað.

Viltupoka(acc.)? Doyouwantabag?Viltþúeitthvað(acc.)? Doyouwantsomething?Viltufápoka? Doyouwanttogetabag?Égvilfaraheim. Iwanttogohome.

Declensionofweakneuternouns

Neuternounsthatendin-aarecalledweakneuternouns(notethatnounsthatendin-aarenormallyfeminine,sotheseneuternounsareanexceptiontothatrule).Thereareonlyaveryfewweakneuternounsandmostofthemdenotepartsofthebody.Theirdeclensioniscalledaweakdeclension:theydonotchangetheirforminthesingular.

Thewordseyra(ear)andlunga(lung)aretwomoreexamplesofwordsthataredeclinedinthisway.

Declensionofstrongneuternouns

Neuternounsthatdonotendin-aarecalledstrongneuternouns.Theyareoftenmonosyllabic(withonlyonevowel)andtheyhavenoendinginthenominative.

Note–Ifthestemofthewordendsin-ithenthereisno-iaddedinthedative.If,however,thestemofthewordendsin-sthen-sisstilladdedtothewordinthegenitive(sothewordendsindoubles).

Declensionoftheneuterdefinitearticle

nominative -(i)ðaccusative -(i)ðdative -(i)nugenitive -(i)ns

Declensionoftheneuterdefinitearticle

Theiisleftoutifthestemofthenounendsinavowel.

PracticeChristofisatthekiosk.Takehispartintheconversation.

CD2,TR4,01:32

Christof (Say‘goodday’.)AfgreiðslukonaGóðandaginn.Getégaðstoðaðþig?Christof (Say‘yes,you’regoingtohaveasandwichwithbutter,

smokedmeatandsalad’.)Afgreiðslukona Eitthvaðfleira?Christof (Say‘yes,abottle(useeinaflösku)ofsodawater’.)AfgreiðslukonaViltupoka?Christof (Say‘yes,please’.)AfgreiðslukonaGjörðusvosvel.Christof (Say‘thankyou’.)

Lookatthedialoguesinthisunitandmarkthefollowingsentencesrétt(true)orrangt(false).Áleiðinniheim

Björn,ChristofogAnnakomaviðísjoppuáleiðinniheim.

Björnvillkomaviðísjoppuáleiðinniheim,afþvíaðhannerrosalegasvangur.

Annavilllíkafáeitthvaðaðborða.

Björnvillfásamlokumeðosti(cheese)oggrænmeti.

Björnvillekkifápoka.

IngabiðurBjörnaðfaraútíbúð

Björnogmammahanseruaðtalasaman.

Þaðvantarbarasmjöroghangikjöt.

Björnætlaraðfaraútíbúð.

MammaBjörnsskrifarlista.

Changethesentencesintheexerciseaboveintothepast.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou:Example:aBjörn,ChristofogAnnakomuviðísjoppuáleiðinniheim.

Completethefollowingsentenceswiththecorrectformoftheverbinbrackets.

CD2,TR4,02:40Geturðu__________(tala)viðhana?

Éggatekki__________(skrifa)listannfyrirhana.

Geturhannekki__________(fara)útíbúð?

Geturðu__________(koma)ámorgun?

Ég__________(geta,pasttense)ekkiskrifaðhonumbréf.

Summary•Importantvocabulary:komaviðísjoppu,faraútíbúð,fáeitthvaðaðborða,fáeinapylsumeðtómatsósuogsinnepi,fáeinasamlokumeðhangikjöti.

•Importantvocabulary:Viltufápoka?Já,takk.Gjörðusvovel.

•Pronunciation:thewordvatnispronouncedvah-dn.

•Thepastparticipleisformedinthefollowingway:Group1regularverbs:stem+-að.Examples:talað,ætlað,byrjað.Group2regularverbs:stem+-t.Examples:gert,kennt,þekkt.ThepastparticipleofsomeGroup2regularverbsendsin-að.Examples:aðbrosa–brosað;aðtrúa–trúað.Irregularverbs:learnforeachverb.Itendsin-að(or-ð),-tor-ið(sometimesstem+-að/-t).Examples:aðhafa:stem+-t–haft;aðvilja:stem+-að–viljað.Strongverbs:learnforeachverb.Itnormallyendsin-ið(sometimesstem+-ið).Exceptions:aðgeta–getað;aðsjá–séð.

•Strongverbaðgeta(tobeableto,can):present:égget,þúgetur,hanngetur,viðgetum,þiðgetið,þeirgetapast:éggat,þúgast,hanngat,viðgátum,þiðgátuð,þeirgátuThepluralpresenttenseisregular(stem+regularendings).Inthepluralpasttensetheendingsareregular,butwhatcomesbeforetheendingsisirregular.

•Theverbaðgetaisalwaysfollowedbythepastparticiple:Examples:Getégaðstoðaðþig?Éggetfariðútíbúð.

•Irregularverbaðvilja(towant):present:égvil,þúvilt,hannvill,viðviljum,þiðviljið,þeirviljapast:égvildi,þúvildir,hannvildi,viðvildum,þiðvilduð,þeirvilduThepluralpresenttenseisregular(stem+regularendings).Thepasttenseformsarestem+Group2regularverbendings.Intheconjugationofverbsendingin-jaintheinfinitive,the-j-onlyappearsinthepluralformsofthepresenttense.

•Weakneuternounsendin-a;thereareonlyafew.Theydonotchangetheirforminthesingular.nom.auga,hjartaacc.auga,hjarta

dat.auga,hjartagen.auga,hjarta

•Strongneuternounshavenoendinginthenominativesingular(theydonotendin-a)andareoftenmonosyllabic.Theirdeclensionisasfollows:nom.:hús,barn,blað,grænmetiacc.(sameasnom.):hús,barn,blað,grænmetidat.(endsin-i):húsi,barni,blaði,grænmetigen.(adds-s):húss,barns,blaðs,grænmetis

•Declensionofthedefinitearticleinthemasculinesingular:nom.:-(i)ð;acc.:-(i)ð;dat.:-(i)nu;gen.:-(i)ns.Theiofthearticleisleftoutifthestemofthenounendsinavowel.Example:nom.:húsið;acc.:húsið;dat.:húsinu;gen.:hússins.

12

BjörnogGuðrúnkaupafiskibollurBjörnandGuðrúnbuyfishcakes

Inthisunityouwilllearn•Aboutshoppingforfood•Thenamesofcommongroceries

Languagepoints•Theverbaðkaupa(tobuy)inthepresentandinthepasttense•Theirregularverbaðeiga(toown,have,shall,besupposedto)•Theirregularverbaðná(toget,reach)•Imperative(farðu,náðuí…)

•Makingsuggestionsusingkaupum,förum(let’s…)•Thedeclensionoffemininenounsintheplural•Thedeclensionofthefemininepluraldefinitearticle

BjörnogGuðrún,kærastanhans,skreppaútíbúðBjörnandGuðrun,hisgirlfriend,popouttotheshopCD2,TR5

Björn Eigumviðaðtakakerru?Guðrún Nei,þaðernógaðtakakörfu.

QUICKVOCAB

kaupa(+acc.)buybrauð(acc.,n.)breadlítra(acc.pl.,fromlítri,m.)litresaf(+dat.)of,fromléttmjólk(dat.,f.)semi-skimmedmilkdósir(acc.pl.fromdós,f.)can,tinfiskibollum(dat.pl.fromfiskibolla,f.)fishcakeskartöflur(acc.pl.fromkartafla,f.)potatoessmjör(acc.n.)butterrækjuost(acc.fromrækjuostur,m.)softshrimpcheeserækja(f.)shrimpostur(m.)cheesekálhaus(acc.fromkálhaus,m.)headofcabbagegúrkur(acc.pl.fromgúrka,f.)cucumberspaprikur(acc.pl.frompaprika,f.)peppersgulrætur(acc.pl.fromgulrót,f.)carrotsperur(acc.pl.frompera,f.)pears

appelsínur(acc.pl.fromappelsína,f.)orangessúkkulaðiís(acc.,m.)chocolateicecreamhnetum(dat.pl.fromhneta,f.)nutseigum(fromeiga)shalltaka(+acc.)takekerru(acc.fromkerra,f.)shoppingtrolleyþaðernógitisenoughkörfu(acc.fromkarfa,f.)basket

GuðrúnvillkaupanammiGuðrunwantstobuysomesweetsCD2,TR5,01:42

Guðrún Kaupumlíkasmánammi.Björn Ókei,farðuognáðuíþaðámeðanégnæíísinn.Guðrún Já,éghittiþigviðkassann.

QUICKVOCAB

smáalittlenammi(n.,existsonlyinsingular)sweetsfarðu(far(fromfara)+þú)gonáðuí(ná+þú+acc.)getámeðanwhilenæí(fromná)getkassann(acc.fromkassi,m.)checkout

Note–Remember(seeUnit7)thatthefutureisoftenexpressedbyusingthepresentformofverbs:

Égferámorgun. I’llgotomorrow.Éghittiþigviðkassann. I’llmeetyoubythecheckout.

GuðrúngleymdiaðnáísjampóGuðrunforgottogetshampoo

Björnstenduríbiðröðviðkassann.Guðrúnkemurtilhans.

CD2,TR5,02:03

GuðrúnÆi,éggleymdiaðégætlaðiaðkaupasjampó.Égætlaaðfaraognáíþað.

Björn Já,alltílagi–vertubarafljót.

QUICKVOCAB

stendur(fromstanda)standsbiðröð(f.)queueæiohgleymdi(fromgleyma,Group2(d))forgotsjampó(acc.,n.)shampooalltílagiOK,allrightvertu(vert(fromvera)+þú)befljót(fromfljótur)quick

Grammar

Theirregularverbaðkaupa(tobuy)inthepresentandpasttenses

Note–Rememberthatthepluralpresenttenseisregularforallverbs(withafewexceptions)andherethesingularpresenttenseisalsoregular(stem+endingsfromGroup2regularverbs).Inthepasttensetheendingsareregular(fromGroup2),butwhatcomesbeforetheendingsisirregular.

Theirregularverbaðná(toget,reach)inthepresentandthepasttense

Languagenotes•Thestemofsomeverbsendsináoro:theseverbsdonothavetheending-aintheinfinitive.Thepluralpresenttensefortheseverbsisregularexceptthattheydonotgettheending-ainthethirdpersonplural(þeir).Rememberthatthepluralpresentofalmostallstrong/irregularverbsisregular,exceptfortheverbaðveraandafewothersendingináorointheinfinitiveandtheverbaðskulu(shall)(seeUnit13).

•Theverbaðnáisregularinthepasttense:stem+endingsfromGroup2regularverbs.

Theirregularverbaðeiga(toown,haveetc.)inthepresentandthepasttense

Languagenotes•Thepluralpresenttenseisregularasforalmostallverbs.Inthepasttensetheendingsareregular(fromGroup2),butwhatcomesbeforetheendingsisirregular.

•Theverbaðeigahasseveralmeanings:

Ifitisfollowedbyanounintheaccusativeformthenitmeanstoown,haveorhavegot,e.g.Áttþúbíl(acc.)?(Doyouown/haveacar?);Áttþúhund(acc.)?(Doyouown/haveadog?);Hannátvösystkini(acc.)(He’sgottwobrothersandsisters).

2aðeigaaðgeraeitthvaðmeanstobesupposedtodosomething,e.g.Égáaðfaraútíbúð.(I’msupposedtogototheshop.),Égáaðskrifahonumbréf.(I’msupposedtowritehimaletter.).

3Eigumvið…?orÁég…?isusedtosuggestsomethingandmeansShall/Shouldwe/I,e.g.Eigumviðaðfaraútíbúð?(Shallwegototheshop?),Eigumviðaðfaraákaffihús?(Shallwegotoacafé?),Áégaðnáíþig?(ShallIpickyouup?),Áégaðkaupaeitthvaðfyrirþig?(ShallIbuysomethingforyou?).

Imperative

Theimperativeisaverbformthatisusedtogiveorders,instructionsoradvice.InEnglishtheseformsare,forexample:go(home),write(tohim),read(thebook).Theimperativeexistsinthesecondpersonsingular(þú)andinthesecondpersonplural(þið).

PluralimperativeThepluralimperativeformsareidenticalwiththepresenttenseformsinthesecondpersonplural.

Thereisoneexception:theverbaðveraintheimperativeisveriðþið.

Insight

Theendingoftheverbandthepronoun,-iðþið,isshortenedtoiðiinthespokenlanguage.Thephrasetaliðþiðispronouncedtaliði,borðiðþiðispronouncedborðiðiandkomiðþiðispronouncedkomiði.Sometimesthisisreflectedinwriting:Þegiði!(fromþegja(shutup)).Ifyoudon’tputthepronounþiðandtheverbtogether,thereisspecialemphasisonþið:NáiðþiðíInguogviðnáumíAra(YoupickupIngaandwe’llpickupAri).

SingularimperativeThesingularimperativeisformedbytakingtheinfinitiveoftheverb/stemoftheverbandaddingþú,whichbecomes-ðu,-du,-dduor-tu.Therulesaregivenbelow.TheimperativeofGroup1regularverbs(endin-aðiinthepasttense,firstpersonsingular)is:infinitive+-ðu.

Inmostothercasestheimperativeis:stem+-ðu/-du/-ddu/-tu.Notethatifthestemoftheverbendsinj,thenthejisremovedbeforeþúisadded.

cþúbecomes-dduafteravowel+ð(theðinthestemchangestod)

dþúbecomes-tuafterp,t,s,k,d(only-uisaddedtoastemendingin-tt;inastemendingin-dthedisdeleted)

NotethattheserulesarethesameastheonewemetforformingthepasttenseofGroup2regularverbs(seeUnit8).Irregularimperativeforms:

Notethatyoucanhaveþúseparatedfromtheverbifthereisemphasisonit.Inthisinstance-ðuor-uisdeletedfromthenormalimperativeform:

Farþúmeðhonum! Yougowithhim!Talaþúviðhann! Youtalktohim!Vertþúinni. Youstayindoors!

Makingsuggestions

Whenyoumakeasuggestiontosomebodytodosomethingwithyou,thenyoucanuseasentencewheretheverbisinthefirstpersonpluralandplacedatthebeginningofthesentencewithoutasubject(við):Kaupumnammi(Let’sbuysomesweets),Förumákaffihús(Let’sgotothecafé).Thiscanbetranslatedbylet’s.YoucanalsomakethesuggestionsbysayingEigumviðaðkaupanammi?,Eigumviðaðfaraákaffihús?,butthereisadifferenceinmeaning(asthereisinEnglishbetweenLet’sbuysomesweetsandShallwebuysomesweets?).

Pluraloffemininenouns

Sofarwehavelearntthedeclensionsoffemininenounsinthesingular(seeUnits2and9).Nowwewilllookattheformsoffemininenounsintheplural,firstofweakfemininenounsandthenofstrongfemininenouns.

WeakfemininenounsRememberthatweakfemininenounsendin-ainthenominativesingular(see

Unit2).Inthepluralthefollowingendingsareaddedtothestem:-urinthenominative,-urintheaccusative,-uminthedativeandeither-naor-ainthegenitive.

Languagenotes•Rememberthattheatoösoundchangerule(u-umlautrule)alwaysapplies.

•Thegenitiveendingis-naunlessthewordendsin-ja(andthereisnogorkimmediatelyprecedingthej),-ía,-va,-raor-na:thentheendingis-a.

•ItshouldbepointedoutthatmanynativespeakersofIcelandichaveproblemsdecidingwhethertousetheending-naor-ainthegenitivepluralofsomeweakfemininenouns.

•Theweakfemininenounkonaisirregularinthegenitiveplural:

•Notethatonlythegenitiveformisirregularhere:theending-naisregularbutwhatcomesbeforetheendingisirregular.

StrongfemininenounsFemininenounsthatdonotendin-ainthenominativesingulararestrongfemininenouns(seeUnit9).Inthepluralthefollowingendingsareaddedtothestem:-iror-arinthenominative,-iror-arintheaccusative,-uminthedativeand-ainthegenitive.

Languagenotes•WesawinUnit9thatinstrongfemininenounsthathaveöinnom.sing.,theöchangestoawhenanendingbeginningwithaisadded.Herewealsoseethattheöinnom.sing.changestoabeforeanendingbeginningwith-i.

•Strongfemininewordsendineither-iror-arinthenominativepluralandaccusativeplural.Whenyoulearnanewstrongfemininenoun,thenlearnalsowhatthepluralendingisinthenominative(whichisthenthesameastheendingintheaccusative).

•Thefollowingwordsaredeclinedlikeborg(endingin-irinthenominativeandaccusativeplurals):þjóð(nation),leið(route),sól(sun),búð(shop),dós(can)•Thestrongfemininenounssystir,dóttir,bókandgulróthaveanirregulardeclensioninthe

plural(systiranddóttirareirregularinthesingularaswell,seeUnit9):

•Allwordsthatendin-rótaredeclinedlikegulrót.

Declensionofthedefinitearticleinthefeminineplural

We’velearntthedefinitearticleinthefemininesingular(seeUnit9).Nowwewilllearntheformsofthedefinitearticleinthefeminineplural.

nominative -naraccusative -nardative -numgenitive -nna

Whenyouaddthedefinitearticletofemininepluralnounsinthedative,the-mendingisdropped.

Stelpum→stelpu+numkörfum→körfu+numkonum→konu+numborgum→borgu+numhelgum→helgu+numbókum→bóku+num

Weakfemininenouns

Strongfemininenouns

Insight

InspokenIcelandictheuinthedativepluralendingofthenounnormallychangestoobeforethearticle,soineverydayspeechstelpunumispronouncedstelponum,borgunumispronouncedborgonum,etc.ThisisneverseeninwrittenIcelandic.

PracticeSupplythecorrectformoftheverbs.Usethepresenttense.

________(eiga+þú)kærasta?

________(eiga)þauhund?

________(eiga)þiðbíl?

Ég________(eiga)margar(many)vinkonur.

Ég________(ná)íísinn.

You’rewithyourfriendJóhanninthesupermarket.Completeyourpartoftheconversation.

CD2,TR5,02:31

You (SuggesttoJóhannthatyoushouldbuypearsandcarrots.)Jóhann Jú,oglíkaappelsínur.You (Ask‘shouldn’twealsobuysomefish?’)Jóhann Jú,kaupumeittkílóaffiski.You (TellJóhann‘I’mgoingtogetthesweets’,andaskhimtogetthe

icecream.)Jóhann Já,égnæíísinn.

LookatBjörn’sandGuðrún’sshoppinglistatthebeginningoftheunitandanswerthesequestions.

Keyptuþaugrænmeti?

Keyptuþauappelsínur?

Keyptuþauhangikjöt?

Keyptuþaubrauð?

Keyptuþaupylsur?

Keyptuþaukjötbollur?

Keyptuþausamlokur?

Givethefollowingorders,usingtheverbsinbracketsandthepronounþú.

(talaþú)viðhann!

(náþú)íbílinn!

(kaupaþú)bókina!

(kallaþú)áhann!

(faraþú)meðhonum!

(hringjaþú)íIngu!

Summary•Importantvocabulary:Égætlaaðkaupabrauð,5lítraafléttmjólk,kartöflur,smjör,1gúrku,2paprikur,3perur,3appelsínur,súkkulaðiísognammi;kaupa+acc.

•Importantvocabulary:takakerru(kerra,f.),takakörfu(karfa,f.),standa/faraíbiðröðviðkassann

•Irregularverbaðkaupa(tobuy):present:égkaupi,þúkaupir,hannkaupir,viðkaupum,þiðkaupið,þeirkaupapast:égkeypti,þúkeyptir,hannkeypti,viðkeyptum,þiðkeyptuð,þeirkeyptupastparticiple:keyptThepresenttenseisregular(stem+Group2regularverbendings).Inthepasttensetheendingsareregular(Group2)butwhatcomesbeforethemisirregular.

•Irregularverbaðná(toget,reach):present:égnæ,þúnærð,hannnær,viðnáum,þiðnáið,þeirnápast:égnáði,þúnáðir,hannnáði,viðnáðum,þiðnáðuð,þeirnáðupastparticiple:náðVerbswhosestemendsináorodonothavetheending-aininfinitive.Thepluralpresenttenseoftheseverbsisregularexceptthattheydonotgettheending-ainthethirdpersonplural(þeir).Theverbaðnáisregularinthepasttense:stem+Group2regularverbendings.

•Irregularverbaðeiga:present:égá,þúátt,hanná,viðeigum,þiðeigið,þeireigapast:égátti,þúáttir,hannátti,viðáttum,þiðáttuð,þeiráttupastparticiple:áttThepluralpresenttenseisregular.Inthepasttensetheendingsareregular(Group2),butwhatcomesbeforethemisirregular.

•Theverbaðeigahasseveralmeanings:1Followedbyanounintheaccusative:toown,haveorhavegot.Examples:Áttþúbíl(acc.)?=Haveyougotacar?Hannátvösystkini(acc.).=Hehastwosiblings.2aðeigaaðgeraeitthvað:tobesupposedtodosomething.Example:Égáaðskrifahonumbréf.=I’msupposedtowritehimaletter.3Eigumvið…?orÁég…?:isusedtosuggestsomething–Shall/Shouldwe/I.Examples:Eigumviðaðfaraákaffihús?=Shallwegotoacafé?Áégaðnáíþig?=ShallIpickyouup?

Pluralimperative(þið)isidenticalwiththepresenttenseformsinthesecondpersonplural.Examples:tala–taliðþið;borða–borðiðþið;koma–komiðþið.Except:theverbaðveraintheimperativeisveriðþið.Theendingoftheverbandthepronoun,-iðþið,isshortenedtoiðiinspeech.Examples:taliðþiðispronouncedtaliði,borðiðþiðispronouncedborðiðiandkomiðþiðispronouncedkomiði.Singularimperative(þú)isformedbyadding-ðu,-du,-dduor-tutotheverbinfinitive/stemasfollows:1Group1regularverbs:infinitive+-ðu.Examples:talaðu,borðaðu.2Mostothercases:stem+-ðu/-du/-ddu/-tu.(a)-ðuafterr,f,goravowel.Examples:gerðu,farðu,náðu.(b)-duafterl,m,n,ng.Examples:komdu,kenndu,hringdu.(c)-dduafteravowel+ð(theðinthestemchangestod).Example:bíddu.(d)-tuafterp,t,s,k,d(only-uisaddedtoastemendingin-tt;inastemendingin-dthedisdeleted).Examples:kauptu,hittu,syntu.

