Comparison of the Optical Components of the Simple Camera with those of the Human Eye Jensen, 2000...

Comparison of the Comparison of the Optical Components of Optical Components of the Simple Camera with the Simple Camera with those of the Human Eyethose of the Human Eye

Comparison of the Comparison of the Optical Components of Optical Components of the Simple Camera with the Simple Camera with those of the Human Eyethose of the Human Eye

Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000Jensen, 2000

Eye

Camera

Lens

Iris

Lens

Aperture

Film

Pla

ne

Ret

ina

Object

Object

Image

Image

Between- the-lens shutter

Roll of film

Focal Length

Eye

Camera

Lens

Iris

Lens

Aperture

Film

Pla

ne

Ret

ina

Object

Object

Image

Image

Between- the-lens shutter

Roll of film

Focal Length

Fi l

m P

lane

Ret

ina

The The ff/stops for a Camera /stops for a Camera Lens and the Size of the Lens and the Size of the

Aperture OpeningsAperture Openings

The The ff/stops for a Camera /stops for a Camera Lens and the Size of the Lens and the Size of the

Aperture OpeningsAperture Openings


2.8 4 85.6 11 16 22

f = 80 mm

f / stop

Lens

f / 2.8

f / 4

f / 5.6

f / 8 f / 11

f / 16

f / 22

f / 2.8 4 @ f / 5.6

2.8 4 85.6 11 16 22

f = 80 mm

f / stop

Lens

f / 2.8

f / 4

f / 5.6

f / 8 f / 11

f / 16

f / 22

f / 2.8 4 @ f / 5.6

Profile View of A Profile View of A Metric Camera and Metric Camera and

System ComponentsSystem Components

Profile View of A Profile View of A Metric Camera and Metric Camera and

System ComponentsSystem Components


Unexposed film reel

Shutter

Filter

Lens

Platen vacuum

film flattener

Film

Focal length, f

Focal plane Optical axis

Lens front nodal point

Diaphragm

Lens rear nodal point

Take-up reel

Camera

Body

Film Magazine

Lens Cone Assembly

Unexposed film reel

Shutter

Filter

Lens

Platen vacuum

film flattener

Film

Focal length, f

Focal plane Optical axis

Lens front nodal point

Diaphragm

Lens rear nodal point

Take-up reel

Camera

Body

Film Magazine

Lens Cone Assembly

Aerial Camera Lens Angle-of-ViewAerial Camera Lens Angle-of-ViewAerial Camera Lens Angle-of-ViewAerial Camera Lens Angle-of-View


2,000ft

b.

a.

1,000ft

2,000ft

b.

a.

1,000ft

Density and Size of Silver Halide Crystals Density and Size of Silver Halide Crystals Density and Size of Silver Halide Crystals Density and Size of Silver Halide Crystals


Film A

1 unit distance

Two Films with Different Sizes and Densities of Silver Halide Crystals

Film B

1 unit distance

Silver halide crystals

Backing

a. b.

Electron Microscope Photograph of Silver Halide Crystals

Film A

1 unit distance

Two Films with Different Sizes and Densities of Silver Halide Crystals

Film B

1 unit distance

Silver halide crystals

Backing

a. b.

Electron Microscope Photograph of Silver Halide Crystals

Generalized Cross-sections of Black & White Panchromatic, Generalized Cross-sections of Black & White Panchromatic, Black & White Infrared, Color, and Color-infrared FilmBlack & White Infrared, Color, and Color-infrared Film

Generalized Cross-sections of Black & White Panchromatic, Generalized Cross-sections of Black & White Panchromatic, Black & White Infrared, Color, and Color-infrared FilmBlack & White Infrared, Color, and Color-infrared Film


Blue sensitive layer [yellow dye-forming layer]

Green (and blue) sensitive layer [magenta dye-forming layer]

Yellow internal filter blocks blue light

Red (and blue) sensitive layer [cyan dye-forming layer]

Base

Anti-halation layer

Panchromatic — blue, green, and red sensitive emulsion of silver halide crystals

Base

Anti-halation layer

Black-and-White Film

Normal Color Film

a.

c.

