Competitive Cities in the 21st Century: Cluster-Based Local Economic Development
Competitive European cities. Where do the core cities stand?
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Transcript of Competitive European cities. Where do the core cities stand?
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8/3/2019 Competitive European cities. Where do the core cities stand?
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{ofm
CierkpgpgqkK{irkfm
Cgpgks
^hkk `i phk
Cik Cgpgksspfm`9
[ofm _kskfch
S{eefw 63
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Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks
^hkk `i phk Cik Cgpgks spfm`9
[ofm _kskfch S{eefw 63
Jfm{fw ?220
Iaagck ia phk @kr{pw Rgek Egmgspk: Dim`im
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CIMPKMPS
KXKC[PGQK S[EEF_W ;
SKCPGIM 6:
Cgpgks fk ofcl 7
Gmpi`{cpgim 7
^hfp gs phk cgpw chfddkmnk9 7
Hi~ ~kdd hfqk cik cgpgks okkm igmn9 62
^hfp gs {ofm cierkpgpgqkmkss9 62
SKCPGIM ?:
Hi~ `i Cik Cgpgks efpch {r pi phkg K{irkfm cierkpgpis9 66
Hi~ gmmiqfpgqk fk Cik Cgpgks9 6?
Hi~ ~kdd k`{cfpk` gs i{ ~ilaick9 63
Hi~ ~kdd cimmkcpk` fk ~k9 60
^hfp fk phk keinfrhgc pkm`s9 60
Hi~ iks phk rgqfpk skcpi skk i{ cgpgks9 61
SKCPGIM 3:
Cierkpgpgqkmkss 68
Si ~hkk fk ~k9 mip wkp gm phk rkegk dkfn{k 68[ofm Cierkpgpgqkmkss ~hfp kfddw efppks9 68
SKCPGIM 0:
Si ~his nigmn pi `i ~hfp9 ??
Phk K{irkfm {ofm hgkfchw gs spfodk o{p cgpgks cfm geriqk v{gcldw ??
S{cckssa{d cgpgks s{cckssa{d kngims9 ??
Cgpgks efppk ?0
Cimcd{sgim 32
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;;
KXKC[PGQK S[EEF_W
Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks:
^hkk `i phk cik cgpgks spfm`9
^hfp gs phk chfddkmnk ai i{ Cik Cgpgks9
Phk Kmndgsh Cik Cgpgks Ogegmnhfe$ Ogspid$ Dkk`s$ Dgqkriid$ Efmchkspk$ Mk~cfspdk$
Mippgmnhfe fm` Shkaagkd` hfqk okn{m fm kcimiegc kmfgssfmck gm kckmp wkfs-
Mkqkphkdkss$ phkk kefgm cimckms phfp phkw: fk mip r{mchgmn phkg ~kgnhp
kcimiegcfddw gm phk mfpgimfd cimpkxp< fk afddgmn okhgm` Dim`im< dfcl phk gnhp ri~ks
fm` ksi{cks pi geriqk phkg rkaiefmck< fm` `i mip eflk fs nkfp f cimpgo{pgim pi
phk mfpgimfd kcimiegc ~kdafk$ fs cierffodk cgpgks gm cimpgmkmpfd K{irk- Gs gp p{k9
[ofm cierkpgpgqkmkss ~hfp kfddw efppks9
Pi agm` i{p$ phgs sp{`w `kagmk` fm` ekfs{k` {ofm cierkpgpgqkmkss gm pkes ia sgx cgpgcfd
chffcpkgspgcs: kcimiegc `gqksgpw< slgddk` ~ilaick< cimmkcpgqgpw< spfpkngc cfrfcgpw pi
gerdkekmp dimn%pke `kqkdirekmp spfpkngks< gmmiqfpgim gm ages fm` infmgsfpgim< v{fdgpw
ia dgak- ^k ciddkcpk` kqg`kmck im phksk chffcpkgspgcs aie f ~g`k fmnk ia s{cckssa{d
K{irkfm cgpgks fm` cierfk` gp ~gph i{ Cik Cgpgks$ phk ognnksp cgpgks i{psg`k Dim`im-
Hi~ `i Cik Cgpgks efpch {r pi phkg
K{irkfm cierkpgpis9
Mip fdd cimpgmkmpfd i Kmndgsh cgpgks `i kv{fddw ~kdd i kv{fddw of`dw gm kqkw fsrkcp ia
cierkpgpgqkmkss- Fm` Cik Cgpgks hfqk geriqk` phkg rkaiefmck gm kckmp wkfs- O{p phk
ogn rgcp{k gs cdkf- Efmw dfn okhgm` phkg cierkpgpis gm pkes ia N@R$ gmmiqfpgim dkqkds$
k`{cfpgimfd dkqkds$ cimmkcpgqgpw$ sicgfd cihksgim$ v{fdgpw ia dgak$ ridgpgcfd cfrfcgpw fm`
cimmkcpgims ~gph phkg ~g`k pkgpigks- C{cgfddw$ phkw dfn gm phk kwks ia gmpkmfpgimfd
gmqkspis- Phgs gs ef`k ~isk ow phk afcp phfp K{irkfm cgpgks `i mip rkaie ~kdd ndiofddw-
Dfcl ia cierkpgpgqkmkss gs f mfpgimfd riodke
o{p f ognnk {ofm riodke
Phk s{cckssa{d K{irkfm cgpgks gm i{ sferdk cimsg`kfodw i{prkaie phkg mfpgimfd N@Rs-
O{p ~gph phk kxckrpgim ia Ogspid$ phk Cik Cgpgks dfn sgnmgagcfmpdw okhgm` phk mfpgimfd
fqkfnk- Ga phk Cik Cgpgks ci{d` geriqk phkg rkaiefmck pi efpch phfp ia phkg
cimpgmkmpfd ci{mpkrfps$ phk nfgms pi phk mfpgimfd kcimiew ~i{d` ok kmiei{s-
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Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks [ofm _kskfch S{eefw 63
1
Cfm ~k cfpch {r9
Wks ~k cfm- Phkk fk sp{cp{fd chffcpkgspgcs ia cierkpgpgqkmkss$ ~hgch ekfm phfp cgpgks
~hgch rkaiek` ~kdd fm` ~kk ~kdd knf`k` ow phk rgqfpk skcpi f `kcf`k fni$ spgdd dkf`-
Mkqkphkdkss$ cgpgks cfm sgnmgagcfmpdw geriqk phkg rkaiefmck- Hkdsgmlg$ Ofckdimf fm`
Ef`g` hfqk `imk si-
Mfpgimfd niqkmekmp ridgcw efppks
Cgpgks hfqk pi efxgegsk phkg irrip{mgpgks ga phkw fk pi s{cckk` kcimiegcfddw- O{p phk
afek~il skp ow mfpgimfd niqkmekmp efppks f nkfp `kfd$ kxkerdgagk` ow phk gerfcp im
s{cckssa{d riqgmcgfd cgpgks ia kqkm dgegpk` `kckmpfdgsfpgim gm Afmck iqk ?2 wkfs-
Eimkw fm` ri~ks efppk
Cimpgmkmpfd cgpgks hfqk ksrimsgogdgpgks ai f ~g`k fmnk ia a{mcpgims ~hgch faakcp phkg
kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss phfm `i phkg Kmndgsh ci{mpkrfps- Phk egx qfgks o{p phkg
cieogmfpgim ia ri~ks fm` ksi{cks skkes pi eflk cimpgmkmpfd cgpgks eik rifcpgqk$
eik kmpkrkmk{gfd fm` riofodw eik cierkpgpgqk-
Cgpgks dgqk gm swspkes
Efmw K{irkfm niqkmekmps kcinmgsk phfp cgpgks fk gm f kdfpgimshgr ~gph kfch iphk gm
phkg i~m `iekspgc swspke fm` `kqkdir ridgcgks ~hgch eflk phgs kxrdgcgp- Phgs hfs shfrk`
phkg gmqkspekmp ridgcw gm pfmsrip$ hgnhk k`{cfpgim fm` dicfpgim ia _kskfch !
@kqkdirekmp (_!@' afcgdgpgks- Gm phk [L$ phkk hfs okkm dgppdk skmsk ia phk kdfpgqk idks
fm` cimpgo{pgims ia `gaakkmp cgpgks fm` hi~ phkw gerfcp {rim kfch iphk- O{p phgs gss{k
~gdd hfqk pi ok afck` ga phk Cik Cgpgks fnkm`f gs pi ok ef`k f kfdgpw-
Ni~m%{r niqkmekmp hkdrs
P~i ia phk ci{mpgks ~hgch hfqk rdfck` eisp fppkmpgim im cgpgks$ fm` hfqk okkm p~i ia
phk eisp ckmpfdgsk` ci{mpgks$ Afmck fm` Phk Mkphkdfm`s$ fk fppkerpgmn pi srkcgagcfddw
o{gd` okppk ~ilgmn kdfpgimshgrs okp~kkm phk mfpgimfd spfpk fm` {ofm fkfs- Phk `kpfgdsqfw o{p phk rgmcgrdks kefgm phk sfek pi irkfpk im f cimpfcp{fd ofsgs ~gph phk dfnk
cgpgks- Phkk mkk`s pi ok nkfpk dkqkds ia p{sp okp~kkm mfpgimfd fm` cgpw niqkmekmps-
F eik cimpfcp{fd$ i{pciek%ofsk` frrifch phfp egmgegsk` egci%cimpid ci{d` ok f
hkdra{d ~fw ia kmci{fngmn cgpw kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss-
Sgzk efppks
Dfnk {ofm fkfs akv{kmpdw hfqk s{ospfmpgfd fsskps gm hf` fm` siap gmafsp{cp{k$ ~hgch
ngqk phke phk ripkmpgfd pi ok s{cckssa{d- Mip fdd dfnk cgpgks fk s{cckssa{d- O{p phk
s{cckssa{d cgpgks gm phgs sp{`w ~kk iapkm phk dfnk cgpgks gm K{irk fm` ckpfgmdw phk dfnksp
gm phkg mfpgimfd swspke- Im phfp ofsgs$ phk Cik Cgpgks fk fm frrirgfpk pfnkp ai f
s{spfgmk` niqkmekmp spfpknw-
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Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks: ^hkk `i phk cik cgpgks spfm`9
>
Cgpw fm` kngimfd cierkpgpgqkmkss f og`nk
mip f ofgk
Phk p~i `i mip cimadgcp- ^k ai{m` mi s{cckssa{d {ofm kngims phfp `g` mip hfqk s{cckssa{d
cgpgks fp phkg cik- Phk kngims ~hgch rkaiek` ~kdd ~kk phisk ~hkk phk Cik Cgpwrkaiek` ~kdd fm` qgck qksf- Efmw mfpgimfd fm` kngimfd niqkmekmps im phk
cimpgmkmp hfqk kcinmgsk` phk cimpgo{pgim phfp cgpgks eflk pi kngimfd kcimiegc
rkaiefmck- Phkk gs fm gerkfpgqk pi `kqkdir spfpkngks$ ridgcgks fm` gmsp{ekmps phfp
r{dd Cik Cgpgks fm` phkg kcimiegc hgmpkdfm`s pinkphk fphk phfm frfp-
Cgpgks fm` s{o%kngims fk nkppgmn phkg
fcp pinkphk
Efmw K{irkfm ridgcw%eflks fk cimqgmck` phfp pi ok cierkpgpgqk gm phk ndiofdeflkprdfck phkw hfqk pi infmgsk fm` fcp fp f ~g`k ekpiridgpfm i s{o%kngimfd dkqkd-
Hi~kqk$ eisp hfqk `kcg`k` gp gs mip ~iph fppkerpgmn pi ckfpk aiefd gmspgp{pgims pi
fchgkqk phgs$ sgmck phkw fk {mdglkdw pi ok gerdkekmpk`- Gmaiefd$ spfpkngc fddgfmcks
okp~kkm ~gddgmn rfpmks im fnkk` pkgpigks$ ri~ks fm` ksi{cks fk okppk phfm kgphk
fcpgmn fdimk i agnhpgmn {m~gmmfodk ofppdks ai gmspgp{pgimfd chfmnk-
Kcimiew$ pkgpiw fm` niqkmekmp
phk ~kflksp dgml9Kcimiegc rickssks fk chfmngmn$ fs fk kcimiegc nkinfrhgks- Gmspgp{pgims mkk` pi cfpch