3Irregularimperativeforms:vertu,þegiðu.

•Pluraloffemininenouns:Weakfemininenounsaddthefollowingendingstothestem:nom./acc.-ur,dat.-um,gen.-naor-a.Examples:(stelpa)nom./acc.stelpur,dat.stelpum,gen.stelpna(kirkja)nom./acc.kirkjur,dat.kirkjum,gen.kirkna(karfa)nom./acc.körfur,dat.körfum,gen.karfaStrongfemininenounsaddthefollowingendingstothestem:nom./acc.-iror-ar,dat.-um,gen.-a.Examples:(borg)nom./acc.borgir,dat.borgum,gen.borga(búð):nom./acc.búðir,dat.búðum,gen.búða(helgi):nom./acc.helgar,dat.helgum,gen.helga

•Declensionofthedefinitearticleinthefeminineplural:nom./acc.:-nar;dat.:-num;gen.:-nna.Example:nom./acc.:borgirnar;dat.:borgunum;gen.:borganna.Whenyouaddthedefinitearticletof.pl.nounsinthedative,the-mendingisdropped.Example:borgum→borgu+num.

13

Hvaðerímatinn?What’sfordinner?

Inthisunityouwilllearn•Howtoaskwhat’sfordinner•Howtotalkaboutlayingthetable

Languagepoints•Theverbaðskulu(shall)inthepresenttense•Theverbaðverða(haveto)inthepresentandinthepasttense•Theverbaðfinnast(tothink,tofeel)•Thepresentperfect(égheftalað)andthepastperfect(éghafðitalað)

•Thedeclensionofmasculinenounsintheplural•Thedeclensionofthedefinitearticleinthemasculineplural•Moreabouthowtorefertoobjectsinstitutionsconceptsbyusingpersonalpronouns

Hvaðerímatinn?What’sfordinner?BjörnogGuðrúnkomaheimúrbúðinniogfarainníeldhús.ÞareruInga,mammaBjörnsogÁsta,frænkaBjörns.

CD2,TR6

Ásta Hæ!Keyptuðþiðeitthvaðnammi?Björn Já,lakkrísogsúkkulaði.Inga Ástamín,ekkifáþérsælgætifyrirmatinn!Ásta Nei,nei,éggeriþaðekki.Hvaðerímatinn?Inga Fiskibollur.Ásta Æðislegt,mérfinnstþærsvogóðar!

QUICKVOCAB

matinn(acc.frommatur,m.)foodúr(+dat.)frombúðinni(dat.frombúð,f.)shopþarthereeitthvað(here)somelakkrís(acc.,m.)liquoricesúkkulaði(n.)chocolatefáþérhave(lit.getyourself)sælgæti(n.,existsonlyinsingular)sweetséggeriþaðekkiIwon’tdothatæðislegt(fromæðislegur)greatmérfinnst(fromfinnast+acc.)Ithinkgóðar(fromgóður)good

Languagenotes•Bothnammiandsælgætimeansweets.Thewordnammiisusedmorebyyoungerpeopleandsælgætiisusedmorebyolderpeople.

•Thewordæðislegt/æðislegurismainlyusedbytheyoungergeneration.

IngaogÁstaeldamatinnIngaandÁstacookdinnerCD2,TR6,00:36

Inga Jæja,égætlaaðbyrjaaðeldamatinn.Ásta Égskalhjálpaþér,amma.Inga Takk,elskanmín.Náðuítvohnífafyrirmig.…Inga Geturþúskoriðtómatanaoggúrkurnar?Ásta Já.Vá,éghefaldreiséðsvonastóratómata!Inga Já,þeireruansistórir.

QUICKVOCAB

eldamatinncook(the)dinnermatur(m.,existsonlyinsingular)food;dinnerskal(fromskulu)shallelskan(f.)lovetvo(acc.fromtveir)twohnífa(acc.pl.fromhnífur,m.)knifeskorið(pastpart.fromskera+acc.)cuttómatana(acc.pl.fromtómatur,m.)tomatoesaldreineverséð(pastpart.fromsjá)seensvonasuchstóra(fromstór)bigtómata(acc.pl.fromtómatur,m.)tomatoesansiquite,ratherstórir(fromstór)big

ÁstalegguráborðÁstasetsthetableCD2,TR6,01:14

IngaGeturðuekkilagtáborðiðfyrirmig?Ásta Jú,ekkertmál.Inga Leggðuáborðfyrirsex.Þúverðuraðtakadiskaoggafflaúr

uppþvottavélinni.ÁstaÁégaðleggjaskeiðaráborðið?Inga Já,þaðverðurísíeftirmat.

QUICKVOCAB

leggðu(fromleggja+þú)lay,setfyrirsexforsix(shortforfyrirsexmannsforsixpeople)verður(fromverða)havetodiska(acc.pl.fromdiskur,m.)platesgaffla(acc.pl.fromgaffall,m.)forkúr(+dat.)fromuppþvottavélinni(dat.fromuppþvottavél,f.)dishwasheráégshallIleggja(+acc.)lay,putskeiðar(acc.pl.fromskeið,f.)spoonsþaðverðurtherewillbeíeftirmat(acc.fromeftirmatur,m.)fordessertglas(n.)glass

Grammar

Theirregularverbaðskulu(shall,will)inthepresenttense

aðskulu shall,will égskal Ishallþúskalt youshallhann/hún/þaðskal he/she/itshallviðskulum weshallþiðskuluð youshall

þeir/þær/þauskulu theyshall

Languagenotes•Thepluralpresenttenseofallverbs(regular,irregularandstrong)isregular,exceptfortheverbsaðvera,aðskuluandafewothers(endingináorointheinfinitive–seeaðnáinUnit12).

•Theverbaðskuludoesnothavepasttenseforms.

•Theverbaðskulucanmeaneithershallorwill,e.g.égskalgeraþaðámorguncanmeanIwilldoittomorroworIshalldoittomorrow.Inthefirstpersonpluralitcanalsomeanlet’s,e.g.viðskulumfaraheim:let’sgohome.

Thestrongverbaðverða(tohaveto)inthepresentandthepasttense

Languagenote•Theverbaðverðacanhaveothermeanings.Besideshavetoitcanalsomeanbecome,turn,orwillbe.

Húnvillverðalögfræðingur. Shewantstobecomealawyer.Húnverðurfimmtíuáraámorgun.

Sheturnsfiftytomorrow.

Þaðverðurísíeftirmat. Therewillbeicecreamfordessert.

Búðinverðuropinásunnudaginn. TheshopwillbeopenonSunday.

Thestrongverbaðfinnast(tothink/feel)inthepresentandpasttense

Someverbshaveasubjectinthedativeortheaccusative.Theseverbsarecalledimpersonalverbsandinthepresentandpasttensetheyhaveonlyoneformforallpersons.Thesubjectusedwiththeverbaðfinnastisalwaysinthedative.

Languagenotes•Notethatsomeverbsendin-stintheinfinitive.Mostoftheseverbs(nottheverbaðfinnastthough)arereciprocalverbs,i.e.theactionoftheverbinvolvestwopeopledoingthesamethingtoeachother.

aðsjást:Viðsjáumstámorgun.

(lit.We’llseeeachothertomorrow.)

aðhittast:Þærhittustímiðbænum.

(lit.Theymeteachotherinthetowncentre.)

•Notethatinasentencewiththeverbaðfinnastyoudonotuseanotherconjugatedverb(i.e.averbwhichisnotintheinfinitiveform)inthesentence.Inthefollowingexamples,theEnglishverbs(underlined)arenotusedinIcelandic.

Mérfinnstfiskibollurgóðar. Ithinkfishcakesaregood.Mérfinnstleiðinlegtaðfaraískólann.

Ithinkitisboringtogotoschool.

Thepresentperfect(‘Ihavespoken’)andthepastperfect(‘Ihadspoken’)

Thepresentperfectisformedbyusingtheverbaðhafainthepresenttenseandthepastparticipleoftherelevantverb.

égheftalað Ihavespokenéghefskrifað Ihavewritten

éghefhaft Ihavehadéghefkomið Ihavecome

NotethatthepresentperfectisnotusedasfrequentlyinIcelandicasinEnglish.InmanycaseswhereyouusethepresentperfectinEnglish,youwouldusetheconstructionverabúin(n)aðgeraeitthvaðinIcelandic.

Égerbúin(n)aðtalaviðÖnnuoghúnætlarað…

IhavespokentoAnnaandshe’sgoingto…

Ertubúin(n)aðheimsækjaÖnnu? HaveyouvisitedAnnayet?

(SeealsopastparticipleadjectivesinUnit14:húnerfarinheim–she’sgonehome.)NormallywhenyouusethepresentperfectinIcelandicyoualsousewordssuchasaldrei,aldreiáður(neverbefore),oft,oftáður(oftenbefore),einhverntíma(ever)inthesentence.

Éghefaldreiséðhannáður. I’veneverseenhimbefore.Éghefoftséðhannáður. I’veoftenseenhimbefore.HefurðueinhverntímafariðtilÞýskalands?

HaveyoueverbeentoGermany?

Thepastperfectisformedbyusingtheverbaðhafainthepasttenseandthepastparticipleoftherelevantverb.

éghafðitalað Ihadspokenéghafðiskrifað Ihadwrittenéghafðihaft Ihadhadéghafðikomið Ihadcome

Pluralofmasculinenouns

Wehavealreadylearntthedeclensionsofmasculinenounsinthesingular(seeUnits4and10).Nowwewilllearntheformsofmasculinenounsintheplural,firstofweakmasculinenounsandthenofstrongmasculinenouns.

WeakmasculinenounsWeakmasculinenounsendin-iinthenominativesingular(seeUnit4).Inthe

pluralthefollowingendingsareaddedtothestem:-arinthenominative,-aintheaccusative,-uminthedativeand-ainthegenitive.

Note–Rememberthattheatoösoundchangerule(u-umlautrule)alwaysapplies.

StrongmasculinenounsAllmasculinenounsthatdonotendin-iinthenominativesingulararestrongmasculinenouns(seeUnit10).Moststrongmasculinenounshavethesameendingsinthepluralasweakmasculinenouns:-arinthenominative,-aintheaccusative,-uminthedativeand-ainthegenitive.

Languagenotes•Inallwordsendingin-(al)l(noticethatthealinbracketsispartofthestem,andthatthesecondlistheactualending),theainthelastsyllableisdroppedbeforeanendingbeginningwithavowel.Forthewordgaffallalltheendingsinthepluralbeginwithavowel;thesecondaisthereforedroppedintheplural.Inthesingular,however,onecaseendingbeginswithavowel,sotheaisdroppedonlyonce:gaffall(nom.)gaffal-(acc.;noendingisadded)gaffl-i(dat.)gaffal-s(gen.)Notethatthesamerulealsoappliestotheadjectivegamall(old;seeUnit16).

•Inthewordlæknir,asinotherwordsendingin-(i)r,theiofthestemisdroppedbeforethepluralendingsareadded.

Somestrongmasculinenounshaveanirregulardeclensionintheplural;themostcommononesaremaður,bróðirandsonur(theyarealsoirregularinthe

singular,seeUnit10):

Declensionofthedefinitearticleinthemasculineplural

We’velearntthedeclensionofthedefinitearticleinthemasculinesingular(seeUnit10).Nowwewilllearntheformsofthedefinitearticleinthemasculineplural.

nominative -niraccusative -(i)nadative -numgenitive -nna

Note–Theiintheaccusativeisdroppedwhenitisprecededbyavowel.

Languagenotes•Aswithfemininenounsintheplural,themintheendingofthenouninthedativeisdroppedbeforethearticleisadded,e.g.símum→símu+num;hundum→hundu+num;mönnum→mönnu+num.

•Notethatinthenominativepluralofthenounmennyouaddirbeforeyouadd

thedefinitearticle:nom.pl.menn→menn+ir+nir.

Insight

Aswithdefinitefemininenounsintheplural,theuinthedativepluralendingofthenounnormallychangesinspeechtoobeforethearticle,soineverydayspeechskólunumispronouncedskólonum,hundunumispronouncedhundonumetc.Thisisneverwritten.

Usingpronouns

Whenyouuseapronountoreplaceanoun,thepronounhastobeinthesamegenderandnumberasthenounitisreplacing.However,thecaseofthepronoundependsonitsfunctioninthesentence,andsoititwon’talwaysbeinthesamecaseasthenounitisreplacing.

Hvarergúrkan(femininesingular)?Húneráborðinu.Whereisthecucumber?Itisonthetable.

Hvarerugúrkurnar(feminineplural)?Þæreruáborðinu.Wherearethecucumbers?Theyareonthetable.

Hvarerugúrkurnar(feminineplural,nom.)?Égborðaðiþær(acc.).Wherearethecucumbers?Iatethem.

Hvarertómaturinn(masculinesingular)?Hannerhérna.Whereisthetomato?Itishere.

Hvarerutómatarnir(masculineplural)?Þeireruhérna.Wherearethetomatoes?Theyarehere.

Hvarerutómatarnir(masculineplural,nom.)?Égborðaðiþá(acc.).Wherearethetomatoes?Iatethem.

Hvarerblaðið(neutersingular)?Þaðerhérna.Whereisthenewspaper?It’shere.

Hvarerublöðin(neuterplural)?Þaueruhérna.Wherearethenewspapers?They’rehere.

Hvarerublöðin(neuterplural,nom.)?Égsáþau(acc.)ekki.Wherearethenewspapers?Ihaven’tseenthem.

Don’tworryhereabouttheneuterpluralformblöðin–wewilllearnthepluralofneuternounsandtheneuterdefinitearticleinthenextunit.

PracticeAnswerBjörn’squestionsinIcelandic.Don’tworryabouttheformsoftheadjectivegóður(good)–we’lllearnthedeclensionofadjectivesinUnit15.Inyouranswersusethesameformoftheadjectivethatisusedinthequestions.

CD2,TR6,01:41

Björn Finnstþérfiskurgóður?You (Say‘yes’,youthinkfishisgood.)Björn Finnstþérfiskibollurgóðar?You (Say‘no’,youdon’tthinkfishcakesaregood.)Björn Finnstþérbrauðmeðsmjöriogostigott?You (Say‘yes’,youthinkbreadwithbutterandcheeseisgood.)Björn Finnstþérsælgætigott?You (Say‘yes’,youthinksweetsareverygood.)(Userosalega–

‘extremely’.)Björn Finnstþérgrænmetigott?You (Say‘no’,youdon’tthinkvegetablesaregood.)

AnswerthefollowinginIcelandic,firstwith‘yes’,thenwith‘no’.

Hefurðueinhverntíma(ever)lesiðbókeftir(by)HalldórLaxness?(Usealdrei(never)inyour‘no’answer.)bHefurðueinhverntímafariðtilÞýskalands?(Usealdreiandoft(often)inyouranswers.)cHefurðueinhverntímakomiðtilÍslands?(Useoftinyour‘yes’answer.)dHefurðueinhverntímahittÍslendinga?

(Useoftinyour‘yes’answer.)eHefurðulesiðbókumÍsland?

Answerthefollowingquestions,replacingthenounswithpersonalpronouns.

CD2,TR6,03:03Hvarerutómatarnir?_________eruáborðinu.

Hvarerubílarnir?______________erufyrirframanhúsið.

Hvarerudósirnar?______________eruinniíeldhúsi.

Náðirðuíhundana?Nei,égnáðiekkií_________.

Borðaðirðugúrkurnar?Nei,égborðaði__________ekki.

Skoðaðirðubílana?Nei,égskoðaði____________ekki.

Changethenounsinthefollowingsentencesintotheplural.

Éghittikennarannígær.

Égkeyptihníf.

Égfóraðhittastrákinnígær.

Hannþekkirekkimanninn.

Töluðuþauviðlækninn?

Keyptihannbílinn?

Þekktirðulögfræðinginn?

Summary•Importantvocabulary:Hvaðerímatinn?,eldamat(inn),matur(m.),eftirmatur,Hvaðeríeftirmat?,leggjaáborð(fyrirsex),diskur(m.),hnífur(m.),gaffall(m.),skeið(f.),glas(n.),nammi(n.)=sælgæti(n.)•Irregularverbaðskulu(shall,will)inthepresenttense:égskal,þúskalt,hannskal,við

skulum,þiðskuluð,þeirskulu.Theverbaðskuluisoneofthefewverbsthatarenotregularinthepluralpresenttense.Itdoesnothavepasttenseforms.

•Aswellasmeaningshallorwill,theverbaðskuluinthefirstpersonpluralcanalsomeanlet’s.Example:Viðskulumfaraheim.=Let’sgohome.

•Strongverbaðverða:present:égverð,þúverður,hannverður,viðverðum,þiðverðið,þeirverðapast:égvarð,þúvarðst,hannvarð,viðurðum,þiðurðuð,þeirurðu.

•Theverbaðverðacanhavethefollowingmeanings:Égverðaðfaraheim.=Ihavetogohome.Húnvillverðalæknir.=Shewantstobecomeadoctor.Húnverðursextíuáraámorgun.=Sheturnssixtytomorrow.Búðinverðuropinásunnudaginn.=TheshopwillbeopenonSunday.

•Impersonalverbshaveasubjectinthedativeortheaccusativeform.Inthepresentandthepasttensetheyhaveonlyoneformforallpersons.Thestrongverbaðfinnastalwaystakesasubjectinthedativeform.present:mérfinnst,þérfinnst,honumhenniþvífinnst,okkurfinnst,ykkurfinnst,þeimþeimþeimfinnstpast:mérfannst,þérfannst,honumhenniþvífannst,okkurfannst,ykkurfannst,þeimþeimþeimfannst

•Thepresentperfect(‘Ihavespoken’)isformedfromtheverbaðhafainthepresenttenseandthepastparticipleoftherelevantverb.Examples:égheftalað,éghefskrifað,éghefhaft.ThepresentperfectislessfrequentinIcelandicthaninEnglish.InmanycaseswhereyouusethepresentperfectinEnglish,youwouldusetheconstructionverabúin(n)aðgeraeitthvaðinIcelandic(seeUnit9).Examples:Égerbúin(n)aðtalaviðGunnar.Ertubúin(n)aðheimsækjaErlu?

•Thepastperfect(‘Ihadspoken’)isformedfromtheverbaðhafainthepasttenseandthepastparticipleoftherelevantverb.Examples:éghafðitalað,éghafðiskrifað,éghafðihaft.

•Pluralofmasculinenouns.Weakmasculinenounsaddthefollowingendingstothestem:nom.-ar,acc.-a,dat.-um,gen.-aExamples:(sími):nom.símar,acc.síma,dat.símum,gen.síma(afi):nom.afar,acc.afa,dat.öfum,gen.afa(skóli):nom.skólar,acc.

skóla,dat.skólum,gen.skóla.Moststrongmasculinenounshavethesameendingsinthepluralasweakmasculinenouns:nom.-ar,acc.-a,dat.-um,gen.-aExamples:(hundur):nom.hundar,acc.hunda,dat.hundum,gen.hunda(læknir):nom.læknar,acc.lækna,dat.læknum,gen.lækna(steinn):nom.steinar,acc.steina,dat.steinum,gen.steinaInthewordlæknir,asinotherwordsendingin-(i)r,theiofthestemisdroppedbeforethepluralendingsareadded.

•Declensionofthedefinitearticleinthemasculineplural:nom.:-nir;acc.:-(i)na;dat.:-num;gen.:-nna.Theiintheaccusativearticleisdroppedafteravowel.Example:nom.:símarnir;acc.:símana;dat.:símunum;gen.:símanna.Aswithpluralfemininenouns,theminthedativenounendingisdroppedbeforethearticleisadded.Example:símum→símu+num.

•Apronounhastobeinthesamegenderandnumberasthenounitisreplacing.Thecaseofthepronoundependsonitsfunctioninthesentence,andsoitwon’talwaysbeinthesamecaseasthenounitisreplacing.Examples:–Hvarergúrkan(f.sing.nom.)?–Húneráborðinu.–Hvarerutómatarnir(m.pl.nom.)?–Égborðaðiþá(acc.).

14

TakkfyrirmigThanksforthemeal

Inthisunityouwilllearn•Aboutmealtimeetiquette

Languagepoints•Theverbaðfá(toget)inthepresentandinthepasttense•Thereflexivepronouns(myself,yourself…)•Theexpressionaðfáséreitthvað(lit.togetyourselfsomething)•Aboutpastparticiplesbeingusedasadjectives

•Thedeclensionofneuternounsintheplural•Thedeclensionofthedefinitearticleintheneuterplural•Thedeclensionofnumerals

Maturinnertilbúinn!Dinnerisready!Ingaerbúinaðeldamatinn.

CD2,TR7

Inga Jæja,maturinnertil.Gjöriðþiðsvovel.Christof Takk.(AllirnemaIngasetjastviðborðið.)Inga Hvaðviljiðþiðaðdrekka?Þaðertilmjólk,kók,appelsínusafi,

eplasafi…Björn Égætlaaðfákók.Ásta Já,églíka.Inga EnþúChristof,hvaðmábjóðaþéraðdrekka?Christof Kókværifínt.Getégnokkuðfengiðvatnsglaslíka?

Inga Já,auðvitað.Guðrún,hvaðviltþú?Guðrún Smámjólk,barahálftglas.…Christof Íslenskavatniðerofsalegagott!Þaðerþægilegtaðgeta

drukkiðvatnbeintúrkrananum!Inga Já,þaðermjögþægilegt.Þarftuekkialltafaðkaupavatná

flöskumíÞýskalandi?Christof Jú,éggeriþaðalltaf.Þaðerumargirheimasemsíavatnið,en

mérfinnstbarasíaðvatnekkinógugottábragðið.

