Comparative Revolutions: American, Comparative Revolutions: American, Haitian, French, Mexican, Chinese, Haitian, French, Mexican, Chinese, Russian, Indian and Latin American Russian, Indian and Latin American

Independence MovementsIndependence Movements

Causes/Motives of the Causes/Motives of the RevolutionsRevolutions

All revolutions resulted from peasant unrestAll revolutions resulted from peasant unrest Industrialization and economic hardships (food shortages) Industrialization and economic hardships (food shortages) Nationalist ideas helped to spur on all revolutionsNationalist ideas helped to spur on all revolutions Media played major role in advocating change; monarchs Media played major role in advocating change; monarchs

could publish newspapers supporting their actions, could publish newspapers supporting their actions, controlling the public’s knowledge, revolutionaries could controlling the public’s knowledge, revolutionaries could also use media to support their beliefs of overthrowing the also use media to support their beliefs of overthrowing the governmentgovernment

Need to industrialize nationsNeed to industrialize nations Artisans or peasants who wanted older economic valuesArtisans or peasants who wanted older economic values

Causes/Motives of the Causes/Motives of the Revolutions continuedRevolutions continued

Enlightenment thinkers Enlightenment thinkers challenged regimes that didn’t challenged regimes that didn’t grant religious freedoms or grant religious freedoms or insisted on aristocratic privilegeinsisted on aristocratic privilege

Commercialization caused Commercialization caused merchants to challenge idea that merchants to challenge idea that aristocrats hold highest poweraristocrats hold highest power

Population increase made it Population increase made it harder for anyone not aristocrat harder for anyone not aristocrat to gain office; led to protestingto gain office; led to protesting

Prelude to the American Prelude to the American RevolutionRevolution

Laws passed by the Laws passed by the English government to English government to limit expansion as well as limit expansion as well as pass laws on the American pass laws on the American coloniescolonies

American colonies American colonies looking for more looking for more independence independence

Artisans and farmers Artisans and farmers looking for ways to looking for ways to promote social equality promote social equality

American RevolutionAmerican Revolution On June 15, 1775, the On June 15, 1775, the

Continental Congress appoints Continental Congress appoints George Washington general of George Washington general of Continental ArmyContinental Army

On June 17, 1775, the Battle of On June 17, 1775, the Battle of Bunker Hill occurs with the Bunker Hill occurs with the British winning, but at a huge British winning, but at a huge costcost

In December of 1775, the In December of 1775, the American colonies are placed American colonies are placed under an embargounder an embargo

May 2, 1776, France commits May 2, 1776, France commits 1 million dollars in arms to the 1 million dollars in arms to the colonies and Spain also offers colonies and Spain also offers supportsupport

Battle of Bunker Hill

American RevolutionAmerican Revolution On July 4, 1776 the Declaration of On July 4, 1776 the Declaration of

Independence is issuedIndependence is issued October 7, 1777- Battle of Saratoga October 7, 1777- Battle of Saratoga

results in 1results in 1stst major American major American victoryvictory

Articles of Confederation adopted Articles of Confederation adopted on November 15, 1777 making on November 15, 1777 making Congress the sole authorityCongress the sole authority

In 1789, the U.S. sets up a new In 1789, the U.S. sets up a new constitutional structure with checks constitutional structure with checks and balances between the different and balances between the different branches of government as well as branches of government as well as limited voting rights (to wealthy limited voting rights (to wealthy white males)white males)

Above - The signing of the Declaration.

The American Declaration of Independence (part)The American Declaration of Independence (part) “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with inherent and [certain] inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, & the pursuit of happiness: that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, & to institute new government, laying it's foundation on such principles, & organizing it's powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety & happiness. Prudence indeed will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light & transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses & usurpations begun at a distinguished period and pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty to throw off such government, & to provide new guards for their future security.”

