Comparative Zoology Lab Manual

1

Comparative Vertebrate Zoology

(Compilation of Laboratory Activity)

By: Geonyzl L. Alviola

Name __________________________________ Course and Year _________________________ Teacher ________________________________

Vertebrata

2

Table of Contents

Activity no# Titles

1 Homology, Analogy and Homoplasy

2 Adaptations (Behavioral, Structural and Physiological)

3 Phylogeny Tree

4 Phylum Chordate

5 Biological Design

6 Embryology : Cleavage and Blastula

7 Embryology : Gastrula

8 Integumentary System: Skin

9 Integumentary System: Epidermal and Dermal Derivatives

10 Skeletal System: Cranium

11 Skeletal System: Axial Skeletal System

12 Skeletal System: Appendicular Skeletal System

13 Muscular System (origin, insertion and action)

14 Respiratory System

15 Circulatory System

16 Digestive System

17 Urogenital System

18 Endocrine System

19 Nervous System

20 Sensory

3

Name _______________________ Score: __________

Date ________________________

Activity 1

Title: Homology, Analogy and Homoplasy

Objectives :

1. To identify the structures if it is homology, analogy and homoplasy.

2. To discuss the relationship of the structures to the environment.

Materials:

pencil paper ruler animal pictures

internet books

Procedure:

1. Provide a wallet size picture of the selected animals and identify what

morphological concepts will be used

a. Hindlimb of human and horse

b. Dorsal fin of shark and dolphin

c. Tongue of frog and chameleon

d. Leaf hopper and leaf of a tree

e. Spine of the porcupine and Sea urchin spine

2. Use the this diagram to determine the morphological concept used to compare

structures see fig. 1.

Fig1. The morphological concepts.

Data

A. Hindlimb of human and horse

What is the morphological concept was used ? ___________________________

Why?________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

4

B. Dorsal fin of shark and dolphin

What is the morphological concept was used ? ___________________________

Why?__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

C. Tongue of frog and chameleon

What is the morphological concept was used ? ________________________________

Why?_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

D. Leaf hopper and leaf of a tree


Why?_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

5

E. Spine of the porcupine and Sea urchin spine


Why?_________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

B. Encircle the following diagram that does not belong in the group and observe the

similarities that the others share.

C. Identify the analogous structure between two animals.

1. Bat and Bird - _________________________

2. Butterfly and Bird - _____________________

3. Shark and Dolphin - _____________________

4. Whale and turtle - ______________________

5. Frog and Chameleon - ___________________

6

Name ________________________ Score :

Date _________________________

Activity 2

Title: Adaptations (Behavioral, Structural and Physiological)

Objectives:

1. To identify the type of adaptation (behavioral, structural and physiological)

of each animal.

2. To discuss the adaptation in relation to the environment.

Materials:

Pencil eraser toy animals references internet source

Procedure:

1. Identify the adaptation of each animal based on behavior, structure and

physiology.

2. Discuss the following adaptation relation to the environment.

Data:

1. Shark

Structural Adaptation Behavioral Adaptation Physiological Adaptation

1.___________________

_____________________

______________________

______________________

___________________

2.____________________

______________________

______________________

______________________

__________________

1. ___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

2. ___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

1. ___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

2. ___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

7

2. Poison Dart Frog


1.___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

2.____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

1. ___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

2. ___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

1. ___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

2. ___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

3. Philippine cobra


1.___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

2.____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

1. ___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

2. ___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

1. ___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

2. ___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

8

4. Philippine Eagle


1.___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

2.____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

1. ___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

2. ___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

1. ___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

2. ___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

5. Philippine Tarsier


1.___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

2.____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

1. ___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

2. ___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

1. ___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

2. ___________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

_____________________

9

Name ________________________ Score :

Date _________________________

Activity 3

Title: Phylogeny Tree

Objectives:

1. To construct a phylogenic tree based on the given characteristics.

2. To identify the different clades from the phylogeny tree.

Materials:

Pencil books internet references

Procedure:

1. In the table identify the homologous, analogous structures of the following

animals.