QUICKVOCAB

maturinnertildinnerisready;heretilisshortfortilbúinn(ready)gjöriðþiðsvovelpleasegoaheadallireverybodynemaexceptsetjasttakeaseat,sitdownvið(normally+acc.)atdrekka(+acc.)drinkþaðertilwehave(lit.itexists)kók(n.)cokeappelsínusafi(m.)orangejuiceeplasafi(m.)applejuicehvaðmábjóðaþér?whatwouldyoulike?(lit.whatcanyoubeoffered?)væriwouldbenokkuðuntranslatable;seebelowfengið(pastpart.fromfá+acc.)getvatnsglas(acc.n.)glassofwatersmámjólkalittlemilkhálft(fromhálfur)halfíslenskavatnið(vatn,n.)theIcelandicwaterofsalegareally,extremelygott(fromgóður)goodþægilegt(fromþægilegur)convenientdrukkið(pastparticiplefromdrekka)drinkbeintstraight,directlyúr(+dat.)from

krananum(fromkrani,m.)tapalltafalwaysáflöskum(dat.pl.fromflaska,f.)inbottlesmargirmanypeoplesía(+acc.,Group1)filtermérfinnstIthinksíað(fromsíaður)filteredekkinógugottábragðiðdoesn’ttastegoodenough(lit.notenoughgoodonthetaste)Languagenotes

•Whenyousayhereyouare/pleasegoaheadyouusegjörðusvovelifyou’readdressingoneperson(þú)andgjöriðþiðsvovelifyou’readdressingmorethanoneperson(þið).Theverbaðgjöraisanoldverbfortodoandisonlyusedinthecombinationgjörðu/gjöriðþiðsvovel.Theliteralmeaningofgjörðu/gjöriðþiðsvovelisdosowell.Notethatgjöriðþiðispronouncedgjöriðiineverydayspeech.

•ThewordnokkuðinthequestionGetégnokkuðfengiðvatnsglas?makesthequestionpolite.Ifyou’reaskingifyoucangetorborrowsomethingorifyouareaskingsomebodytodosomethingforyou,thenaddingnokkuðcanoftenmakethequestionmorepolite.

Geturðunokkuðréttmérsmjörið? (Seebelow.)GeturðunokkuðnáðíArafyrirmig? CanyoupickupAriforme?

Notethatnokkuðcanhaveothermeanings.

Geturðunokkuðréttmérsmjörið?Canyoupassmethebutter?

Allirbyrjaaðborða.

CD2,TR7,01:20

Christof (turningtoInga)Geturðunokkuðréttmérsmjörið?Inga Já,gjörðusvovel.

Christof Takk.Björn Pabbi,geturðuréttmérsalatið?Kári Hérna.…Inga Christof,viltuekkifáþérmeira?Christof Jú,égfæmérkannskitværbolluríviðbót.Inga Viltuekkifáþértværkartöflurlíka?Christof Jú,takk.Inga Guðrúnmín,viltþúekkifáþérmeira?Guðrún Nei,takk.Égerorðinsvosödd–égeralvegaðspringa!

QUICKVOCAB

rétt(pastpart.fromrétta,Group2(t),+dat.andacc.)handgjörðusvovelhereyougosalat(n.)saladhérnaherefáþérhave(lit.getyourself)meiramorefæ(fromfá+acc.)getkannskimaybebollurballs(herecakes,shortfor:fiskibollur–fishcakes)íviðbótinadditionjútakkyes,pleaseorðin(fromverða)becomesödd(fromsaddur)fullalvegjust,absolutelyspringaexplode

Note–Theverbaðréttaisoneofthoseverbswhichtaketwoobjects,oneinthedativeformandoneintheaccusativeform.InthequestionGeturðuréttmérsmjörið?(Canyoupassmethebutter?)thepronounmérisinthedativeformandthewordsmjöriðisintheaccusativeform.

HannréttiGuðmundi(dat.)bókina(acc.)

HepassedGuðmundurthebook.

Réttuhonum(dat.)eplið(acc.). Passhimtheapple.

TakkfyrirmigThanksforthemealAllirstandauppfráborðinu.

CD2,TR7,02:07

Christof Takkfyrirmig!Inga Verðiþéraðgóðu.Christof Þaðvargottaðfáíslenskarfiskibolluraftur!

QUICKVOCAB

standauppstandupfráborðinufromthetabletakkfyrirmigthanksforthemealverðiþéraðgóðuyou’rewelcome

Note–InresponsetoTakkfyrirmig,whichmeansliterallyThanksforme,youreply(tooneperson)Verðiþéraðgóðu.InresponsetoTakkfyrirokkur,whichmeansliterallyThanksforus,youreply(tomorethanoneperson)Verðiykkuraðgóðu(lit.beyoutogood).

ÁvextirFruit

CD2,TR7,02:25

Inga Fáiðykkurendilegaávexti.Christof Takk,égerbaraorðinnsvosaddur.Inga Églætávaxtaskálinaverahérnaáborðinu,þiðgetiðfengið

ykkurseinnaíkvöldefþiðviljið.

QUICKVOCAB

bananar(nom.pl.frombanani,m.)bananasvínber(nom.pl.fromvínber,n.)grapesepli(n.)applejarðarber(nom.pl.fromjarðarber,n.)strawberriesfáiðykkurlit.getyourselvesendilegabyallmeansávexti(acc.pl.fromávöxtur,m.)fruitégerbaraorðinnsvosaddurI’mjustsofulllæt(fromláta+acc.)letávaxtaskálina(acc.fromávaxtaskál,f.)fruitbowlþiðgetiðfengiðykkuryoucangetyourselves(some)seinnalaterefif

Grammar

Thestrongverbaðfá(toget)inthepresenttenseandthepasttense

Languagenotes•Rememberthatthoseverbswhichendináintheinfinitivedonothavetheending-ainthethirdpersonplural(þeir)presenttense(butareotherwiseregularinthepresentplural).

•Theendingsinthepluralpasttenseareregularasforallstrong/irregularverbs,butwhatcomesbeforetheendingsisirregular.

Reflexivepronouns

Areflexivepronounisapronounsuchasmyselfwhichrefersbacktothesubjectofasentence.Forexample,inthesentenceHemadehimselfacupoftea,thereflexivepronounhimselfrefersbacktohe.InIcelandicthereflexivepronounsinthefirstpersonandsecondpersonareidenticaltothepersonalpronouns.Thereflexivepronouninthethirdpersonisthesameforsingularandplural:accusativesig,dativesér,genitivesín(itisdeclinedlikeégandþú).Hereisalistofallthereflexivepronouns(reflexivepronounsarenotusedinthe

nominative):

Note–NotethedifferenceinmeaningbetweenGunnarrakaðisig(sig=Gunnar)(Gunnarshavedhimself)andGunnarrakaðihann(hann≠Gunnar)(Gunnarshavedhim).

aðfáséreitthvað(togetyourselfsomething)

Theexpressionaðfáséreitthvaðmeansliterallytogetyourselfsomething.Thisexpressionisusedforexampleaboutapersongettingorhavingsomethingtoeat(e.g.Hannfékksérepli–Hehadanapple;Viltuekkifáþérmeira?–Don’tyouwantsomemore?).Thereflexivepronounfollowingtheverbaðfáisusedinthedativeform.

dativeégfæ mérþúfærð þérhannhúnþaðfær sérviðfáum okkurþiðfáið ykkur

þeirþærþaufá sér

Pastparticiplesusedasadjectives

Pastparticiplesofverbsareoftenusedasadjectives,andthentheirformchangesslightly.Theformationofpastparticiplestoadjectivesisdescribedbelow.

PastparticiplesofverbsfromGroup1regularverbshavethefollowingendings

asadjectives:

PastparticiplesofGroup2regularverbshavethefollowingendingsas

adjectives,dependingontheendingstheyhaveinthepasttense:

Pastparticiplesofstrongverbshavethefollowingendingsasadjectives:

Thesepastparticipleadjectivesbehavelikenormaladjectives,i.e.theirformdependsontheformofthenounthey’redescribing.

hannerorðinn(masc.)saddur he’s(become)fullhúnerorðin(fem.)södd she’s(become)fullbarniðerorðið(neut.)satt thechildhas(become)fullhannergleymdur(masc.) he’sbeenforgottenhúnergleymd(fem.) she’sbeenforgottenþaðergleymt(neut.) it’sbeenforgottenhannervelþekktur(masc.) he’swellknownhúnervelþekkt(fem.) she’swellknown

þaðervelþekkt(neut.) it’swellknown

Note–InEnglishyouoftenusetheperfecttensewhereyouuseapastparticipleadjectiveinIcelandic.

Húnerfarinheim. Shehasgonehome.Hannerbyrjaður. Hehasstarted.Húnersofnuð. Shehasfallenasleep.

Pluralofneuternouns

Wehavealreadylearntthedeclensionsofneuternounsinthesingular(seeUnit11).Nowwewilllearntheformsofneuternounsintheplural,firstofweakneuternounsandthenofstrongneuternouns.

WeakneuternounsWeakneuternounsendin-ainthenominativesingular.Inthepluralthefollowingendingsareaddedtothestem:-uinthenominative,-uintheaccusative,-uminthedativeand-nainthegenitive.

Note–Remembertheatoösoundchangerule(u-umlautrule).

StrongneuternounsAllneuternounsthatdonotendin-ainthenominativesingulararestrongneuternouns.Inthepluralstrongneuternounsdonothaveanyendinginthenominativeoraccusative;inthedativetheyhavetheending-umandinthegenitivetheyhavetheending-a.

Languagenotes•Notethatinwordswhichhaveaasastemvoweltheachangestoöinthe

nominativeandaccusativeplural,althoughnoendingbeginningwithuisadded.Thisisforhistoricalreasons:thereusedtobeauendinginthesecaseforms.

•Insomewordsthathaveeasastemvowel,ajisinsertedbeforetheendingsinthedativeandgenitiveplural.

Somestrongneuternounshaveanirregulardeclensionintheplural:

Declensionoftheneuterpluraldefinitearticle

We’velearntthedeclensionofthedefinitearticleintheneutersingular(seeUnit11).Nowwewilllearntheformsofthedefinitearticleintheneuterplural.

nominative -(i)naccusative -(i)ndative -numgenitive -nna

Notethattheiinthenominativeandaccusativeisdroppedwhenprecededbyavowel.

Languagenotes•Aswithfeminineandmasculinenounsintheplural,themintheendingofthenouninthedativeisdroppedbeforethearticleisadded,e.g.augum→augu+

num;húsum→húsu+num.

Insight

•Aswithdefinitefeminineandmasculinenounsintheplural,theuinthedativepluralendingofthenounnormallychangesinspeechtoobeforethearticle.Ineverydayspeechaugunumispronouncedaugonum,húsunumispronouncedhúsonum,etc.Thisisneverwritten.

Insight

•Thedativeandgenitiveformsofthedefinitearticlearethesameinfeminine,masculineandneuter.

Declensionofnumbers

Thenumbersone,two,threeandfourchangetheirformaccordingtothegender(masculine,feminineorneuter)andcase(nominative,accusative,dative,genitive)ofthenountheydescribe.We’velearntthesenumbersinthenominativesingularinallgenders(seeUnit6).Nowwewilllookattheothercaseforms.

Insight

Einn(m.)isdeclinedlikehann:nom.hann,acc.hann,dat.honum,gen.hans.Ein(f.)isdeclinedlikehún:nom.hún,acc.hana,dat.henni,gen.hennar.

PracticeTranslatethesesentencesintoIcelandicusingreflexivepronouns(mig,þig,sig…).

ÓlafurispractisingreadingRussian.

Whatdidyouhavetoeat?(lit.Whatdidyougetyourselftoeat?)cIhadasandwichwithbutterandapples.(lit.Igotmyself….)dHeshavedthismorning(lit.Heshavedhimself.)

Matchthequestionswiththeanswers.

Hvaðhefurðufariðtilmargrastórborga?

Hvaðhefurðufariðtilmargralanda?

Hvaðlastumargarbækurífyrra?

Hvaðáttumargarvinkonur?

Áttubörn?

Áttusystur?

Áttubræður?

Áttubíl?

Égáþrjárvinkonur.

ÉgheffariðtilEnglands,Hollands,FrakklandsogÞýskalands.

Já,égábíl.

Égheffariðtilþriggjastórborga:London,NewYorkogAmsterdam.

Églasfjórarbækurífyrra.

Já,égátvobræður.

viiJá,égátvöbörn.

viiiJá,égátværsystur.

QUICKVOCAB

stórborg(f.)bigcitymargra,margar,mörg,margamanyWhatwouldyousayinIcelandicinthefollowingsituations?

CD2,TR7,02:49Askifyoucanhaveaglassofwater.

You’resittingatadinnertable.Asksomebodypolitelyiftheycanpassyouthebutter.

You’vejusthadamealthatsomebodyelsecooked.

Whatdoyousaywhenyouleavethetable?

Whatwouldthecook’sresponsebe?

Answerthesequestions,usingwholesentences.

Borðarðuoftepli?(Useoftinyouranswer.)Enappelsínur?(Usemjögsjaldaninyouranswer.)bFærðuþérstundumísmeðjarðarberjum?(Useoftinyouranswer.)cHefurðusmakkaðísmeðbláberjum?(Usealdreiinyouranswer.)dBorðarðuoftgrænmeti?(Usemjögoftinyouranswer.)eHvaðagrænmetiborðarðuoftast?

QUICKVOCAB

sjaldanseldom

smakka(+acc.,Group1)tastestundumsometimesoftastmostoftenGivethecorrectformsofthepastparticipleadjectives(theverbisgiveninbrackets).

CD2,TR7,03:45Hanner________(byrja)aðkennaensku.

Erhún________(sofna)?

Hannervel________(þekkja)maður.

ErAnnahérna?Nei,húner________(fara)heim.

Þaðer________(gleyma).

Summary•Importantvocabulary:Maturinnertil(búinn)!Gjöriðþiðsvovel.Hvaðviljiðþiðaðdrekka?Þaðertilmjólk,vatn,kók,appelsínusafiogeplasafi.Geturðunokkuðréttmérsmjörið?Takkfyrirmig!Verðiþéraðgóðu.Ávextir(m.pl.):banani(m.),pera(f.),epli(n.),appelsína(f.),jarðarber(n.),vínber(n.).

•Theverbaðréttatakestwoobjects,onedativeandoneaccusative.Examples:HannréttiGunnari(dat.)bókina(acc.).Réttuhenni(dat.)diskana(acc.).

•Strongverbaðfá(toget):present:égfæ,þúfærð,hannfær,viðfáum,þiðfáið,þeirfápast:égfékk,þúfékkst,hannfékk,viðfengum,þiðfenguð,þeirfengu.

•Reflexivepronounsareidenticaltothepersonalpronounsinthefirstpersonandsecondperson.Thethirdpersonreflexivepronounisthesameforsingularandplural:acc.sig,dat.sér,gen.sín(declinedlikeégandþú).1stpersonsing.:acc.mig,dat.mér,gen.mín2ndpersonsing.:acc.þig,dat.þér,gen.þín3rdpersonsing.(allgenders):acc.sig,dat.sér,gen.sín

1stpersonpl.:acc./dat./gen.okkur,gen.okkar2ndpersonpl.:acc./dat.ykkur,gen.ykkar3rdpersonpl.(allgenders):acc.sig,dat.sér,gen.sínExamples:Égæfimig,þeiræfasig.Hannþværsér,viðþvoumokkur.Þúhefnirþín,þiðhefniðykkar.

•Whenpastparticiplesareusedasadjectivestheirformchangesasfollows.Group1regularverbs:m.byrjaður,f.byrjuð,n.byrjað.Group2regularverbs,pasttense-di:m.gleymdur,f.gleymd,n.gleymt;pasttense-ti:m.þekktur,f.þekkt,n.þekktStrongverbs:m.dáinn,orðinn,f.dáin,orðin,n.dáið,orðið.TheIcelandicpastparticipleadjectiveisoftenusedwhereEnglishhastheperfecttense.Example:Húnerfarinheim.=Shehasgonehome.

•Pluralofneuternouns.Weakneuternounsaddthefollowingendingstothestem:nom./acc.-u,dat.-um,gen.-na.Examples:(auga):nom./acc.augu,dat.augum,gen.augna(hjarta):nom./acc.hjörtu,dat.hjörtum,gen.hjartnaStrongneuternouns:addthefollowingendingstothestem:nom./acc.noending,dat.-um,gen.-a.Examples:(hús):nom./acc.hús,dat.húsum,gen.húsa.(barn):nom./acc.börn,dat.börnum,gen.barnaThestemvowelachangestoöinnominativeandaccusative.

•Declensionofthedefinitearticleintheneuterplural:nom.:-(i)n;acc.:-(i)n;dat.:-num;gen:-nna.Example:nom.:húsin,acc.:húsin,dat.:húsunum,gen.:húsanna.

•Aswithfeminineandmasculinenounsintheplural,theminthedativenounendingisdroppedbeforethearticleisadded.Example:húsum→húsu+num.

15

Ertutilíaðkomaíbíó?Doyouwanttogotothecinema?

Inthisunityouwilllearn•Aboutmakingplans•Aboutgoingtothecinema

Languagepoints•Theverbaðlanga(towant)inthepresentandinthepasttense•Thedeclensionofadjectives•Thedeclensionoftheindefinitepronouneinhver(somebody,some)

Ertutilíaðkomaíbíó?Doyouwanttogotothecinema?

BjörnhringiríGunnar,bestavinsinn.

CD2,TR8

GunnarHalló?Björn Blessaður!Gunnar Blessaður!Björn Ætlarðuaðgeraeitthvaðíkvöld?GunnarNei,ekkertsérstakt–baraslappaafoghorfaásjónvarpið.Björn ViðChristofætlumaðfaraíbíó–ertutilíaðkomameð?Gunnar Já,áhvaðamyndætliðþiðaðfara?Björn Viðerumekkibúniraðákveðaþað.Ðaðerumargargóðarmyndir

íbíónúna.Gunnar Já,nýjaspennumyndiníHáskólabíóierörugglegamjöggóð.Björn Já,svoerlíkakominnýmyndmeðKeanuReeves–húner

örugglegarosalegagóð.

QUICKVOCAB

veratilíaðgeraeitthvaðbeupfordoingsomethingbíó(acc.,n.)cinemaekkertnothingsérstakt(n.,fromsérstakur)specialslappaaf(Group1)relaxhorfaá(+acc.Group2(ð))watch(something)sjónvarpið(acc.fromsjónvarp,n.)televisionviðChristofChristofandIfaraíbíógotothecinemakomameðcomewith(us)áhvaðamyndætliðþiðaðfara?whichfilmareyougoingtosee?(lit.towhichfilmplanyoutogo?)mynd(acc.,f.)film(shortforbíómynd)viðerumekkibúniraðákveðaþaðwehaven’tdecidedákveða(+acc.)decidemargarmanynýjanewspennumynd(f.)actionfilm,thrillerHáskólabíó(n.)theuniversitycinemaörugglegamostlikely,probablysvoerlíkakominnýmyndthenthere’salsoanewfilmout(lit.thenhasalsocomenewfilm)kominn(has)come,arrivedrosalegavery,extremely

FörumáspennumyndinaLet’sgoandseetheactionfilmCD2,TR8,00:56

Christof ErtubúinnaðtalaviðGunnar?Björn Já,hannertilíaðkomaíbíó.

Christof Áhvaðamyndeigumviðaðfara?Björn GunnarlangaðiaðsjánýjuspennumyndinaíHáskólabíói.Christof Já,égvareinmittaðlesaumhanaíMogganumídag–húner

örugglegagóð.Björn Ókei,förumáhana.Christof ÆtlaðiGuðrúnaðkomameðokkur?Björn Égætlaaðhringjaíhanaoggáhvaðhúneraðgera.

QUICKVOCAB

langaði(fromlanga)wantedsjá(+acc.)seeeinmittjustMogganum(dat.fromMoggi,m.)shortforMorgunblaðið–oneofIceland’smainnewspapersgá(Group2(ð))check

ViðkomumeftirhálftímaWe’llcomeinhalfanhourCD2,TR8,01:37

Björn Hæ!GuðrúnHæ,hvaðsegirðu?Björn Alltfínt.Hvaðertuaðgera?Guðrún Ekkertsérstakt–baraaðhlustaáútvarpiðogtakaaðeinstil.Björn ÉgætlaaðfaraíbíómeðChristofogGunnarinúnaáeftir.Viltu

komameðokkur?Guðrún Já,áhvaðamyndætliðþið?Björn NýjuspennumyndinaíHáskólabíói.Guðrún Já,ókei.Björn Viðgetumkomiðognáðíþig.Ertutilbúinnúna?Guðrún Já,égverðtilbúineftirtuttugumínútur.

Björn Ókei,viðkomumeftirsvonahálftímaaðnáíþig.

QUICKVOCAB

hálftíma(acc.fromhálftími,m.)halfanhourhlustaáútvarpið(acc.fromútvarp,n.)listentotheradiotakatiltidyupaðeinsalittlebitáeftirlater,lateronégverðtilbúinI’llbereadysvonaabout

Grammar

Theirregularverbaðlanga(towant)inthepresentandpasttenses

Theverbaðlangaisanimpersonalverbthatalwaystakesasubjectintheaccusative.Rememberthatimpersonalverbshaveonlyoneformforallpersonsinthepresenttense,andoneforminthepasttense.

Declensionofadjectives

Adjectiveschangetheirgender(masculine,feminineorneuter),number(singularorplural)andcase(nominative,accusative,dativeorgenitive)accordingtotheformofthenountheydescribeorqualify.Therearetwokinds

ofdeclensionofadjectives–weakandstrongdeclension.

WeakdeclensionTheadjectiveisweakwhenitisused:withadefinitenounorapropername.

gamlimaðurinn theoldmanGuðrúnlitla youngGuðrún,lit.smallGuðrún

withademonstrativepronoun.þessigamlimaður thisoldman

Thedeclensionoftheweakadjectivesisshowninthefollowingtable.Theendings(inbold)areaddedtothestem.

Languagenotes•Notethattheatoösoundchangerule(u-umlautrule)alsoappliestoadjectives.

•Rememberthatinadjectivesendingin-(l)l(suchasgamall),thelastlisanendingandthefirstlispartofthestem;similarlyinadjectivesendingin-(n)n(suchasbrúnn)thelastnisanendingandthefirstnispartofthestem(seeUnit4).Noticealsothatintheadjectivegamallthesecondaisdroppedbeforeanendingbeginningwithavowel(e.g.gamli(m.nom.sing.),gamla(m.acc.sing.),gömlu(m.nom.pl.)).Rememberthatforallwordsendingin-(al)ltheaisdroppedbeforeanendingbeginningwithavowel(seegaffall(fork)inUnit13).

Insight

Inthesingularthemasculineendingsarethesameasforweakmasculinenouns,thefeminineendingsarethesameasforweakfemininenounsandthe

neuterendingsarethesameasforweakneuternouns.

StrongdeclensionTheadjectiveisstrongwhenitisused:withanindefinitenoun.

Þettaergóðurostur. Thisisgoodcheese.aftertheverbaðvera.

Maðurinnerljóshærður. Themanisblond.