Began on August 22, 1781Began on August 22, 1781 Slave uprising against the Slave uprising against the

French French Francois Dominique Francois Dominique

Toussaint L’Ouverture Toussaint L’Ouverture organized a small military organized a small military groupgroup

In order to overcome In order to overcome powerful countries wanting powerful countries wanting to claim Haiti (France, to claim Haiti (France, England, and Spanish) England, and Spanish) Toussiant played powers off Toussiant played powers off of one another, finally of one another, finally allying with Frenchallying with French

                                                                               Toussaint L'Ouverture, whose name means "the opening," opened the way to freedom for Blacks in Haiti and throughout the Western Hemisphere when he led his army of enslaved Africans against Napolean's top troops. Haiti's President Jean Bertrand Aristide declared 2003 "The Year of Toussaint" in honor of the 200th anniversary of his death in a French prison just before the Haitian Revolution won victory. When captured, Toussaint warned the French that they had cut down "only the trunk of the tree of liberty. It will spring up again by the roots, for they are numerous and deep."

Haitian RevolutionHaitian Revolution

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Haitian RevolutionHaitian Revolution

Napoleon’s rule resulted Napoleon’s rule resulted in Toussiant’s deathin Toussiant’s death

Jean-Jacques Dessalines Jean-Jacques Dessalines was former slave who was former slave who took over took over

General Leclerc sent by General Leclerc sent by Napoleon to deal with Napoleon to deal with Haitians, bloody battles Haitians, bloody battles occurredoccurred

Ended on November 28, Ended on November 28, 18031803

Legacy of Haitian RevolutionLegacy of Haitian Revolution

Symbol of freedom Symbol of freedom and hope to the rest of and hope to the rest of slaves in North slaves in North AmericaAmerica

Slave owners became Slave owners became aware of chance of aware of chance of rebellion of slavesrebellion of slaves

Slave shelters built by Slave shelters built by slave owners in case slave owners in case of an uprisingof an uprising

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

The revolution’s start was in the 1780s with The revolution’s start was in the 1780s with resentment towards royal power, food resentment towards royal power, food scarcity and the rise of Enlightenment ideasscarcity and the rise of Enlightenment ideas

Louis XVI was forced to convoke the Louis XVI was forced to convoke the Estates-General Estates-General

Third estate made up of the lower class Third estate made up of the lower class wanted more representation; declared wanted more representation; declared themselves the National Assemblythemselves the National Assembly

French RevolutionFrench Revolution On June 20, 1789, the On June 20, 1789, the

National Assembly swore the National Assembly swore the Tennis Court OathTennis Court Oath

Would not leave the tennis Would not leave the tennis court until a new constitution court until a new constitution had been made (Declaration had been made (Declaration of the rights of Man and the of the rights of Man and the Citizen)Citizen)

On July 14, 1789, the prison On July 14, 1789, the prison of Bastile was taken by the of Bastile was taken by the rebellion, and served as a rebellion, and served as a symbol of the revolutionsymbol of the revolution

Feudalism abolished on Feudalism abolished on August 4, 1789August 4, 1789

Louis XVI

French RevolutionFrench Revolution Radical phase started by 1792; led by Maximilien Radical phase started by 1792; led by Maximilien

RobespierreRobespierre King was executed and the Reign of Terror occurred King was executed and the Reign of Terror occurred

in which unpopular factions were destroyedin which unpopular factions were destroyed Constitution proclaimed male suffrage, slavery Constitution proclaimed male suffrage, slavery

temporaraliy abolished and spirit of nationalism temporaraliy abolished and spirit of nationalism Final phase of revolution occurred under Napoleon Final phase of revolution occurred under Napoleon

from 1799 to 1815 during which expansion of the from 1799 to 1815 during which expansion of the French empire occurredFrench empire occurred

Parliament reduced in power, but religious freedom, Parliament reduced in power, but religious freedom, equality for men, education, were promotedequality for men, education, were promoted

Beginnings of the Mexican Beginnings of the Mexican RevolutionRevolution

General Porfirio Diaz was president of General Porfirio Diaz was president of Mexico from 1876-1911Mexico from 1876-1911

Mexico had political and economic Mexico had political and economic stability, but at expense of farmers and stability, but at expense of farmers and laborers (only select few had wealth)laborers (only select few had wealth)

Suppressed any uprisings with armySuppressed any uprisings with army Claimed that he was waiting until Mexico Claimed that he was waiting until Mexico

was ready for a democracywas ready for a democracy

Mexican RevolutionMexican Revolution

In 1909, Francisco Madero In 1909, Francisco Madero formed Anti-Reelectionist formed Anti-Reelectionist Party, trying to oust General Party, trying to oust General Diaz and form a democracy; Diaz and form a democracy; ran for president in 1910ran for president in 1910

