Comparative Telecommunications Law Brooklyn/Loyola Summer Program UIBE - 2006 Prof. Karl Manheim 4:...
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Transcript of Comparative Telecommunications Law Brooklyn/Loyola Summer Program UIBE - 2006 Prof. Karl Manheim 4:...
Comparative Telecommunications Law
Brooklyn/Loyola Summer ProgramUIBE - 2006
Prof. Karl Manheim
4: Advanced Television (DTV / HDTV)
UIBE/Summer 2006 2
TerminologyAdvanced Television (ATV) Any technology that improves audio & video quality over existing (NTSC) standards [1940] Enhanced Definition TV (EDTV) High Definition TV (HDTV)
display standards; Compare computer monitors
Digital Television (DTV) Signal transmission (bits/bytes) vs. analogHigh Definition Television (HDTV) In US, HDTV is Digital ATV (per ATSC)
Japan & France adopted analog HDTV (1991-1997)
Wikipedia article on DTV
UIBE/Summer 2006 3
Basic FCC Decisions re ATVIs ATV in the public interestIf so, should the FCC play any roleIf so, what standards should be adoptedHow much spectrum should be allocatedWho should get the ATV channelsCan they be used for non-ATV purposes?What should happen to NTSC TV?
UIBE/Summer 2006 4
Basic FCC Decisions re ATVIs ATV in the public interest
UIBE/Summer 2006 5
Standard Definition Television NTSC (present system) began in 1938Initial: 12” round tube; 4:3 aspect ; 300 lines
Current: 525 scan lines (480 visible) x 500 pixels Unused 45 lines - Vertical Blanking Interval (VBI)
Interlaced (alternate line refresh; 60 times/second)
Better TV is possible Compare non-broadcast video
UIBE/Summer 2006 6
How would ATV benefit public? Public Interest, Convenience & Necessity better quality
video (image, sharpness, shape, flicker, static)
audio (6 channel dolby stereo) ancillary services (e.g., interactive TV)
higher cost more diversity?
UIBE/Summer 2006 7
Basic FCC Decisions re ATVIs ATV in the public interestIf so, should the FCC play any role
UIBE/Summer 2006 8
Market or Regulated Public good?
FCC technology forcing or free market? Would broadcast & consumer industries have adopted ATV on their own?
Does it depend on whether ATV is compat-ible with current technolgies?compare adoption of Color, UHFcompare CDs, DVDs, VCRs
UIBE/Summer 2006 9
Technology Forcing: Digital TunersDigital Tuner Order (2002) Phase in, beginning with larger screens
36”+ (7/1/04), 25”+ (3/1/06), 13”+ (7/1/07) Reason:
After 5 years of DTV, insufficient reception capability
Market forces haven’t worked All-Channel Receiver Act, 47 USC § 303(s)
Enacted for UHF
Amended Order (Nov. 2005) New target date: March 1, 2007 All TVs, irrespective of size
UIBE/Summer 2006 10
CEA v. FCC (DC CA 2003)Judicial Review of Agency Orders Chevron test (Chevron v. NRDC, 1984)
1. De novo interpretation of “plain meaning”2. Unless agency’s interpretation of its authority is foreclosed by step 1, defer to agency (if reasonable)
ACRA: “adequately receiving all frequencies allocated”Leg. history: new frequencies only (UHF)Leg. history used only for ambiguity, not Chevron 1
APA Reasonableness standard of review
UIBE/Summer 2006 11
Digital Tuners - really necessary?85% of households use cable/DBS boxes, CEA: digital tuners are unnecessary & useless
CoA: not unreasonable for FCC to impose useless costs on consumers Eventually, will speed migration to DTV In 2003, few HD channels on cable/satellite
Legal formalism vs. legal realism Subsidy for local OTA broadcasters
See also: “Must Carry” rules; broadcast flag Note: FCC’s unreasonable cost estimates ($50-75)
UIBE/Summer 2006 12
Basic FCC Decisions re ATVIs ATV in the public interestIf so, should the FCC play any roleIf so, what standards should be adopted
UIBE/Summer 2006 13
Developing ATV StandardsEstablishment by industry vs. regulation ATSC (compare NTSC) ATSC web site Merger of competing systems
All members of “Grand Alliance” are US co’sIndustrial policy -- giving US co’s competitive advantage?