Herewewillonlylookatthestrongdeclensionofadjectivesendingin-urinthemasculinenominativesingular,andofadjectiveswhichhavenoendinginthemasculinenominativesingular(stemsendingin-ror-s).Theyaredeclinedas

follows:

Languagenotes•Adjectiveswhichhavenoendinginthemasculinenominativesingularare,forexample,stór(big),kurteis(polite),hress(fun),vitlaus(stupid),dýr(expensive).

•Theu-umlautsoundchangeruleapplieshere:ainthestressedsyllablechangestoö.Theu-umlautrulealwaysapplieswhenanendingbeginningwithuisadded,andalsointhefemininesingularnominativeandneuterpluralnominativeandaccusativeforhistoricalreasons–theseformsusedtohaveauending.

•Adjectiveswithastemendingin-ðhaveirregularformsintheneuternominativeandaccusativesingular:theðofthestemchangestotbeforetheendingtisadded,andtheadjectivethereforeendsin-tt(seeunderlinedwordsinthetablebelow).

•Examplesofotheradjectiveswithastemendingin-ðaresíður(long),rauður(red).

Declensionofpastparticipleadjectives

Theweakandstrongdeclensionpatternsalsoapplytopastparticipleadjectivesendingin-ur,suchasruglaður(confused),sofnaður(fallenasleep).However,someofthepastparticipleadjectivesarenotusedinaweakdeclensionandareonlyusedinthenominativeinthestrongdeclension(suchasbyrjaður(begun):maðurinnerbyrjaður,konanerbyrjuð,barniðerbyrjað,mennirnirerubyrjaðir,konurnarerubyrjaðar,börninerubyrjuð).

Note–Remembertheu-umlautsoundchangerule:achangestouinunstressedsyllableswhenanendingbeginningwithuisadded(seeUnit4).

Languagenotes•Heretheu-umlautruleisalsoatwork:achangestouinunstressedsyllablesbeforeanendingbeginningwithu,andinthefemininesingularnominativeandneuterpluralnominativeandaccusativeforhistoricalreasons–theseformsusedtohaveauending.

•Notethattheending-tisnotaddedintheneuternominativeandaccusativesingular.

Declensionofeinhver(somebody,some)

Theindefinitepronouneinhvermeanssomebody,someandtheformeitthvað

meanssomething,some.Itisdeclinedasfollows:

Insight

Theendingsaremostlythesameasforstrongadjectivesendingin-urinthemasculinenominativesingular,(exceptthatinthemasculineaccusativesingulartheendingis-ninsteadof-an,andintheneuternominativeandaccusativesingulartheending-tisnotadded).

Practice

1aAskyourfriendifhe/sheisdoingsomethingthisevening.

Askyourfriendifhe/shewantstogotothecinema.

Let’sassumethathe/shesays‘yes’.Askwhichfilmyoushouldsee.

Lookbackatthedialoguesinthisunitandtrytoanswerthesequestions.

HringirBjörníGunnar?

LangarGunnaraðfaraíbíó?

ÍhvaðabíóiermyndinsemGunnarvillsjá?

Hvernigmynderþað?

HvaðheitiraðalleikarinnímyndinnisemBjörnnefnir?

VillGuðrúnlíkafaraíbíó?

Ætlastrákarniraðnáíhana?

QUICKVOCAB

aðal-mainnefna(Group2,d)name,mentionstrákarnirtheguysGivethecorrectformsoftheadjectivesinbrackets.

CD2,TR8,02:28Fiskibollurnarvorurosalega____________(góður).

Kennararnirvorumjög____________(góður).

Þekkirðu___________(enskur)strákana?

Talaðirðuvið__________(ítalskur)konuna?

Húnhittimjög_________(hress)stráka.

Þettavorurosalega__________(stór)bílar.

Konurnarvorusvo__________(vitlaus).

Égskrifaði____________(danskur)manninumbréf.

Trytoworkoutwhatthequestionsmighthavebeenthatpromptedthefollowinganswers.(Usedifferentformsofeinhver.)

CD2,TR8,03:51aA________________________________________________BÍkvöld?Já,égætlaaðfaraíbíó.

bA________________________________________________BJá,þaðerumargargóðarmyndiríbíónúna.Þaðertildæmis(forexample)nýspennumyndmeðHarrisonFordíHáskólabíói.

Summary•Importantvocabulary:Ertutilíaðkomaíbíó?Áhvaðamyndeigumviðaðfara?FörumánýjuspennumyndinaíHáskólabíói.faraíbíó,horfaásjónvarpið,hlustaáútvarpið,takatil,slappaaf.

•Theirregularimpersonalverbaðlangatakesasubjectintheaccusative.present:miglangar,þiglangar,hann/hanaþaðlangar,okkurlangar,ykkurlangar,þáþær/þaulangarpast:miglangaði,þiglangaði,hann/hanaþaðlangaði,okkurlangaði,ykkurlangaði,þáþær/þaulangaðipastparticiple:langað•Weakadjectivesareused:1withadefinitenounorapropernameExamples:gamlimaðurinn,Guðrúnlitla2withademonstrativepronounExample:þessigamlimaður.Weakadjectivesaredeclinedasfollows:m.sing.:nom.góði,acc./dat./gen.góðaf.sing.:nom.góða,acc./dat./gen.góðun.sing.(allcases):góðapl.(allgenders,allcases):góðu•Strongadjectivesareused

1withanindefinitenounExample:Þettaergóðurostur.2aftertheverbaðveraExample:Maðurinnerljóshærður.Strongadjectiveswhosemasculinenominativesingularformendsin-urdeclineasfollows:nom.sing.:m.enskur,f.ensk,n.ensktacc.sing.:m.enskan,f.enska,n.ensktdat.sing.:m.enskum,f.enskri,n.enskugen.sing.:m.ensks,f.enskrar,n.ensksnom.pl.:m.enskir,f.enskar,n.enskacc.pl.:m.enska,f.enskar,n.enskdat.pl.:m.enskum,f.enskum,n.enskumgen.pl.:m.enskra,f.enskra,n.enskra•Strongadjectiveswhosemasculinenominativesingularformhasnoending(stemsendingin-ror-s)aredeclinedthesameway,asfollows:nom.sing.:m.dýr,f.dýr,n.dýrtacc.sing.:m.dýran,f.dýra,n.dýrtdat.sing.:m.dýrum,f.dýrri,n.dýrugen.sing.:m.dýrs,f.dýrrar,n.dýrsnom.pl.:m.dýrir,f.dýrar,n.dýruacc.pl.:m.dýra,f.dýrar,n.dýrudat.pl.:m.dýrum,f.dýrum,n.dýrumgen.pl.:m.dýrra,f.dýrra,n.dýrra•Pastparticipleadjectivesendingin-ur,suchasruglaður,syfjaðurfollowthesameweakandstrongdeclensionpatterns.Somepastparticipleadjectivesareonlyusedinthenominativeinthestrongdeclensionandnotatallintheweakdeclension(suchasbyrjaður:maðurinnerbyrjaður,konanerbyrjuð,barniðerbyrjað,mennirnirerubyrjaðir,konurnarerubyrjaðar,börninerubyrjuð).Weakpastparticipleadjectivesaredeclinedasfollows:m.sing.:nom.ruglaði,acc./dat./gen.ruglaðaf.sing.:nom.ruglaða,acc./dat./gen.rugluðun.sing.(allcases)ruglaðapl.(allgendersallcases)rugluðuStrongpastparticipleadjectivesaredeclinedasfollows:nom.sing.:m.ruglaður,f.rugluð,n.ruglaðacc.sing.:m.ruglaðan,f.ruglaða,n.ruglaðdat.sing.:m.rugluðum,f.ruglaðri,n.rugluðugen.sing.:m.ruglaðs,f.ruglaðrar,n.ruglaðs

nom.pl.:m.ruglaðir,f.ruglaðar,n.rugluðacc.pl.:m.ruglað,f.ruglaðar,n.rugluðdat.pl.:m.rugluðum,f.rugluðum,n.rugluðumgen.pl.:m.ruglaðra,f.ruglaðra,n.rugluðra

Theu-umlautruleapplies:achangestouinunstressedsyllablesbeforeanendingbeginningwithu,andinf.sing.nom.andn.pl.nom.andacc.(forhistoricalreasons).Theending-tisnotaddedintheneuternominativeandaccusativesingular.

16

GuðrúnáafmæliIt’sGuðrún’sbirthday

Inthisunityouwilllearn•Tosayhowoldyouare•Tosaywhenyourbirthdayis•Howtowishsomebodyahappybirthday•Thenamesofthemonths,seasons,highdaysandholidays•Tosaywhatdateitis

Languagepoints•Theirregularverbaðþurfa(toneed,haveto)inthepresentandthepasttense

•Moreaboutdeclensionofadjectives•Thedeclensionofpossessivepronouns•Ordinalnumbersandtheirdeclension

GuðrúnáafmæliámorgunIt’sGuðrún’sbirthdaytomorrow

BjörnogChristoferuaðtalasaman.

CD2,TR9

Björn Guðrúnáafmæliámorgun.Christof Já,erþað?Hvaðverðurhúngömul?Björn 27ára.Húnætlaraðbjóðaokkurognokkrumvinumsínumí

matannaðkvöld.Christof Já,flott.Égþarfþáaðkaupahandahenniafmælisgjöfídag.

Veistuhvaðhúnvillfáíafmælisgjöf?

Björn Kannskigeisladiskeðaeinhverjabók.Égskaltalaviðhanaáeftirogkomastaðþvíhvaðhúnvill.

Christof Hvaðætlarþúaðgefahenni?Björn Égætlaaðgefahennipeysuogeyrnalokka.

QUICKVOCAB

afmæli(n.)birthdayHvaðverðurhúngömul?Howoldwillshebe?(lit.whatwillbesheold?)27ára(gen.pl.fromár,n.)27yearsold(lit.27years)aðbjóða(+dat.and+acc.)invitenokkrumvinumsínumafewofherfriendsímattodinnerþarf(fromþurfa)needþáthenhandahenni(handa+dat.)forherafmælisgjöf(f.,acc.)birthdaypresentveistu(fromvita)doyouknowfáíafmælisgjöfgetasabirthdaypresent,getforone’sbirthdaygeisladisk(acc.fromgeisladiskur,m.)CDáeftirlateronkomastaðþví(komastað+dat.)finditoutgefa(+dat.and+acc.)givepeysu(acc.frompeysa,f.)sweater,jumpereyrnalokka(acc.pl.fromeyrnalokkur,m.)earrings

LanguagenotesNotethatyouusetheverbaðeiga(toown,have)withafmæli,asineinhveráafmæli(it’ssomebody’sbirthday,lit.somebodyhasabirthday).

•Theverbaðgefaisoneoftheverbswhichtaketwoobjects,oneinthedativeandoneintheaccusative.

Égætlaaðgefahenni(dat.)bók(acc.).

I’mgoingtogiveherabook.

ViðætlumaðgefaGuðmundi(dat.)hund(acc.).

We’regoingtogiveGuðmunduradog.

Tilhamingjumeðafmælið!Happybirthday!ÁstakemuríheimsókntilGuðrúnarmeðpakka.

CD2,TR9,00:56

Ásta Tilhamingjumeðafmælið!Guðrún Takk!Ásta Hérnaersmápakkifrámérogmömmuogpabba.Guðrún Takk!Ásta Ertubúinaðfámargarafmælisgjafir?Guðrún Já,égfékkskófrámömmuogpabba,bókfráGíslabróður,trefil

ogvettlingafráÖnnuvinkonu…Ásta HvaðfékkstufráBirni?Guðrún Peysuogsilfureyrnalokka.Eyrnalokkarnirerurosalegaflottir!

QUICKVOCAB

tilhamingjucongratulations

smáalittlepakki(m.)present,parcelmargarmanyskó(acc.pl.fromskór,m.)shoestrefil(acc.fromtrefill,m.)winterscarfvettlinga(acc.pl.fromvettlingur,m.)mittenssilfureyrnalokka(acc.pl.fromsilfureyrnalokkur,m.)silverearringsflottir(fromflottur)beautiful,great,coolelskudearinnilegar(frominnilegur)warm,heartyhamingjuóskir(pl.fromhamingjuósk,f.)congratulations(lit.wishesofhappiness)Languagenotes

•Notethatyoucanusetilhamingjuinmanysituations,forexampleifsomebodygetsapromotion,ascholarship,passestheirdrivingtest,etc.

Insight

Thewordelskuisusedwithnames(suchaselskuGuðrún,elskuBjörn)ifthereisacloserelationshipbetweenthetwopeople.ItismoreaffectionatethanEnglishdear.

Hvaðeruþaugömuloghvenæreigaþauafmæli?Howoldaretheyandwhenaretheirbirthdays?CD2,TR9,01:35

Hvaðeruþaugömul?Guðrúner27áragömul.Björner26áragamall.Christoferlíka26áragamall.Kristín,systirBjörns,er38áragömul.Þór,maðurKristínar,er42áragamall.

Ásta,dóttirþeirra,er14ára.Húnverður15áraeftirþrjámánuði.Inga,mammaBjörnsogKristínar,er62ára.

Hvenæreigaþauafmæli?Guðrúnáafmæli9.september.Björnáafmæli20.maí.Christofáafmæli2.mars.Kristínáafmæli25.janúar.Þóráafmæli10.júlí.Ástaáafmæli4.desember.Ingaáafmæli24.febrúar.

Ástufinnstekkigamanaðeigaafmæliaðvetritil.Íbyrjundesembererhúnlíkaalltafaðlesafyrirpróf,oghefurþvíekkitímatilaðhaldauppáafmæliðsitt.

QUICKVOCAB

Hvaðeruþaugömul?Howoldarethey?(lit.Whataretheyold?)27áragömul27yearsoldseptemberSeptembermaíMaymarsMarchjanúarJanuaryjúlíJulydesemberDecemberfebrúarFebruaryfinnstekkigamandoesn’tlike(lit.thinksitisnotnice)aðvetritilinthewinteríbyrjun(frombyrjun,f.)at/inthebeginninglesafyrirpróf(frompróf,acc.pl.,n.)readforexamsþvíthereforehefurekkitímahasn’tgottimetíma(acc.fromtími,m.)timetilaðtohaldauppáafmæliðsittcelebrateherbirthday

Insight

Ineverydaylanguageyouwouldleaveoutgamall/gömulandjustsayHann/Húner27(ára).

Grammar

Theirregularverbaðþurfa(toneed,haveto)inthepresenttenseandthepasttense

Note–Thepluralpresenttenseisregularasforallverbs(thereareafewexceptions).Thepasttenseisregular:stem+endingsfromGroup2regularverbs.

Moreaboutthedeclensionofadjectives

We’velearnttheweakdeclensionofalladjectivesandthestrongdeclensionofadjectivesendingin-urinthemasculinenominativesingular(likeenskur–English)andofadjectiveswhichhavenoendinginthemasculinenominativesingular(stemsendingin-ror-s,likestór–big;kurteis–polite)(seeUnit15).Nowwewilllearnthestrongdeclensionofallotheradjectives(endingin-r,-n,-l,-inninthemasculinenominativesingular).

Strongadjectivesendingin-rinthemasculinenominativesingulararedeclined

asfollows:

Languagenotes•Notethatadjectivesendingin-rinthemasculinenominativesingulararedeclinedlikeadjectivesendingin-urandadjectiveswithoutanendinginthemasculinenominativesingularexceptthatanextrarisaddedbeforeendingsbeginningwithanrandanextratbeforetheneutersingularending-t.Inthelistabovetheendingsinboldarethesameasthoseforadjectivesendingin-randadjectivesendingin-ur/adjectiveswithoutanending.Therandtwhichareaddedherebeforetheendingsareunderlined.

•Otheradjectiveswhicharedeclinedlikeblárare:hár(tall),grár(grey),opinskár(outspoken,frank),mjór(thin).

Strongadjectivesendingin-ninthemasculinenominativesingulararedeclinedasfollows.Rememberthatadjectiveswhichhavetheending-ninthemasculinenominativesingularalwayshaveanothernimmediatelyprecedingtheendingn(thefirstnbelongstothestem).

Insight

Rememberthatthelettersnnarepronouncedasdnwhentheyfollowaletter

withasuperscriptmark(í,ý,é,á,ú,ó)oradiphthong(æ,ei,ey,au).Brúnnispronouncedasifitwerespeltbrúdn,andbrúnni,brúnnarandbrúnnaarepronouncedbrúdni,brúdnarandbrúdna.

Languagenotes•Adjectivesendingin-ninthemasculinenominativesingulararedeclinedlikeadjectivesendingin-ur/adjectiveswithoutanendinginthemasculinenominativesingularexceptthatiftheendingbeginswithanr,itisreplacedbyn.Againinthelistabove,theendingsinboldarethesameforalladjectives(thoseendingin-r,-urorwithnoendinginthemasculinenominativesingular)andthecaseswherenreplacesrintheendingsareunderlined.

Strongadjectivesendingin-linthemasculinenominativesingulararedeclinedasfollows.Rememberthatadjectiveswhichhavetheending-linthemasculinenominativesingularalwayshaveanotherlimmediatelyprecedingtheendingl(thefirstlbelongstothestem).

Heretheu-umlautsoundchangeruleapplies:aintheunstressedsyllablechangestouandainthestressedsyllablechangestoö.Rememberthattheu-umlautruleappliesinthefemininesingularnominativeandneuterpluralnominativeandaccusativeforhistoricalreasons–theseformsusedtohaveauending.Rememberalsothatforallwordsendingin-(al)ltheain-(al)lisdroppedbeforeanendingbeginningwithavowelisadded(seeUnits13and15);e.g.ingamlaninthemasculinesingularaccusativetheaisdroppedbecausetheending(-an)beginswithavowel(gamal+-anbecomesgamlan)–thisismarkedwith*inthetableabove.Theadjectivegamallhasregularendings,exceptthatwhentheendingbeginswithr,itisreplacedbyl(inthesamewayasratthebeginningoftheendingisreplacedbyninthedeclensionofbrúnn).Thecaseswherelreplacesrintheendingsareunderlinedabove.

Strongadjectivesendingin-inninthemasculinenominativesingulararedeclinedasfollows(notethattheendingisreally-nandthe-in-belongstothe

stem:forexamplethestemoffeiminnisfeimin):

Languagenotes•Theendingsinthemasculinearethesameasforthedefinitearticleinthemasculine,theendingsinthefemininearethesameasforthedefinitearticleinthefeminineandtheendingsintheneuterarethesameasforthedefinitearticleintheneuter(exceptions:inthegenitivepluraltheendingis-innainsteadof-nnaasforthedefinitearticle,andsometimestheinitialiintheendingisleftoff(althoughthereisnovowelpreceding)).

•Notethatthisstrongdeclensionpatternforadjectivesendingin-inninthemasculinenominativesingularalsoappliestopastparticipleadjectivesendingin-inn,suchasorðinn(become),búinn(finished)(búinnintheverbconstructionverabúinnaðgeraeitthvaðisapastparticipleadjective),dáinn(died).Notethatthesepastparticipleadjectivesarenotusedinaweakdeclension,andsomeofthem(suchasorðinn,búinn)areonlyusedinthenominativeinthestrongdeclension.

Adjectivesendingin-andi

Someadjectivesendin-andiandtheyarenotdeclined,i.e.theydonotchangetheirformaccordingtogender,numberorcase.

Konaneraðlaðandi. Thewomanisattractive.Maðurinnerheillandi. Themanischarming.Éghittimjögaðlaðandikonu. Imetaveryattractivewoman.Éghittimjögheillandimann. Imetaverycharmingman.

Declensionofpossessivepronouns

Thepossessivepronounsminn(my)andþinn(your)aredeclinedinthesame

way.

Note–Thesearelikestrongadjectivesendingin-ninthemasculinenominativesingular,exceptforthemasculineaccusativesingular(minn)andneuternominativeandaccusativesingular(mitt)forms(underlinedabove).

Inthefirstpersonsingularyouusethepossessivepronounminn(my,mine)andinthesecondpersonsingularyouusethepossessivepronounþinn(your,yours).Thegenderofthepossessivepronoundependsonthegenderofwhatisowned:

Égkommeðmanninum(m.)mínum(m.)/þínum(m.).

Icamewithmy/yourhusband.

Hittirðukonuna(f.)mína(f.)/þína(f.)? Didyoumeetmy/yourwife?

Erþettaglasið(n.)mitt(n.)/þitt(n.)? Isthismy/yourglass?

Forotherpersonstherearenospecificpossessivepronouns,sothegenitiveformsoftherelevantpersonalpronounareused(andtheyarethenindeclinable):

thirdpersonsingular hans(his)hennar(her,hers)þess(its)–seldomused

firstpersonplural okkar(our,ours)secondpersonplural ykkar(your,yours)thirdpersonplural þeirra(their,theirs)

Bíllinnhanserflottur. Hiscarisgreat.Hittirðukonunahans? Didyoumeethiswife?Barniðhanser3ára. Hischildis3yearsold.

PabbiokkarheitirEinar. Ourfather’snameisEinar.Þekkirðumömmuokkar? Doyouknowourmother?Húsiðokkarergrátt. Ourhouseisgrey.

ThereisalsoareflexivepossessivepronouninIcelandic,sinn,whichreferstothesubjectofthesentenceandcanbetranslatedas‘hisown,herown’.Itisdeclinedlikeminnandþinn,anditsgenderdependsonthegenderofwhatisowned:

Annahringdiípabbasinn. Annerangherfather.Húntalaðiviðmömmusína. Shespoketohermother.Húnfórmeðbarninusínu. Shewentwithherchild.

NoticethedifferenceinmeaningbetweenAnnatalaðiviðmömmuhennar(notAnna’smum)andAnnatalaðiviðmömmusína(Anna’smum).

Rememberthatwe’vealreadylearntthereflexivepronounsig,whichalsoreferstothesubjectofthesentence(seeUnit14).Thedifferencebetweenthetwoisthatsinnisapossessivepronounandisusedwhenyou’retalkingaboutsomebodyowningsomething.

Givingsomebody’sage

CD2,TR9,03:09

Thegenitiveformsofnumeralsareusedtogivesomebody’sage.Notehoweverthatonlythenumbers1,2,3and4havegenitiveforms,soyouonlyhavetothinkaboutputtingthenumberinthegenitiveformwhenthepersonis1,2,3or4yearsold,orifthenumberendsin1,2,3or4(suchas21,32…).We’vealreadylearntthegenitiveformsof1,2,3and4(seeUnit14)buttheyare

repeatedhereforconvenience:

Forthenumber1therearethreeformsforthethreegendersandhereyouusethe

neuterformeins,becausethenounárisneuter.Notealsothatifthenumberendsin1thenyouusethegenitivesingularformofár–árs,butotherwisethegenitivepluralformofár–ára.