{r ~gph phisk rickssks ia chfmnk- Phk lkw gss{k gs pi eflk phk pkgpigfd gerfcp ia
mfpgimfd ridgcgks fm` `kcgsgim%eflgmn eik pfmsrfkmp fm` irkm pi `kofpk- O{p gm
f``gpgim pi kngimfd ridgcgks phkk gs f mkk` ai f mfpgimfd ridgcw ai kngims$ ~hgch pflks
f spfpkngc qgk~ ia phk frrirgfpk kdfpgimshgrs okp~kkm `gaakkmp rfps ia phk Kmndgsh
pkgpiw fm` phk gerfcp ia niqkmekmp efchgmkw$ ridgcgks fm` ksi{cks {rim phke-
Gp ~i{d` aie rfp ia f ~g`k `kofpk foi{p phk oksp ~fw ia geriqgmn phk kcimiegc
cierkpgpgqkmkss ia phk Kmndgsh {ofm$ kngimfd fm` mfpgimfd swspkes-
@iks kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss `gqk i{p
sicgfd cihksgim9
Mip mkckssfgdw- Agsp$ phk s{cckssa{d cgpgks gm K{irk hfqk phk eisp slgddk` fm` okppk%
k`{cfpk` ~ilaicks- Skcim`$ phk hgnhksp rkaiegmn kcimiegks hfqk hf` phk di~ksp fpks
ia {mkerdiwekmp- Gm K{irkfm cgpgks phk sicgfd fnkm`f gs cgpgcfddw geripfmp mip dkfsp
ridgpgcfddw- O{p r{s{gmn fm kcimiegc ni~ph spfpknw gs mip gmcierfpgodk ~gph f sicgfddw
ofdfmck` spfpknw-
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Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks [ofm _kskfch S{eefw 63
8
Cgpgks cfm hkdr phkeskdqks
Cgpgks irkfpk ~gphgm f skp ia ri~ka{d sp{cp{fd$ kcimiegc$ sicgfd$ rhwsgcfd fm`
gmspgp{pgimfd cimspfgmps- O{p phkw fk mip ri~kdkss pi shfrk phkg kcimiegc pfjkcpigks-
Cgpgks cfm fm` shi{d` `i kqkwphgmn ~gphgm phkg dgegps pi efxgegsk phk cgpgcfd s{cckss
afcpis ~k g`kmpgagk` kfdgk gmmiqfpgim$ `gqksgpw$ cimmkcpgqgpw$ slgddk` h{efm cfrgpfd$v{fdgpw ia dgak fm` spfpkngc `kcgsgim%eflgmn cfrfcgpw-
Cimcd{sgim
^k hfqk g`kmpgagk` f skp ia lkw ridgcw ekssfnks ofsk` {rim phk kxrkgkmck ia siek ia phk
eisp s{cckssa{d K{irkfm cgpgks phfp egnhp hkdr gmckfsk i{ cgpgks fm` hkmck i{
kngimfd fm` mfpgimfd kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss- Phkw `i mip cimspgp{pk f efngc o{ddkp-
Phkw fk eik dglk cieeimskmsk- O{p phkw fk mip v{gcl- Siek ~k fk fdkf`w r{s{gmn-
Hi~kqk$ phkw fk ~iph r{s{gmn ~gph nkfpk qgni{ okcf{sk phk rgzk gs qkw
hgnh- Rinkss hfs okkm ef`k gm efmw ia i{ cgpgks- ^k mkk` pi cfrgpfdgsk {rim gpeik cimsgspkmpdw-
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7
SKCPGIM 6
Cgpgks fk ofcl
Gmpi`{cpgim
Cgpgks fk hgnh im phk Ogpgsh ridgcw fnkm`f- Fapk p~i `kcf`ks ia kcimiegc fm`
`keinfrhgc `kcdgmk$ phk g`kf phfp cgpgks fk mip kcimiegc `fgms {rim o{p phk `wmfeis
ia phk mfpgimfd kcimiew hfs skgzk` phk gefngmfpgim ia ridgpgcgfms$ kskfchks fm`
o{sgmkss- Gp hfs okkm fm gmckfsgmndw sgnmgagcfmp `gekmsgim ia mfpgimfd ridgcw- Fm` gp gs mip
j{sp f Kmndgsh rhkmiekmim- Gm cimpgmkmpfd K{irk phkk gs kv{fddw ni~gmn gmpkksp gm phk
cimpgo{pgim phfp cgpgks cfm eflk pi phk mfpgimfd ~kdafk fm` pi kcimiegc
cierkpgpgqkmkss gm rfpgc{df- O{p hi~ phfp cimpgo{pgim cfm ok efxgegsk` kefgms f ogn
ridgcw chfddkmnk-
Phgs sp{`w ia cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm cgpgks ow f cimsipg{e dk` ow K{irkfm Gmspgp{pk ia
[ofm Faafgs$ Dgqkriid Jihm Eiiks [mgqksgpw$ gs agedw dicfpk` gm phfp ~g`k cimpkxp-
Gp ~fs cieegssgimk` ow I@RE fm` s{rripk` ow phk Cik Cgpgks ^ilgmn Ni{r f
rfpmkshgr cimsgspgmn ia phk 8 Kmndgsh Cik Cgpgks (Ogegmnhfe$ Ogspid$ Dkk`s$ Dgqkriid$
Efmchkspk$ Mk~cfspdk$ Mippgmnhfe$ Shkaagkd`' phk 7 _kngimfd @kqkdirekmp Fnkmcgks
(_@Fs' fm` phk `krfpekmps ia ckmpfd niqkmekmp rgefgdw cimckmk` ~gph mfpgimfd
kcimiegc rkaiefmck gmcd{`gmn phk I@RE$ phk Pkfs{w fm` phk @krfpekmps ia Pf`k
fm` Gm`{spw$ Pfmsrip fm` C{dp{k$ Ek`gf fm` Srip-
^hfp gs phk cgpw chfddkmnk9
Phk ^ilgmn Ni{rs fnkm`f gs pi eflk cgpgks `gqk {ofm kmfgssfmck fm` geriqk
kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss fp mfpgimfd fm` kngimfd dkqkd- Gp gs cimckmk` phfp phk Cik
Cgpgks: fk mip r{mchgmn phkg ~kgnhp kcimiegcfddw gm phk mfpgimfd cimpkxp< fk afddgmn
okhgm` Dim`im< dfcl phk gnhp egx ia ksrimsgogdgpgks fm` ksi{cks pi geriqk phkg
rkaiefmck< fk mip fs cierkpgpgqk$ i `i mip eflk fs nkfp cimpgo{pgim pi phk mfpgimfd
kcimiegc ~kdafk$ fs cierffodk cgpgks gm cimpgmkmpfd K{irk-
Phgs krip kxrdiks ga phksk cimckms fk j{spgagk`- Gp fsls ~hkphk fm` ga si hi~ fm`~hw phk Cik Cgpgks rkaie dkss ~kdd fm` eflk f sefddk cimpgo{pgim pi mfpgimfd
kcimiegc ~kdafk phfm s{cckssa{d riqgmcgfd cgpgks im phk Cimpgmkmp- Gp gs ofsk` im f
kqgk~ ia f ~g`k fmnk ia dgpkfp{k$ gmpkqgk~s ~gph skmgi ridgcw eflks phi{nhi{p
K{irk$ f rispfd v{kspgimmfgk pi iqk ;2 cgpgks fm` eik `kpfgdk` kqgk~s ia Hkdsgmlg$
Spiclhide$ Cirkmhfnkm$ Dgddk$ Fespk`fe$ Afmla{p _ippk`fe$ @ipe{m` Sp{ppnfp$
E{mgch$ Dwim$ Pi{di{sk$ P{gm$ Egdfm fm` Ofckdimf$ gmcd{`gmn agkd`~il gm phk dfsp mgmk
ia phisk cgpgks- Phk a{dd krip gs fqfgdfodk aie I@RE- Gp cfm fdsi ok kf` gm cimj{mcpgim
~gph phk kfdgk Cik Cgpgks krip-
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Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks [ofm _kskfch S{eefw 63
62
Hi~ ~kdd hfqk Cik Cgpgks okkm `igmn9
Phk sp{`w piil spicl ia ~hkk phk Cik Cgpgks phkeskdqks spfm` fm` hi~ phkw hfqk okkm
rkaiegmn `{gmn kckmp wkfs- Phk kqg`kmck gs egxk`- O{p gp s{rrips phk qgk~ phfp
hi~kqk {mkqkm f rickss i {ofm kmfgssfmck gs pflgmn rdfck gm Kmndfm`- Phk Cik
Cgpgks hfqk okkm phi{nh phkg ~isp rkgi` fm` fk kciqkgmn kcimiegcfddw- Gm siekksrkcps gm kckmp wkfs Cik Cgpgks hfqk okkm rkaiegmn fs ~kdd fs$ ga mip okppk phfm$
phkg kngims- Ak~k rkirdk fk dkfqgmn fm` siek eik fk eiqgmn gmpi Cik Cgpgks- Eik
rkirdk fk ~ilgmn gm phk Cik Cgpgks- _kngimfd fgrips fk ni~gmn- Rkirdk gm Cik
Cgpgks fk kfmgmn hgnhk ~fnks- [mkerdiwekmp gs afddgmn- Hi{sk rgcks fk nigmn {r- O{p
riodkes kefgm- K`{cfpgimfd fppfgmekmp gs mip nii` kqkm phi{nh gp gs nkppgmn okppk- Phk
Cik Cgpgks fk okciegmn sfak- @ksrgpk kckmp afdds$ phk m{eok ia hi{skhid`s gm kckgrp ia
gmciek kdfpk` okmkagps kefgms hgnh- Phkk fk kfd ni{m`s ai irpgegse$ kqkm ga
s{ospfmpgfd sicgfd riodkes kefgm- Phk v{kspgim gs ~hkk `iks phfp kckmp rinkss dkfqk
phke gm cierfgsim pi phk dkf`gmn K{irkfm cgpgks-
^hfp gs {ofm cierkpgpgqkmkss9
Phkk gs e{ch `kofpk foi{p phk ekfmgmn ia {ofm cierkpgpgqkmkss- ^k aiddi~ Egchfkd
Spirk fm` `kagmk gp fs phk fogdgpw ia fm kcimiew pi fppfcp fm` efgmpfgm ages ~gph spfodk
i gsgmn eflkp shfks gm fm fcpgqgpw$ ~hgdk efgmpfgmgmn spfodk i gmckfsgmn spfm`f`s ia
dgqgmn ai phisk ~hi rfpgcgrfpk gm gp- Phk cierkpgpgqkmkss ia cgpgks gs mip j{sp foi{p phk
gmciek ia ages o{p fdsi hi~ phfp gmciek niks pi ksg`kmps- Fm` cierkpgpgqkmkss gs
`gaakkmp aie cierkpgpgim- Cierkpgpgim cfm ok f zki%s{e nfek$ gm ~hgch ga imk cgpw ~gms
fmiphk disks- Ow cimpfsp cgpgks cfm fdd gmckfsk phkg cierkpgpgqkmkss fp phk sfek pgek$ si
phfp fdd cgpgks fm` phk mfpgimfd kcimiew cfm sge{dpfmki{sdw ni~ fm` okmkagp-
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66
SKCPGIM ?
Hi~ `i Cik Cgpgks efpch {r pi phkg
K{irkfm cierkpgpis9Phk v{fmpgpfpgqk fmfdwsgs agsp kqgk~s phk kqg`kmck im phkk ia phk lkw chffcpkgspgcs ia
cierkpgpgqkmkss gmmiqfpgim$ cimmkcpgqgpw fm` slgddk` ~ilaick- Phkm gp riqg`ks
kqg`kmck foi{p cimmkcpgqgpw$ sicgfd cihksgim fm` phk rgqfpk skcpis qgk~s ia phk kdfpgqk
fppfcpgqkmkss ia `gaakkmp K{irkfm cgpgks- ^hkk fqfgdfodk ~k hfqk kri`{ck` `fpf ai f
dfnk m{eok ia K{irkfm cgpgks pi r{p i{ sferdk gmpi f ~g`k cimpkxp- Hi~ `i phksk
gm`gcfpis ~il fm` ~hfp `i phkw pkdd {s foi{p phk cierffpgqk rkaiefmck ia Kmndgsh
cgpgks9 Phk rgcp{k gs mip f qkw hfrrw imk- Phk kqg`kmck gs phfp phk Cik Cgpgks `i
sgnmgagcfmpdw dfn okhgm` phk oksp cimpgmkmpfd cgpgks gm kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss-
Pfodk 6 shi~s phk N@R rk cfrgpf ia phk pir 16 cgpgks gm K{irk-
Pfodk 6: N@R rk Cfrgpf ?226
(Si{ck: Ofcdfws Ofml ?22?'
