Comparison of Rapid Moisture Content Determination … · Newly developed gravimetric or electric...
Transcript of Comparison of Rapid Moisture Content Determination … · Newly developed gravimetric or electric...
P 16 B Md 009
49th International Symposium on Forestry Mechanization September 7th, 2016
Theresa Mendel • Andreas Überreiter • Daniel Kuptz • Hans Hartmann
Comparison of Rapid Moisture Content Determination Methods for Wood Chips
P 16 B Md 009 Slide 2
Correct and on-time moisture content (MC) determination is crucial at many points during wood chip production
The standardized method, i.e. oven drying according to ISO 18134, consumes both time and labor
Newly developed gravimetric or electric methods may be suitable alternatives to provide a rapid and accurate MC determination
Introduction & research question
Mendel 16 B Md 110
Aim: Determination and comparison of the accuracy of selected measuring instruments for rapid MC determination of wood chips
P 16 B Md 009 Slide 3
Research of currently available and suitable rapid determination methods
Establishing contacts with manufacturers (8/20 positive feedbacks)
Materials & methods
Mendel 16 B Md 111
Stationary instruments
Lances
Thermogravimetric methods
Electric methods
Infrared drying
Dielectric method
Oven dry method
TDR method
Conductivity method
Memmert 105°C (Reference method)
Sartorius: MA35 A&P Instruments: UX3081
Ahlborn: Almemo
Gann: HT85T
IMKO: HD2- Sono M1
Schaller: humimeter BL2
Greisinger: GMH3851
Doser: AD22-CMS22
Schaller: humimeter BMA
P 16 B Md 009 Slide 4
Materials & methods
Mendel • Überreiter 16 B Md 112
A&P Instruments: UX3081
Sartorius: MA35 Schaller: Humimeter BMA
Schaller: Humimeter BL2
IMKO: HD2 Ahlborn: Almemo Feuchtefühler
Doser: AD22-CMS22
Greisinger: GMH 3851
Gann: Hydro-mette HT 85 T
Stationary instruments:
Lances:
P 16 B Md 009 Slide 5
Wood chip types used for measurements:
Materials & methods
Mendel • Überreiter 16 B Md 113
1 = Energy roundwood chips: spruce 2 = Energy roundwood chips: beech 3 = Forest residue chips: deciduous trees 4 = Short rotation coppice chips: poplar 5 = Forest residue chips: coniferous trees
1 2 3
4 5
1 2 5 4 3
P 16 B Md 009 Slide 6
Moisture contents
Number of measurements per measuring device:
5 moisture content levels x 5 wood chip types x n n = 3-5 for stationary instruments n = 10 for lances
= 75 - 250 measurements in total
Materials & methods
Mendel 16 B Md 114
Moisture content (w-%)
As received 35 25 15 10
M35 M25 M10
A1 A2 B Property classes (ISO 17225-4)
P 16 B Md 009 Slide 7
Materials & methods
Mendel • Überreiter 16 B Md 115
Drying
Homogenization
Storage in airtight plastic bags
Determination of bulk density
Measurements with infrared
dryers
Measurements with lances
Measurements with BMA
Determination of particle size distribution
Moisture content determination with reference method
P 16 B Md 009 Slide 8
Infrared dryer
Results & discussion
Mendel 16 B Md 117
Measuring instrument
Mean deviation (± SD) [w-%]
MA35 -0.7 (± 2.1)
UX3081 -2.6 (± 1.7)
0 10 20 30 40 50 70w-%0
10
20
30
40
50
70
w-%
0 10 20 30 40 50 70w-%0
10
20
30
40
50
70
w-%
MC
: HT8
5T
Reference moisture content
0 10 20 30 40 50 70w-%0
10
20
30
40
50
70
w-%
MC
: HD
2
Reference moisture content
MC
: GM
H38
51
Reference moisture content
ERC-spruce ERC-beech FRC-conifer FRC-deciduous SRC-poplar reference
* error measurements were excluded
*
0 10 20 30 40 50 70m-%0
10
20
30
40
50
70
m-%
Was
serg
ehal
t: U
X308
1
Referenzwassergehalt