Hannerfimmtíuogeinsársgamall. Heis51yearsold.Húnertuttuguogþriggjaáragömul. Sheis23yearsold.Barniðertveggjaáragamalt. Thechildistwoyearsold.Hannerfimmtíuogfimmáragamall. Heis55yearsold.

Notethatformasculinenouns/pronounsyouusethemasculineformoftheadjectivegamall,forfemininenouns/pronounsyouusethefeminineform(gömul),andforneuternouns/pronounsyouusetheneuterform(gamalt).

SummaryoftheproductionstepsIftheyearendsin1,2,3or4,thenputthenumberinthegenitive(eins,tveggja,þriggja,fjögurra).

Puttheyearinthegenitive(eitherárs(ifthenumberendsin1)orára).

Usetherightgenderoftheadjective:gamall(m.),gömul(f.),gamalt(n.)(notethatgamaltisseldomusedwhentalkingaboutage–it’snormallyonlyusedwithbarn(child)).

Tosaythatsomeoneistwentyyearsold,youcanusetheadjectivetvítug(ur),i.e.youcansayeitherHannertuttuguáraorHannertvítugur.Similarlythereareadjectivesforthirtyyearsold,fortyyearsoldetc.:

20ára=tvítug(ur) 60ára=sextug(ur)30ára=þrítug(ur) 70ára=sjötug(ur)40ára=fertug(ur) 80ára=áttræð(ur)50ára=fimmtug(ur) 90ára=níræð(ur)

Theseadjectivesaredeclinedlikenormaladjectivesendingin-ur:

Éghittiþrítuganmann. Imetathirty-year-oldman.

Ordinalnumbersandtheirdeclension

TheordinalnumbersinEnglisharefirst,second,third,etc.TheyareinIcelandic:

1.fyrsti2.annar3.þriðji4.fjórði5.fimmti6.sjötti7.sjöundi8.áttundi9.níundi10.tíundi11.ellefti12.tólfti13.þrettándi14.fjórtándi15.fimmtándi16.sextándi17.sautjándi18.átjándi19.nítjándi20.tuttugasti21.tuttugastiogfyrsti30.þrítugasti40.fertugasti50.fimmtugasti60.sextugasti70.sjötugasti80.áttugasti90.nítugasti100.hundraðasti101.hundraðastiogfyrsti1000.þúsundasti1001.þúsundastiogfyrsti

Ordinalnumbersaredeclinedexactlylikeweakadjectives(seeUnit15).There

isoneexceptionthough,annar(second),whichisdeclinedasfollows:

Insight

Mostoftheendingsarethesameasforstrongadjectivesendingin-ur/adjectiveswithnoendinginthemasculinenominativesingular,butwhatcomesbeforetheendingsisirregular.

Months,seasons,highdaysandholidays

MonthsCD2,TR9,03:38

janúar Januaryfebrúar Februarymars Marchapríl Aprilmaí Mayjúní Junejúlí Julyágúst Augustseptember Septemberoktóber Octobernóvember Novemberdesember December

Insight

Thenamesofthemonthsarewrittenwithoutacapitalletter.

mánuður(m.)month íhvaðamánuðiinwhichmonthímánuðinuminthismonth

Íhvaðamánuðihittirðuhana? (In)Whichmonthdidyoumeether?Ætlarðuaðheimsækjahanaí Areyougoingtovisitherthis

mánuðinum? month?Highdaysandholidaysjól(n.,pl.)Christmas Gleðilegjól!MerryChristmas!

JólineruídesemberJólin–þaueru…

gamlárskvöld(n.)NewYear’sEvenýársdagur(m.) Gleðilegtnýttár!Gleðilegtár!NewYear’sDay HappyNewYear!páskar(m.,pl.)Easter Gleðilegapáska!HappyEaster!

Páskarnireruímarseðaapríl.Páskarnir–þeireru…

SeasonsCD2,TR9,04:02

vor(n.)spring ívorththis/lastspringsumar(n.)summer ísumarthis/lastsummerhaust(n.)autumn íhaustthis/lastautumnvetur(m.)winter íveturthis/lastwinter

ÍvorfórégtilÞýskalands. InthespringIwenttoGermany.ÍvorætlaégaðfaratilÞýskalands. InthespringI’mgoingtoGermany.

Dates

Datesareusedineitherthenominativeortheaccusative.Youusethenominativewhenyouanswerquestionssuchas:

Hvaðamánaðardagurerídag? Whatdayofthemonthisittoday?Ídager2.(annar)september. Todayisthe2ndofSeptember.Ígærvar1.(fyrsti)september. Yesterdaywasthe1stofSeptember.Ámorguner3.(þriðji)september. Tomorrowisthe3rdofSeptember.

Youusetheaccusativewhenyou’resayingwhensomethinghappened:

Égáafmæli2.(annan)ágúst. Mybirthdayisonthe2ndofAugust.ViðförumtilSvíþjóðar10.(tíunda)maí.

WewenttoSwedenonthe10thofMay.

HúnkomtilReykjavíkur3.(þriðja)mars.

ShecametoReykjavikonthe3rdofMarch.

PracticeWorkoutwhatthequestionswerethatpromptedtheseanswers.Ifyouhavetherecording,trytoanswerthequestionswithoutlookingatthebook.

CD2,TR9,04:14Égáafmælitólftaseptember.

Mammaáafmælituttugastaogfjórðafebrúar.Pabbiáafmælitíundajúlí.

Já,einn–vinurminnáafmæliannanjanúar.

Égerþrjátíuogsjö.

Mammaerfimmtíuogsexenpabbiersextíuogþriggja.

Bestivinurminnerþrjátíuogfjögurra.

Ídagertuttugastiogannarfebrúar.

Ígærvartuttugastiogfyrstifebrúar.Ífyrradagvartuttugastifebrúar.

Égbyrjaðiaðlæraíslenskufjórðamars.

Þaueruídesember.

Þeireruímarseðaapríl.

Lookbackatthedialoguesinthisunitandseeifyoucananswerthefollowingquestions.

FékkGuðrúnafmælisgjöffráÁstu?

HvaðfékkhúníafmælisgjöffráBirni?

Hvaðfékkhúnfrámömmusinniogpabba?

ÆtlaðiChristofaðgefahennieitthvaðíafmælisgjöf?

HvenæráChristofafmæli?EnInga?

SayinIcelandichowoldthefollowingpeopleare.Ifyouhavetherecording,trythisasanumberdictationexercise.

CD2,TR9,07:35Gunnaris52yearsold.

Annais40yearsold.

Þóris23yearsold.

Ragnaris19yearsold.

Kristínis3yearsold.

Magnúsis74yearsold.

Givethecorrectformsoftheverbaðþurfa.

CD2,TR9,08:29Hvað__________(presenttense)þúaðgeraámorgun?

Ég___________(pasttense)aðfaraheimklukkanníu.

Við____________(presenttense)aðkaupaafmælisgjöfhandaÖnnu.

Givethecorrectformsofthepossessivepronounsinbrackets.

CD2,TR9,09:05Þettaerhúsið_________(minn).

Húnvaraðtalaviðvinkonu_______(sinn).

Náðirðuíbílinn________(minn)?

Húnætlaraðheimsækjaömmu_________(sinn)ámorgun.

Borðaðirðusúkkulaðið___________(minn)?

Éghittikennarann_________(þinn).

Summary•Importantvocabulary:Annaáafmæliámorgun.Hvaðverðurhúngömul?Húnverður28ára.ÉgætlaaðkaupaafmælisgjöfhandaÖnnu.Tilhamingjumeðafmælið!

•Importantvocabulary:mánuður(m.),janúar,febrúar,mars,apríl,maí,júní,júlí,ágúst,september,október,nóvember,desember;Íhvaðamánuðihittirðuhann?

•Importantvocabulary:vor(n.),sumar(n.),haust(n.),vetur(m.).

•Importantvocabulary:jól(n.pl.):Gleðilegjól!Jólineruídesember.gamlárskvöld(n.),nýársdagur(m.):Gleðilegtnýttár!Gleðilegtár!páskar(m.pl.):Gleðilegapáska!Páskarnireruímarseðaapríl.

•Theverbaðgefatakestwoobjects,onedativeandoneaccusative.Example:ÉgætlaaðgefaGunnari(dat.)bók(acc.).

•Irregularverbaðþurfa:present:égþarf,þúþarft,hannþarf,viðþurfum,þiðþurfið,þeirþurfapast:égþurfti,þúþurftir,hannþurfti,viðþurftum,þiðþurftuð,þeirþurftupastparticiple:þurftThepluralpresenttenseisregular.Thepasttenseisregular:stem+Group2regularverbendings.

•Strongadjectiveswhosemasculinenominativesingularformendsin-ror-ntakethesameendingsasthosethatendin-ur(seeUnit15),exceptthattheyinsertrbeforeendingsbeginningwith-randtbeforethe-toftheneutersingularending:nom.sing.:m.blár,f.blá,n.bláttacc.sing.:m.bláan,f.bláa,n.bláttdat.sing.:m.bláum,f.blárri,n.bláu

gen.sing.:m.blás,f.blárrar,n.blásnom.pl.:m.bláir,f.bláar,n.bláacc.pl.:m.bláa,f.bláar,n.bládat.pl.:m.bláum,f.bláum,n.bláumgen.pl.:m.blárra,f.blárra,n.blárra•Strongadjectiveswhosemasculinenominativesingularformendsin-ntakethesameendings,exceptthat-nreplaces-ratthebeginningofendings.Rememberthatthestemitselfendsin-n:nom.sing.:m.brúnn,f.brún,n.bruntacc.sing.:m.brúnn,f.brúna,n.bruntdat.sing.:m.brúnum,f.brúnni,n.brúnugen.sing.:m.brúns,f.brúnnar,n.brúnsnom.pl.:m.brúnir,f.brúnar,n.brúnacc.pl.:m.brúna,f.brúnar,n.brúndat.pl.:m.brúnum,f.brúnum,n.brúnumgen.pl.:m.brúnna,f.brúnna,n.brúnna•Strongadjectiveswhosemasculinenominativesingularformendsin-ltakethesameendings,exceptthatlreplacesr(orn)atthebeginningofendings.Rememberthatthestemitselfendsin-l.Theaofthe(-al)lendingdisappearsbeforeanendingbeginningwithavowel.nom.sing.:m.gamall,f.gömul,n.gamaltacc.sing.:m.gamlan,f.gamla,n.gamaltdat.sing.:m.gömlum,f.gamalli,n.gömlugen.sing.:m.gamals,f.gamallar,n.gamalsnom.pl.:m.gamlir,f.gamlar,n.gömulacc.pl.:m.gamla,f.gamlar,n.gömuldat.pl.:m.gömlum,f.gömlum,n.gömlumgen.pl.:m.gamalla,f.gamalla,n.gamallaIngamalltheu-umlautsoundchangeruleapplies:aintheunstressedsyllablechangestouandainthestressedsyllablechangestoö.Theu-umlautruleappliesinthef.sing.nom.andn.pl.nom.andacc.formsforhistoricalreasons.

•Strongadjectiveswhosemasculinenominativesingularformendsin-innaredeclinedasfollows.(The-in-isreallypartofthestem.)nom.sing.:m.feiminn,f.feimin,n.feimiðacc.sing.:m.feiminn,f.feimna,n.feimiðdat.sing.:m.feimnum,f.feiminni,n.feimnugen.sing.:m.feimins,f.feiminnar,n.feiminsnom.pl.:m.feimnir,f.feimnar,n.feiminacc.pl.:m.feimna,f.feimnar,n.feimindat.pl.:m.feimnum,f.feimnum,n.feimnum

gen.pl.:m.feimnum,f.feiminna,n.feiminnaTheendingsarenearlythesameasforthedefinitearticle.Thisstrongdeclensionpatternalsoappliestopastparticipleadjectivesendingin-inn,suchasorðinnandbúinn.

•Adjectivesendingin-andiarenotdeclined.Examples:Konaneraðlaðandi.Éghittimjögaðlaðandikonu.

•Thepossessivepronounsminn(my)andþinn(your)aredeclinedlikestrongadjectiveswhosem.nom.singformendsin-n,exceptfortheformsunderlinedbelow.nom.sing.:m.minn,f.mín,n.mittacc.sing.:m.minn,f.mína,n.mittdat.sing.:m.mínum,f.minni,n.mínugen.sing.:m.míns,f.minnar,n.mínsnom.pl.:m.mínir,f.mínar,n.mínacc.pl.:m.mína,f.mínar,n.míndat.pl.:m.mínum,f.mínum,n.mínumgen.pl.:m.minna,f.minna,n.minnaThethirdpersonsingularandallthepluralpossessivesareindeclinable:hans(his),hennar(her,hers),þess(its),okkar(our,ours),ykkar(pl.your,yours),þeirra(their,theirs).Thereflexivepossessivepronoun,sinn,declinedlikeminnandþinn,refersbacktothesubjectofthesentenceandcanbetranslatedas‘hisown,herown’.Example:Annatalaðiviðmömmuhennar.=Annaspoketoher(notAnna’s)mum.Annatalaðiviðmömmusína.=Annaspoketoher(own)mum.

•Whengivingsomeone’sageyouusethegenitiveformsofthenumerals(i.e.of1,2,3and4).Thewordárisusedingenitivesingular,árs,ifthenumberendsin1;otherwiseitisusedingenitiveplural,ára.Examples:Hannerfimmtíuogeinsársgamall.Húnertuttuguogþriggjaáragömul.

Congratulations–youhavereachedtheendofCompleteIcelandicIhopeyouhaveenjoyedworkingyourwaythroughthecourse.Iamalwayskeentoreceivefeedbackfrompeoplewhohaveusedmycourse,sowhynotcontactmeandletmeknowyourreactions?I’llbepleasedtoreceiveyourpraise,butIshouldalsoliketoknowifyouthinkthingscouldbeimproved.IalwayswelcomecommentsandsuggestionsandIdomybesttoincorporateconstructivesuggestionsintolatereditions.

Youcancontactmethroughthepublishersat:TeachYourselfBooks,HachetteUK,338EustonRoad,LondonNW13BH.

Allthebest!

HildurJónsdóttir

Takingitfurther

Books

ThesebooksarewrittenbyexperiencedteachersofIcelandicforforeigners(andtheyareallnativespeakersofIcelandic).Íslenskafyriralla1–4bySólborgJónsdóttirandÞorbjörgHalldórsdóttir,2007,Mímir,Reykjavík.TherearefourbooksandthefirstthreeareaccompaniedbyaCD.

LearningIcelandicbyAuðurEinarsdóttir,GuðrúnTheodórsdóttir,MaríaGarðarsdóttirandSigríðurÞorvaldsdóttir,2001,Málogmenning,Reykjavík.ThebookisaccompaniedbyaCD.

Afstað–kennslubókííslenskufyrirbyrjendurbyBirnaArnbjörnsdóttir,IngibjörgHafstaðandHelgaGuðrúnLoftsdóttir,2003,Fjölmenning,Reykjavík.

Averygoodgrammarbookis:Íslenskafyrirútlendinga–kennslubókímálfræðibyÁstaSvavarsdóttirandMargrétJónsdóttir,1998,MálvísindastofnunHáskólaÍslands,Reykjavík.

ThisbookiswrittenbyexperiencednativeIcelandicteachersofIcelandictoforeigners.ItiswritteninIcelandic,andmightthereforebedifficultforbeginners,butitisessentialformoreadvancedstudents.

CD-ROM

CarryOnIcelandicbyÚlfarBragason,BaldurA.SigurvinssonandGuðrúnTheodórsdóttir,2004,SigurðurNordalInstitute,Reykjavík.

Dictionaries

AverygoodanddetailedEnglish–Icelandicdictionaryis:Ensk-íslenskorðabókmeðalfræðileguívafi,JóhannS.Hannesson(ed.),1984,

Málogmenning,Reykjavík.

AnotherEnglish–Icelandicdictionarywhichisverygood,butnotasthoroughastheoneabove,is:Ensk–íslenskskólaorðabók,JónSkaptason(ed.),1998,Málogmenning,Reykjavík.

TwogoodIcelandic–Englishdictionariesare:Íslensk–enskorðabók,ArngrímurSigurðsson,1994,Málogmenning,Reykjavík.

Íslensk–enskorðabók,SverrirHólmarsson;Sanders,Christopher;Tucker,John;1989,Iðunn,Reykjavík.

Thesedictionaryandothersareavailableonlineatwww.snara.isforasubscriptionfee.

Quitegoodbilingualdictionaries(IcelandictoandfromotherEuropeanlanguages)arealsoavailable.

Websites

Twoverygoodonline-dictionariesare:

Orðabók.is(www.ordabok.is),English-IcelandicandIcelandic-Englishdictionary.Youhavetopayforasubscription.

Icelandic-Englishdictionary(http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/IcelOnline/IcelOnline.TEId-idx?id=IcelOnline.IEOrd).ThisisafreedictionaryandisbasedonthedictionarybySverrirHólmarssonetal.(seeabove).

OnthewebsiteofTheÁrniMagnússonInstituteforIcelandicStudies(StofnunÁrnaMagnússonarííslenskumfræðum)youcansearchforthedeclensionandconjugationofwords(http://bin.arnastofnun.is/).ThewebsitealsoincludesadatabasewithexamplesfromwrittenmaterialthatshowtheusageofIcelandicwords(http://www.arnastofnun.is/page/arnastofnun_gagnasafn_ritmal).Furthermore,thewebsiteincludesterminologyglossaries(http://www.ordabanki.hi.is/wordbank/search).Sagnavefurinn(http://notendur.hi.is/gt/sagnavefur/sagnavefur.htm),developedbyGuðrún

TheodórsdóttirandstudentsattheUniversityofIceland,showstheconjugationandusageofthe100mostcommonverbsinIcelandic.

ExcellentmaterialforlearningIcelandicontheinternetistheUniversityofIceland’swebcourse,IcelandicOnline(http://icelandic.hi.is/).Bragi(http://www2.hu-berlin.de/bragi/)isawebsitewithmaterialdevelopedforteachingIcelandictoforeigners.

TheÁrniMagnússonInstituteforIcelandicStudies(http://www.arnastofnun.is)organizessummercoursesinIcelandicforforeignerseachyear.MímirSímenntun(www.mimir.is)andEndurmenntunar-stofnunHáskolaÍslands(www.endurmenntun.hi.is)alsoorganizeIcelandiccoursesthroughouttheyear.

YoucanorderbooksfromabroadfromBóksalastúdenta(www.boksala.is),Edda(www.edda.is)andForlagið(http://www.forlagid.is/).

YoucanlistentothefollowingIcelandicradiostationsonline:Rás1(seewww.ruv.is),Rás2(seewww.ruv.is),Bylgjan(seehttp://bylgjan.visir.is/)andFm95.7(seehttp://fm957.visir.is/).YoucanwatchtwoIcelandicTVchannelsonline:Ríkissjónvarpið(seewww.ruv.is)andStöð2(seehttp://stod2.visir.is/).

SomebooksinIcelandic(suchasIcelandicnovels,Icelandicfolktales,theBible,etc.)canbefoundontheweb;seewww.snerpa.is/net.

ThefollowingIcelandicnewspapersareavailableontheweb:Morgunblaðið(www.mbl.is)

Fréttablaðið(www.visir.is)

www.onlinenewspapers.com/iceland.htmgivesanup-to-datelistofnewspapersavailableonline.

Keytotheexercises

Unit11Góðandag!ÉgerfráEnglandi.ÉgheitiSuzanna.Enþú?2aViðheitumJonogMarkus.bNei,viðerumfráSvíþjóð.3Þýskaland(Germany),Sviss(Switzerland),Noregur(Norway),Pólland(Poland),Finnland(Finland),Svíþjóð(Sweden).4ChantalerfráFrakklandi.PierreerfráKanada.RosarioerfráMexíkó.TimurerfráTyrklandi.SanjayerfráIndlandi.AtsukoerfráJapan.TanyaogVadimerufráRússlandi.IngaerfráÍslandi.

Unit21Fyrirgefðu,talarþútalarðuensku?Égtalalíkadönsku!2aHanntalarþýskusemmóðurmál,oghanntalarlíkaensku,spænskuogítölsku–ogsvolitlaíslensku.bHúntalarhollenskusemmóðurmál,oghúntalarlíkaensku,þýskuogrússnesku–ogsvolitlaíslensku,einsogChristof.3Góðandag!Hvaðanertu?;Hvaðatungumáltalarðu?/ÉgerfráSvíþjóð.Égtalasænsku,norsku,dönsku,íslenskuogensku.IamfromSweden.IspeakSwedish,Norwegian,Danish,IcelandicandEnglish.4aHanntalaríslensku,dönskuogsænsku.bÞau(þeir/þær)talaekkiensku.cHvaðatungumáltalarhann?dÞau(þeir/þær)talabarafrönsku.eTalarAnnalíkaíslensku?

Unit31aHún/MammamínheitirMarion.bHann/PabbiminnheitirDesmond.cHún/AmmamínheitirGladys.Hann/AfiminnheitirTerry.dHann/BróðirminnheitirSean.Hún/SystirmínheitirTracy.2aiiibvcidiveii3aGunnarerfráÍslandi.bHanntalaríslensku.cForeldrarhansheitaSigríðurogMagnús.dHvaðheitirammahans?eSystirBjörns,Kristín,ergift.fMaðurinnhennarheitirÞór.

Unit41(possibleanswers)aKonanerhávaxin,dökkhærðogfrekaralvarleg.bKonanerlágvaxin,svolítiðþybbinogmeðljósthár.Húnerungoghamingjusöm.cMaðurinnerlágvaxinnogsköllóttur.Hannerreiður.dStrákurinnerhároggrannur.Hannermeðsítt,ljósthár.2afyndin,leiðinleg,svartbrólegur,traustur

csæt,þybbindmjóelatur,þrjóskur,kurteis3aHúnerAtladóttir.bHúnerIngadóttir.cHúnerEinarsdóttir.dHúnerKarlsdóttir.eHannerSnorrason.fHannerAlbertsson.gHannerJóhannsson.hHannerGuðmundsson.