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3? Phk Hfn{k 32$662
33 Ksskm (Nkefmw' ?7$>12
30 Ogspid ?7$03>
3; Dwim (Afmck' ?8$712
31 Oidinmf (Gpfdw' ?8$?8?
3> Oich{e (Nkefmw' ?>$722
38 Rfef (Gpfdw' ?>$076
37 @ipe{m` (Nkefmw' ?1$;08
02 _ippk`fe ?1$??>
06 Spfsoi{n (Afmck' ?1$26;
0? Adikmck (Gpfdw' ?;$173
03 Dkk`s ?;$167
00 @{gso{n (Nkefmw' ?;$?;7
0; Kgm`hiqkm (Mkphkdfm s' ?;$??1
01 P{gm ?;$20?
0> Pi{di{sk ?0$8;?
08 _iek ?0$>11
07 Oi`kf{x ?0$?;?
;2 Efdei (S~k`km' ?0$?33;6 Niphkmokn (S~k`km' ?0$21;
;? Nkmiodk (Afmck' ?0$2?1
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;0 Okdgm ?3$0?8
;; Efskgddks ??$827
;1 Ogegmnhfe ??$217
;> Efmchkspk ??$277
;8 Mk~cfspdk%{rim%Pwmk ?2$077
;7 Dgddk ?2$676
12 Ofckdimf 68$007
16 Dgqkriid 61$011
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8 Cirkmhfnkm ;2$>>;
7 Hfmiqk 0>$??3
62 Hfeo{n 03$278
66 Efmmhkge 06$1>0
6? M{keo{n 06$0;1
60 F{nso{n (Nkefmw' 37$312
60 Cidinmk 37$628
6; Fespk`fe 38$?23
61 Emspk (Nkefmw' 38$607
6> ^gksof`km (Nkefmw' 3>$0;0
68 @{odgm 31$;76
67 Qgkmmf 31$;>??2 Spiclhide 3;$>33
?6 Nkdskmlgchkm (Nkefmw' 3;$188
?? Hkdsgmlg 3;$3??
?3 Dim`im 3;$2>?
?0 Okekm (Nkefmw' 3;$2??
?; K`gmo{nh 3;$268
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?> Fmp~kr (Okdng{e' 33$272
?8 Egdfm 3?$6??
?7 Ndfsni~ 36$873
32 [pkchp 36$>6?
36 Sffoclkm (Nkefmw' 32$318
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Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks [ofm _kskfch S{eefw 63
6?
Cfrgpfd cgpgks pkm` pi ok fp phk pir ia phk dkfn{k pfodk- Dfnk cgpgks pkm` pi `i ~kdd-
Nkefm cgpgks$ `ksrgpk phk ci{mpws c{kmp kcimiegc `gaagc{dpgks$ rkaie qkw ~kdd ~gph
6; i{p ia phk pir ?2- Phk Cik Cgpgks `i mip rkaie ~kdd- Ogspid fm` Dkk`s$ fp 30 fm` 03
ksrkcpgqkdw$ rkaie oksp- O{p skqkfd fk fp phk oippie ia phk dgsp- (Shkaagkd` fm`
Mippgmnhfe ~kk mip gmcd{`k` gm phk Ofcdfw sp{`w' Phk efjigpw ia Cik Cgpgks hfqk rk
cfrgpf N@Rs dkss phfm imk%phg` ia phk gchksp cgpgks gm K{irk-
Hi~ gmmiqfpgqk fk Cik Cgpgks9
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gmmiqfpgim- Phk K{irkfm Gmmiqfpgim Scikoif` hfs skqkm gm`gcfpis: pkpgfw k`{cfpgim%;-3
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Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks [ofm _kskfch S{eefw 63
61
^HI ^I_LS GM CGPGKS9
Agn{k 1 gm`gcfpks kngimfd kerdiwekmp fpks gm cgpgks- Fdd phk Cik Cgpgks kngims hfqk
di~k fpks phfm phkg cimpgmkmpfd ci{mpkrfps-
Hi~ `iks phk rgqfpk skcpi skk i{ cgpgks9
Imk geripfmp `gekmsgim ia cgpgks cierkpgpgqkmkss gs phkg kdfpgqk fppfcpgqkmkss pi
o{sgmkss fm` rgqfpk skcpi gmqkspis- ^k kxrdik phgs hkk ow kxfegmgmn phk eisp kdgfodk
sp{`w ia phksk gss{ks$ phk Hkfdkw fm` Oflk cgpw s{qkws$ ~hgch fk cieeimdw fcckrpk` fs f
io{sp ekfs{k ia cgpgks fppfcpgqkmkss- Pfodk ? dgsps phk cgpgks$ ~hgch `{gmn phk dfsp `kcf`k
hfqk okkm skkm ow iqk ;22 o{sgmkss rkirdk fm` rgqfpk skcpi gmqkspis fs phk oksp 32 gm
K{irk gm ~hgch pi dicfpk f o{sgmkss-
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Si{ck: K{ispfp$ _kngims: Spfpgspgcfd Wkfoiil ?22?
Kerdiwekmp _fpk ?226
A{dd pgek kv{gqfdkmp kerdiwekmp `gqg`k` ow ~ilgmn fnk rir{dfpgim f`j{spk` ai ciee{pgmn
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Hi~ `i Cik Cgpgks efpch {r pi phkg K{irkfm cierkpgpis9
6>
Gm geripfmp ksrkcps phksk s{qkws cimage ~hfp i{ cierffpgqk v{fmpgpfpgqk `fpf hfqk
fdkf`w shi~m- Agsp phk ndiofd cgpgks ia Dim`im fm` Rfgs fk fpk` phk oksp- Skcim` cfrgpfd
cgpgks gm nkmkfd fk phk eisp fppfcpgqk- Phg`$ imdw imk Cik Cgpw$ Efmchkspk$ ef`k gp
gmpi phk pir phgpw- Phk cgpgks phfp ~k hfqk g`kmpgagk` fs hfqgmn phk hgnhksp N@R$ hgnhksp
gmmiqfpgim dkqkds$ eik slgddk` ~ilaicks$ okppk kxpkmfd cimmkcpgims fk akv{kmpdw skkm
ow phk rgqfpk skcpi fs phk oksp rdfcks gm ~hgch pi dicfpk-
Pfodk ?: Phk oksp cgpgks pi dicfpk f o{sgmkss pi`fw
Cgpw 6772 ?226 ?22?
Dim`im 6 6 6
Rfgs ? ? ?
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Fespk`fe ; ; ;
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Ef`g` 6> 8 >
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Okdgm 6; 7 7
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E{mgch 6? 62 66
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@sskd`ia 1 6> 60
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Dgsoim 61 61 6>
Hfeo{n 60 68 68Efmchkspk 60 60 67
Dwim 68 ?2 ?2
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_iek ?; ??
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Si{ck: Hkfdkw fm` Oflk K{irkfm Cgpgks Eimgpi ?22?
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Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks [ofm _kskfch S{eefw 63
68
SKCPGIM 3
Cierkpgpgqkmkss
Si ~hkk fk ~k9 mip wkp gm phk rkegk dkfn{k
Phgs sp{`w kqgk~k` f ~g`k qfgkpw ia `fpf im phk kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss ia phk Cik
Cgpgks gm cierfgsim ~gph f skp ia dkf`gmn cgpgks gm cimpgmkmpfd K{irk- Gmkqgpfodw
v{fdgagcfpgims frrdw pi s{ch fm feogpgi{s kxkcgsk- Phkk fk `gaakkmcks ia qgk~ foi{p phk
ekfmgmn fm` ekfs{kekmp ia cimckrps dglk cierkpgpgqkmkss- Phk sp{`w rgefgdw piil f
smfrship ia f sferdk mip f eiqgk ia f ~g`k {mgqksk- Phkk gs geripfmp qfgfpgim
~gphgm phk Cik Cgpgks fs ~kdd fs ~gphgm cimpgmkmpfd cgpgks- Mip fdd `i kv{fddw ~kdd i
kv{fddw of`dw gm kqkw fsrkcp ia cierkpgpgqkmkss- Fm` phkk gs kqg`kmck phfp Cik Cgpgks
hfqk geriqk` phkg rkaiefmck gm efmw geripfmp ~fws gm kckmp wkfs- O{p `ksrgpkfdd phgs$ phk ogn rgcp{k gs cdkf- Kmndgsh cgpgks `i mip r{mch phkg kcimiegc ~kgnhp gm f
K{irkfm cimpkxp- Phkw dfn sgnmgagcfmpdw okhgm` efmw ia phkg K{irkfm cimpgmkmpfd
ci{mpkrfps- Phgs gs ef`k ~isk ow phk afcp phfp K{irkfm cgpgks `i mip rkaie
~kdd ndiofddw-
[ofm Cierkpgpgqkmkss ~hfp kfddw efppks9
I{ kqgk~ ia kskfch fm` agkd`~il dk` {s pi cimcd{`k phfp phkk fk sgx cgpgcfd akfp{ks
ia {ofm cierkpgpgqkmkss:
Kcimiegc `gqksgpw-
Slgddk` ~ilaick-
Cimmkcpgqgpw gmpkmfd fm` kxpkmfd-
Spfpkngc cfrfcgpw pi eiogdgsk fm` gerdkekmp dimn pke `kqkdirekmp spfpkngks-
Gmmiqfpgim gm ages fm` infmgsfpgims-
V{fdgpw ia dgak sicgfd$ c{dp{fd$ kmqgimekmpfd-
KCIMIEGC @GQK_SGPW
Phk cgpgks$ ~hgch fk eisp s{cckssa{d gm ksrim`gmn pi kcimiegc chfmnk$ fk phisk ~hgch
fk dkfsp `krkm`kmp im f sgmndk skcpi- Cgpgks phfp fk `krkm`kmp {rim f sgmndk skcpi
~hkphk id`%afshgimk` cifd$ spkkd$ shgrrgmn i mk~%afshgimk` agmfmcgfd skqgcks$ eiogdk
pkdkrhimks$ c{dp{k i cier{pks fk eisp q{dmkfodk pi phk qfnfgks ia ndiofd kcimiegc
aicks- Phgs frrdgks fs e{ch pi Hkdsgmlg$ Afmla{p fm` Dim`im fs gp `iks pi Dgqkriid$
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Cierkpgpgqkmkss
67
Shkaagkd` fm` Mk~cfspdk- E{mgch gs phk cdkfksp kxferdk ia phgs$ ~gph phk E{mgch egx
cimspfmpdw cgpk` fs phk lkw pi gps s{cckss- Gp hfs spkmnph gm ndiofd fm` dicfd ages$ dfnk fm`
sefdd$ efm{afcp{gmn fs ~kdd fs skqgcks$ phk id` fs ~kdd fs phk mk~ kcimiew- Mioi`w
okdgkqks f cgpw cfm o{gd` im nkkmagkd` sgpk kcimiegc spkmnph ~hkk mimk c{kmpdw kxgsps
dicfddw- Phk pgcl gs pi ~il ~gph ~hfp wi{ hfqk fm` pi ei`kmgsk-