Selection of uniform standard promotes development
Adoption of industry standards by FCC Abandoned in 1996. But see Sinclair Only digital req’d; discretion in format
UIBE/Summer 2006 14
Why digital?Analog Digital
Storage is inefficient Very efficient storageCompression causes degradation
Compressed easily - no degradation (w/ “lossless”)
Generation loss each time copied
Each copy is the same as the original
Picture & sound quality varies with signal strength
Signal is 'all or nothing' (cliff effect)
Subject to noise and interference
Free from ghosting and noise
Format transmitted is the only format that can be displayed
Digital information can be reformatted to fit application
UIBE/Summer 2006 15
Why digital?
Compression
Signal Clarity
UIBE/Summer 2006 16
ATV Digital “Standards”Video Display Aspect ratio / Resolution (next slide) Compression (MPEG-2) (lossless v. lossy)Audio 5.1 Channel Dolby Digital
FL, FR, C, SL, SR, LFE (low frequency effect)Transmission 8-VSB (8-level vestigial sideband) (US standard)19.28 Mbps of data in a single 6 Mhz (multiplexed)
COFDM (European standard)Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
UIBE/Summer 2006 17
Aspect & Resolution Comparison
NTSCNational TV Standards
Com
Aspect 4X3Resolution 525
60cycles
ATSC Advisory Com on Adv. TV Service16X9High: 1080i 1920 pixels
(h)Medium: 720p 1280 pixels
(h)Standard: 480p 704 pixels
(h)
UIBE/Summer 2006 18
Common Video Resolutions
UIBE/Summer 2006 19
The 18 formats of Digital TV
UIBE/Summer 2006 20
ATV Digital “Standards”Video Display Aspect ratio / Resolution (next slide) Compression (MPEG-2) (lossless v. lossy)Audio 5.1 Channel Dolby Digital
FL, FR, C, SL, SR, LFE (low frequency effect)Transmission 8-VSB (8-level vestigial sideband) (US standard)19.28 Mbps of data in a single 6 Mhz (multiplexed)
COFDM (European standard)Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
UIBE/Summer 2006 21
ATV Digital “Standards”Video Display Aspect ratio / Resolution (next slide) Compression (MPEG-2) (lossless v. lossy)Audio 5.1 Channel Dolby Digital
FL, FR, C, SL, SR, LFE (low frequency effect)Transmission 8-VSB (8-level vestigial sideband) (US standard)19.28 Mbps of data in a single 6 Mhz (multiplexed)
COFDM (European standard)Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
UIBE/Summer 2006 22
5.1 Channel Audio
UIBE/Summer 2006 23
Flexible StandardsFCC Abandons HDTV in favor of flexible DTV Speed transition to DTV Concern for source compatibility Concern for cost of TV sets
How would it work compare computer monitors of different size / resolution
What else can DTV channel be used for? ancillary services
§ 336(e) requires fees from DTV broadcasters that offer ancillary and supplementary services
Transition rules for LPTV – Report and Order
UIBE/Summer 2006 24
Basic FCC Decisions re ATVIs ATV in the public interestIf so, should the FCC play any roleIf so, what standards should be adoptedHow much spectrum should be allocated
UIBE/Summer 2006 25
SpectrumBand Width – 6 MHz – same as NTSC Is this sufficient? Is it too much?
Smaller bandwidth is required for same resolution of DTV. 6 MHz permits 1 HDTV signal or several SDTV signals
Flexibility in secondary use of the bandwidth
Co-channel SeparationATV-ATV: 150 milesATV-NTSC: 100 miles compare to NTSC
VHF=170-220 miles UHF=155-205 miles
UIBE/Summer 2006 26
Allocation & AllotmentAllocation in UHF Band Sources (relocation):
unused, low-power, separation bands, translator stations
non-commercial allotments(?)
Allotment per existing Table of Allotments Random pairing of NTSC-ATV channel Table of Allotments
UIBE/Summer 2006 27
Basic FCC Decisions re ATVIs ATV in the public interestIf so, should the FCC play any roleIf so, what standards should be adoptedHow much spectrum should be allocatedWho should get the ATV channels
UIBE/Summer 2006 28
ExpenseBroadcast station equipment $1.5M - $12M / station (half for later facilities)
Components digital camcorder: $35,000 (Sony's HDW-700) tape editors: $80,000 (D-5) multimedia effects device: $400,000 (HDME-7000) production switching device: $100,000 (HDS-7000) other: routers, testing equipment
Consumer Tuner (receiver): $600 - $1500 Display (monitor): $1500 - $10000 Recording equipment (VCR): ?