Unit51Égeraðlesabók./ÞeireruaðtalasamanumReykjavík./HanneríReykjavík.2Whatareyoureading?3aAnnaogIngaeruaðtalasaman.bHvaðheitirbókin?cHúnheitirÍslandámorgun.dHvarerlistasafnið?eÞaðeríReykjavík.fHvaðertuaðlesa?gÉgeraðlesabókumÍtalíu.

Unit61aKlukkanertólf.bKlukkanertvö.cKlukkanerfjögur.dKlukkanerþrjú.eKlukkanersjö.fKlukkanereitt.2aTveirplúsþrírerufimm.bFjórirmínuseinneruþrír.cEinnplústólferuþrettán.dÞrírplúsfjórtánerusautján.eFimmplúsfimmtánerututtugu.fTveirplússextáneruátján.gTveirplúsþrettánerufimmtán.hFjórirplúsfimmtánerunítján.iÁtjánmínusáttaerutíu.jTíumínusáttaerutveir.3aNítjánhundruðogþrjátíu–1930.bTvöþúsundogeitt–2001.cNítjánhundruðsjötíuogþrjú–1973.dFimmtánhundruðfimmtíuogeitt–1551.eFjórtánhundruðþrjátíuogsjö–1437.4aSímanúmeriðhjáÖnnuerfimm,sex,fjórir,þrír,núll,fimm,sex.bSímanúmeriðhjáInguerfjórir,þrír,einn,átta,níu,fjórir,einn.cSíminnhjáÁstuerfimm,fimm,núll,tveir,núll,þrír,einn.dSíminnhjáKáraerfjórir,fimm,þrír,níu,fjórir,sjö,átta.eSíminnhjáAtlaerfimm,sex,fjórir,þrír,tveir,tveir,þrír.5Eittþúsundníuhundruðogníutíukrónur./Nítjánhundruðogníutíukrónur.Tvöþúsundníuhundruðogníutíukrónur.Þrjúþúsundníuhundruðogníutíukrónur.Níuþúsund,níuhundruðogníutíukrónur.Fimmþúsundníuhundruðogníutíukrónur.6aÉgbýíLondon.bHúnbýráAkureyri.cHannbýríReykjavík.dHannbýríBerlín.eHúnbýríMünchen.fÞaubúaáÍsafirði.7aKringlunnieitt,hundraðogþrjúReykjavík.Sími:fimm,sex,níu,einn,einn,núll,núllfimm,sex,níu,ellefu,núll,núllfimm,sextíuogníu,ellefu,núll,núllfimm,sextíuogníu,ellefuhundruðfimm,sex,níu,ellefuhundruð.Símbréf:fimm,sex,níu,einn,þrír,tveir,níufimm,sex,níu,þrettán,tuttuguogníufimm,sextíuogníu,þrettán,tuttuguogníu.bStórhöfðiþrjátíuogþrjú.Sími:fimm,sjö,sjö,fjórir,einn,núll,núllfimm,sjö,sjö,fjörutíuogeinn,núll,núllfimm,sjötíuogsjö,fjörutíuogeinnnúllnúll.Fax:fimm,sjö,sjö,fjórir,einn,núll,einn/fimm,sjö,sjö,fjörutíuogeinn,núll,einn/fimm,sjötíuogsjö,fjörutíuogeinn,núll,einn.cOpiðásunnudagfráklukkanþrettántilsextánfráklukkaneitttilfjögur.Bæjarlindsex,tvöhundruðKópavogi.Sími:fimm,fimm,fjórir,sex,þrír,núll,núllfimm,fimmfjórir,sextíu

ogþrír,núll,núll/fimm,fimmtíuogfjórir,sextíuogþrír,núll,núll.dKlapparstígfjörutíuogfjögur.Sími:fimm,sex,tveir,þrír,sex,einn,fjórir/fimm,sex,tveir,þrjátíuogsex,fjórtán/fimm,sextíuogtveir,þrjátíuogsex,fjórtán.eSími:fimm,sex,níu,fimm,einn,núll,núll/fimm,sex,níu,fimmtíuogeinn,núll,núllfimm,sextíuogníu,fimmtíuogeinn,núll,núll.Fax:fimm,sex,níu,fimm,tveir,fimm,einnfimm,sex,níu,fimmtíuogtveir,fimmtíuogeinn/fimm,sextíuogníu,fimmtíuogtveir,fimmtíuogeinn.

Unit71aÉgætlaaðhittaÖnnuannaðkvöld.bÉgætlaaðhittaErluámorgun.cÉgætlaaðhringjaíLáruáföstudaginn.dÉgætlaaðfaratilÍslandsámánudaginneÞeir(Tónleikarnir)byrjaklukkanhálfníu.fÉgætlaaðfaraámorgunklukkankorteryfirþrjú.gÉgætlaaðhittaDóruklukkantuttugumínúturyfirníu.hViðætlumaðfaraklukkankorteríníu.2aámorgun=tomorrow,annaðkvöld=tomorrowevening,sunnudagskvöldið=Sundayevening;ídag=today,laugardaginn19.=Saturday19thbíkvöld=tonight,thisevening,föstudag=Friday,laugardag=Saturdaycídag=today,fimmtudag=Thursday,ámorgun=tomorrow,föstudag=Fridaydmán.–fim.=Mondays–Thursdays,föst.=Fridays,laug.ogsun.=SaturdaysandSundays,mán.–mið.=Mondays–Wednesdays,þri.–föst.=Tuesdays–Fridays,mán.–fös.=Mondays–Fridays,lau.=Saturdays.3aMiðvikudagur./Ídagermiðvikudagur.bþriðjudagur./Ígærvarþriðjudagur.cMánudagur./Ífyrradagvarmánudagur.dFimmtudagur./Ámorgunerfimmtudagur.4ÉgeraðlesabókumÍtalíu./HúnheitirÍtalíaámorgun.Jú,égerlíkaaðlesabókumÍsland–húnheitirÍslandídag.Égfersnemma,klukkanníuífyrramálið.5aHvaðadagurerídag?Þaðersunnudagur.bFyrirgefðu,hvaðerklukkan?Húnerhálfþrjú.6bHúnbyrjarklukkantuttuguogsexmínúturyfirníu.(09.26).cHúnbyrjarklukkansjömínúturítíu.(09.53).dÞaðbyrjarklukkantíumínúturyfirellefu.(11.10).eHannbyrjarklukkantuttuguogfimmmínúturyfireitt.(13.25).fÞaðbyrjarklukkantíumínúturífjögur.(15.50).gÞaðbyrjarklukkantuttugumínúturíátta.(19.40).hHúnbyrjarklukkantuttuguogfimmmínúturyfirátta.(20.25).iHúnbyrjarklukkanhálfellefu.(22.30).jHannbyrjarklukkanátta.(08.00).kHúnbyrjarklukkantuttugumínúturísex.(17.40).lÞaðbyrjarklukkanfimmmínúturísjö.(18.55).mÞaðbyrjarklukkansjö.(19.00).nHúnbyrjarklukkanhálftvö.(01.30)

Unit81akennibgerircgeradþekkireætlaðifætluðumgkenndumhhittu2HúnerviðskiptafræðingurogvinnurhjáLandsbankaÍslands.Nei,hanneraðlæra

læknisfræði.Nei,hannerlögfræðingur.Nei,húnerfiðluleikari.Nei,húnvinnurhjá(orá)fasteignasölu./Nei,hannerdósentísagnfræði.3leikkona,leikari,lögfræðingur,kennari,þjónn,tölvufræðingur,sálfræðingur,fiðluleikari,sagnfræðingur,líffræðingur,læknir,þýðandi,smiður,kokkur,ritari.

Unit91ahannbhanschanadhennaremigfþigghannhþaðiþærjykkurkþálþaumokkur.2aJá,hannvarbúinnaðhittaErlu.bJá,hannvarbúinnaðskoðahúsDavíðsStefánssonar.cJá,hannvarbúinnaðfaraíAkureyrarkirkju.dNei,hannvarekkibúinnaðheimsækjaSnorra.eJá,hannvarbúinnaðfaraísund.fJá,hannvarbúinnaðskoðaLystigarðinn.3Sæl!/Mjögvel.Já,éghittiErluígærogégætlaaðheimsækjaSnorraámorgun.Nei,húneríReykjavíknúna.Já,égfóraðskoðaþaðígær.4aHaveyoumetKáriyet?Yes,wemetonTuesday.Didyoulikehim?/Yes,verymuch!

Unit101akembkomumcKemurdkomstekom2kom–fyrradag–mjög–heimsækja–vinkonu–mánudaginn–bráðum3aHæ!Gamanaðsjáþig!bHafðirðuþaðekkigott?cHvenærkemurðuafturheim?

Unit111Góðandaginn./Já,égætlaaðfásamlokumeðsmjöri,hangikjötiogsalati.Já,einaflöskuafsódavatni.Já,takk./Takk!2aRétt.bRétt.cRétt.dRangt.eRangt.fRétt.gRangt.hRétt.iRétt.3bBjörnvildikomaviðísjoppuáleiðinniheim,afþvíaðhannvarrosalegasvangur.cAnnavildilíkafáeitthvaðaðborða.dBjörnvildifásamlokumeðostioggrænmeti.eBjörnvildiekkifápoka.fBjörnogmammahansvoruaðtalasaman.gÞaðvantaðibarasmjöroghangikjöt.hBjörnætlaðiaðfaraútíbúð.iMammaBjörnsskrifaðilista.4atalaðbskrifaðcfariðdkomiðeget

Unit121aÁttubEigacEigiðdáenæ2Eigumviðekkiaðkaupaperuroggulrætur?/Eigumviðekkilíkaaðkaupafisk?/Égætlaaðnáínammið.Geturþúnáðíísinn?3aJá,þaukeyptugrænmeti.bJá,þaukeyptuappelsínur.cNei,þaukeyptuekkihangikjöt.dJá,þaukeyptubrauð.eNei,þaukeyptuekkipylsur.fNei,þaukeyptuekkikjötbollur.gNei,þaukeyptuekkisamlokur.4aTalaðuviðhann!bNáðuíbílinn!cKauptubókina!dKallaðuáhann!eFarðumeðhonum!

fHringduíIngu!

Unit131Já,mérfinnstfiskurgóður./Nei,mérfinnstfiskibollurekkigóðar.Já,mérfinnstbrauðmeðsmjöriogostigott.Já,mérfinnstsælgætirosalegagott./Nei,mérfinnstgrænmetiekkigott.2aJá,égheflesiðbók/bækureftirHalldórLaxness./Nei,éghefaldreilesiðbókeftirHalldórLaxness.bJá,éghefoftfariðtilÞýskalands./Nei,éghefaldreifariðÞýsklands.cJá,éghefoftkomiðtilÍslands./Nei,éghefaldreikomiðtilÍslands.dJá,éghefofthittÍslendinga./Nei,éghefaldreihittÍslendinga.eJá,égheflesiðbókumÍsland/Nei,éghefaldreilesiðbókumÍsland.3aÞeirbÞeircÞærdþáeþærfþá4akennaranabhnífacstrákanadmenninaelæknanafbílanaglögfræðingana

Unit141aÓlafureraðæfasigaðlesarússnesku.bHvaðfékkstuþéraðborða?cÉgfékkmérsamlokumeðsmjöriogeplum.dHannrakaðisigímorgun.2aivbiicvdieviifviiigvihiii3aGetég(nokkuð)fengiðvatnsglas?bGeturðunokkuðréttmérsmjörið?ciTakkfyrirmig.iiVerðiþéraðgóðu.4aJá,égborðaoftepli.Nei,égborðamjögsjaldanappelsínur.bJá,égfæméroftísmeðjarðarberjum.cNei,éghefaldreismakkaðísmeðbláberjum.dJá,égborðamjögoftgrænmeti.eÉgborðaoftastgulrætur.5abyrjaðurbsofnuðcþekkturdfarinegleymt

Unit151aÆtlarðuaðgeraeitthvaðíkvöld?bViltukomaíbíó?/Ertutilíaðkomaíbíó?/Langarþigaðkomaíbíó?cÁhvaðamyndeigumviðaðfara?/Hvaðamyndeigumviðaðsjá?2aJá,Björn(hann)hringiríGunnar.bJá,Gunnar(hann)langaraðfaraíbíó.cHúneríHáskólabíói.dÞaðerspennumynd.eHannheitirKeanuReeves.fJá,húnvilllíkafaraíbíó.gJá,þeirætlaaðnáíhana.3agóðarbgóðircenskudítölskuehressafstórirgvitlausarhdanska4aÆtlarðuaðgeraeitthvaðíkvöld?/bErueinhverjargóðarmyndiríbíónúna?

Unit161aHvenæráttuafmæli?bHvenærámammaþínafmæli?Enpabbiþinn?cÞekkirðueinhvernsemáafmæliíjanúar?dHvaðertugamall(/gömul)?eHvaðerumammaþínogpabbigömul?fHvaðerbestivinurþinngamall?gHvaðamánaðardagurerídag?hHvaðamánaðardagurvarígær?Enífyrradag?i

Hvenærbyrjaðirðuaðlæraíslensku?jÍhvaðamánuðierujólin?kÍhvaðamánuðierupáskarnir?2aJá,húnfékkafmælisgjöffráÁstu(ogforeldrumhennar/mömmuhennarogpabba).bHúnfékkpeysuogsilfureyrnalokka.cHúnfékkskó.dJá,hannætlaðiaðgefahennieitthvaðíafmælisgjöf.eHann/Christofáafmæliannanmars.Hún/Ingaáafmælituttugastaogfjórðafebrúar.3aGunnarerfimmtíuogtveggjaára(gamall).bAnnaerfertug/fjörutíuára(gömul).cÞórertuttuguogþriggjaára(gamall).dRagnarernítjánára(gamall).eKristínerþriggjaára(gömul).fMagnúsersjötíuogfjögurraára(gamall).4aþarftbþurfticþurfum5amittbsínacminndsínaemittfþinn

Appendix:moreonpronunciation

SymbolsinsquarebracketsareIPA(InternationalPhoneticAlphabet)symbolsexceptforthefollowing,whicharecommonlyusedinIcelandicphoneticsbooks:

Icelandic IPA[þ] [u][ö] [œ]

Vowels

Consonants

Otherrules

Thelettersllarepronouncedas[ l/ ].Examples:fjall(mountain),hóll(hill),kjóll(dress),galli(flaw),hellir(cave),stóll(chair).Inafewloanwordsandinnicknames,however,llispronouncedaslong[l]:innicknames:Kalli,Palli,Solla,Ella,inloanwords:galli(clothes,overall),gallabuxur(jeans),halló(hello),Holland(theNetherlands),ball(ball,dance).

Thelettersnnarepronounced[ n]/[ ]whenprecededbyaletterwithasuperscriptmark(í,ý,é,á,ú,ó)orbyadiphthong(æ,ei,ey,au).Examples:brúnn(brown),steinn(stone),Spánn(Spain).Otherwisennispronouncedaslong[n].Examples:inni(inside),tunna(barrel).Thereis,however,anexceptiontothisrule:ifnnispartofthedefinitearticleitisalwayspronouncedaslong[n].Examples:brúnni(thebridge,dative),kránni(thepub,dative).

Thelettersrnarepronouncedas[r n]/[r ].Example:fornöld(ancienttimes).Ther-soundcanoftenbedropped,sothelettersrnarethenjustpronounced[n]/[ ].Thiscanbedone(1)inverycommonwords(Björn(aman’sname),Bjarni(aman’sname),þarna(there),hérna(here),barn(child))and(2)whenthenbelongstothedefinitearticle(afarnir(thegrandfathers,definite)).Notethatthedroppingofthe[r]isoptional:Björncanbepronounced[ jör ]or[ jö ].Ineverydayspeechitisverycommon,however,thoughtodropthe[r]inthesecases.

Whentheletterspp,tt,kk;pl,tl,kl;pn,tn,knappearbetweenvowels,theyarepreaspirated,i.e.an[h]soundispronouncedbeforethem,andthefollowingstop([ , , ,‰])isthenshort.The[h]soundis(normally)aclear,ordinaryhsound,liketheoneinhús(house).Itishelpfultoimagineafalseboundarybetweenthe[h]soundandthestop([ , , ,‰]);thenyouhavean[h]soundattheendofthefirstpart,anditiseasiertopronouncean[h]attheendthaninthemiddleofaword.Sowhenyousaytheworduppi,sayitintwosteps:[yh– I].Examples:uppi(upstairs),köttur(cat),ekki(not),epli(apple),fatlaður(handicapped),hekla(crochet),opna(open),vatn(water),sakna(miss).

Icelandic–Englishvocabulary

ThewordsarelistedaccordingtotheIcelandicalphabet:

aábdðeéfghiíjklmnoóprstuúvxyýþæöaðthat,toaðal-mainaðallegamainlyaðeinsalittlebit;onlyaðlaðandiattractiveaðstoðahelp,assistafof,fromafþvíaðbecauseafgreiðslumaðurshopassistant(male)afgreiðslukonashopassistant(female)afigrandfatherafmælibirthdayégáafmæliit’smybirthdaytilhamingjumeðafmæliðhappybirthday

afmælisgjöfbirthdaypresentfáíafmælisgjöfgetasabirthdaypresent

afturagainalastuppgrowupaldeilis,þaðeraldeilis!that’simpressivealdreineveraldrei(…)áðurnever(…)before

allireverybodyallteverythingalltílagiOK,allright

alltafalwaysalvarlegurseriousalvegjust,absolutelyAlþingitheIcelandicparliamentAlþingishúsiðtheIcelandicparliament(building)AmeríkaAmericaAmeríkaniAmerican

amerískurAmerican(adj.)ammagrandmotherannar(the)secondansiquite,ratherappelsínaorangeappelsínusafiorangejuiceaprílAprilArgentínaArgentinaargentínskurArgentine(adj.)ArgentínumaðurArgentineathyglisverðurinterestingauðvitaðofcourseaustureastaustur-easternausturhlutitheeasternpartAusturlandtheeasternpartofIcelandAusturríkiAustriaAusturríkismaðurAustrianausturrískurAustrian(adj.)áat,on,in,onto,intoáeftirlater,lateronámeðanwhileáðurbefore,earlieráðurenbeforeágústAugustákveðadecideáryearástloveÁstraliAustralianÁstralíaAustraliaástralskurAustralian(adj.)átjáneighteenátjándi(the)eighteentháttaeightáttatíueightyáttugasti(the)eightietháttundi(the)eighthávaxtaskálfruitbowlávöxturfruit

bakpokibackpackbananibananaBandaríkinUnitedStatesBandaríkjamaðurAmericanbandarískurAmerican(adj.)bankibankbarajust,onlybarnchildBelgiBelgianBelgíaBelgiumbelgískurBelgian(adj.)BelgíumaðurBelgianberberrybesturthebestbiðwaitbíðawait(verb)biðjaask,requestbiðröðqueuebilaðurbroken(down)bílasalacarsalebíllcarbílstjóridriverbíócinemabjóðaoffer,inviteblaðpaper,newspaperbláberblueberryblárblueblessgoodbye,byeblessaður/blessuðhello,hi;goodbye,byebollaball,bunbolurtop,T-shirtborðtableborðaeatborgcitybókbookbóndabærfarmbóndifarmerbragðtasteBrasilíaBrazil

brasilískurBrazilian(adj.)BrasilíumaðurBrazilianbrauðbreadbráðumsoonbreskurBritishBretiBritonBretlandBritainbréfletterbróðirbrotherbrúnnbrownbuxurtrousersbúalivebúðshopbúinn(has)finishedverabúinnaðgeraeitthvaðhavefinisheddoingsomething,havedonesomething

BúlgariBulgarianBúlgaríaBulgariabúlgarskaBulgarian(language)búlgarskurBulgarian(adj.)byrjastartbyrjaður(frombyrja)(has)startedbyrjunbeginningíbyrjunat/inthebeginning(of)

bæbyebæðibothbæði…ogboth…andbærtown

dagurdayídagtoday

DaniDaneDanmörkDenmarkdanskaDanish(language)danskurDanish(adj.)dáinndeaddesemberDecemberdeyjadiediskurplate;disc

dóscan,tindósentseniorlecturerdóttirdaughterdrekkadrinkdraumurdreamduglegurhardworking,efficientdýrexpensivedökkhærðurdark-hairedeðaorefifeftirafter,ináeftirlateron,afterwards

eftirmaturdesserteigahave,own,besupposedto,shalleiginkonawife(formal)eiginmaðurhusband(formal)einone(fem.)einhversomeone,someeinhverntímasometime,someday;evereinhversstaðarsomewhereeinmittexactly;justeinnone(masc.)einsoglike,asEistiEstonianEistlandEstoniaEistlendingurEstonianeistneskaEstonian(language)eistneskurEstonian(adj.)eittone(neut.)eitthvaðsomethingekkertnothingekkertmálnoproblem

eldhúskitchenellefti(the)eleventhellefuelevenelskaloveelskanmínmylove,mydearelskuAnnadearAnna,Annamylove

e-maile-mail

enbut;howabout;thanendilegabyallmeansEnglandEnglandEnglendingurEnglishmanenskaEnglish(language)enskurEnglish(adj.)eplasafiapplejuiceepliappleeyraeareyrisandbank,sandspiteyrnalokkurearring

faðirfatherfallegurbeautifulfangiprisonerfarago,leavefaraákaffihúsgotoacaféfaraásafngotoamuseumfaraátónleikagotoaconcertfaraíbíógotothecinemafaraísundgoswimmingfaraútaðborðagooutfordinner

farinn(fromfara)(has)gonefarsímimobilephonefastafastfasteignasalaestateagencyfaxfaxfágetfásérhave,lit.getoneself(something)

febrúarFebruaryfeiminnshyfeiturfatfertugasti(the)fortiethfémoneyfiðlaviolinfiðluleikariviolinistfimmfivefimmtánfifteenfimmtándi(the)fifteenth

fimmti(the)fifthfimmtíufiftyfimmtudagurThursdayfimmtugasti(the)fiftiethfinnastthink,feelfingurfingerFinniFinnFinnlandFinlandfinnskaFinnish(language)finnskurFinnish(adj.)fiskibollafishcakefiskurfishfínnfine,goodfínt!great!fjórarfour(fem.)fjórði(the)fourthfjórirfour(masc.)fjórtánfourteenfjórtándifourteenthfjögurfour(neut.)fjölskyldafamilyfjörðurfjordfjörutíufortyflaskabottlefleiramorefljóturquickflott!great!flotturbeautiful,great,smartflugflightflugfélagairlineflugvélaeroplaneflugvöllurairportforeldrarparentsfótboltifootballFrakkiFrenchmanFrakklandFranceframhaldsskólisecondaryschool,highschoolframidistinction;careerfranskaFrench(language)

franskurFrench(adj.)fráfromfrábærgreat,fantasticfrábært!great!frekarrather,abitfrændinephew,uncle,cousin,malerelativefrænkaniece,aunt,cousin,femalerelativefullurfullfyndinnfunnyfyrirforfyrirutanoutsidefyrirgefae-mforgivesomebodyfyrirgefðusorry,excusemeífyrralastyearífyrradagthedaybeforeyesterdayífyrramáliðtomorrowmorningfyrsti(the)firstfyrsturfirstfæddurbornföstudagurFriday

gaffallforkgamalloldgamannice,pleasant,enjoyable,funmérfinnstþaðgamanIenjoy/likeit

gamlárskvöldNewYear’sEvegarðurpark,gardengatastreet,roadgácheckgáfaðurintelligentgefagivegeisladiskurCDgeislibeam,raygemsimobilephonegeradogestrisinnhospitablegetacan,beabletogift/gifturmarriedgiskamakeaguess,guess

gjöfpresentgjörado(oldformofgera)gjörðusvovel(sing.)/gjöriðþiðsvovel(pl.)hereyouare;pleasegoahead(aninvitationtocometothetable(lit.dosowell)

glasglassgleymaforgetgleymdurforgottengóðurgoodgrannurthingráhærðurgrey-hairedgrárgreygreinarticleGrikkiGreekGrikklandGreecegrískaGreek(language)grískurGreek(adj.)grunnskóliprimaryschool,secondaryschool(6–16yrs.)grunnurfoundation,baseGrænlandGreenlandGrænlendingurGreenlandergrænlenskaGreenlandic(language)grænlenskurGreenlander(adj.)grænmetivegetablesgsm-símimobilephonegulrótcarrotguluryellowgúrkacucumber