Energierundholz Fichte Energierundholz Buche Waldrestholz Nadelholz Waldrestholz Laubholz KUP Pappel Sollwertgerade
0 10 20 30 40 50 70m-%0
10
20
30
40
50
70
m-%
Was
serg
ehal
t: U
X308
1
Referenzwassergehalt
Energierundholz Fichte Energierundholz Buche Waldrestholz Nadelholz Waldrestholz Laubholz KUP Pappel Sollwertgerade
0 10 20 30 40 50 70m-%0
10
20
30
40
50
70
m-%
Was
serg
ehal
t: M
A35
Referenzwassergehalt
Energierundholz Fichte Energierundholz Buche Waldrestholz Nadelholz Waldrestholz Laubholz KUP Pappel Sollwertgerade
Reference moisture content Reference moisture content
w-% w-%
w-% w-% M
oist
ure
cont
ent:
Moi
stur
e co
nten
t:
P 16 B Md 009 Slide 9
Dieelectric methods
Results & discussion
Mendel 16 B Md 118
Measuring instrument
Mean deviation (± SD) [w-%]
BMA -0.5 (± 4.0)
BL2 3.8 (± 4.7)
AD22-CMS 22 -0.7 (± 4.0)
Almemo 1.5 (± 4.2)
0 10 20 30 40 50 70w-%0
10
20
30
40
50
70
w-%
0 10 20 30 40 50 70w-%0
10
20
30
40
50
70
w-%
MC
: HT8
5T
Reference moisture content
0 10 20 30 40 50 70w-%0
10
20
30
40
50
70
w-%
MC
: HD
2
Reference moisture content
MC
: GM
H38
51
Reference moisture content
ERC-spruce ERC-beech FRC-conifer FRC-deciduous SRC-poplar reference
* error measurements were excluded
*
0 10 20 30 40 50 70m-%0
10
20
30
40
50
70
m-%
Was
serg
ehal
t: U
X308
1
Referenzwassergehalt
Energierundholz Fichte Energierundholz Buche Waldrestholz Nadelholz Waldrestholz Laubholz KUP Pappel Sollwertgerade
0 10 20 30 40 50 70m-%0
10
20
30
40
50
70
m-%
Was
serg
ehal
t: BM
A
Referenzwassergehalt
Energierundholz Fichte Energierundholz Buche Waldrestholz Nadelholz Waldrestholz Laubholz KUP Pappel Sollwertgerade
Reference moisture content 0 10 20 30 40 50 70m-%
0
10
20
30
40
50
70
m-%
Was
serg
ehal
t: BL
2
Referenzwassergehalt
Energierundholz Fichte Energierundholz Buche Waldrestholz Nadelholz Waldrestholz Laubholz KUP Pappel Sollwertgerade
Reference moisture content
0 10 20 30 40 50 70m-%0
10
20
30
40
50
70
m-%
Was
serg
ehal
t: AD
22-C
MS2
2
Referenzwassergehalt
Energierundholz Fichte Energierundholz Buche Waldrestholz Nadelholz Waldrestholz Laubholz KUP Pappel Sollwertgerade
Reference moisture content 0 10 20 30 40 50 70m-%
0
10
20
30
40
50
70
m-%
Was
serg
ehal
t: Al
mem
o
Referenzwassergehalt
Energierundholz Fichte Energierundholz Buche Waldrestholz Nadelholz Waldrestholz Laubholz KUP Pappel Sollwertgerade
Reference moisture content
w-% w-%
w-% w-%
w-% w-%
w-% w-%
Moi
stur
e co
nten
t:
Moi
stur
e co
nten
t: M
oist
ure
cont
ent:
Moi
stur
e co
nten
t:
P 16 B Md 009 Slide 10
Conductivity and TDR method
Results & discussion
Mendel 16 B Md 119
Measuring instrument
Mean deviation (± SD) [w-%]
GMH3851 0.7 (± 4.9)
HT85T 1.9 (± 3.7)
HD2 -1.6 (± 5.1)
0 10 20 30 40 50 70w-%0
10
20
30
40
50
70
w-%
0 10 20 30 40 50 70w-%0
10
20
30
40
50
70
w-%
MC
: HT8
5T
Reference moisture content
0 10 20 30 40 50 70w-%0
10
20
30
40
50
70
w-%M
C: H
D2
Reference moisture content
MC
: GM
H38
51
Reference moisture content
ERC-spruce ERC-beech FRC-conifer FRC-deciduous SRC-poplar reference
* error measurements were excluded
*
0 10 20 30 40 50 70m-%0
10
20
30
40
50
70
m-%
Was
serg
ehal
t: U
X308
1
Referenzwassergehalt
Energierundholz Fichte Energierundholz Buche Waldrestholz Nadelholz Waldrestholz Laubholz KUP Pappel Sollwertgerade
0 10 20 30 40 50 70m-%0
10
20
30
40
50
70
m-%
Was
serg
ehal
t: G
MH
3851
Referenzwassergehalt
Energierundholz Fichte Energierundholz Buche Waldrestholz Nadelholz Waldrestholz Laubholz KUP Pappel Sollwertgerade
w-%
0 10 20 30 40 50 70m-%0