UIBE/Summer 2006 29
License EligibilityInitially Limited to Existing Broadcasters “Public Interest” rationales offered by FCC Protect investment of existing broadcasters Given risks, most practical and expedient way to promote HDTV (existing broadcasters have experience)
Change in TV ownership structure would disrupt viewing Alternatives
Comparative Hearings Lottery Auction
Is this incumbent preference legal Ashbacker v. FCC (1945); Cowles (p.117) TCA § 201 [47 USC § 336]
UIBE/Summer 2006 30
Eligibility of Non NTSC LicenseesOther applicants eligible once initial assignment is completeUse It or Lose It NTSC station must apply for ATV construction permit within 3 years
Must complete construction 2 yrs after
Otherwise, liceneses revert to FCC
UIBE/Summer 2006 31
License OwnershipDuopoly & Multi-Ownership Prohibitions Suspended for NTSC / ATSCLicenses Coupled Transfer (only if NTSC license is also transferred)
Lose both upon revocation of either ATV term concurrent w/ NTSC license
UIBE/Summer 2006 32
Basic FCC Decisions re ATVIs ATV in the public interestIf so, should the FCC play any roleIf so, what standards should be adoptedHow much spectrum should be allocatedWho should get the ATV channelsCan they be used for non-ATV purposes?
UIBE/Summer 2006 33
Ancillary ServicesMultiplexing and frequency division audio data
teletext, paging, stock tickerinternet
other video servicesinteractive TVclosed circuit
Profit from non-broadcast uses
UIBE/Summer 2006 34
Other features of ATVMore efficient use of spectrum Ancillary uses (e.g., data transmission)Interactive video Games; Electronic Program Guides (EPG)B’caster / Viewer control of programming easier to scramble signals (and charge)
(CA) conditional accessPay TV
easier to screen & filter
UIBE/Summer 2006 35
Basic FCC Decisions re ATVIs ATV in the public interestIf so, should the FCC play any roleIf so, what standards should be adoptedHow much spectrum should be allocatedWho should get the ATV channelsCan they be used for non-ATV purposes?What should happen to NTSC TV?
UIBE/Summer 2006 36
Transition Period - Phase InImplementation 5-1-99 for 4 networks in 10 largest markets
11-1-99 for 4 networks in 30 largest markets
5-1-02 for all other commercial stations
5-1-03 for all non-commercial stations90% stations now b’casting digital signals
2005 FCC Order on Transition
UIBE/Summer 2006 37
Phase In - SimulcastingBalance - Original programming on DTV channels
Which would provide incentive to buy digital TV sets
Simulcasting of NTSC / ATSC channelsProtect consumer investments in analog TV setsLeast disruption to viewing habbits
FCC Order: ATSC simulcast of NTSC50% in 6th yr (2003)75% in 7th yr (2004)100% in 8th yr (2005)Then removed as incentive to purchase new sets
UIBE/Summer 2006 38
Phase OutTermination of NTSC (& licenses) after conversion is complete Nominally, Dec., 31, 2006 Penetration rate exception (<85% per market)Actual DTV reception, or merely capability?
Surrender of NTSC licenses47 U.S.C. § 309(j)(14)(A)-(C) (1998)
Auction of analog licenses Balanced Budget Act of 1997
UIBE/Summer 2006 39
DTV Transition & Public Safety Act DTV Act signed Feb. 8, 2006 <link>Part of Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 <link>
Passed 218-216 in House
New timelineBy Jan ’08 - auction of vacated analog spectrum
Except for 24 MHz going to public safety agenciesChannels 63, 64, 68, 69
Feb. 17, ‘09 - analog licenses surrendered Feb. 18, ’09 – TV broadcasting limited to channels 2-36, 38-51
54 - 698 megahertz
summary
UIBE/Summer 2006 40
DTV Transition & Public Safety Act Digital Converter Box Assistance Program NTIA is allocated $990 million of spectrum auction revenues to send two $40 coupons to each house-hold that requests to participate in the program
Other NTIA Subsidies $30M to TV stations in NYC affected by 9/11 $65M to rural LPTV stations $156M for national alert system $50M for tsunami warning system
summary
UIBE/Summer 2006 41
Selection of DTV ChannelsElection of Core Channel (Feb. 2005) NTSC/ATSC licensees must elect DTV channelMultiple Round elections to avoid conflictNegotiated Channel Arrangements
NTSC licensees w/o ATSC channel – 2d round
Tentative Desginations list 95% permanent channels selected (by 2/06)