ígæryesterdayígærkvöldilastnight

hafahavehafasambandviðcontacthafaþaðgotthaveanicetime(whenspeakingaboutholidays/timeofffromwork)

haldaholdhaldaáframcontinuehaldaáframaðgeraeitthvaðcontinuedoingsomething

haldauppáeitthvaðcelebratesomething

hamingjahappinesstilhamingjucongratulationshamingjusamurhappyhamingjuóskircongratulations,lit.wishesofhappinesshandaforhandboltihandballhangikjötsmokedmeathanshis,(to)himhaustautumnhá-highhádegimidday,noonhádegismaturlunchhagfræðieconomicshagfræðingureconomisthálftímihalfanhourhálfurhalfhárhairhártall,highhárgreiðslukonahairdresser(female)hárgreiðslumaðurhairdresser(male)háskóliuniversityhávaxinntallhefnasínavengeoneselfheiðarlegurhonestheillandicharming,fascinatingheimhomeheimaathomeheimasíðahomepageheimasímihometelephonenumberheimilisfangaddressheimspekiphilosophyheimsækjavisitheitabecalledhelgiweekendhelstmosthennarher,hers,(to)herhérherehérnaherehiminnskyhitiheat,warmth

hittameethittastmeet,lit.meeteachotherhjáby,at,withhjálpahelphjónmarriedcouplehjúkrunarfræðinursinghjúkrunarfræðingurnursehljómsveitorchestra,bandhlustalistenhlutiparthnetanuthnífurknifeHollandHollandHollendingurDutchmanhollenskaDutch(language)hollenskurDutch(adj.)horfawatchhorfaáeitthvaðwatchsomething

hressfun,livelyhringjaring,phonehugsathinkhundraðhundredhundraðasti(the)hundredthhundurdoghúshousehvaðwhathvaðawhichhvaðanwherefromhvarwherehvemargirmargarmörg(frommargur)howmanyhvenærwhenhverwhohvernighowhverswhosehæhihægtpossiblehættastop,quithöfnharbourhöfuðhead

höfuðborgcapitalhöfuðborgarsvæðiðthecapitalareahöndhand(noun)

illskaevilIndlandIndiaIndverjiIndianindverskurIndian(adj.)inn(movement)insideinníinto

inni(position)insideinnií(position)inside(of)

innilegurwarm,heartyíin,to,intoÍriIrishmanÍrlandIrelandírskaIrish(language)írskurIrish(adj.)ísice,icecreamÍslandIcelandÍslandsmótIcelandicchampionshipÍslendingurIcelanderíslenskaIcelandic(language)íslenskurIcelandic(adj.)ÍsraelIsraelÍtaliItalianÍtalíaItalyítalskaItalian(language)ítalskurItalian(adj.)

janúarJanuaryJapanJapanJapaniJapanesejapanskaJapanese(language)japanskurJapanese(adj.)jarðarberstrawberryjarðfræðigeologyjarðfræðingurgeologistjáyes

játakkyes,pleasejeppijeepjólChristmasGleðilegjól!MerryChristmas!

júyes(toanegativequestion)jútakkyes,please(toanegativequestion)júlíJulyjúníJunejæjawell

kafficoffeekaffihúscafékaflichapterkallslangforkrónur,cf.quid,buckskallacall,shoutKanadaCanadaKanadabúiCanadiankanadískurCanadian(adj.)kannskimaybekarfabasketkartaflapotatokassitill,checkoutkastathrowkastljósspotlightkaupabuykálhauscabbagekápa(woman’s)coatkennateachkennariteacherkerrashoppingtrolleykeyradrivekirkjachurchkíkjahavealookKínaChinaKínverjiChinesekínverskaChinese(language)kínverskurChinese(adj.)kjötmeatklukkaclock

klukkaner5it’sfiveo’clockklukkan5atfiveo’clockklukkanhvað?(at)whattime?

kokkurcookkomacome,arrivekomaviðí/ástopatkomastaðfindoutkominn(fromkoma)(has)come,arrivedkonawoman,wifekortmapkorterquarterkókcokekórchoirKóreaKoreakóreskaKorean(language)kóreskurKorean(adj.)KóreubúiKoreankranitapkrápubkrónaIcelandiccurrencykurteispolitekveðjaregards,greetingskvænturmarried(usedaboutaman)kvöldeveningíkvöldthisevening,tonight

annaðkvöldtomorroweveningkvöldmaturdinnerkærdear,belovedkærastagirlfriendkærastiboyfriendkærlegadearly

labbawalklagsonglakkrísliquoricelandcountry,landlangawantlangafigreat-grandfatherlangammagreat-grandmother

laturlazylaughotspringlaugardagskvöldSaturdayeveninglaugardagurSaturdaylágvaxinnshortláslock(noun)látaletleggjalay,putleggjaáborðiðlaythetable,setthetableleggjaafstaðgo,startajourney

leiðway,routeleigubílltaxileigubílstjóritaxidriverleikaact,perform;playleikariactorleikhústheatreleikkonaactressleikskólikindergartenlesareadLettiLatvianLettlandLatvialettneskaLatvian(language)lettneskurLatvian(adj.)léttmjólksemi-skimmedmilklistartlistasafnartgallerylistilistlíflifelíffræðibiologylíffræðingurbiologistlíkaalsolíka(verb)likelítrilitreljósfair,blond,lightljósthárblondhairljóshærðurblondljóturuglyloftairlottólotterylystigarðurpark,botanicgarden

læknirdoctorlæknisfræðimedicinelæralearn,studylæsalock(verb)löglawlögfræðilaw,jurisprudencelögfræðingurlawyer

maðurman,husbandmaíMaymammamother,mummargir(frommargur)manypeoplemargt(frommargur)manythingsmargurmany,alotmarsMarchmaturfoodmálspeech;matter,concernmálapaintmánaðardagurdatemánimoon(nolongerinuse)mánudagurMondaymánuðurmonthmeðwithmegacan,maymeiramoremenntaeducatemenntaskólisecondaryschool,highschoolMexíkaniMexicanmexíkanskurMexican(adj.)MexíkóMexicoMexikóiMexicanMexikóskurMexican(adj.)mið-middlemiðbærcitycentre,towncentremiðvikudagurWednesdaymilljónmillionminjarrelicsminnmy,minemínusminus

mínútaminutemjólkmilkmjórthinmjögverymoldearth,soilmorgunnmorningímorgunthismorningámorguntomorrow

móðirmothermóðurmálmothertongue,nativelanguagemussablouse,topmyndfilmmyndlistarkonapainter,artist(female)myndlistarmaðurpainter,artist(male)mæðadistress,troublemætashowup,turnupmörgmanymörkfield,wood

nafnnamenammisweetsnáget,reachnáíget,fetch,pickupnámstudy,studyingveraínámistudy

nefnamentionneinoneistisparknemaexceptnetfange-mailaddressniðridown(by)niðurdownniðuraðdownto

nítjánnineteennítjándi(the)nineteenthnítugasti(the)ninetiethníunineníundi(the)ninthníutíuninety

nokkrirafew(people)norðausturnorth-eastNorðmaðurNorwegiannorðurnorthnorður-northernnorðurhlutinorthernpartNorðurlandthenorthernpartofIcelandnorðvesturnorth-westNoregurNorwaynorskaNorwegian(language)norskurNorwegian(adj.)nógenoughnóguenoughnóttnightínótttonight,lastnight

nóvemberNovembernúnownúmernumbernúnanownýársdagurNewYear’sdayGleðilegtnýttár!Gleðilegtár!Happynewyear!

nýjungnewnessnýlegarecentlynýrnewnæstinext

oftooofsalegareally,extremelyoftoftenoft(…)áðuroften(…)before

oftastmostoftenogandokkarour,ours;(to)usoktóberOctoberopiðopenopinskároutspoken,frankorðinn(fromverða)(has)becomeostapoppcheesepopcornosturcheese

ókeiOKóskwish

pabbifather,dadpakkipresent,parcelpaprikapepperpáskarEasterGleðilegapáska!HappyEaster!

pennipenperapearpersónuleikipersonalitypeysasweater,jumperplúspluspokibagpopppopcornPortúgalPortugalPortúgaliPortugueseportúgalskaPortuguese(language)portúgalskurPortuguese(adj.)PóllandPolandpólskaPolish(language)pólskurPolish(adj.)PólverjiPolepóstkassimailboxprófexampylsahotdog

rakashaverakasigshave,lit.shaveoneself

raktdamprangurfalse,incorrectrauðurredreiðurangryrétthjánear,closetoréttahand(verb)rétturtrue,rightritarisecretaryrosalegaterribly,extremely,veryrólegurquiet

rótrootrósroseruglaðurconfusedRúmeniRomanianRúmeníaRomaniarúmenskaRomanian(language)rúmenskurRomanian(adj.)RússiRussianRússlandRussiarússneskaRussian(language)rússneskurRussian(adj.)rækjashrimprækjuostursoftshrimpcheeseröðrow

saddurfull(haveeatenenough)safijuicesafnmuseumsagastory;historysagnfræði(thescienceof)historysagnfræðingurhistoriansaknamisssalatsaladsamantogethersambandcontact,connection,relationshipsamlokasandwichsamtstill,yetsandursandsautjánseventeensautjándi(the)seventeenthsálfræðipsychologysálfræðingurpsychologistsegjasayseinnalatersellóleikaricellistsemas;who,whichsendasendseptemberSeptembersetjasttakeaseat,sitdown

sexsixsextánsixteensextándi(the)sixteenthsextíusixtysextugasti(the)sixtiethsigrawinsigurvictorysilfursilversilfureyrnalokkarsilverearringssinfóníuhljómsveitsymphonyorchestrasinnhis(own),her(own),their(own)sinnepmustardsíafiltersíaðurfilteredsíðurlongsímanúmertelephonenumbersímbréffaxsímitelephonesítrónalemonsjampóshampoosjaldanseldomsjáseesjáumstwe’llseeeachother,seeyousjoppakiosksjónvarptelevisionsjösevensjötíuseventysjötti(the)sixthsjötugasti(the)seventiethsjöundi(the)seventhskálbowlskáldpoetskeiðspoonskemmtanalífnightlife(lit.entertainmentlife)skemmtilegurfun,entertainingskemmtunentertainmentskeracutskilareturnskoðasee,lookat,view;dosightseeing(incity)

skollitaðhárdarkblondhair,lightbrownhairskólischoolskórshoesskreppapop(forashorttime)skrifawriteskulushall,willviðskulumlet’s

sköllóturbaldsmakkataste(verb)smáalittlesmiðurbuildersmjörbuttersnemmaearlysofnafallasleepsofnaður(fromsofna)(has)fallenasleepsonursonsódavatnsodawatersólsunspaugjoke,funSpánnSpainSpánverjiSpaniardspennaexcitement,tensionspennumyndactionfilm,thrillerspítalihospitalspringaexplodeégeraðspringalit.I’mabouttoexplode(usedwhenthespeakerisreallyfull)

spænskaSpanish(language)spænskurSpanish(adj.)staðurplacestandastandstandauppstandup

starfaworksteinnstonestelpagirlstigdegreestórbigstórborgbigcitystrákurboy,guy

stundumsometimesstutturshortstærsturlargest,biggeststöðchannelsuðaustursouth-eastsuðursouthsuður-southernSuður-AfríkaSouthAfricaSuður-AfríkubúiSouthAfricansuður-afrískurSouthAfrican(adj.)suðurhlutithesouthernpartSuðurlandthesouthernpartofIcelandsuðvestursouth-westsumarsummersundswimming,swimsunnasun(nolongerinuse)sunnudagurSundaysúkkulaðichocolatesúkkulaðiíschocolateicecreamsvangurhungrysvarturblackSvissSwitzerlandSvisslendingurSwisssvissneskurSwiss(adj.)SvíiSwedeSvíþjóðSwedensvothen,sosvolítill/svolítiðlittle,alittlebitsvonasuch,aboutsvæðiareasyndaswimsystirsistersystkinisiblings,brothersandsisterssýnashowsælgætisweetssæll/sælhello,hisænskaSwedish(language)sænskurSwedish(adj.)sæturcute,goodlooking

sömuleiðislikewisetakhold(noun)takataketakatiltidyuptakkthankyou,thankstakkfyrirthankstakkfyrirmigthanksforthemeal,lit.thanksformetakkkærlegathanksverymuch,thanksalot

talaspeak,talktalasamantalktoeachother,chattalavið(einhvern)talkto(somebody)

taplosstapalosetaskahandbag;suitcaseTékkiCzechTékklandCzechRepublictékkneskaCzech(language)tékkneskurCzech(adj.)tiltotilaðto,inordertotilbúinnreadytímitime;hourtíutentíundi(the)tenthtjörnsmalllake,pondtólftwelvetólfti(the)twelfthtómatsósaketchuptómaturtomatotónleikarconcerttónlistmusictónlistarskólimusicschooltónntonetrefillwinterscarftryggurloyaltungumállanguagetuttugasti(the)twentiethtuttugutwentytveir,tvær,tvötwo(masc.,fem.,neut.)

TyrkiTurkTyrklandTurkeytyrkneskaTurkish(language)tyrkneskurTurkish(adj.)tækniskólipolytechnicuniversityTælandThailandTælendingurThaitælenskaThai(language)tælenskurThai(adj.)tölvacomputertölvufræði/tölvunarfræðicomputersciencetölvufræðingur/tölvunarfræðingurcomputerscientisttölvupósture-mail

umabout,atUngverjalandHungaryUngverjiHungarianungverskaHungarian(language)ungverskurHungarian(adj.)uppupuppáhalds-favouriteuppiabove,uponupplýsingarinformationuppþvottavéldishwasheruppþvotturwashingupúrfromútoutútioutsideútlitlookútskrifastgraduateútvarpradio

valdpowervantaneedvasipocket;vasevatnwatervatnsglasglassofwatervá!wow!veðurweather

vegurstreet,roadvelwellvelkominnwelcomeverabeveraaðgeraeitthvaðbedoingsomethingverðiþér/ykkuraðgóðuyou’rewelcome,lit.beyoutogoodveratilexistveratilíaðgeraeitthvaðbeupfordoingsth.

verðahaveto,must;become,turn;willbeverkfræðiengineeringverkfræðingurengineerverslunshopVestfirðirWesternfjords(ofIceland)vesturwestvestur-westernvesturhlutithewesternpartVesturlandthewesternpartofIcelandvettlingurmittenveturwintervélmachineviðweviðat,byviðhliðinaábeside

viðbótaddition,extraíviðbótinaddition

viðskiptafræðibusinessadministrationviðskiptafræðingurgraduateinbusinessadministrationvikaweekviljawantvinkonafriend(female)vinnaworkvinurfriend(male)vitaknowvitlausstupidvíkcove,creekvínwinevínbergrapevístprobablyvorspring

völlurfield

yfiroverykkaryour,yours,(to)you–2ndpers.pl.

þaðitÞaðer/eruThereis/areErþað?Really?

þarthereþauthey(neut.)þáthenþegarwhenþegjabequiet,shutupþeirthey(masc.)þeirratheir,theirs,(to)themþekkjaknowþekkturknownvelþekkturwellknown

þessits,(to)itþettathisþiðyou(pl.)þingparliamentþinnyour/yoursþjóðnationþjóðerninationalityþjóðleikhúsnationaltheatreþjóðminjasafnnationalmuseumÞjóðverjiGermanþjónnwaiterþrauthardship,trialþrettánthirteenþrettándi(the)thirteenthþriðji(the)thirdþriðjudagurTuesdayþrírthree(masc.)þrítugasti(the)thirtiethþrjárthree(fem.)þrjátíuthirtyþrjúthree(neut.)þurfaneed,haveto

þúyou(sing.)þúsundthousandþvíthereforeþvowashþvotturwashingþybbinnchubbyþýðamean;translateþýðanditranslatorþýskaGerman(language)ÞýskalandGermanyþýskurGerman(adj.)þægilegtconvenientþærthey(fem.)

æðislegt!great!æðislegurgreat,reallyniceæfapractise,trainæi!oh!ætlabegoingto,intend,plan

öflugurgreat,powerfulörugglegamostlikely,probably

English–Icelandicvocabulary

aboutum;svonaaboveuppiabsolutelyalvegactleikaactionfilmspennumyndactorleikariactressleikkonaadditionviðbótinadditioníviðbótaddressheimilisfangaeroplaneflugvélaftereftiragainafturairloftairlineflugfélagairportflugvöllurallrightalltílagialsolíkaalwaysalltafAmericaAmeríkaAmerican(adj.)amerískur,bandarískurAmericanAmeríkani,BandaríkjamaðurandogangryreiðurappleepliapplejuiceeplasafiAprilaprílareasvæðiArgentinaArgentínaArgentine(adj.)argentínskurArgentineArgentínumaðurarrivekoma(has)arrived(er)kominnartlistartgallerylistasafnarticlegrein

artistmyndlistarmaður(male),myndlistarkona(female)aseinsog;semaskbiðjaassistaðstoðaatá;hjá;um;viðattractiveaðlaðandiAugustágústauntfrænkaAustraliaÁstralíaAustralianÁstraliAustralian(adj.)ástralskurAustriaAusturríkiAustrianAusturríkismaðurAustrian(adj.)austurrískurautumnhaustavengeoneselfhefnasín

backpackbakpokibagpokibaldsköllótturbananabananibandhljómsveitbankbankibasegrunnurbasketkarfabeverabeabletogetabedoingsomethingveraaðgeraeitthvaðbeupfordoingsomethingveratilíaðgeraeitthvað

beamgeislibeautifulfallegur,flotturbecauseafþvíaðbecomeverða(has)become(er)orðinnbeforeáðuren;áðurbeginningbyrjunat/inthebeginningíbyrjun

Belgian(adj.)belgískurBelgianBelgíumaðurBelgiumBelgía

belovedkærberryberbesideviðhliðinaá(the)bestbesturbigstórbiggeststærsturbiologistlíffræðingurbiologylíffræðibirthdayafmæliit’smybirthdayégáafmælihappybirthdaytilhamingjumeðafmælið

birthdaypresentafmælisgjöfgetasabirthdaypresentfáíafmælisgjöf

(a)bitfrekarblacksvarturblondljóshærðurblondhairljósthárdarkblondhairskollitaðhár

blueblárblueberrybláberbookbókboringleiðinlegurbornfæddurbotanicgardenlystigarðurbothbæðiboth…andbæði…og

bottleflaskabowlskálboystrákurboyfriendkærastiBrazilBrasilíaBrazilianBrasilíumaðurBrazilian(adj.)brasilískurbreadbrauðBritainBretlandBritishbreskurBritonBretibroken(down)bilaðurbrotherbróðir

brownbrúnnbuildersmiðurBulgariaBúlgaríaBulgarianBúlgariBulgarian(language)búlgarskaBulgarian(adj.)búlgarskurbusinessadministrationviðskiptafræðigraduateinbusinessadministrationviðskiptafræðingur

butenbuttersmjörbuykaupabyhjá;viðbyallmeansendilega

byebless,bæ,blessaður/blessuð

cabbage(headof)kálhauscafékaffihúscallkalla(be)calledheita

cangeta,megacandósCanadaKanadaCanadian(adj.)kanadískurCanadianKanadabúicapitalhöfuðborgcarbíllcarsalebílasalacareerframicarrotgulrótCDgeisladiskurcelebratesth.haldauppáeitthvaðcellistsellóleikarichannelstöðchapterkaflicharmingheillandichattalasamancheckgácheckoutkassicheeseostur

cheesepopcornostapoppchildbarnChinaKínaChineseKínverjiChinese(adj.)kínverskurChinese(language)kínverskachocolatesúkkulaðichocolateicecreamsúkkulaðiíschoirkórchurchkirkjaChristmasjólMerryChristmas!Gleðilegjól!chubbyþybbinncinemabíócityborgbigcitystórborgcitycentremiðbærclockklukkaIt’sfiveo’clockKlukkaner5atfiveo’clockklukkan5

closetorétthjácoat(woman’s)kápacoffeekafficokekókcomekoma(has)come(er)kominncometothetablegjörðusvovel(sing.)/gjöriðþiðsvovel(pl.)computertölvacomputersciencetölvunarfræði/tölvufræðicomputerscientisttölvunarfræðingur/tölvufræðingurconcernmálconcerttónleikarconfusedruglaðurcongratulationstilhamingju,hamingjuóskirconnectionsambandcontact(noun)sambandcontact(verb)hafasambandviðcontinuehaldaáframcontinuedoingsth.haldaáframaðgeraeitthvað

convenientþægilegtcookkokkurcountrylandcousin(male)frændicousin(female)frænkacovevíkcreekvíkcucumbergúrkacutskeracutesæturCzechTékkiCzech(language)tékkneskaCzech(adj.)tékkneskurCzechRepublicTékkland

dadpabbidampraktDaneDaniDanish(adj.)danskurDanish(language)danskadark-haireddökkhærðurdatemánaðardagurdaughterdóttirdaydagurthedaybeforeyesterdayífyrradag

deaddáinndearkærdearAnnaelskuAnnamydearelskanmíndearlykærlegaDecemberdesemberdecideákveðadegreestigDenmarkDanmörkdesserteftirmaturdiedeyjadinnerkvöldmaturdiscdiskurdishwasheruppþvottavél

distinctionframidistressmæðadogera,gjöra(oldform)doctorlæknirdoghundurdownniðurdownbyniðriviðdowntoniðuraðdreamdraumurdrinkdrekkadrivekeyradriverbílstjóriDutchmanHollendingurDutch(language)hollenskaDutch(adj.)hollenskur

eareyraearlysnemmaearlier(i.e.inthepast)áðurearringeyrnalokkurearthmoldeastausturEasterpáskarHappyEaster!Gleðilegapáska!easternaustur-(the)easternpartausturhlutitheeasternpartofIcelandAusturland

eatborðaeconomisthagfræðingureconomicshagfræðieducatemenntaefficientduglegureightáttaeighteenátjáneighteenthátjándieightháttundieightietháttugastieightyáttatíuelevenellefu