Madero imprisoned for Madero imprisoned for “inciting rebellion” and “inciting rebellion” and Diaz won electionDiaz won election

Madero won election in Madero won election in 1911, but found most 1911, but found most revolutionaries wanted revolutionaries wanted immediate change which he immediate change which he couldn’t providecouldn’t provide

Mexican RevolutionMexican Revolution

Madero killed in 1913, Madero killed in 1913, and replaced by and replaced by Victoriano HuertaVictoriano Huerta

Huerta didn’t stay true to Huerta didn’t stay true to revolutionary beliefs, left revolutionary beliefs, left country in 1914country in 1914

Huerta replaced by Huerta replaced by Venustiano Carranza who Venustiano Carranza who organized a convention organized a convention that resulted in the that resulted in the formation of a new formation of a new constitution in 1917constitution in 1917

Chinese RevolutionChinese Revolution

Revolution began in 1890s Revolution began in 1890s with fall of Ch’ing (Qing) with fall of Ch’ing (Qing) dynastydynasty

After Boxer Rebellion in After Boxer Rebellion in 1900, Western ideas 1900, Western ideas dominated education and dominated education and much of Chinese lifemuch of Chinese life

1911 Revolution began in 1911 Revolution began in southwestern province of southwestern province of SzechwanSzechwan

Motivated by plan to Motivated by plan to nationalize the railwaynationalize the railway

Chinese RevolutionChinese Revolution Sun Yat-sen was “Father of Sun Yat-sen was “Father of

the Revolution”the Revolution” Educated in west, saw Educated in west, saw

revolution as nationalist, revolution as nationalist, social, and democratic social, and democratic revolutionrevolution

In 1905, Chinese United In 1905, Chinese United League formedLeague formed

By end of November of 1911, By end of November of 1911, 2/3 of China had seceded 2/3 of China had seceded from the Ch’ing empirefrom the Ch’ing empire

In December, China In December, China proclaimed a republic with proclaimed a republic with Sun Yat-sen as presidentSun Yat-sen as president

Chinese RevolutionChinese Revolution

Yuan Shih-kai had been Yuan Shih-kai had been appointed as prime minister appointed as prime minister in 1911in 1911

On January 3, 1912, Yuan On January 3, 1912, Yuan claimed he would get the claimed he would get the Ch’ing dynasty to abdicate Ch’ing dynasty to abdicate if he was offered the if he was offered the presidencypresidency

Yuan appointed president on Yuan appointed president on February 1, 1912February 1, 1912

Yuan suppressed any Yuan suppressed any rebellions, dissolving the rebellions, dissolving the parliament and becoming parliament and becoming dictator in 1914dictator in 1914

President Yuan Shikai

May Fourth MovementMay Fourth Movement

China involved in WWI hoping to get their land China involved in WWI hoping to get their land back in 1917back in 1917

China outraged when this did not happenChina outraged when this did not happen– Japan got German territory, so Chinese boycott on Japan got German territory, so Chinese boycott on

JapanJapan Protests in Beijing by students- Mao Zedong Protests in Beijing by students- Mao Zedong

supportedsupported– 3,000 students upset about imperialism3,000 students upset about imperialism

Became a national movementBecame a national movement– Movement showed goal of establishing a strong, Movement showed goal of establishing a strong,

modern nationmodern nation

The Communist Party in ChinaThe Communist Party in China Kuomintang in southern ChinaKuomintang in southern China Sun links with Communist partySun links with Communist party

– Lenin’s ideas reach ChinaLenin’s ideas reach China 1925- Sun dies of cancer, Jiang Jieshi (Chiang 1925- Sun dies of cancer, Jiang Jieshi (Chiang

Kai-shek) takes overKai-shek) takes over– Jiang feared Communists’ goalJiang feared Communists’ goal– ClashClash– Jiang became president of NationalistJiang became president of Nationalist

Republic of ChinaRepublic of China– Civil war until 1949Civil war until 1949

Civil War Rages in ChinaCivil War Rages in China Jiang made promisesJiang made promises Communist leader Mao Zedong developing Communist leader Mao Zedong developing

strong followingstrong following– Mao envisioned taking revolution to people Mao envisioned taking revolution to people