UIBE/Summer 2006 42
HDTV in EuropeDirective 95/47/EC Framework for Digital TV
Assure analog continuity (old ATV standard) Reporting req’t (States to Comm’n) Dir 83/189
Pay TV and auxiliary services allowed Transparency rather than technology forcing PI, interoperability, OND, competition apply
Standards Per Digital Video Broadcasting Group
UIBE/Summer 2006 43
Cannal Satellite v. AGE (2002)Spanish Law Royal Decree-Law 1/1997
Transposes into nat’l law Directive 95/47Requires pre-certification of digital equipment
Decree 136/1997Compulsory Regist’n of conditional access (pay TV) DTV providers & equipment makers
Ruling Authorization/certification procedures violate competition rules & proportionalityBalancing of EC policy and national needs
UIBE/Summer 2006 44
Related Digital IssuesDigital Misuse By consumers By industryAdvanced Services
UIBE/Summer 2006 45
Digital Theft/MisuseCriterion Analog Digital
Duplication Costs
High media cost; inefficient
Low media cost; efficient
Duplication Quality
Degraded Exact copies
Distribution Physical copies; slow
Electronic; instantaneous
Retail price High Very highAfter-sale control
Infeasible Feasible
Infringement Incentive
Low High
UIBE/Summer 2006 46
Digital Millennium Copyright Act17 USC § 1201: Circumvention of TPMs (a)(1)(A): No person shall circumvent a techno-logical measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title [copyright].Civil liability, even where one has a right to access the underlying content (e.g, fair use)
(a)(2): No person shall manufacture … offer, or traffic in any technology … that is designed for the purpose of circumventing a [TPM]Criminal liabilityCases: Sklyrov, Felton, ElcomSoft, Adobe
UIBE/Summer 2006 47
Digital Rights Management (DRM)Package of permissions for digital content Content supplier sets permissions for usage
Access, copying, distribution Examples:
DivX (DVDs that can be viewed twice, then expire)TiVo (replay once, or within 2 days; no copying)Home networks (broadband video) (video sender)
Content is encrypted DRM contains decryption code Mostly for paid content
UIBE/Summer 2006 48
ATSC (Broadcast) Flag 47 CFR 73.9002(b)Recognizes & Implements DRM Broadcast station “flags” DRM in video stream
Not copyright holder, or redistributor (MVPDs) Receiving device sees flag; reads DRM
All new “demodulator” devices after July 1, 2005Flag ignored by older receiving devices; no DRM
Demodulator output (to monitor) obeys DRMDeclared invalid ALA v. FCC (DC CA, May 6, 2005)
Ultra vires; not authorized by ACRA http://pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov/docs/common/opinions/200505/04-1037b.pdf
UIBE/Summer 2006 49
DRM in EuropeDirective 2001/29/EC Requires member states to consider DRM in their fair competition lawsIn response to “massive online piracy”
Voluntary measures by industry to adopt DRM standards that assure interoperability
eEurope 2005 Action Plan High Level Group on DRMs
DRM to replace levies (surcharges on blank media)
Open standards
UIBE/Summer 2006 50
Smart RadiosSoftware defined - “cognitive” - radios Operate on an “opportunistic basis”
FCC defers on “radical paradigm shift”FCC relaxes technical pre-approval
Since specifications are modified ad hoc Examples:
Cell phones Frequency hopping; power output
Spread Spectrum cordless phones Minimizes interference, bandwidth
Interruptable spectrum leasing
UIBE/Summer 2006 51
Smart Radios in EuropeSpectrum Trading (Elec. Com’s Dir. 2002/21/EC) Buying & selling spectrum use rights
Makes spectrum use more efficientTransparent/reasonable use restrictions still apply
Eliminate fragmentation of national bandsRadio Spectrum Decision (RSD) 2002/676/EC Promote the use of smart radios
Binding Technical Implementation Measures to be developed by Radio Spectrum Committee (RSC)
Promote the use of advanced radiosE.g., wireless hearing devices, automobile radar
UIBE/Summer 2006 52
CoverageWeds (5/31), Spectrum Management: 53-88Thurs (6/1), HDTV; Advanced Broadcast: 143-181Friday (6/2), MVDS: 181-215Mon (6/5), Satellite: 227-255Tues (6/6), Wireless Telephony: 299-335Weds (6/7), Broadband: 336-374Thurs (6/8), Internet: 375-410Fri (6/9), Catchup & ReviewSat (6/10), Final