SLGDDK@ ^I_LAI_CK
F slgddk` ~ilaick gs f cgpgcfd akfp{k ia cierkpgpgqk cgpgks- Ei`km kcimiegks
gmckfsgmndw `krkm` {rim lmi~dk`nk gmpkmsgqk skcpis$ kqkm ~gphgm efm{afcp{gmn-
Phk ridgcw eflks ~k s{qkwk` fpk` phgs chffcpkgspgc cimsgspkmpdw hgnhdw- Gp ~fs fpk`
fs phk eisp sgnmgagcfmp sgmndk afcpi ow phk rgqfpk skcpi- Fm` phk cierffpgqk `fpf im
cgpgks {m`kdgmk` phk kdfpgimshgr ia slgddk` ~ilks pi phk gmmiqfpgim fm` N@R dkqkds
ia phk eisp cierkpgpgqk cgpgks-
CIMMKCPGQGPW GMPK_MFD FM@ KXPK_MFD
Fmiphk phkf` ia i{ cfsk sp{`w ~il gs phk sgnmgagcfmck ia gmpkmfd fm` kxpkmfd
ciee{mgcfpgims ~hkphk gp gs rhwsgcfd$ kdkcpimgc i c{dp{fd- Phk eisp s{cckssa{d cgpgks
hfqk phk rhwsgcfd fm` kdkcpimgc gmafsp{cp{k pi eiqk nii`s$ skqgcks fm` rkirdk v{gcldw
fm` kaagcgkmpdw- Kxpkmfd cimmkcpgims fk geripfmp sgmck kxripgmn kefgms cgpgcfd pi
s{cckss- Si fgrips fk cgpgcfd- Phkw afcgdgpfpk afck%pi%afck ciee{mgcfpgim$ ~hgch hfs
okkm s{rrdkekmpk` mip krdfck` ow pkchmidingcfd ciee{mgcfpgim- Cimmkcpgqgpw gs mip
sgerdw rhwsgcfd- Phkk gs f c{dp{fd `gekmsgim pi gp fs ~kdd- Ai kxferdk$ f sgnmgagcfmp
akfp{k ia i{ s{cckssa{d cimpgmkmpfd cgpgks gs phk geripfmck phkw fppfch pi
gmpkmfpgimfdgsfpgim fm` hfqgmn cgpw aikgnm ridgcgks- E{mgch$ _ippk`fe$ Dwim$ Hkdsgmlg$Ofckdimf$ Sp{ppnfp gm phkg `gaakkmp ~fws hfqk gmqkspk` sgnmgagcfmp pgek fm` kaaip gm
gmpkmfpgimfd mkp~ilgmn pi fgsk phkg riagdk$ nfgm mk~ fddgks$ kxrfm` eflkp shfk$
gmad{kmck `kcgsgim%eflks fm` dkfm mk~ spfpkngks fm` rfcpgcks-
SP_FPKNGC @KCGSGIM%EFLGMN CFRFCGPW
Imk ia phk cimspfmp phkeks gm phk dgpkfp{k$ i{ s{qkw fm` agkd`~il `gsc{ssgims ~fs phfp
swspkes$ gmspgp{pgims fm` infmgsfpgims `i shfrk cierkpgpgqkmkss- O{p rickssks fm` ridgpgcs
efppk kv{fddw- Phk mffpgqk aie i{ gm`gqg`{fd cgpgks cimspfmpdw nkmkfpk` phk sfek
phkeks: phk sgnmgagcfmck ia mkp~ils fm` kdfpgimshgrs okp~kkm lkw rdfwks gm phk r{odgc
fm` rgqfpk skcpis< phk geripfmck ia c{cgfd ridgpgcgfms gm shfrgmn spfpkngks i gmad{kmcgmn
lkw rinfeeks< phk sgnmgagcfmck ia hfqgmn fddgks pi gmad{kmck phk `kcgsgims ia kngimfd fm`
mfpgimfd niqkmekmps- S{ch afcpis$ ai kxferdk$ hkdr kxrdfgm phk kdfpgqk {m`k%
rkaiefmck ia Egdfm gm cimpfsp pi phk s{ospfmpgfd geriqkekmps ef`k ow P{gm gm kckmp
wkfs- Kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss spfpkngks hfqk pi ok afshgimk` fm` gerdkekmpk` phkw
`i mip j{sp keknk- Fm` phkw pflk f dimn pgek pi `kqkdir fm` pi gerdkekmp- Fdphi{nh
phkw mi~ okciek qgp{fd cdgchs$ gp gs spgdd p{k phfp fdd ia i{ cierkpgpgqk cgpgks kerhfsgsk
phk mipgims ia qgsgim$ dkf`kshgr$ rfpmkshgr fm` ridgpgcs gm shfrgmn dimn%pke `kqkdirekmp-
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Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks [ofm _kskfch S{eefw 63
?2
GMMIQFPGIM GM AG_ES FM@ I_NFMGSFPGIMS
Phgs gs rkhfrs phk eisp c{cgfd chffcpkgspgc ia f cierkpgpgqk cgpw- Ai{ akfp{ks dkf` pi
kngimfd fm` {ofm cierkpgpgqkmkss: gmqkspekmp gm ei`km$ lmi~dk`nk ofsk` rhwsgcfd
kv{grekmp< gmqkspekmp gm kskfch fm` k`{cfpgim< gmqkspekmp gm gmmiqfpgim fm` dfoi{
ri`{cpgqgpw- Gm fdd phksk lmi~dk`nk fm` gmmiqfpgim fk cdiskdw dgmlk`$ phk efgm `gqks
ia rdfck cierkpgpgqkmkss- Lmi~dk`nk ofsk` gm`{spgks fk phk lkw pi gmmiqfpgim fm` phk`kqkdirekmp ia ~id`%cdfss spfm`f`s ia dgqgmn- Gmmiqfpgim gs `kagmk` fs phk gmpi`{cpgim
ia f mk~ i chfmnk` rickss$ skqgck i aie ia infmgsfpgim gmpi phk eflkp rdfck- Phk
IKC@ kspgefpks phfp okp~kkm 67>2 fm` 677; eik phfm hfda phk pipfd ni~ph gm i{pr{p
ia phk `kqkdirk` ~id` ks{dpk` aie gmmiqfpgim- Fm` sgmck eisp kcimiegc fcpgqgpgks fk
cimckmpfpk` gm cgpw kngims$ lmi~dk`nk fm` gmmiqfpgim fk p~i ia phk eisp sgnmgagcfmp
cimpgo{pis pi phk kcimiegc ni~ph fm` cierkpgpgqkmkss ia cgpks- Phk K{irkfm
Cieegssgim hfs kspgefpk` phfp iqk 02+ ia phk qfgfpgim gm rk cfrgpf kngimfd gmciek
cfm ok kxrdfgmk` ow `gaakkmcks gm gmmiqfpgqk rkaiefmck-
[mpgd kckmpdw kdfpgqkdw dgppdk fppkmpgim hfs okkm rfg` pi phk dicfd chffcpkgspgcs ia
gmmiqfpgim swspkes$ fphk phfm mfpgimfd chffcpkgspgcs- O{p `gaakkmcks gm phk niqkmfmck
ia dicfd gmmiqfpgim swspkes cfm eflk f `gaakkmck pi phk kcimiegc rkaiefmck ia cgpw
kngims fm` fgsk phk risrkcp phfp nii` rfcpgck egnhp ok pfmsakfodk aie phk eik
cierkpgpgqk pi dkss cierkpgpgqk rdfcks- I{ ~il im Pi{di{sk$ Sp{ppnfp fm` Cik Cgpgks
s{nnksps phkk fk 3 rissgodk ei`kds ia dicfd gmmiqfpgim- Phk Kmndgsh nfssiips ei`kd ia
gmmiqfpgim gs ksskmpgfddw f `gaa{sk eflkp `gqkm ei`kd ~gph dgppdk i{psg`k cii`gmfpgim- Gm
f mkp~ilk` ei`kd dglk Nkefmw$ e{dpg%dkqkd mkp~ils fk kspfodgshk` phfp skkl fnkkekmp
okp~kkm ages$ ofmls$ k`{cfpgimfd kspfodgshekmps fm` `gaakkmp dfwks ia niqkmekmp- Gm
phk `ggngspk ei`kd dglk Afmck$ gmmiqfpgim gs gmgpgfpk` fp dkfsp rfpdw ow ckmpfd
niqkmekmp-
Gmmiqfpgim hfs okkm kcinmgsk` ai efmw wkfs fs c{cgfd pi phk s{cckss ia cgpgks ow r{odgc
f{phigpgks- Fdphi{nh phk `kpfgds hfqk chfmnk`$ phk ofsgc spfpkngc fge hfs kefgmk` phk
sfek pi pfmsaie pkchmidingcfd lmi~dk`nk gmpi gmmiqfpgqk ri`{cps fm` rickssks- Phk
cimpfsp ~gph Kmndgsh cgpgks ci{d` mip ok nkfpk- Okaik phk 6772s gp ~fs {m{s{fd ai fmw
Kmndgsh cgpw pi hfqk f cii`gmfpk` ridgcw ai gmqkspekmp gm gmmiqfpgim- Phk _@Fs hfqk
chfmnk` phgs risgpgim- Mkqkphkdkss$ gp spgdd kefgms fk ai gm`gqg`{fd cgpgks pi hfqk
spfpkngks ai geriqgmn phk ciddkcpgqk gmqkspekmp gm gmmiqfpgim- Gm phgs ~fw phkw dfn p~i
i kqkm phkk `kcf`ks okhgm` siek ia phk eik cierkpgpgqk cgpgks gm K{irk-
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Cierkpgpgqkmkss
?6
V[FDGPW IA DGAK
Gp gs cdkf phfp siap dicfpgim afcpis fk okciegmn fm gmckfsgmndw geripfmp rfp ia
kcimiegc `kcgsgim%eflgmn- Imk ia phk cimspfmp phkf`s ia gmpkqgk~s ~gph r{odgc fm`
rgqfpk `kcgsgim%eflks ~fs phk sgnmgagcfmck ia fppfcpgmn fm` kpfgmgmn slgddk` ~ilks pi
phkg cgpgks- Fm` gm phkg cfdc{dfpgims$ phk v{fdgpw ia dgak ai phkeskdqks fm` phkg afegdgks gs
fm gmckfsgmndw geripfmp afcpi- Cgpgks ~gph phk fsskps ia nii` kmqgimekmp$ `gspgmcpgqkfchgpkcp{ks$ c{dp{fd afcgdgpgks$ `gqksk hi{sgmn spicl$ fcckss pi mfp{fd fekmgpgks fk
fppkerpgmn pi rkskqk fm` geriqk phke- E{mgch$ Dwim fm` Ofckdimf hfqk `gaakkmp
egxks ia phisk chffcpkgspgcs fm` phkg ridgcw eflks fk pwgmn pi kmhfmck phke- Phisk
~hgch fk mip si ~kdd odkssk` ~gph s{ch fsskps fk fppkerpgmn pi ckfpk phke gm phkg cgpgks-
Kv{fddw @ipe{m` fm` _ippk`fe fk mip si rgqgdknk` fm` fk fcpgqkdw skklgmn ~fws ia
geriqgmn phkg v{fdgpw ia dgak iaak pi gmad{kmck rgqfpk gmqkspekmp fm` kpfgm slgddk`
~ilaicks- V{fdgpw ia dgak efw mip ok phk fosid{pkdw cgpgcfd qfgfodk dglk gmmiqfpgim$
`gqksgpw i cimmkcpgqgpw- O{p dglk niqkmfmck fm` spfpkngc cfrfcgpw gp `iks gmckfsgmndw
efppk- Gm phgs skmsk$ phk {ofm kmfgssfmck fnkm`f ia I@RE fm` f fmnk ia niqkmekmp
`krfpekmps$ cierdkekmps fphk phfm cimpf`gcps$ phk hf`%k`nk` kngimfd fnkm`f ia
Pkfs{w fm` @PG- Oiph efppk fm` shi{d` ok kmci{fnk`-
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Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks [ofm _kskfch S{eefw 63
??