Near-infrared sensitive layer

Base

Anti-halation layer

b.

Black-and-White Infrared Film

Base

Anti-halation layer

Red (and blue) sensitive layer [magenta dye-forming layer]

Green (and blue) sensitive layer [yellow dye-forming layer]

Near-infrared (and blue) sensitive layer [cyan dye-forming layer]

Color-Infrared Film

d.

Blue sensitive layer [yellow dye-forming layer]

Green (and blue) sensitive layer [magenta dye-forming layer]

Yellow internal filter blocks blue light

Red (and blue) sensitive layer [cyan dye-forming layer]

Base

Anti-halation layer

Panchromatic — blue, green, and red sensitive emulsion of silver halide crystals

Base

Anti-halation layer

Black-and-White Film

Normal Color Film

a.

c.

Near-infrared sensitive layer

Base

Anti-halation layer

b.

Black-and-White Infrared Film

Base

Anti-halation layer

Red (and blue) sensitive layer [magenta dye-forming layer]

Green (and blue) sensitive layer [yellow dye-forming layer]

Near-infrared (and blue) sensitive layer [cyan dye-forming layer]

Color-Infrared Film

d.

Creation of An Aerial Photography Negative by Exposing Creation of An Aerial Photography Negative by Exposing and then Developing Silver Halide Crystalsand then Developing Silver Halide Crystals

Creation of An Aerial Photography Negative by Exposing Creation of An Aerial Photography Negative by Exposing and then Developing Silver Halide Crystalsand then Developing Silver Halide Crystals


Negative after development

Latent image before

development

Dense (dark) Clear (light)

Camera lens

Little radiant flux leaving the scene

Non-turbid ocean water absorbs much of

the incident radiant flux

Lots of radiant flux leaving the scene

Sandy beach reflects much of the

incident radiant flux

Backing

Exposed but not developed silver halide crystals

Developed silver halide crystals


Latent image before

development

Dense (dark) Clear (light)

Camera lens

Little radiant flux leaving the scene

Non-turbid ocean water absorbs much of

the incident radiant flux

Lots of radiant flux leaving the scene

Sandy beach reflects much of the

incident radiant flux

Backing

Exposed but not developed silver halide crystals


Creation of A Positive Print from an Aerial Photography NegativeCreation of A Positive Print from an Aerial Photography NegativeCreation of A Positive Print from an Aerial Photography NegativeCreation of A Positive Print from an Aerial Photography Negative



Dense (the beach) Clear (the ocean)

Enlarger lens

Little radiant flux passing through the

negative

Lots of radiant flux passing through the

negative


Ocean Sandy beach

Undeveloped latent image on

photographic paper

Paper after development

Positive print of the landscape with dark water and bright sandy beach

White light from the enlarger


Dense (the beach) Clear (the ocean)

Enlarger lens

Little radiant flux passing through the

negative

Lots of radiant flux passing through the

negative


Ocean Sandy beach

Undeveloped latent image on

photographic paper

Paper after development

Positive print of the landscape with dark water and bright sandy beach

White light from the enlarger

Sensitivity of Selected Black & White Films and Printing Paper Sensitivity of Selected Black & White Films and Printing Paper Sensitivity of Selected Black & White Films and Printing Paper Sensitivity of Selected Black & White Films and Printing Paper


0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90

UV

Wavelength, m

Blue Green Red Reflective infrared

Panchromatic film Infrared film Printing paper

Log

Sen

siti

vity

HF3

filter

0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90

UV

Wavelength, m


Panchromatic film Infrared film Printing paper

Log

Sen

siti

vity

HF3

filter

Log

Se n

siti

v ity

Characteristic Curves of Two FilmsCharacteristic Curves of Two FilmsCharacteristic Curves of Two FilmsCharacteristic Curves of Two Films


toe

1.0

2.0

1

2 3 0 Relative Log Exposure, E

Den

sity

(Dmin = gross fog) a

b

c

d Dmax

shou

lder

line

ar

sect

ion

4

Film X Film Y

log E

D

fog 0.2

0.9

0.5

1.6

speed point

0.3 above gross fog 0.8

0.6

0.4

D

log E gamma

2.27

log E

D

toe

1.0

2.0

1

2 3 0 Relative Log Exposure, E

Den

sity

(Dmin = gross fog) a

b

c

d Dmax

shou

lder

line

ar

sect

ion

4

Film X Film Y

log E

D

fog 0.2

0.9

0.5

1.6

speed point

0.3 above gross fog 0.8

0.6

0.4

D

log E gamma

2.27

log E

D

Den

sity

Color TheoryColor TheoryColor TheoryColor Theory

Additive ColorAdditive ColorAdditive ColorAdditive Color Subtractive ColorSubtractive ColorSubtractive ColorSubtractive Color