(country)(country)– Peasants align with Mao because government Peasants align with Mao because government

less democratic and more corruptless democratic and more corrupt

The Long MarchThe Long March

1933 Jiang surrounded Communist 1933 Jiang surrounded Communist mountain strongholdmountain stronghold

Communists fled- outnumbered 6-1Communists fled- outnumbered 6-1 Communists began 6,000 mile long journeyCommunists began 6,000 mile long journey Civil war halted by Japanese invasion of Civil war halted by Japanese invasion of

ManchuriaManchuria

Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution Revolution- 1917, problems priorRevolution- 1917, problems prior Cruel, oppressive czars created unrestCruel, oppressive czars created unrest Alexander II- assassinatedAlexander II- assassinated Alexander III determined to strengthen Alexander III determined to strengthen

RussiaRussia Nicholas IINicholas II

Alexander III

Revolutionary Movement GrowsRevolutionary Movement Grows

Rapid industrialization- good for economy, but brought Rapid industrialization- good for economy, but brought problems (feeling the Industrial Revolution crunch that problems (feeling the Industrial Revolution crunch that Western Europe already felt)Western Europe already felt)

New problemsNew problems– Grueling working conditions, low wages, and child labor, unions Grueling working conditions, low wages, and child labor, unions

outlawedoutlawed Rising groupsRising groups

– Mensheviks- broad base of popular support for revolutionMensheviks- broad base of popular support for revolution– Bolsheviks- willing to sacrifice everything for radical changeBolsheviks- willing to sacrifice everything for radical change

Lenin leader of BolsheviksLenin leader of Bolsheviks– Ruthless; Fled Russia, but remained in contact while goneRuthless; Fled Russia, but remained in contact while gone

Crises at Home and AbroadCrises at Home and Abroad

Russo-Japanese War (1905)Russo-Japanese War (1905)– Competed for control of Korea and ManchuriaCompeted for control of Korea and Manchuria– Lost JapanLost Japan

Bloody Sunday- Revolution of 1905Bloody Sunday- Revolution of 1905– Lenin’s calls this a dress rehearsal for the upcoming revolutionLenin’s calls this a dress rehearsal for the upcoming revolution– Workers demanded better conditions and upset because of peace Workers demanded better conditions and upset because of peace

with Japanwith Japan– Workers/ Marchers devoted to the CzarWorkers/ Marchers devoted to the Czar– About 1,000 killedAbout 1,000 killed– Creation of Duma (Russia’s 1Creation of Duma (Russia’s 1stst parliament) by Nicholas II parliament) by Nicholas II

WWI- Final BlowWWI- Final Blow– Unprepared economically and militarilyUnprepared economically and militarily– RasputinRasputin

March RevolutionMarch Revolution

Local protests led to uprisingsLocal protests led to uprisings Forced czar to abdicate throne Forced czar to abdicate throne Duma established provisional Duma established provisional

governmentgovernment Continued to fight WWI Continued to fight WWI

– Much unrest with this decision in RussiaMuch unrest with this decision in Russia Lenin returns to Russia in 1917Lenin returns to Russia in 1917

Bolshevik RevolutionBolshevik Revolution

Lenin and Bolsheviks take controlLenin and Bolsheviks take control Bolshevik Red Guards stormed Winter Bolshevik Red Guards stormed Winter

Palace in PetrogradPalace in Petrograd Lenin established controlLenin established control

– Farmland given to peasantsFarmland given to peasants– Factories given to workersFactories given to workers– Signed truce with Germany- Signed truce with Germany-

Treaty of Brest- LitovskTreaty of Brest- Litovsk

Lenin’s OppositionLenin’s Opposition White Army- loyal to the Czar, opponents White Army- loyal to the Czar, opponents

to Leninto Lenin Leon Trotsky commanded Red Army; he Leon Trotsky commanded Red Army; he

negotiated peace treatynegotiated peace treaty US sent aid to help White ArmyUS sent aid to help White Army Red Army triumphed, Red Army triumphed,

crushing oppositioncrushing opposition

Lenin Restores OrderLenin Restores Order

Russian economy destroyed because of war and Russian economy destroyed because of war and revolutionrevolution