SKCPGIM 0
Si ~his nigmn pi `i ~hfp9
Phk K{irkfm {ofm hgkfchw gs spfodk o{p
cgpgks cfm geriqk v{gcldw
F lkw v{kspgim ai Cik Cgpgks gs phk kxpkmp pi ~hgch cgpgks cfm geriqk phkg kdfpgqk
rkaiefmck gm kdfpgim pi phkg K{irkfm cierkpgpis- Phk kqg`kmck {m`kdgmks phfp phkk
fk sp{cp{fd chffcpkgspgcs ia cierkpgpgqkmkss$ ~hgch fk fcv{gk` iqk f dimn rkgi` ia
pgek fm` mip disp v{gcldw- Phk cgpgks$ ~hgch rkaiek` ~kdd f `kcf`k fni fm` ~kk ~kdd
knf`k` ow phk rgqfpk skcpi fs rdfcks pi `i o{sgmkss f `kcf`k fni$ spgdd hkf` phk dkfn{k
pfodk- Mkqkphkdkss$ phkk gs kqg`kmck phfp cgpgks cfm chfmnk phkg rkaiefmck- Phkv{fmpgpfpgqk kqg`kmck shi~k` hi~ Ofckdimf fm` Ef`g` hf` geriqk` phkg risgpgim
fs hf` Hkdsgmlg- Gm phk dimnk pke gp gs fdsi gmsp{cpgqk pi kcfdd phk kxrkgkmck ia phk
phkk eisp s{cckssa{d mim%cfrgpfd cgpgks gm K{irk Afmla{p$ Sp{ppnfp fm` E{mgch-
Agapw wkfs fni fdd hf` okkm qgp{fddw `kspiwk`- Gm`kk`$ gm phisk cgpgks efmw okdgkqk phfp
phgs `ksp{cpgim ia id`k gm`{spgfd sp{cp{ks fm` fppgp{`ks kmci{fnk` phk qgk~ gm phk
cgpgks phfp chfmnk$ gmmiqfpgim$ kgmqkmpgim ~fs oiph `ksgfodk fm` rissgodk-
S{cckssa{d cgpgks s{cckssa{d kngims9
Phk eisp cierkpgpgqk kngims fdsi hf` phk eisp cierkpgpgqk cgpgks- Cimqkskdw ~k ai{m`mi kxferdks ia s{cckssa{d kngims ~hgch hf` {ms{cckssa{d cgpgks fp phkg cik- Efmw ridgcw%
eflks okdgkqk phfp cgpgks fcp{fddw dkf` phkg kngims kcimiegc rkaiefmck- Phkk gs mip f
cimadgcp ia gmpkksp okp~kkm cgpgks fm` kngims mi shi{d` phkk ok imk okp~kkm {ofm fm`
kngimfd ridgcw- Phgs kerhfsgsks phk mkk` ai cimpgm{gmn nkfpk fdgnmekmp ia @PG fm`
I@RE ridgcgks gm phk skfch ai {ofm fm` kngimfd cierkpgpgqkmkss-
CGPGKS FM@ S[O%_KNGIMS NKP PINKPHK_
Phk frrirgfpk kdfpgimshgr okp~kkm Cik Cgpgks fm` phkg kcimiegc hgmpkdfm`s gs fmgmckfsgmndw geripfmp gss{k- @ksrgpk phk fss{erpgim phfp phgmns ~il okppk im phk
cimpgmkmp$ phgs `g` mip riqk pi ok phk cfsk- Ak~ {ofm fkfs hfqk wkp `kqgsk` f
sfpgsafcpiw skp ia ffmnkekmps phfp cfrp{k phk ~g`k kcimiegc pkgpiw- O{p gm fdd phk
cgpgks ~k diilk` fp$ phkk gs f qgk~ phfp phk cik cgpw gs mip dfnk kmi{nh pi skqk fs phk
ofsgs ai kcimiegc `kqkdirekmp- Fdd fk fppkerpgmn pi ckfpk gmaiefd spfpkngc fddgfmcks$
iapkm dk` ow ri~ka{d Efwis fs gm Dwim$ Ofckdimf fm` Hkdsgmlg-
Imk ekssfnk ai Cik Cgpgks fm` _@Fs gs phfp phkg ci{mpkrfps gm K{irk fk cimqgmck`
phfp pi ok cierkpgpgqk gm phk ndiofd eflkprdfck gm a{p{k phkw hfqk pi infmgsk fm` fcp fp
f ~g`k ekpiridgpfm i s{o%kngimfd dkqkd- Fmiphk ekssfnk gs phfp$ `ksrgpk Sp{ppnfps
fchgkqkekmps$ eisp ia phke hfqk `kcg`k` gp gs mip ~iph fppkerpgmn pi ckfpk aiefdgmspgp{pgims pi fchgkqk phgs$ sgmck phkw fk {mdglkdw pi ok gerdkekmpk`- Phk eisp cieeim
qgk~ gs phfp gmaiefd spfpkngc fddgfmcks okp~kkm ~gddgmn rfpmks ~hgch cfm ok eiogdgsk`
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Si ~his nigmn pi `i ~hfp9
?3
fi{m` fnkk` pkgpigks fm` ri~ks fm` ksi{cks fk okppk phfm phk fdpkmfpgqks ia
fcpgmn imdw im f dicfd ofsgs i ia srkm`gmn f nkfp `kfd ia pgek fm` kmknw agnhpgmn
{m~gmmfodk ofppdks ai aiefd chfmnk-
@IKS KCIMIEGC CIERKPGPGQKMKSS @_GQK I[P SICGFD CIHKSGIM9
Phkk gs cimsg`kfodk gmpkksp gm Cik Cgpgks gm ~fws ia ksidqgmn phk frrfkmp pkmsgim
okp~kkm spfpkngks phfp aic{s {rim kcimiegc ni~ph fm` phisk ~hgch aic{s {rim sicgfd
kv{gpw i ~kdafk fnkm`fs- ^hfp `iks phk K{irkfm kxrkgkmck pkdd {s9 Agsp$ gp gs cdkf phfp
fdd phk cierkpgpgqk cgpgks fk cimckmk` foi{p gss{ks ia sicgfd kxcd{sgim fm` gm fdd ia phke
phkk gs f cimckm phfp ni~ph shi{d` mip gmckfsk gmkv{fdgpw- Efmw cgpgks ~fmp pi r{s{k
f ofdfmck` fnkm`f fphk phfm f sgerdk kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss spfpknw- Phk kqg`kmck
shi~s p~i phgmns- Agsp$ phk s{cckssa{d cgpgks gm K{irk hfqk phk eisp slgddk` fm` okppk%
k`{cfpk` ~ilaicks- Gm phfp skmsk gm phk dimn {m phkk gs mi cimadgcp okp~kkm fm
kcimiegc ni~ph spfpknw fm` f ofdfmck` sicgkpw spfpknw- Geriqgmn phk k`{cfpgimfd
rkaiefmck ia gm`gqg`{fds hkdrs phke fm` hkdrs phk ~g`k kcimiew- Skcim` fm` eispgeripfmp phk kqg`kmck aie i{ s{cckssa{d cgpgks gs phfp gm afcp phk hgnhksp rkaiegmn
kcimiegks iapkm hfqk phk di~ksp fpks ia {mkerdiwekmp- Phk dkssim aie i{ cgpgks fm`
phkg ridgcw eflks gs phfp phk sicgfd fnkm`f gs cgpgcfddw geripfmp mip dkfsp ridgpgcfddw-
O{p r{s{gmn fm kcimiegc ni~ph spfpknw gs mip gmcierfpgodk ~gph f sicgfddw ofdfmck`
spfpknw-
MFPGIMFD NIQK_MEKMP RIDGCW EFPPK_S
Cgpgks hfqk pi efxgegsk phkg irrip{mgpgks ga phkw fk pi s{cckk` kcimiegcfddw- O{p phk
afek~il skp ow mfpgimfd niqkmekmp efppks f nkfp `kfd- Phk kxrkgkmck ia Afmck gsgmsp{cpgqk- Phk `kcgsgim pi `kckmpfdgsk fm` ckfpk fdpkmfpgqk {ofm ckmpks pi Rfgs iqk
?2 wkfs fni hfs hf` f efji gerfcp {rim phk Akmch {ofm hgkfchw- Rfgs spgdd `iegmfpks
o{p efmw ia phk skcim` cgpgks mi~ rkaie ~kdd- Ai kxferdk i{ ~il im Pi{di{sk
{m`kdgmk` phk geripfmck ia gmqkspekmp ow phk ckmpfd spfpk gm pkchmidinw fm` _!@
afcgdgpgks iqk f p~kmpw%wkf rkgi`$ ~hgch ekfms phfp gp gs mi~ imk ia phk dkf`gmn ckmpks
ia gmmiqfpgim- I{ ~il im Dwim {m`kdgmk` phk cgpgcfd geripfmck ia spfpk gmqkspekmp
gm pfmsrip gmafsp{cp{k fm` phk PNQ$ ~hgch fddi~k` phk cgpw pi okciek eik cdkfdw
cimmkcpk` pi K{irkfm eflkps- Kv{fddw$ phk c{kmp mfpgimfd kd{cpfmck pi fddi~
kxrfmsgim ia phk Dwim fgrip fp phk kxrkmsk ia Rfgs$ i phk kd{cpfmck pi kxpkm` phk
Dwim%Egdfm PNQ swspke$ {m`kdgmks phk cgpgcfd sgnmgagcfmck ia cimpgm{gmn mfpgimfd
gmqkspekmp gm pfmsripfpgim pi phk a{p{k rkaiefmck ia cgpgks-
DFCL IA CIERKPGPGQKMKSS GS F MFPGIMFD R_IODKE O[P F OGNNK_
[_OFM R_IODKE
Dfcl ia cierkpgpgqkmkss gs f mfpgimfd riodke- Hi~kqk$ phk riodke gs kqkm eik fm
{ofm imk- Phk [L efw hfqk {m`k rkaiek`- O{p gps cgpgks hfqk {m`k rkaiek` kqkm
eik- ^k cfm skk phgs ow cierfgmn phk kdfpgqk rkaiefmck ia lkw K{irkfm cgpgks fm`
phkg mfpgimfd kcimiegks gm Agn{k >-
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Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks [ofm _kskfch S{eefw 63
?0
Phk rgcp{k gs qkw cdkf- Phk cierkpgpgqk cgpgks gm i{ sferdk cimsg`kfodw i{prkaie
phkg mfpgimfd N@Rs- _kckmpdw geriqk` rkaieks dglk Hkdsgmlg i Ofckdimf efpch i
okfp phkg mfpgimfd rkaiefmck- Phk cgpgks ~k gmcd{`k` gm phk sp{`w fs cierffodk pi phk
Cik Cgpgks @ipe{m`$ _ippk`fe$ fm` Dgddk rkaie dkss ~kdd$ fs ~k ~i{d` kxrkcp-
O{p ~gph phk kxckrpgim ia Ogspid$ phk Cik Cgpgks dfn sgnmgagcfmpdw okhgm` phk mfpgimfd
fqkfnk- J{sp fs phk cimpgmkmpfd cgpgks gm i{ sp{`w fk dkf`gmn phkg mfpgims rkaiefmck$fn{fodw phk Cik Cgpgks fk cimspfgmgmn i{ mfpgimfd rkaiefmck- Phk gerdgcfpgim e{sp
ok phfp ga phk Cik Cgpgks ci{d` geriqk phkg rkaiefmck pi efpch phfp ia phkg
cimpgmkmpfd ci{mpkrfps$ phk nfgms pi phk mfpgimfd kcimiew ~i{d` ok kmiei{s-
Cgpgks efppk
Gp gs gmckfsgmndw cdkf phfp cgpgks efppk- K{irkfm niqkmekmps$ phk K{irkfm
Cieegssgim$ efmw kngimfd niqkmekmps fm` fnkmcgks gm cimpgmkmpfd K{irk kcinmgsk
phfp pi fchgkqk mfpgimfd kcimiegc s{cckss gp gs mkckssfw pi hfqk s{cckssa{d cgpgks- Phk
kqg`kmck phfp gm efmw cimpgmkmpfd ci{mpgks cgpgks rkaie okppk phfm phk mfpgimfd
kcimiew ~hkkfs phk efjigpw ia i{ dfnk cgpgks rkaie ~isk riqg`ks s{ospfmpgfd
kerggcfd s{rrip ai phk okdgka- Gmckfsgmndw niqkmekmps knf` cgpgks fs c{cgfd pi
mfpgimfd ~kdd okgmn mip siekphgmn niqkmekmp cfm ok fnmispgc foi{p- Gp gs mip cdkf phfp
phgs qgk~ hfs okkm fosiok` ow geripfmp rfps ia niqkmekmp gm phk [L- Phk risgpgim
fm` ridgcgks ia I@RE gm kckmp wkfs hfqk shi~m ni~gmn cieegpekmp pi fm` f~fkmkss
ia phk ripkmpgfd kcimiegc cimpgo{pgim ia cgpgks- Gp gs dkss cdkf phfp iphk `krfpekmps
shfk phfp qgk~ i cieegpekmp- I{ K{irkfm kqg`kmck s{nnksps phkw shi{d` `i si gm
a{p{k- Phk kcimiegc cim`gpgims fm` cimpgo{pgim ia cgpgks mkk` pi ok mkfk phk pir ia
phk ciddkcpgqk niqkmekmpfd fnkm`f-
Agn{k >: [ofm fm` Mfpgimfd N@Rs
Si{ck: Ofcdfws Ofml$ ?22?
N@R Rk Cfrgpfd (K{is' ?226
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62$222
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Dgqkriid
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Ogegmn
hfe
Dkk`s
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gspid
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dimf
Dgddk
Pi{di{sk
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E
gdfm
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Cirkmhfnkm
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pnfp
E{
mgch
Afm
la{p
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8/3/2019 Competitive European cities. Where do the core cities stand?