2. Using the identified characteristics to construct a phylogenic tree.

3. After constructing a phylogeny tree, identify the different clades using

characteristics from the group and explain their relationship.

Data:

A.

Animal (1) Synapomorphy

(Derived Structure)

(1) Autapomorphy

(Acquired Structure)

1. Cichlid

2. Frog

3. Turtle

4. Kangaroo

5. Mouse

6. Human

10

B. Phylogeny Tree (15 points)

Question :

1. What is the difference between the derived characteristics and acquired

characteristics? Give one example each.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

___________________________________

11

Name __________________________ Score :

Date ___________________________

Activity 4

Title: Phylum Chordata

Objectives:

1. To determine the characteristics of the Chordate group.

2. To identify the parts of the amphioxus.

Materials:

Prepare slides (amphioxus anterior and whole)

Pencil reference book dissecting microscope

Eraser internet microscope

Procedure:

1. Observe the prepared slide using the microscope or dissecting microscope.

2. Draw and label the parts.

Data and Drawing:

A. Amphioxus (anterior)

B. Amphioxus (whole)

12

Answer to question:

1. What are the characteristics of Amphioxus fitted to the Chordate group?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________

2. Fill in the table to compare the following Chordate groups.

Chordate Group Notochord Nerve Cord Post Anal Tail

1. Urochordates

2. Craniata

Answer the following:

Identify whether the terms are associated to Chordata, Urochordata, Cephalochordata

and or Vertebrata.

______________________ 1. amphioxus

______________________ 2. Compressed and transparent body

______________________ 3. craniate

______________________ 4. deuterostomes

______________________ 5. dorsal hollow nerve cord

______________________ 6. encased in a tunic

______________________ 7. exclusively marine

______________________ 8. hagfishes

______________________ 9. lampreys

______________________ 10. lancelets

______________________ 11. notochord

______________________ 12. pharyngeal slits

______________________ 13. postanal tail

______________________ 14. tunicates

______________________ 15. vertebral column

13

Name __________________________ Score :

Date ___________________________

Activity 5

Title: Biological Design

Objectives:

1. Observe the basic shapes found in the body of an animal.

2. Discuss how the basic shapes affect the behavior and lifestyle of an animal.

Materials:

2 Animal pictures pencil eraser glue scissor

Procedure:

1. Prepare pictures of an animal from the magazines.

2. In a picture the basic shapes in the animal body. Draw the basic shapes on the

picture.

3. Draw an animal using the basic shapes.

Results:

A. Picture 1 : ____________________________

Question:

1. How were these shapes affect the animal's body and behavior?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

14

Picture 2: ______________________________

Question:

1. How were these shapes affect the animal's body and behavior?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

B. Draw an animal using the basic shapes.

15

Name __________________________ Score :

Date ___________________________

Activity 6

Title: Embryology: Cleavage and Blastula

Objectives:

1. To observe the cleavage and blastula stage.

2. To describe and differentiate the cleavage and blastula stage of the

vertebrate.

Materials:

Prepared slides (early blastula, late blastula, early cleavage stage and

late cleavage)

pencil internet references

electric microscope lab manual

reference books

Procedure:

1. Observe the prepared slides using the microscope.

2. Draw and label parts.

Drawings with label:

A. Early Blastula

B. Late Blastula

16

C. Early Cleavage

D. Late Cleavage

17

Name ________________________ Score :

Date _________________________

Activity 7

Title: Embryology: Gastrula Stage

Objectives:

1. To observe the parts found in both early and late gastrula stage.

2. To differentiate the gastrula from the cleavage stage and blastula stage.

Materials:

Microscope Pencil Eraser

Reference books Internet

Prepared slides (Gastrula Early and late gastrula stage)

Procedure:

1. Observe the slides using the microscope.


Drawing with labels:

A. Early Gastrula B. Late Gastrula

18

Name ________________________ Score :

Date _________________________

Activity 8

Title: Integument Skin

Objective:

1. To observe the integument of the fish, amphibians, reptiles, aves and

mammals.

2. To identify the parts and layers of the skin within the vertebrate group.

Materials.