(the)eleventhelleftie-mailtölvupóstur,e-maile-mailaddressnetfang

EnglandEnglandEnglishmanEnglendingurEnglish(adj.)enskurEnglish(language)enskaengineerverkfræðingurengineeringverkfræðienjoyfinnastgamanIenjoyitmérfinnstþaðgaman

enjoyablegamanenoughnóg,nóguentertainingskemmtilegurentertainmentskemmtunestateagencyfasteignasalaEstoniaEistlandEstonianEisti,EistlendingurEstonian(adj.)eistneskurEstonian(language)eistneskaeveningkvöldthiseveningíkvöldtomorroweveningannaðkvöldyesterdayeveningígærkvöldi

evereinhverntímaeverybodyallireverythingalltevilillskaexactlyeinmittexamprófexceptnemaexcitementspennaexcusemefyrirgefðuexistveratilexpensivedýrexplodespringaextraviðbótextremelyofsalega,rosalega

fallasleepsofna(has)fallenasleepersofnaður

falserangurfamilyfjölskyldafarmbóndabærfarmerbóndifascinatingheillandifastfastafatfeiturfatherpabbi,faðirfavouriteuppáhalds-faxfax,símbréfFebruaryfebrúarfeelfinnastfetchnáí(a)few(people)nokkrirfieldvöllur;mörkfifteenfimmtán(the)fifteenthfimmtándi(the)fifthfimmtififtiethfimmtugastififtyfimmtíufinished:(has)finishedbúinnhavefinisheddoingsomethingverabúinnaðgeraeitthvað

filmmyndfiltersíafilteredsíaðurfindoutkomastaðfinefínnfingerfingurFinlandFinnlandFinnFinniFinnish(adj.)finnskurFinnish(language)finnskafirstfyrstur(the)firstfyrsti

fishfiskurfishcakefiskibollafivefimm

fjordfjörðurflightflugfoodmaturfootballfótboltiforfyrir,handaforgetgleymaforgottengleymdurforgives-b.fyrirgefae-m.forkgaffall(the)fortiethfertugastifortyfjörutíufoundationgrunnurfourfjórar(fem.),fjórir(masc.),fjögur(neut.)fourteenfjórtánfourteenthfjórtándi(the)fourthfjórðiFranceFrakklandfrankopinskárFrench(adj.)franskurFrench(language)franskaFrenchman/womanFrakkiFridayföstudagurfriendvinur(male),vinkona(female)fromfrá;af;úrfruitávöxturfruitbowlávaxtaskálfullfullurfull(i.e.haveeatenenough)saddurI’mreallyfullégeraðspringafun(adj.)hress,skemmtilegurfun(noun)gaman,spaugfunnyfyndinn

gardengarðurgeologistjarðfræðingurgeologyjarðfræðiGermanÞjóðverjiGerman(adj.)þýskurGerman(language)þýska

GermanyÞýskalandgetfá;ná;náígetoneself(something)fásér(eitthvað)

girlstelpagirlfriendkærastagivegefaglassglasgofara;leggjaafstaðgotoacaféfaraákaffihúsgotoamuseumfaraásafngotoaconcertfaraátónleikagooutfordinnerfaraútaðborðagoswimmingfaraísundgotothecinemafaraíbíóbegoingtoætla

(has)gonefarinngoodgóður,fínngoodlookingsæturgoodbyebless,blessaður/blessuðgraduateútskrifastgrandfatherafigrandmotherammagrapevínbergreatflottur;öflugurgreat!fínt!,flott!,frábært!,æðislegt!great-grandfatherlangafigreat-grandmotherlangammaGreeceGrikklandGreekGrikkiGreek(adj.)grískurGreek(language)grískaGreenlandGrænlandGreenlanderGrænlendingur,grænlenskur(adj.)Greenlandish(language)grænlenskagreetingskveðjagreygrárgrey-hairedgráhærðurgrowupalastuppguessgiska

makeaguessgiskaguystrákur

hairhárhairdresserhárgreiðslukona(female),hárgreiðslumaður(male)halfhálfurhalfanhourhálftímihand(noun)höndhand(verb)réttahandbagtaskahandballhandboltihappinesshamingjahappyhamingjusamurharbourhöfnhardworkingduglegurhardshipþrauthavehafa,eigahaveanicetime(whenspeakingaboutholidays/timeofffromwork)hafaþaðgotthavealookkíkjahavetoverða,þurfaheadhöfuðheartyinnilegurheathitihellosællsæl,blessaðurblessuðhelphjálpa,aðstoðaherhennarherownsinntohertilhennar

herehér,hérnahereyouaregjörðusvovel(sing.)/gjöriðþiðsvovel(pl.)hershennarhihæ,sællsæl,blessaðurblessuð(to)him(til)hanshighhá-,hárhighschoolframhaldsskóli,menntaskólihishanshisownsinnhistoriansagnfræðingur

historysagnfræði(thescienceofhistory),sagahold(noun)takhold(verb)haldaHollandHollandhomeheimathomeheima

homepageheimasíðahometelephonenumberheimasímihonestheiðarlegurhospitablegestrisinnhospitalspítalihotdogpylsahourtími,klukkutímihousehúshowhvernighowaboutenhowmanyhvemargir/margar/mörghundredhundrað(the)hundredthhundraðastiHungarianUngverjiHungarian(adj.)ungverskurHungarian(language)ungverskaHungaryUngverjalandhungrysvangurhusbandmaður,eiginmaður(formal)

iceísicecreamísIcelandÍslandIcelanderÍslendingurIcelandic(adj.)íslenskurIcelandic(language)íslenskaIcelandicchampionshipÍslandsmótifefimpressive:that’simpressiveþaðeraldeilisiní,á;eftirincorrectrangurIndiaIndlandIndianIndverji

Indian(adj.)indverskurinformationupplýsingarinsideinn(movement),inni(position)inside(of)inniíintelligentgáfaðurintendætlainterestingathyglisverðurintoinní,á,íinvitebjóðaIrelandÍrlandIrish(adj.)írskurIrish(language)írskaIrishmanÍriIsraelÍsraelitþað(to)itþess

itsþessItalianÍtaliItalian(adj.)ítalskurItalian(language)ítalskaItalyÍtalía

JanuaryjanúarJapanJapanJapaneseJapaniJapanese(adj.)japanskurJapanese(language)japanskajeepjeppijokespaugjuicesafiJulyjúlíjumperpeysaJunejúníjurisprudencelögfræðijustalveg;bara;einmitt

ketchuptómatsósakindergartenleikskólikiosksjoppa

kitcheneldhúsknifehnífurknowvita;þekkjaknownþekkturwellknownvelþekktur

KoreaKóreaKoreanKóreubúiKorean(adj.)kóreskurKorean(language)kóreskaKrona,theIcelandiccurrency:króna,kall(slangforkróna)

(small)laketjörnlandlandlanguagetungumállargeststærsturlaterseinnalateronáeftirLatviaLettlandLatvianLettiLatvian(adj.)lettneskurLatvian(language)lettneskalawlög;lögfræðilawyerlögfræðingurlayleggjalaythetableleggjaáborðið

lazylaturlearnlæraleavefaralemonsítrónaletlátalet’s(letus)viðskulumletterbréflifelíflikeeinsoglike(verb)líka;finnastgamanIlikeitmérfinnstþaðgaman

likewisesömuleiðisliquoricelakkríslistlisti

listenhlustalitrelítrilittle:alittlebitaðeins,smá,svolítill,svolítiðlivebúalivelyhresslock(verb)læsalock(noun)láslongsíðurlookútlitlookatskoðalosetapalosstaplot(of),amargurlotterylottólove(noun)elska;ástmyloveelskanmín

loyaltryggurlunchhádegismatur

machinevélmailboxpóstkassimainaðal-mainlyaðallegamanmaðurmanymargurmanypeoplemargirmanythingsmargt

mapkortMarchmarsmarriedgift/giftur,kvæntur(usedaboutaman)marriedcouplehjónmattermálmaymegaMaymaímaybekannskimeanþýðameatkjötmedicinelæknisfræðimeethitta,hittast

mentionnefnaMexicanMexíkani,MexikóiMexican(adj.)mexíkanskurMexicoMexíkómiddayhádegimiddlemið-milkmjólkmillionmilljónmineminnminusmínusminutemínútamisssaknamittenvettlingurmobilephonefarsími,gemsi,gsm-símiMondaymánudagurmoneyfémonthmánuðurmoremeira,fleiramorningmorgunnthismorningímorgun

mosthelstmostlikelyörugglega

mothermamma,móðirmothertonguemóðurmálmummammamuseumsafnmusictónlistmusicschooltónlistarskólimustverðamustardsinnepmyminn

namenafnnationþjóðnationalmuseumþjóðminjasafnnationaltheatreþjóðleikhúsnationalityþjóðerninativelanguagemóðurmálnearrétthjá

needvanta;þurfaneveraldreinever(…)beforealdrei(…)áður

newnýrNewYear’sDaynýársdagurHappyNewYear!Gleðilegtnýttár!,Gleðilegtár!

NewYear’sEvegamlárskvöldnewnessnýjungnewspaperblaðnextnæstinicegamannightnóttlastnightínótt;ígærkvöldi

nineníunineteennítján(the)nineteenthnítjándi(the)ninetiethnítugastininetyníutíu(the)ninthníundinoneinoonhádeginorthnorðurnorth-eastnorðausturnorthernnorður-northernpartnorðurhlutithenorthernpartofIcelandNorðurland

north-westnorðvesturNorwayNoregurNorwegianNorðmaðurNorwegian(adj.)norskurNorwegian(language)norskanothingekkertNovembernóvembernownúna,núnumbernúmernursehjúkrunarfræðingurnursinghjúkrunarfræðinuthneta

Octoberoktóberofafofcourseauðvitaðofferbjóðaoftenoftoften(…)beforeoft(…)áðurmostoftenoftast

oh!æi!OKalltílagi,ókeioldgamallonáoneeinn(masc.),ein(fem.),eitt(neut.)onlyaðeins,baraontoáopenopiðoreðaorangeappelsínaorangejuiceappelsínusafiorchestrahljómsveit(in)ordertotilaðourokkaroursokkaroutútoutsideúti;fyrirutanoutspokenopinskároveryfirowneiga

paintmálapaintermyndlistarmaður(male),myndlistarkona(female)paperblaðparcelpakkiparentsforeldrarparkgarður;lystigarðurparliamentþingtheIcelandicparliamentAlþingitheIcelandicparliamentbuildingAlþingishúsið

parthlutipearpera

penpennipepperpaprikaperformleikapersonalitypersónuleikiphilosophyheimspekiphonehringjapickupnáíplacestaðurplanætlaplatediskurplayleikapleasantgamanplusplúspocketvasipoetskáldPolandPóllandPolePólverjiPolish(adj.)pólskurPolish(language)pólskapolitekurteispolytechnicuniversitytækniskólipondtjörnpopskjótastpopcornpoppPortugalPortúgalPortuguesePortúgaliPortuguese(adj.)portúgalskurPortuguese(language)portúgalskapossiblehægtpotatokartaflapowervaldpowerfulöflugurpractiseæfapresentgjöf,pakkiprimaryschoolgrunnskóliprisonerfangiprobablyörugglega;vístproblem:noproblemekkertmálpsychologistsálfræðingur

psychologysálfræðipubkráputleggja

quarterkorterqueuebiðröðquickfljóturquietrólegur(be)quietþegja

quithættaquiteansi

radioútvarpratherfrekar,ansiraygeislireachnáreadlesareadytilbúinnreallyofsalegareally?erþað?recentlynýlegaredrauðurregardskveðjarelationshipsambandrelativefrændi(male),frænka(female)relicsminjarrequestbiðjareturnskilarightrétturringhringjaroadgata,vegurRomaniaRúmeníaRomanianRúmeniRomanian(adj.)rúmenskurRomanian(language)rúmenskarootrótroserósrouteleiðrowröð

RussiaRússlandRussianRússiRussian(adj.)rússneskurRussian(language)rússneska

saladsalatsandsandursandspit,sandbankeyrisandwichsamlokaSaturdaylaugardagurSaturdayeveninglaugardagskvöld

saysegjaschoolskólisecondannarsecondaryschoolframhaldsskóli,menntaskóli;grunnskólisecretaryritariseesjá;skoðaseeyou/we’llseeeachothersjáumst

seldomsjaldansemi-skimmedmilkléttmjólksendsendaseniorlecturerdósentSeptemberseptemberseriousalvarlegursetthetableleggjaáborðiðsevensjöseventeensautján(the)seventeenthsautjándi(the)seventhsjöundi(the)seventiethsjötugastiseventysjötíushalleiga,skulushampoosjampóshaveraka,rakasigshoesskórshopbúð,verslunshopassistantafgreiðlumaður(male),afgreiðlukona(female)shoppingtrolleykerrashortlágvaxinn,stuttur

shoutkallashow(verb)sýnashowupmætashrimprækjashutupþegjashyfeiminnsiblingssystkini(do)sightseeing(inacity)skoðasilversilfursistersystirsitdownsetjastsixsexsixteensextán(the)sixteenthsextándi(the)sixtiethsextugasti(the)sixthsjöttisixtysextíuskyhiminnsmartflottursmokedmeathangikjötsosvosodawatersódavatnsoftshrimpcheeserækjuostursoilmoldsomedayeinhverntímasomeoneeinhversomethingeitthvaðsometimeeinhverntímasometimesstundumsomewhereeinhversstaðarsonsonursonglagsoonbráðumsorryfyrirgefðusouthsuðurSouthAfricaSuður-AfríkaSouthAfricanSuður-Afríkubúi,suður-afrískursouth-eastsuðaustursouthernsuður-

thesouthernpartsuðurhlutithesouthernpartofIcelandSuðurland

south-westsuðvesturSpainSpánnSpaniardSpánverjiSpanish(adj.)spænskurSpanish(language)spænskasparkneistispeaktalaspeechmálspoonskeiðspotlightkastljósspringvorstandstandastandupstandaupp

startbyrjastartajourneyleggjaafstað(has)startedbyrjaður

stillsamtstophættastopatkomaviðí/ástorysagastrawberryjarðarberstreetgata,vegurstudy(noun)námstudy(verb)læra,veraínámistupidvitlaussuchsvonasummersumarsunsólSundaysunnudagurbesupposedtoeigasweaterpeysaSwedeSvíiSwedenSvíþjóðSwedish(adj.)sænskurSwedish(language)sænskasweetsnammi,sælgætiswim(noun)sund

swim(verb)syndaswimmingsundSwiss(adj.)svissneskurSwissSvisslendingurSwitzerlandSvisssymphonyorchestrasinfóníuhljómsveit

tableborðtaketakatakeaseatsetjast

talktalatalktoeachothertalasamantalktosb.talaviðeinhvern

tallhávaxinn,hártapkranitaste(noun)bragðtaste(verb)smakkataxileigubílltaxidriverleigubílstjóri

teachkennateacherkennaritelephonesímitelephonenumbersímanúmertelevisionsjónvarptentíutensionspenna(the)tenthtíunditerriblyrosalegaThaiTælendingurThai(adj.)tælenskurThai(language)tælenskaThailandTælandthanenthankyou,thankstakk,takkfyrirthanksverymuch/alottakkkærlegathanksforthemealtakkfyrirmig

thataðtheatreleikhústheirþeirra

their(own)sinntheirsþeirra(to)them(til)þeirrathensvo;þáthereþarThereis/areÐaðer/eru

thereforeþvítheyþeir(masc.),þær(fem.),þau(neut.)thingrannur,mjórthinkhugsa,finnast(the)thirdþriðjithirteenþrettán(the)thirteenthþrettándi(the)thirtiethþrítugastithirtyþrjátíuthisþettathousandþúsundthreeþrír(masc.),þrjár(fem.),þrjú(neut.)thrillerspennumyndthrowkastaThursdayfimmtudagurtidyuptakatiltillkassitimetími(at)whattime?klukkanhvað?

tindóstotil,í,að,tilaðtodayídagtogethersamantomatotómaturtomorrowámorguntomorrowmorningífyrramálið

tonetónntonightíkvöld;ínótttoooftop(itemofwomen’sclothing)bolur,mussatownbærtowncentremiðbærtrainæfa

translateþýðatranslatorþýðanditrialþrauttroublemæðatrousersbuxurtruerétturTuesdayþriðjudagurTurkTyrkiTurkeyTyrklandTurkish(adj.)tyrkneskurTurkish(language)tyrkneskaturnverðaturnupmæta

(the)twelfthtólftitwelvetólftwentiethtuttugastitwentytuttugutwotveir(masc.),tvær(fem.),tvö(neut.)

uglyljóturunclefrændiUnitedStatesBandaríkinuniversityháskóliupuppuponuppiusokkur,okkar

vasevasivegetablesgrænmetiverymjög,rosalegavictorysigurviewskoðaviolinfiðlaviolinistfiðluleikarivisitheimsækja

wait(noun)biðwait(verb)bíðawaiterþjónn

walklabbawantlanga,viljawarminnilegurwarmthhitiwashþvowashoneselfþvosér

washbasinvaskurwashingupuppþvotturwatchhorfawatchsth.horfaáeitthvað

watervatnglassofwatervatnsglas

wayleiðweviðweatherveðurWednesdaymiðvikudagurweekvikaweekendhelgiwelcomevelkominnyou’rewelcomeverðiþér/ykkuraðgóðu

wellvel;jæjawestvesturwesternvestur-thewesternfjordsofIcelandVestfirðirthewesternpartvesturhlutithewesternpartofIcelandVesturland

whathvaðwhenhvenær;þegarwherehvarwherefromhvaðanwhichhvaða;semwhileámeðanwhohver;semwhosehverswifekona,eiginkona(formal)willskuluwillbeverðawinsigrawinevín

winterveturwinterscarftrefill

wishóskwithmeð;hjáwomankonawoodmörkworkvinna,starfawow!vá!writeskrifa

yearárlastyearífyrra

yellowguluryesjá,jú(answertoanegativequestion)yes,pleasejátakk,jútakk(answertoanegativequestion)

yesterdayígæryetsamtyouþú(sing.)/þið(pl.)(to)you(pl.)(til)ykkar

yourþinn(sing.)/ykkar(pl.)yoursþinn(sing.)/ykkar(pl.)

Index

Numbersrefertounits.

atoövowelchangerule(u-umlautrule),4addresses,6adjectives,4,14,15,16adverbsofplace,9;seealsohome,athomeage,16appearances,descriptionof,4article,3,9–14askingwhatsomebodydoesforaliving,8askingwhattimeitis,6askingwheresomebodyisfrom,1

birthday,16búa(‘live’),6

cases,1,2,5,10;seealsonouns:declensioncinema,15compoundwords,6congratulatingsomebody,16countries,namesof,1currency,6

dates,16days,7dinner,13,14doubleobjectconstructions,10,14,16

eiga(‘have,own,shall,besupposedto’),12,16einhver(‘somebody’),eitthvað(‘something’),15e-mail,10

fá(‘get’),14fáséreitthvað(lit.‘getyourselfsomething’),14familyrelations,3

fara(‘go’),7,9finnast(‘think,feel’),13foodanddrinks,11–14friends,girlfriends/boyfriends,3future,7,12fyrirgefðu(‘excuseme,sorry’),2,7

geta(‘can,beableto’),11greetingsandgoodbyes,1

hafa(‘have’),10heita(‘becalled’),1holidays,16home,athome,8–11,14,16

imperative,12infinitivemarker,1irregularverbs,10–13,15,16

jobs,8

kaupa(‘buy’),12koma(‘come’),10languages,namesof,2

money,6months,16

nationalities,3negativequestion,answerto,3nicknames,4nounsdeclensionofmasculinenouns,4,10,13declensionoffemininenouns,2,9,12declensionofneuternouns,11,14gender,2,6plural,12–14numbers,6,14ordinal,16

pastparticiples,11,14pastperfect,13pasttense,7–16personalpronouns,1,5,9,13personality,descriptionsof,4phonecalls,6,7,9,15pickingsomebodyup,10,15pluralofnouns,12–14pointsofthecompass,6possessivepronouns,3,16prepositions,1,5,6,7presentperfect,13

questionwords,1questions,1,8,10

reflexivepronouns,14regularverbs,2,5,8relativepronouns,5

sayingwhereyouarefromorsomebodyisfrom,1schoolsystem,8seasons,16shops,shopping,11forgroceries,12atakiosk,11skulu(‘shall’),13strongverbs,1,6,7,9,10,11,13,14surnames,4

telephonenumbers,6temperature(weather),10thankingpeople,1,6,11,14,16time,6,7TVprogramme,7u-umlautsoundchangerule,4

vera(‘tobe’),1,7veraaðgeraeitthvað(‘bedoingsomething’),5

verabúin(n)aðgeraeitthvað(‘havedonesomething’),9verða(‘haveto,become’),13wordorder,1,3,8,10years,6

Þaðer/eru(‘Thereis/are’),5þurfa(‘haveto,need’),16

ætla(‘begoingto,plan,intend’),5,7

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