26/33
Si ~his nigmn pi `i ~hfp9
?;
EIMKW FM@ RI^K_ DKPPGMN NI EFPPK_S
Phk pkm` gm cimpgmkmpfd K{irk gs pi `kckmpfdgsk fm` kngimfdgsk `kcgsgim%eflgmn$
rdfcgmn ri~ks fp phk di~ksp dkqkd- Cimpgmkmpfd cgpgks hfqk ksrimsgogdgpw ai f ~g`k fmnk
ia a{mcpgims ~hgch faakcp phkg kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss phfm `i phkg Kmndgsh
ci{mpkrfps- Cimpgmkmpfd cgpgks pwrgcfddw hfqk eik `gqksk aies ia dicfd kqkm{k fm`
eik o{iwfmp pfx ofsks$ ~hgch eflk phke dkss agscfddw `krkm`kmp {rim phk mfpgimfd spfpkfm` eik rifcpgqk gm phkg `kqkdirekmp spfpkngks- Efmw K{irkfm cgpgks hfqk ri~ka{d
kdkcpk` efwis ~hi ngqk cdkf dkf`kshgr pi kcimiegc `kqkdirekmp- Efmw s{cckssa{d cgpgks
hfqk okkm `kkrdw gmqidqk` gm K{irkfm swspkes fm` mkp~ils$ ~hgch hfs kmci{fnk` phke
pi ok gmpkmfpgimfdgsp$ kxrfmsgimgsp fm` kmpkrkmk{gfd- Phk egx qfgks o{p gp gs `gaagc{dp pi
`gsfnkk ~gph phk qgk~ phfp phkg cieogmfpgim ia ri~ks fm` ksi{cks eflk cimpgmkmpfd
cgpgks eik rifcpgqk$ eik kmpkrkmk{gfd fm` riofodw eik cierkpgpgqk- Phk eisp
s{cckssa{d cgpgks gm K{irk kefgm Nkefm- Phkw hfqk s{ospfmpgfd ri~ks fm` ksi{cks
fm` irkfpk gm phk eisp `kckmpfdgsk` mfpgimfd swspke- Kmndgsh cgpgks fn{fodw hfqk ak~k
ri~ks$ ksi{cks fm` ksrimsgogdgpgks phfm phkg cierkpgpis fm` hfqk okkm dkss kmnfnk` gm
phk K{irkfm rijkcp- Fm` phkw hfqk okkm dkss s{cckssa{d kcimiegcfddw- Phk eik
ckmpfdgsk` niqkmekmpfd$ gmspgp{pgimfd$ fm` agmfmcgfd swspke e{sp ok imk `gekmsgim ia phk
{m`k rkaiefmck ia Kmndgsh cgpgks- Phk ridgcw gerdgcfpgim gs mip f ship pke imk- O{p gp
gs cdkf- Dkppgmn ni fchgkqks eik-
PHK KMNDGSH [_OFM RDC CGPGKS DGQK GM SWSPKES
Gm efmw K{irkfm ci{mpgks cgpgks fk gmckfsgmndw skkm dkss gm phkg mfpgimfd kcimiegc
hgkfchgks phfm gm ndiofd i fp dkfsp K{irkfm hgkfchgks- Phk Akmch fm` @{pch
rdfmmgmn swspkes$ ai kxferdk$ {m`kdgmk phfp cgpgks fk gm f kdfpgimshgr ~gph kfch iphk
gm phkg i~m `iekspgc swspke fm` gp gs okppk pi hfqk ridgcgks ~hgch eflk phgs kxrdgcgp fm`pw pi fcp {rim gp- Phgs hfs shfrk` phkg gmqkspekmp ridgcw gm pfmsrip$ hgnhk k`{cfpgim
fm` dicfpgim ia _!@ afcgdgpgks- Phgs hfs gerdgcfpgims ai phk [L- Gm phk rfsp phkk hfs
okkm dgppdk skmsk ia phk kdfpgqk idks fm` cimpgo{pgims ia `gaakkmp cgpgks fm` hi~ phkw
gerfcp {rim kfch iphk phkg rfpgc{df cimpgo{pgims fm` mgchks- O{p phgs gss{k ~gdd
hfqk pi ok afck` ga phk Cik Cgpgks fnkm`f gs pi ok ef`k f kfdgpw- Ai kxferdk$ Cik Cgpgks
spkss phfp pi geriqk phkg kcimiegc risgpgim gp gs mkgphk mkckssfw mi `ksgfodk pi
cimspfgm phk idk fm` cimpgo{pgim ia Dim`im- Phk kdfpgimshgr cfm ok ~gm%~gm fphk
phfm zki%s{e- Phgs gmkqgpfodw aic{sks fppkmpgim {rim phk kcimiegc kdfpgimshgr okp~kkm
phk riqgmcgfd cgpgks fm` phk cfrgpfd fm` fgsks phk v{kspgim hi~ phkw cfm cierdkekmp$
fphk phfm cierkpk ~gph$ kfch iphk- Ridgcweflks mfpgimfd fm` dicfd ~gdd mkk` pi
g`kmpgaw ~fws gm ~hgch phkg ciddkcpgqk gmpkksps cfm ok rieipk` skrffpkdw fm` jigmpdw-
Phkw ~gdd mkk` pi phgml foi{p swspkes fm` kdfpgimshgrs fs e{ch fs foi{p rfpgc{df rdfcks-
Phgs gs fdkf`w okngmmgmn pi hfrrkm fp dicfd dkqkd fs Cik Cgpgks agm` ~fws ia shfgmn fm`
ciddfoifpgmn- Phk Dwims kqgk~ gs f ~kdciek rfp ia phgs rickss- Gp ~gdd mkk` pi hfrrkm
eik fp mfpgimfd niqkmekmp dkqkd fs ~kdd-
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8/3/2019 Competitive European cities. Where do the core cities stand?
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Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks [ofm _kskfch S{eefw 63
?1
N_I^M%[R NIQK_MEKMP HKDRS
Fs {ofm chfddkmnks okciek eik cierdkx fm` phk fcpis gmqidqk` okciek eik
m{eki{s$ rfpmkshgr ~ilgmn okcieks gmckfsgmndw mkckssfw- Rfpmkshgr irkfpks fp fdd
dkqkds- Gp gs gmsp{cpgqk pi mipk phfp p~i ia phk ci{mpgks ~hgch hfqk rdfck` eisp fppkmpgim
im cgpgks fm` hfqk okkm p~i ia phk eisp ckmpfdgsk` ci{mpgks Afmck fm` phk
Mkphkdfm`s fk fppkerpgmn pi srkcgagcfddw o{gd` okppk ~ilgmn kdfpgimshgrs okp~kkm phkmfpgimfd spfpk fm` {ofm fkfs- Phk `kpfgds qfw o{p phk rgmcgrdks kefgm phk sfek pi
irkfpk im f cimpfcp{fd ofsgs ~gph phk dfnk cgpgks- Mkgphk hfs mkckssfgdw a{ddw fchgkqk`
phkg feogpgim- O{p phkg kaaips `i {m`kdgmk phk mkk` ai eik ni~m {r gm f``gpgim pi
eik jigmk` {r niqkmekmp- Gm rfpgc{df phkk mkk`s pi ok nkfpk dkqkds ia p{sp
okp~kkm mfpgimfd niqkmekmps fm` phk ogn {ofm fkfs fm` f ~gddgmnmkss pi dkp ni ia
ckmpfd cimpid iqk phk rickss ia `kdgqkw ~hgdk kpfgmgmn f spimn gmad{kmck iqk phk
i{pcieks ia ridgcw- Eiqgmn pi~f`s f eik cimpfcp{fd$ i{pciek%ofsk` frrifch phfp
egmgegsk` egci%cimpid ~i{d` ok f hkdra{d ~fw ia kmci{fngmn cgpw kcimiegc
cierkpgpgqkmkss gm a{p{k-
SGZK EFPPK_S
Imk v{kspgim fgsk` gm phgs sp{`w gs ~hkphk dfnk cgpgks fk `gaakkmp aie iphk rdfcks fm`
~hkphk phkw mkk` skrffpk ridgcw fppkmpgim- Gm iphk ~i`s fk phk dfnk Cik Cgpgks
srkcgfd9 Gp gs rkakcpdw rissgodk ai sefdd fm` ek`g{e sgzk` cgpgks pi ok kcimiegcfddw
s{cckssa{d- Gp hfrrkms gm Kmndfm` fm` im phk cimpgmkmp- O{p phk kfdgpw gs phfp sgzk `iks
efppk fm` dfnk rdfcks akv{kmpdw hfqk s{ospfmpgfd fsskps gm hf` fm` siap gmafsp{cp{k$
~hgch ngqk phke phk ripkmpgfd pi ok eik s{cckssa{d- Phk kerggcfd kqg`kmck fciss
cimpgmkmpfd K{irk gs fdsi rks{fsgqk- Mip fdd dfnk cgpgks fk s{cckssa{d- O{p i{ kqgk~ ia
phk cierffpgqk kcimiegc rkaiefmck shi~k` phfp phk cgpgks phfp scik hgnhdw ~kk qkwiapkm phk dfnk cgpgks gm K{irk fm` ckpfgmdw phk dfnksp gm phkg mfpgimfd swspke- Phk
ridgcw gerdgcfpgim ai phk [L gs cdkf- Fdd cgpgks efppk- O{p phk dfnk Cik Cgpgks hfqk
phk ripkmpgfd pi cimpgo{pk sgnmgagcfmpdw fm` fs f cimskv{kmck fk fm frrirgfpk pfnkp ai
f s{spfgmk` niqkmekmp spfpknw-
CIMMKCPGQGPW GS C_[CGFD
Phk sp{`w {m`kdgmk` phk cgpgcfd sgnmgagcfmck ~hgch K{irkfm ridgcw%eflks fm` phk
rgqfpk skcpi fppfchks pi cimmkcpgqgpw gm pkes ia kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss-
Cimmkcpgqgpw gs rfp rhwsgcfd pfgms$ rdfmks eipi~fws< rfp GCP fm` rfp c{dp{fd hfqgmn
f aikgnm ridgcw- Phisk ~hi ~kk cimpkerdfpgmn gm ~hgch cgpgks phkw shi{d` gmqksp
cimsgspkmpdw cgpk` phk afcpis- Gp gs f hgnh rgigpw ai phisk ~hi ~fmp pi fppfcp gmqkspekmp
fm` kmci{fnk kxrips- Phisk ridgcw eflks ~hi hfqk nii` cimmkcpgims ~fmp phke
geriqk`- Phisk ~hi `i mip ~fmp phke kqkm eik- Gp gs dkss cdkf phfp phk kdkqfmp ogps ia
Kmndgsh niqkmekmp hfqk pflkm a{ddw im oif` phk sgnmgagcfmck ia cimmkcpgqgpw oiph
gmpkmfd fm` kxpkmfd pi kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss- S{ch gss{ks mkk` pi ok rdfck` eik
cdkfdw im phk cierkpgpgqkmkss fnkm`f fm` phk spflkhid`ks shi{d` ok eik akv{kmpdw fp
phk pfodk- Geriqgmn phk kngimfd pfmsripfpgim gmafsp{cp{k$ geriqgmn fgd cimmkcpgims
~gph phk cfrgpfd$ kxrdigpgmn phk ripkmpgfd ia phk efji miphkm fgrip gm Efmchkspk fdd
mkk` pi ok kmci{fnk`- Phk cimpgmkmpfd kxrkgkmck gs phfp gp gs fm gmqkspekmp ~hgch rfwsia gm pkes ia {ofm fm` mfpgimfd cierkpgpgqkmkss-
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8/3/2019 Competitive European cities. Where do the core cities stand?