Spectral Sensitivity of Spectral Sensitivity of Normal Color and Normal Color and Color-Infrared FilmColor-Infrared Film

Spectral Sensitivity of Spectral Sensitivity of Normal Color and Normal Color and Color-Infrared FilmColor-Infrared Film


0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90

UV

Wavelength, m

Log

Sen

siti

vity


Spectral Sensitivity of the Three Layers of Normal Color Film

Cyan dye layer (controls red light on the image)

Yellow dye layer (controls blue light on the image)

0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90

Wavelength, m


Spectral Sensitivity of the Three Layers of Color-Infrared Film

Magenta dye layer (controls red light on the image)

Cyan dye layer (controls near-infrared light on the image)

Yellow dye layer (controls green light on the image)

a.

Magenta dye layer (controls green light on the image) L

og S

ensi

tivi

ty

b.

Wratten 12 Yellow filter

UV

HF3

filter

0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90

UV

Wavelength, m

Log

Sen

siti

vity


Spectral Sensitivity of the Three Layers of Normal Color Film

Cyan dye layer (controls red light on the image)

Yellow dye layer (controls blue light on the image)

0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90

Wavelength, m


Spectral Sensitivity of the Three Layers of Color-Infrared Film

Magenta dye layer (controls red light on the image)

Cyan dye layer (controls near-infrared light on the image)

Yellow dye layer (controls green light on the image)

a.

Magenta dye layer (controls green light on the image) L

og S

ensi

tivi

ty

b.

Wratten 12 Yellow filter

UV

HF3

filterL

og S

ensi

tivity

Log

Sen

sitiv

ity

Normal Color Normal Color FilmFilm

Normal Color Normal Color FilmFilm

latent image

B. Film after exposure

Blue

Green and blue

Red and blue

C. Film after color reversal

processing

Blue Red

A. Scene reflectance

Blue Green Red

D. Colors in the Positive Transparency Viewed by the Photo-interpreter

Exposure, Development, and Color Formation on Color Film

Green Blue

blue - the complementary color of yellow

green - the complementary

color of magenta

red - the complementary color of cyan

clear

Activated

Black

Black

White

B G R B G R B G R B G R B G R

White

B G R B G R

white light

Yellow dye layer

Cyan dye layer

Magenta dye layer

Activated

Activated

Activated

Activated

Activated

Internal Yellow filter (blue-blocking)

Yellow Yellow Yellow

Magenta Magenta

Cyan Cyan Cyan

Magenta

latent image

B. Film after exposure

Blue

Green and blue

Red and blue

C. Film after color reversal

processing

Blue Red


Blue Green Red


Exposure, Development, and Color Formation on Color Film

Green Blue



color of magenta

red - the complementary color of cyan

clear

Activated

Black

Black

White

B G R B G R B G R B G R B G R

White

B G R B G R

white light

Yellow dye layer

Cyan dye layer

Magenta dye layer

Activated

Activated

Activated

Activated

Activated

Internal Yellow filter (blue-blocking)

Yellow Yellow Yellow

Magenta Magenta

Cyan Cyan Cyan

Magenta


Color-Infrared Color-Infrared FilmFilm

Color-Infrared Color-Infrared FilmFilm

latent image

B. Film after

Infrared sensitive layer

Green sensitive layer

Red sensitive layer

C. Film after color reversal processing

Blue Green

Blue Green Red

Exposure, Development, and Color Formation on False-Color Infrared Film

Blue



color of magenta

red - the complementary

color of cyan

Cyan

Activated

Activated

Activated

Infrared

B G R B G R B G R B G R

clear

Yellow

Magenta

Red

B G R

white light

Cyan dye layer

Magenta dye layer

Yellow dye layer

Yellow Wratten 12 filter (blue-blocking)