Tilapia (preserved specimen) Pencil

Frog (preserved specimen) Eraser

Snake (preserved specimen) Magnifying lens

Human Skin Model Chicken (preserved specimen)

Human Skin Prepared slide Stereo microscope

Electric Microscope

Procedure:

A. Human Skin

1. Observed the prepared slide of human skin using the microscope.


3. Place your hand on the stereo microscope. Observe the details. Draw and

label.

B. Other Vertebral Skin

1. Use the magnifying lens or the stereo microscope to observe the integument of

the tilapia, frog, snake, bird and human.

2. Make a table to write your observations.

Data and Drawings:

A. Human External

B. Human Skin (Prepared Slide)

19

C. Comparison of Integuments

Animal Epidermal

Structure

No. of

Epidermal

Layers

Location of

Chromatophores

Glands

1. Tilapia

(bony fish)

2. Frog

3. Snake

4. Philippine

Eagle

5. Humans

20

Name ________________________ Score :

Date _________________________

Activity 9

Title: Integument Dermal and Epidermal Derivatives

Objectives:

1. To identify the different types of dermal and epidermal derivatives.

2. To identify the function of each derivatives.

Materials:

Carabaos horn human hair turtle shell

Tilapia scales human nail snake skin

Chicken feathers chicken claw stereo microscope

Pencil eraser

Procedure:

1. Observe the following derivatives using the stereo microscope.

2. Classify the following derivatives if it is dermal or epidermal origin and write in

a table.

3. Draw and label the specimens.

Data:

A. Sort the specimen above based on the origin of development.

Dermal Derivative Epidermal Derivative

21

Drawing with labels:

A. Human Hair

B. Human nail

D. Feather : ______________________ (type of feather )

22

E. Carabaos Horn

F. Fish scale

23

Name ________________________ Score :

Date _________________________

Activity 10

Title: Skeletal System: Cranium

Objective:

1. To differentiate the skull of fish, frog, turtle, bird and human

2. To classify the following skulls according to fenestra.

Materials:

Skull of fish, frog, turtle, chicken and cat

Pencil

Stereomicroscope

Procedure:

1. Draw and label the skulls of the following animals(fish, frog, turtle, bird and

human)

2. Observe the changes within the craniums within the vertebrate groups.

Data and Drawings:

A. Fish

B. Frog

24

C. Turtle

D. Bird

E. Cat

25

Questions:

1. In comparing the cranium, make the fish as the basis of comparison. What bones are

added on each class and its function to each animal representative?

Primary skull: Fish

Frog (Amphibians)

Turtle (Reptiles)

Chicken (Aves)

Cat (Mammals)-

26

Name ________________________ Score :

Date _________________________

Activity 11

Title: Skeletal System Axial

Objectives:

1. To identify the bones in axial skeletal system.

2. To compare the axial skeletal system of humans and aves.

Materials:

Axial bones (ribs, sternum, vertebral bone) of the bird and human

Pencil

Eraser

Procedure:

1. Draw and label the axial bones of the two specimen. Identify the part which

are common among two bones. Write the common parts between the

diagram.

2. Compare the set bones of bird and human.

Data and Drawing:

A. Keel or Sternum Labels

Bird Human

B. Vertebral bone (cervical)

Bird Human

27

C. Vertebral bone (thoracic)

Bird Human

D. Vertebral bone (lumbar)

Bird Human

E. Ribs

Bird Human

What have you observed when we compare the two bones? What would be the reason

why there were changes on the bone structure? _______________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

28

Name ________________________ Score :

Date _________________________

Activity 12

Title: Skeletal System Appendicular

Objectives:

1. To identify the appendicular bones of human and bird.

2. To differentiate the appendicular bones of human and bird.

Materials:

Pencil eraser

Skeletal System of human and bird magnifying lens

Procedure:

1. Identify the appendicular bones of human and bird.

2. Draw and label the bones separately.

3. Make a table to present the difference of human and bird appendicular

skeletal system.