28/33
Si ~his nigmn pi `i ~hfp9
?>
CGPGKS CFM HKDR PHKESKDQKS
Cgpgks irkfpk ~gphgm f skp ia ri~ka{d sp{cp{fd kcimiegc sicgfd$ rhwsgcfd fm`
gmspgp{pgimfd cimspfgmps- Ndiofd kcimiegc chfmnk$ mfpgimfd ridgcgks fm` `kcgsgim eflgmn$
hgspiw fm` nkinfrhw cfm fdd rdfck kfd cimspfgmps {rim fm gm`gqg`{fd cgpws cfrfcgpw pi
rkaie ~kdd kcimiegcfddw- Ai kxferdk$ gp gs cdkf phfp cgpgks ~hgch fk gm nii` spfpkngc
dicfpgims$ hfqk okmgnm cdgefpks$ fppfcpgqk mfp{fd kmqgimekmps$ mi dknfcw ia pf`gpgimfdgm`{spgfd sp{cp{ks fppgp{`ks fm` qfd{ks$ irkfpk gm `kckmpfdgsk` swspkes$ hfqk fcckss pi
ri~ka{d kngimfd niqkmekmps$ i sgerdw okmkagpk` aie phk cimskv{kmcks ia phk risp%~f
kdicfpgim ia rgqfpk ages fk eik dglkdw pi ok s{cckssa{d phfm cgpgks ~hgch `i mip hfqk
phisk f`qfmpfnks- Phk kxrkgkmck ia s{cckssa{d si{phkm Nkefm cgpgks {m`kdgmks
phgs rigmp-
Phkk gs mi rigmp `kmwgmn phisk ri~ka{d kfdgpgks- Imk kfcpgim pi phkg kmci{fngmn
kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss ia phk Cik Cgpgks gs phfp gp egnhp ok oksp pi spfp aie
siek~hkk kdsk- O{p phfp gs f ci{mskd ia `ksrfg- Cgpgks fk mip ri~kdkss pi shfrk phkg
kcimiegc pfjkcpigks- Phk kqg`kmck aie i{ s{cckssa{d fm` c{kmpdw dkss s{cckssa{d
cimpgmkmpfd cgpgks gm`gcfpks phfp cgpgks mkk` pi `i kqkwphgmn phkw cfm ~gphgm phkg dgegps
pi efxgegsk phk cgpgcfd s{cckss afcpis ~k g`kmpgagk` kfdgk gmmiqfpgim$ `gqksgpw$
cimmkcpgqgpw$ slgddk` h{efm cfrgpfd$ v{fdgpw ia dgak fm` spfpkngc `kcgsgim%eflgmn cfrfcgpw-
KMCI[_FNGMN GMMIQFPGIM
Phgs sp{`w `keimspfpk` gm f qfgkpw ia ~fws phfp gmmiqfpgim gs phk lkw pi {ofm kcimiegc
cierkpgpgqkmkss- Gp fdsi {m`kdgmk` phfp `gaakkmp ci{mpgks hfqk `gaakkmp ~fws ia
efmfngmn phfp rickss- Gm rfpgc{df$ phk eisp gmmiqfpgqk cgpgks ~kk gm ci{mpgks$ ~hgch
hf` eik cihkkmp mfpgimfd fm` dicfd gmmiqfpgim swspkes- Kmndfm`$ ~hgch hfs phk dkfspcierkpgpgqk cgpgks$ hfs phk dkfsp cihkkmp gmmiqfpgim swspke- Gm`kk` gp gs ofkdw `kqkdirk`-
Gp gs okngmmgmn pi chfmnk ~gph phk gmckfsgmn idk ia _@Fs- O{p e{ch eik fppkmpgim
shi{d` ok rfg` pi kxrdigmn ~hfp dicfd gmmiqfpgim swspkes shi{d` diil dglk fm` phk ofgks
pi s{cckss- Phk kqg`kmck aie i{ cgpgks gs phfp phgs gs mip iclkp scgkmck- O{p gp gs f rickss
~hgch mkk`s pi ok aic{sk` {rim$ gs dimn pke$ gmqidqks cimsgspkmp mkp~ilgmn fm`
cieegpekmp aie mfpgimfd fs ~kdd fs dicfd niqkmekmp- ^hkk phfp rickss gs hfrrkmgmn
dicfddw gp gs pi ok kmci{fnk`- ^hkk gp gs mip gp shi{d` ok `kqkdirk`-
KCIMIEW$ PK__GPI_W FM@ NIQK_MEKMP PHK ^KFLKSP DGML9
Phk rgefw aic{s ia phgs krip hfs okkm phk shfrk fm` `gspgo{pgim ia cierkpgpgqk
K{irkfm cgpgks fm` phk spfm`gmn ia phk Cik Cgpgks- O{p phk ~g`k ekssfnk gs foi{p phk
gerfcp ia kcimiegc ndiofdgsfpgim fm` ksp{cp{gmn {rim phk rfppkms ia i{ pkgpigfd
niqkmfmck- Kcimiegc rickssks fk chfmngmn$ fs fk kcimiegc nkinfrhgks- Gmspgp{pgims
mkk` pi cfpch {r ~gph phisk rickssks ia chfmnk- Phk lkw gss{k gs mi dimnk f mfi~
cimckm phfp phk cgpw `kagmk` fs fm f`egmgspfpgqk kmpgpw mi dimnk eflks skmsk- Phk eik
geripfmp gss{k gs pi eflk phk pkgpigfd gerfcp ia mfpgimfd ridgcgks fm` `kcgsgim%eflgmn
eik pfmsrfkmp fm` irkm pi `kofpk- Phgs ~gdd gmqidqk f m{eok ia phgmns- Dicfd
f{phigpgks ~gdd mkk` pi kcinmgsk$ fs phkw gmckfsgmndw `i$ phfp phkg oi{m`fgks fk mip phk
mfp{fd rdfcks gm ~hgch pi rdfm kcimiegc `kqkdirekmp- S{o%kngims fm` kngims ~gdd ciekgmpi rdfw- Fm` phkw ~gdd mkk` pi kcinmgsk phk geripfmck ia qfgfodk nkiekpw$ ~hkk phk
dic{s ai fcpgim gm imk ridgcw srhkk ~gdd mip ok phk sfek ai f `gaakkmp ridgcw srhkk-
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8/3/2019 Competitive European cities. Where do the core cities stand?
29/33
Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks [ofm _kskfch S{eefw 63
?8
Fp mfpgimfd dkqkd gp ~gdd gmqidqk f nkfpk kcinmgpgim ia phk sgnmgagcfmck ia kcimiegc fm`
pkgpigfd kdfpgimshgrs- Phkk mkk`s pi ok nkfpk cdfgpw foi{p phk gmpkmpgim ia fm`
kdfpgimshgrs okp~kkm mfpgimfd ridgcgks ai `gaakkmp fkfs ~hkphk mkgnhoi{hii`s$
cgpgks$ s{o%kngims i kngims- Phkk fdsi mkk`s pi ok nkfpk f~fkmkss ia phk gerfcp ia
mfpgimfd spfpk ridgcgks {rim rfpgc{df rdfcks- Fp imk dkqkd$ gp cfm ok fn{k` phfp phkk gs
mip$ fs phk Pkfs{w cdfges$ f phg` nkmkfpgim ia kngimfd ridgcw- Gm`kk` phk kxrdgcgp
kngimfd frrffp{s gs kdfpgqkdw ~kfl fm` kdfpgqkdw riidw a{m`k`- O{p phksk gss{ks cfmmipok sgerdw cimagmk` pi phk cimckms ia cimqkmpgimfd kxrdgcgp kngimfd ridgcw- Phkk ~gdd
hfqk pi ok ~g`k `kofpk foi{p phk cimskv{kmcks ia f qkw ri~ka{d gerdgcgp pkgpigfd
ridgcw$ ~hkkow s{ospfmpgfd r{odgc ksi{cks adi~ gmpi `gaakkmp fkfs ia phk mfpgim phi{nh
f fmnk ia `gscimmkcpk` ridgcgks fm` gmspgp{pgims gm hgnhk k`{cfpgim$ kskfch fm`
`kqkdirekmp$ pfmsripfpgim$ hi{sgmn fm` hkfdph- Iapkm phksk ridgcgks fm` rinfeeks
s{rrip fdkf`w risrki{s kngims fs e{ch fs ga mip eik phfm phk dkss risrki{s
rdfcks$ ~hgch mkk` cgpgcfd s{rrip fm` gmpkqkmpgim- Phk mfp{k ia phfp gerdgcgp ridgcw
swspke fm` gps ekgps mkk`s pi ok `gsc{ssk`- Phgs ci{d` dkf` pi f eik cimsp{cpgqk
mfpgimfd `kofpk ~hgch fphk phfm okgmn zki%s{e okp~kkm dkf`gmn fm` dfnngmn rdfcks
ci{d` ok ~gm%~gm-
Phk K{irkfm kqg`kmck s{nnksps phfp phk dkppgmn ni ia ckmpfd cimpid okfs phk a{gp ia
kcimiegc risrkgpw- O{p gp fdsi gm`gcfpks phfp gm f``gpgim pi kngimfd ridgcgks phkk gs f
mkk` ai f mfpgimfd ridgcw ai kngims- Phgs ~i{d` gmqidqk pflgmn f spfpkngc qgk~ ia phk
frrirgfpk kdfpgimshgrs okp~kkm `gaakkmp rfps ia phk Kmndgsh pkgpiw fm` phk gerfcp ia
niqkmekmp efchgmkw$ ridgcgks fm` ksi{cks {rim phke- Ga phgs ~kk ckfpk`$ gp ~i{d`
kgmaick phk Cik Cgpgks risgpgim phfp phkw fk mip fslgmn srkcgfd pkfpekmp ai phkeskdqks
mi ai Dim`im fm` phk si{ph kfsp pi ok cimspfgmk`- Gp ~i{d` aie rfp ia f ~g`k
`kofpk foi{p phk oksp ~fw ia geriqgmn phk kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss ia phk Kmndgsh
{ofm$ kngimfd fm` mfpgimfd swspkes-
CGPW FM@ _KNGIMFD CIERKPGPGQKMKSS F O_G@NK MIP F OF__GK_
Phk ridgcw fnkm`f hfs kqidqk` gm kckmp eimphs- Gm rfpgc{df phkk gs cimckm ~gph
RSF ?6$ ~hgch gs `ksgnmk` pi geriqk kngimfd rkaiefmck fm` k`{ck kngimfd
gmkv{fdgpgks gm Kmndfm` ekfms phfp phkk gs fs e{ch cimckm ~gph phk cimpgo{pgim phfp
dfnk cgpgks cfm eflk pi kngimfd rkaiefmck fs phkk gs ~gph phk rkaiefmck ia phisk
cgpgks gm phkg i~m gnhp- ^hfp `iks i{ sp{`w pkdd {s foi{p phgs9
KCIMIEGC _KDFPGIMSHGRS OKP^KKM CGPGKS FM@ _KNGIMS
Hi~ fk cgpw fm` kngimfd kcimiegks cimmkcpk`9 Phkk nkmkfd cieekmps cfm ok ef`k im
phk ofsgs ia phk kxgspgmn kskfch dgpkfp{k- Agsp$ phk efjigpw ia fdd kcimiegc fcpgqgpw gs
cimckmpfpk` gm dfnk cgpgks- Eisp kcimiegc fcpgqgpw gm eisp kngims gs `iegmfpk` ow ~hfp
hfrrkms gm phk efji i f sefdd m{eok ia dfnk cgpgks- Phkkaik$ ga wi{ cfm geriqk phk
kcimiegc rkaiefmck ia cgpgks$ phgs ~gdd hfqk f efji gerfcp {rim phk kcimiew ia phk
kmpgk kngim-
6 RSF ?: R{odgc Skqgck Fnkkekmp ? _kngimfd Kcimiegc Cierkpgpgqkmkss-
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8/3/2019 Competitive European cities. Where do the core cities stand?