10
20
30
40
50
70
m-%
Was
serg
ehal
t: H
D2
Referenzwassergehalt
Energierundholz Fichte Energierundholz Buche Waldrestholz Nadelholz Waldrestholz Laubholz KUP Pappel Sollwertgerade
Reference moisture content
Reference moisture content
0 10 20 30 40 50 70m-%0
10
20
30
40
50
70
m-%
Was
serg
ehal
t: H
T85T
Referenzwassergehalt
Energierundholz Fichte Energierundholz Buche Waldrestholz Nadelholz Waldrestholz Laubholz KUP Pappel Sollwertgerade
Reference moisture content w-%
w-% w-%
w-%
w-%
Moi
stur
e co
nten
t:
Moi
stur
e co
nten
t: M
oist
ure
cont
ent:
P 16 B Md 009 Slide 11
Results & discussion
Mendel 16 B Md 116
Measuring instrument
Measuring range [w-%]
n
Mean deviation (± SD) [w-%]
Y intercept
Slope
r²
Infra
red Sartorius: MA35 0 – 100 67 -0.7 (± 2.1) -0.66 1.00 0.98
A&P Instruments: UX3081 0 – 100 68 -2.6 (± 1.7) -1,66 0.96 0.99
Die
lect
ric
Schaller: humimeter BMA 5 – 70 120 -0.5 (± 4.0) 3.65 0.85 0.95
Schaller: humimeter BL2 10 – 50 190 3.8 (± 4.7) -3.50 1.28 0.96
Doser: AD22-CMS 22 0 – 50 220 -0.7 (± 4.0) 1.00 0.93 0.90
Ahlborn: Almemo 0 – 50 220 1.5 (± 4.2) 2.88 0.94 0.90
Con
duct
ivity
Greisinger: GMH3851 5 – 50 190 0.7 (± 4.9) -3.53 1.21 0.88
Gann: HT85T 4 – 50 220 1.9 (± 3.7) -4.27 1.10 0.94
TDR
IMKO: HD2-Sono M1 0 – 50 206 -1.6 (± 5.1) 4.14 0.76 0.86
P 16 B Md 009 Slide 12
Comparison of measurements accuracy
Results & discussion
Mendel 16 B Md 120
Refe
renc
e
MA3
5UX
3081
BMA
BL2
AD22
-CM
S22
Alm
emo
GM
H 38
51*
HT85
T
HD2 °C
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
25
w-%
Dev
iatio
n (a
bs.)
from
refe
renc
e va
lue
25~75% Min~Max Median Mean
P 16 B Md 009 Slide 13
Influence of different moisture contents on accuracy of measurements
Results & discussion
Mendel 16 B Md 121
Refe
renc
eM
A35
UX30
81BM
ABL
2AD
22-C
MS2
2Al
mem
oG
MH
3851
*HT
85T
HD2 °C
Refe
renc
eM
A35
UX30
81BM
ABL
2AD
22-C
MS2
2Al
mem
oG
MH
3851
HT85
THD
2
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
25
w-%
Dev
iatio
n (a
bs.)
from
refe
renc
e va
lue
25~75% Min~Max Median Mean
> 25 w-%< 25 w-%
P 16 B Md 009 Slide 14
Influence of bulk density on accuracy of measurements
Results & discussion
Mendel 16 B Md 122
ERC-spruc
e
ERC-beec
h
FRC-conif
erous
FRC-decid
uous
SRC-popla
r °C-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
25
w-%
Bulk density (at moisture content: 15 w-%)
-320
-240
-160
-80
0
80
160
240
400
kg m-3
Dev
iatio
n (a
bs.)
from
refe
renc
e va
lue
Bul
k de
nsity
P 16 B Md 009 Slide 15
The high accuracy of the oven dry method could not be reached by any of the tested devices
by using a high amount of samples the average MC of all measurements approximated the reference value
With increasing MC the accuracy especially of electric methods decreased
Individualized calibration curves can increase accuracy
The MA35 scored best results despite of a small sample size and large measuring range
Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of wood chips should not be disregarded
Representative sampling and accurate sample preparation are thereby fundamental for obtaining high-quality results
Conclusion
Mendel 16 B Md 123
P 16 B Md 009
Thank you for your attention!
This study was funded by: Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture Awarded by: Agency for Renewable Resources Contact: Theresa Mendel Technology and Support Centre (TFZ) Centre of Excellence for Renewable Resources Schulgasse 18, D-94315 Straubing phone: +49 (0) 9421 300-113 email: [email protected] www.tfz.bayern.de