Cyan Cyan

Yellow Yellow

Magenta Magenta

Black



latent image

B. Film after

Infrared sensitive layer

Green sensitive layer

Red sensitive layer

C. Film after color reversal processing

Blue Green

Blue Green Red

Exposure, Development, and Color Formation on False-Color Infrared Film

Blue



color of magenta

red - the complementary

color of cyan

Cyan

Activated

Activated

Activated

Infrared

B G R B G R B G R B G R

clear

Yellow

Magenta

Red

B G R

white light

Cyan dye layer

Magenta dye layer

Yellow dye layer

Yellow Wratten 12 filter (blue-blocking)

Cyan Cyan

Yellow Yellow

Magenta Magenta

Black




Aerial PhotographyAerial PhotographyAerial PhotographyAerial Photography

Normal ColorNormal ColorNormal ColorNormal Color False-color Infrared Using False-color Infrared Using Wratten #12 filterWratten #12 filter

False-color Infrared Using False-color Infrared Using Wratten #12 filterWratten #12 filter


Terrestrial PhotographyTerrestrial PhotographyTerrestrial PhotographyTerrestrial Photography

Normal ColorNormal ColorNormal ColorNormal Color False-color Infrared Using False-color Infrared Using Wratten #12 filterWratten #12 filter

False-color Infrared Using False-color Infrared Using Wratten #12 filterWratten #12 filter


Goosenecks Goosenecks of the San of the San

Juan River Juan River in Utahin Utah

Goosenecks Goosenecks of the San of the San

Juan River Juan River in Utahin Utah

Vertical Aerial PhotographyVertical Aerial PhotographyVertical Aerial PhotographyVertical Aerial Photography


Altitude above-ground- level (AGL)

Vertical Aerial Photograph Over

Level Terrain

Principal point (PP)

Optical axis

Camera film plane

field of view

Altitude above-ground- level (AGL)

Vertical Aerial Photograph Over

Level Terrain

Principal point (PP)

Optical axis

Camera film plane

field of view

Low-oblique photograph of a bridge on Low-oblique photograph of a bridge on the Congaree River near Columbia, SC.the Congaree River near Columbia, SC.

Low-oblique photograph of a bridge on Low-oblique photograph of a bridge on the Congaree River near Columbia, SC.the Congaree River near Columbia, SC.

Low-oblique Aerial PhotographyLow-oblique Aerial PhotographyLow-oblique Aerial PhotographyLow-oblique Aerial Photography


Low-Oblique Aerial Photograph Over

Flat Terrain

Horizon is not shown in photograph

Optical axis

field of view

Low-Oblique Aerial Photograph Over

Flat Terrain

Horizon is not shown in photograph

Optical axis

field of view

Low-oblique photograph of the grand Low-oblique photograph of the grand Coulee Dam in Washington in 1940Coulee Dam in Washington in 1940

Low-oblique photograph of the grand Low-oblique photograph of the grand Coulee Dam in Washington in 1940Coulee Dam in Washington in 1940

High-oblique Aerial PhotographyHigh-oblique Aerial PhotographyHigh-oblique Aerial PhotographyHigh-oblique Aerial Photography


High-Oblique Aerial Photograph Over

Flat Terrain

Horizon is shown in the photographOptical

axis

field of view

High-Oblique Aerial Photograph Over

Flat Terrain

Horizon is shown in the photographOptical

axis

field of view

Reflection and TransmissionReflection and TransmissionReflection and TransmissionReflection and Transmission


Annotation on the Perimeter of An Aerial PhotographAnnotation on the Perimeter of An Aerial PhotographAnnotation on the Perimeter of An Aerial PhotographAnnotation on the Perimeter of An Aerial Photograph


Comparison of the Optical Components of the Simple Camera with those of the Human Eye Jensen, 2000...

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Transcript of Comparison of the Optical Components of the Simple Camera with those of the Human Eye Jensen, 2000...