Data and Drawing:

A. Bird (upper and lower limb)

29

B. Human (upper and lower limb)

30

C. Table:

Appendicular

bone (upper)

Human

Bird

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Carpals

Phalanges

Appendicular

bone (Lower

Limb)

Human

Bird

Femur

Tibia

Fibula

Tarsals

Phalanges

31

Name ________________________ Score :

Date _________________________

Activity 13

Title: Muscular System

Objectives:

1. Compare the muscles of fish, frog, aves and human.

2. Familiar with muscles of the given vertebrates.

Materials:

PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) : Laboratory gown, goggles, mask

Animal Sample: Frog, Fish, Human model

Pencil Eraser

Procedure:

1. Compare the given pictures together with the dissected animal samples.

2. Skinned the frog and fish exposing the muscles. For fishes, have a cross section cut

as see on the figure below.

2. Identify the parts and fill up the table if you are familiar with the muscle.

Data:

A. Fish (bony)

1 4

2 5

3 6

32

B. Frog.

1 21

2 22

3 23

4 24

5 2

6 26

7 27

8 28

9 29

10 30

11 31

12 32

13 33

14 34

15 35

16 36

17 37

18 38

19 39

20 40

33

C. Human Model

1 18

2 19

3 20

4 21

5 22

6 23

7 24

8 25

9 26

10 27

11 28

12 29

13 30

14 31

15 32

16 33

17

34

Name _________________________ Score :

Date _________________________

Activity 14

Title: Respiratory System

Objectives:

1. To compare the respiratory system of the following representative animals.

2. Trace the evolutionary progress of the system to a type of environment.

Materials:

Pencil vertebrate atlas human model

Preserved animal samples (fish, frog, chicken)

Procedure:

1. Dissect the animal samples and extract the respiratory organ. Using vertebrate

altas to identify the parts. Compare the samples to your human respiratory model.

Take note of the differences

2. Draw and label the respiratory system of the representative animal.

3. Discuss how gases enter, travel and exits the body of the animal

Drawings:

Fish:

Gas flow in the body:

35

Frog:

Gas flow in the body

Chicken


36

Humans


Question:

1. Why cant humans breathe under water? ______________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

2. What are the three parts of the amphibian respiratory system? How are

amphibian lungs different than ours? ___________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

3. How do amphibians breathe with their skin? ___________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

4. Why do birds need more oxygen than humans (2 reasons)?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

5. How are reptile lungs different than humans (2 ways)?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

37

Name _________________________ Score:

Date _________________________

Activity 15

Title: Circulatory System

Objectives:

1. Learn the anatomy of the heart and the blood vessels branching to and from it in each

animal.

2. Understand how blood flows through the heart, to the lungs, and to the rest of the

body.

Materials:

Animal samples: fish, frog Dissecting set laboratory gown

Human heart model gloves mask

Dissecting pans vertebrates atlas human atlas

Dissecting miscroscope

Procedure:

A. Fish

1. Carefully skin the insides of the pharynx, top and bottom, concentrating on the area

between the gills to the transverse septa. Expose the heart on the ventral floor of the

mouth and the afferent arteries leading to the gills. Use a dissecting microscope if

necessary.

2. Draw the blood flow of the fish.

3. After illustrating the fishs blood flow, extract the heart and study the parts.

Compare the fishs heart with the human heart model.

4. Draw and label the fishs heart.

B. Frog

1. Open the thoracic cavity by cutting through the diaphragm, which separates the

abdominal from the thoracic cavity. Cut through the ribs on the left side of the sternum,

leaving the sternum in position. Lift the ribs to look sideways at the thoracic cavity.

2. Draw the blood flow of the frog.

3. Extract the heart and know the parts. Draw and label the parts of the frogs heart.

Compare the frogs heart with the human heart model. Draw and label the parts.