30/33
Si ~his nigmn pi `i ~hfp9
?7
Skcim` ei`km skqgck gm`{spgks fk hgnhdw cimckmpfpk` gm phk ckmpfd fkfs ia kngimfd
cfrgpfds- Phksk fk iapkm phk efji ni~ph gm`{spgks gm f`qfmck` kcimiegks- Ei`km
hgnh%pkch gm`{spgks s{ch fs GCP fm` phk dgak scgkmcks fk fdsi cimckmpfpk` gm phk ckmpks
ia kngimfd cfrgpfds- Si kngimfd cfrgpfds pkm` pi ok rgqgdknk` gm phk mk~ ni~ph gm`{spgks
i fk phk rdfcks ~hkk phkw ~i{d` pwrgcfddw dglk pi ok dicfpk`- Srimsigmn phksk skcpis gm
cgpgks ~gdd fdsi hfqk f `gsriripgimfpk kaakcp im phk cierkpgpgqkmkss ia phk kmpgk kngim-
Phg` pf`gmn cgpgks hfqk fd~fws okkm phk eisp kcimiegcfddw s{cckssa{d fkfs- Imck phkw~kk dicfpk` fp gqk cissgmns fm` rips- Mi~ phkw fk dicfpk` fp gmpkmfpgimfd fgrips-
Cgpgks fk phk cimmkcpgmn mi`ks ia phk gmpkmfpgimfd pf`gmn kcimiew- Phkkaik aispkgmn
phk kaagcgkmcw fm` cimmkcpgqgpw ia kngimfd cfrgpfds riqg`ks fm kcimiegc nfpk~fw pi phk
gmpkmfpgimfd kcimiew fm` okmkagps phk ~hidk kngimfd kcimiew-
O{p ~k cfm f`` siek srkcgagc cieekmps im phk ofsgs ia i{ sp{`w- Agsp$ mip fdd kngims
fciss K{irk fk {ofm- Fm` phkk fk kxferdks ia s{cckssa{d mim%{ofm kngims-
Hi~kqk$ gm i{ sp{`w phkk ~kk mi s{cckssa{d {ofm kngims ~hgch `g` mip hfqk
s{cckssa{d cgpgks fp phkg cik- Phk kngims ~hgch rkaiek` ~kdd ~kk phisk ~kk ~hkk phk
cik cgpw rkaiek` ~kdd fm` qgck qksf- Mi `g` ~k agm` cgpgks phfp ~gd`dw i{prkaiek`
phkg kngim i qgck qksf- Skcim` gm siek kngims phk kcimiegc ~kgnhp ia phk ckmpfd
cgpw)gks gs si dfnk phfp phk N@R ia phk {ofm fkf gs iapkm f sgnmgagcfmp rfp ia phk kngimfd
N@R fm` imk gs fcp{fddw ekfs{gmn phk sfek lgm` ia phgmn- Phg`$ kqkm phi{nh efmw
kngims fk ridwckmpgc$ i{pdwgmn fkfs spgdd `krkm` hkfqgdw {rim phk ckmpfd cgpw sgmck
efmw ia phkg ksg`kmps ciee{pk pi fm` ~il gm phke fm` phk ckmpfd cgpw riqg`ks phke
~gph f qfgkpw ia kcimiegc$ sicgfd fm` c{dp{fd skqgcks- Ai{ph$ efmw ia phk akfp{ks phfp
s{cckssa{d ei`km gm`{spgks kv{gk gmmiqfpgim$ ckfpgqgpw$ slgddk` h{efm cfrgpfd$ fcckss
pi eflkps fk phk v{fdgpgks phfp phk {ofm fkfs$ gmspgp{pgims fm` ksg`kmps ~k sp{`gk`
pwrgcfddw risskssk`- Agaph$ phk sgnmgagcfmck ia {ofm%kngimfd kdfpgimshgr hfs okkm
kcinmgsk` ow efmw niqkmekmps gm K{irk- Ai kxferdk$ e{ch ia phk ph{sp ia K[ ridgcw
gm phk rfsp `kcf`k hfs okkm pi skkl geriqk` kngimfd rkaiefmck ow aic{ssgmn {rim phkcimpgo{pgim ia cgpgks- Fm` efmw mfpgimfd fm` kngimfd niqkmekmps im phk cimpgmkmp
hfqk fdsi kcinmgsk` phk cimpgo{pgim phfp cgpgks eflk pi kngimfd kcimiegc rkaiefmck-
GMSPGP[PGIMFD _KDFPGIMSHGRS OKP^KKM CGPGKS FM@ _KNGIMS
Agsp ~k fk mip fdimk gm phksk cimckms- Phkk gs nkfp f~fkmkss gm cimpgmkmpfd K{irk ia
phk geripfmck ia phk kcimiegc kdfpgimshgrs okp~kkm cgpgks fm` kngims- Kqkwoi`w
kcinmgsks phfp cgpw f`egmgspfpgqk oi{m`fgks `i mip ciksrim` ~gph c{kmp kcimiegc
kfdgpgks fm` phfp phk ~g`k kngim i s{o%kngim mkk`s pi ok pflkm gmpi fcci{mp ai dimn
pke ridgcweflgmn- Skcim` phkk fk gmckfsk` kaaips pi `kqgsk s{o%kngimfd gmspgp{pgimfd
kdfpgimshgrs si phfp cgpgks fm` phkg s{i{m`gmn kngims cfm ~il pinkphk eik
kaagcgkmpdw$ rfpdw pi efmfnk gmpkmfd gss{ks kcimiegc `kqkdirekmp$ rhwsgcfd
gmafsp{cp{k$ h{efm cfrgpfd$ kmqgimekmp$ pfmsrip gss{ks fm` rfpdw pi eflkp phkg
kngims kxpkmfddw- Phk mfp{k ia phk kdfpgimshgrs fmnks aie aiefd pi gmaiefd- Oiph
frrifchks hfqk cisps fm` okmkagps- Phg`$ phksk {ofm% kngimfd kdfpgimshgrs fk mkqk
sgerdk ~gph f fmnk ia kcimiegc fm` ridgpgcfd pkmsgims eflgmn gp `gaagc{dp pi nkp kfsw
sid{pgims- Ai{ph$ `f~gmn oi{m`fgks fm` `kcg`gmn ~hi gs gm ~hi gs i{p aiefddw i
gmaiefddw gs mip sgerdk- @gaakkmp cgpgks hfqk ~ilk` ~gph `gaakkmp oi{m`fgks- Ridgpgcfd
kfdgpgks fm` kdfpgimshgrs fk f lkw cimsg`kfpgim- O{p gm efmw {ofm fkfs phkk fk
kaaips pi o{gd` kdfpgimshgrs okp~kkm mkgnhoi{gmn dicfd f{phigpgks$ i iccfsgimfddwokp~kkm eik `gspfmp pi~ms fm` cgpgks$ ~hgch fdd kerhfsgsk phk kcimiegc f`qfmpfnks
`kgqk` aie cgpgcfd efss fm` gmckfsk` ciddfoifpgim- ^ilgmn im fs ~g`k f scfdk {rim
~hgch wi{ cfm nkp ridgpgcfd fnkkekmp gs riofodw phk oksp f`qgck-
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8/3/2019 Competitive European cities. Where do the core cities stand?
31/33
Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks [ofm _kskfch S{eefw 63
32
Gm phk [L$ phk niqkmekmpfd fm` gmspgp{pgimfd dfm`scfrk ia kngims$ cgpgks fm`
mkgnhoi{hii`s hfs chfmnk` `fefpgcfddw gm kckmp wkfs- Phk ks{dp gs phfp phk srfpgfd
fchgpkcp{k ia kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss gs cierdkx ga mip cima{sk` fm` {mspfodk-
Agm`gmn phk gnhp dkqkds fp ~hgch pi r{dd ridgcw dkqks kefgms fm kd{sgqk nifd- O{p phk
rkskmp ffmnkekmps gm Kmndfm` skke s{o%irpgefd- Phgs sp{`w ai{m` phfp phk chfddkmnk
ia nkppgmn phk gnhp nkiekpw ai kcimiegc a{mcpgims fm` gmspgp{pgims gs fs cierdkx gm
cimpgmkmpfd K{irk- Phkk gs mi efngc o{ddkp- O{p phk kqg`kmck aie cimpgmkmpfd K{irkgs phfp gmckfsgmndw phk cgpw gs knf`k` fs pii sefdd fm` phk kngim pii dfnk f rdfpaie im
~hgch pi ofsk kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss- Phk pkm` gs pi `kqkdir cgpw%kngimfd sid{pgims$
eisp iapkm im fm gmaiefd ofsgs$ fdphi{nh iccfsgimfddw fm` s{cckssa{ddw$ im f aiefd ofsgs-
Phgs s{nnksps phfp ~hfp gs nii` kmi{nh ai phk s{cckssa{d {ofm kcimiegks ia cimpgmkmpfd
K{irk i{nhp pi ok nii` kmi{nh ai i{ {m`k%rkaiegmn cgpgks- Phkk gs fm gmckmpgqk
ga mip fm gerkfpgqk ai rdfcks pi `kqkdir fm` gerdkekmp spfpkngks$ ridgcgks fm`
gmsp{ekmps phfp r{dd cik cgpgks fm` phkg kcimiegc hgmpkdfm`s pinkphk fphk phfm
frfp- Phgs efw mip ok kfsw ~hkm phkk fk a{ddw `kqkdirk` i `kqkdirgmn kngimfd fm`
mkgnhoi{hii` gmspgp{pgims$ spfpkngks fm` gmsp{ekmps- O{p fdd rdfwks dicfd$ kngimfd fm`
mfpgimfd mkk` pi aic{s {rim phk dingc ia phgs frrifch- Phgs gs fdkf`w hfrrkmgmn gm
siek _@Fs- Phk rickss mkk`s pi ok `kkrkmk` fm` ~g`kmk`- Fdd phksk afcpis s{nnksp phfp
gm i`k pi fchgkqk geriqk` kngimfd rkaiefmck fm` pi k`{ck kngimfd gmkv{fdgpw$
mfpgimfd ridgcw eflks i{nhp pi aic{s im phk kdfpgimshgrs okp~kkm Cik Cgpgks fm` phkg
kngims- Cik Cgpgks fk imk ia phk lkw dkqks pi geriqk kngimfd rkaiefmck-
Cimcd{sgim
Phgs sp{`w hfs g`kmpgagk` phk chffcpkgspgcs ia phk dkf`gmn K{irkfm cgpgks fm` cierfk`
phke ~gph i{ ognnksp cgpgks i{psg`k Dim`im- Phk kqg`kmck gs siokgmn- @ksrgpk kckmpgeriqkekmps$ efmw ia i{ riqgmcgfd cgpgks dfn okhgm` phkg cierkpgpis gm pkes ia N@R$
gmmiqfpgim dkqkds$ k`{cfpgimfd dkqkds$ cimmkcpgqgpw$ sicgfd cihksgim$ v{fdgpw ia dgak$ ridgpgcfd
cfrfcgpw fm` cimmkcpgims ~gph phkg ~g`k pkgpigks- C{cgfddw$ phkw dfn gm phk kwks ia
gmpkmfpgimfd gmqkspis- Gm cimpfsp pi phkg s{cckssa{d cimpgmkmpfd ci{mpkrfps$ efmw
Kmndgsh cgpgks fk f `fgm {rim mfpgimfd kcimiegc cierkpgpgqkmkss- Phk sp{`w hfs
g`kmpgagk` f skp ia lkw ridgcw ekssfnks ofsk` {rim phk kxrkgkmck ia siek ia phk eisp
s{cckssa{d K{irkfm cgpgks phfp egnhp hkdr geriqk i{ cgpgks cierkpgpgqkmkss fm` i{
kngimfd fm` mfpgimfd cierkpgpgqkmkss- Phkw `i mip cimspgp{pk f efngc o{ddkp- Phkw fk
eik dglk cieeim%skmsk- O{p phkw fk mip v{gcl- Siek mip fdd ~k fk fdkf`w r{s{gmn$
ga mip kmknkpgcfddw kmi{nh- Hi~kqk$ phkw fk ~iph r{s{gmn ~gph nkfpk qgni{
okcf{sk phk rgzk gs qkw hgnh-
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8/3/2019 Competitive European cities. Where do the core cities stand?
32/33
36
A{phk Gmaiefpgim
A{phk gmaiefpgim gs cimpfgmk` gm phk a{dd krip Cierkpgpgqk K{irkfm Cgpgks: ^hkk `i
phk Cik Cgpgks spfm`9$ f krip pi phk I@RE ow Riakssi Egchfkd Rflgmsim$ Efw
H{pchgms KG[F (Dgqkriid Jihm Eiiks [mgqksgpw'$ Riakssi Jfeks Sgeegk (Ixai`
Oiilks [mgqksgpw'$ Nkn Cdfl (Dim`im @kqkdirekmp Fnkmcw'$ Hfms Qk`iml K{icgpgks' GSOM 6 8;66? 172 ?$ Rgck 6; fqfgdfodk aie:
I@RE R{odgcfpgims Ckmpk
RI Oix Mi ?31
^kphkow DS?3 >MO
Pkd: 28>2 6??1 ?31
Afx: 28>2 6??1 ?3>
Kefgd: i`reBp~ipkm-rkss-mkp
A{phk cirgks ia phgs s{eefw fk fqfgdfodk aie:
Kxpkmfd _kdfpgims fm` R{odgshgmn
Iaagck ia phk @kr{pw Rgek Egmgspk
?)C1$ Kdfm` Hi{sk
Oksskm`km Rdfck
Dim`im S^6K ;@[
Afx: 2?2 >700 0;?>
Kefgd: h--s{eefgksBi`re-niq-{l
S{eefgks ia fdd cierdkpk` I@RE hi{sgmn kskfch fm` nii` rfcpgck rijkcps fk fdsi
fqfgdfodk qgf phk I@RE ~ko sgpk: hppr:))~~~-hi{sgmn-i`re-niq-{l
Phk I@RE r{odgshks akk gmaiefpgim dkfadkps im f fmnk ia hi{sgmn pirgcs- Ai f cirw ia
phk Hi{sgmn R{odgcfpgims I`k Aie rdkfsk cimpfcp phk I@RE R{odgcfpgims Ckmpk$
f``kss foiqk-
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8/3/2019 Competitive European cities. Where do the core cities stand?
33/33