Draw and label:

A. Fishs heart Blood Flow

38

B. Frogs heart Blood Flow

C. Human heart model Blood Flow

Questions:

1. Where does the blood become oxygenated in fishes? Where does the unoxygenated

blood enter the gills? _____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

2. Compare the three blood flow of the three representative animal.

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

39

Name _________________________ Score:

Date _________________________

Activity 16

Title: Digestive System

Objectives:

1. To compare the digestive organs of the following representatives.

2. To discuss the digestive process of cat, fish, chicken, snake and cat

3. To differentiate the digestive system of cat, fish, chicken, snake and cat.

Materials:

digestive system (fish, frog, chicken and human)

Pencil dissecting set hairnet

Eraser gloves vertebrate atlas

Lab gown goggles human atlas

Procedure:

1. Open the abdomen of the mentioned animals.

2. Study the organs involved in digestion and glands that also participate in

digestion using the atlas as our guide.


4. Compare the digestive system of the mentioned animals.

Draw and label:

1. Fish

2. Frog

40

3. Chicken

4. Human

B. Comparison

Animal Shape of the

stomach

Process of Digestion

1. Fish

2. Frog

3. Chicken

4. Human

41

Questions to answer:

1. What are the reasons for having coiled long small intestines in mammals?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_____________________________

2. What caused the color of our feces?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

3. What is the reason for having a 4 chambered stomach in most herbivores?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

4. Enumerate the intestinal enzymes and the substrate they acted upon?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

5. What are the digestive glands found in humans and its function during

digestion?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

42

Name _________________________ Score:

Date _________________________

Activity 17

Title: Urogenital System

Objectives:

1. Compare the urogenital system of the following animal samples.

2. Discuss the function of the system to each class.

Materials:

Pictures of animal male and female urogenitals fish, frog, bird and human

Crayons or colored pencil

Glue

Scissor

Procedure:

1. Obtain pictures urogenital system of the following animals ( fish, frog, bird and human)

2. Color the parts that are homologous to each class. Use different color for another

organ. For example: color the testes with orange in fish, frog, bird and human.

3. Compare the pictures and take note the variations in terms of position, function and

its neighboring organs.

Pictures:

A. Male and Female Fish

43

B. Male and Female Frog

C. Male and Female Bird

44

D. Male and Female Humans

Questions:

1. What are the different types of kidney and differentiate each? __________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

45

Name ______________________________ Score

Date _______________________________

Activity 18

Title: Endocrine System

Objectives:

1. To compare the endocrine system of the following animal

representatives.

2. Discuss the function of the endocrine organs in relation to the animal

function.

Materials:

Pencil animal samples (fish, frog, chicken) human model

Vertebrate atlas Human atlas

Procedure:

1. Compare the diagram with the animal sample with the aid of an

atlas.

2. Fill in the table for the identified parts.

Data:

1 7

2 8

3 9

4 10

5 11

6 12

46

B. Draw and label the frog endocrine system. C. Chicken (Color and identify the organ that are involved in the endocrine system)

47

D. Human endocrine system

Organ Hormone Released

Target organ(s) Function

48

Name ______________________________ Score

Date _______________________________

Activity 19

Title: The Nervous System

Objectives:

1. Identify the parts and regions of the brain samples.

2. Compare the brains among the animal samples.

Materials

Brain pictures (fish, frog, bird and humans)

Reference book.

Procedure:

1. Obtain brain pictures and compare each brains.

2. Make a table to show the differences of each brain.

Drawing:

50

Name ______________________________ Score

Date _______________________________

Activity 20

Title: Sensory System

Objectives:

1. Compare the sensory organs of the following animals.

Materials

reference book pen or pencil pictures

Procedure:

1. Fill up the table to compare the sensory organs of f vertebrates.

2. Secure a picture of the senses for fish, frog, snake and bird.

A. Olfaction and Taste

Vertebrates Olfactory Taste

Bony Fishes

Frog (Amphibians)

Crocodile (Reptiles)

Chicken (Aves)

Human (Mammal)

B. Hearing and Vision

Vertebrates Olfactory Taste

Bony Fishes

Frog (Amphibians)

Crocodile (Reptiles)

Chicken (Aves)

Human (Mammal)

51

B. Arrange the pictures of each senses according to evolutionary process. Use the

animal samples in the table. Identify the evolutionary advancements in each class.

B.1 Olfatory

B.2 Taste

B.3 Hearing

Comparative Zoology Lab Manual

Documents

Transcript of Comparative Zoology Lab Manual