New Economic Policy (NEP)New Economic Policy (NEP)– Peasants could sell surplus, making a profitPeasants could sell surplus, making a profit– Government kept control of major industries, banks, Government kept control of major industries, banks,

etc.etc. Political ReformsPolitical Reforms

– Self-governing republics under central governmentSelf-governing republics under central government– 1922- named USSR (United Soviet Socialist Republic)1922- named USSR (United Soviet Socialist Republic)– New Capital- MoscowNew Capital- Moscow– Bolsheviks renamed Communists to describe workers Bolsheviks renamed Communists to describe workers

seizure of powerseizure of power

INDIA

Nationalism in IndiaNationalism in India

Indian nationalism growing since mid-Indian nationalism growing since mid-1800s1800s

Two groups formed to rid India of foreign Two groups formed to rid India of foreign rulerule– Though these two groups did not agree on Though these two groups did not agree on

everything- they found a common groundeverything- they found a common ground– Indian National Congress 1885Indian National Congress 1885– Muslim League 1906Muslim League 1906– Hindus and Muslims once divided, now unitedHindus and Muslims once divided, now united

WWI Heightens NationalismWWI Heightens Nationalism

Until WWI little interest in nationalismUntil WWI little interest in nationalism– 1 million enlisted, in return self- government1 million enlisted, in return self- government– During war, granted political reformsDuring war, granted political reforms

1918 troops came home from war1918 troops came home from war– Expected self-rule, got nothingExpected self-rule, got nothing

Violent actions takenViolent actions taken– Rowlatt ActRowlatt Act

» Allowed the government to jail protestors without trial for as long as Allowed the government to jail protestors without trial for as long as two yearstwo years

Amristar MassacreAmristar Massacre– People protesting Rowlatt ActPeople protesting Rowlatt Act– Shooting lasted ten minutesShooting lasted ten minutes

» 400 killed, 1200 wounded400 killed, 1200 wounded– Nationalism was sparked because of thisNationalism was sparked because of this

Gandhi’s Principles of Gandhi’s Principles of NonviolenceNonviolence

Mohandas K. Gandhi emerges as leaderMohandas K. Gandhi emerges as leader Principle of satyagraha- civil disobediencePrinciple of satyagraha- civil disobedience

– Called Indians to refuse to buy British goodsCalled Indians to refuse to buy British goods– Boycott on British clothBoycott on British cloth– Salt MarchSalt March

British arrested thousandsBritish arrested thousands

SALT MARCH

Great Britain Grants Indian Self- Great Britain Grants Indian Self- RuleRule

1935- Britain passed Government of India 1935- Britain passed Government of India ActAct– Provided local self-government and limited Provided local self-government and limited

democratic electionsdemocratic elections India began moving towards full India began moving towards full

independenceindependence

Latin American Independence Latin American Independence Movements (Brazil)Movements (Brazil)

By end of 18By end of 18thth century, century, Brazil had grown in Brazil had grown in economic importanceeconomic importance

1807, France invaded 1807, France invaded Portugal; Portuguese king Portugal; Portuguese king moved to Brazil; Rio de moved to Brazil; Rio de Janeiro made capitalJaneiro made capital

Dom Joao VI moved back to Dom Joao VI moved back to Portugal in 1820, but son Portugal in 1820, but son Dom Pedro I, stayed behindDom Pedro I, stayed behind

Pedro was called back to Pedro was called back to Portugal, but, after refusing, Portugal, but, after refusing, declared Brazil independent declared Brazil independent in 1822in 1822

Latin American Independence Latin American Independence Movements (Peru)Movements (Peru)

Jose San Martin was military Jose San Martin was military commander in Argentina who commander in Argentina who wanted to secure Peruvian silverwanted to secure Peruvian silver

Peru still under Spanish control, Peru still under Spanish control, upper class extremely conservative; upper class extremely conservative; but Napoleonic invasions of Spain but Napoleonic invasions of Spain sparked revolutionsparked revolution

San Martin was unable to defeat San Martin was unable to defeat Spanish in interior, and with his Spanish in interior, and with his withdrawal, Simon Bolivar took withdrawal, Simon Bolivar took overover

Battles in 1824 such as battle of Battles in 1824 such as battle of Ayacucho assured Peru’s Ayacucho assured Peru’s independence (see next slide)independence (see next slide)

The Battle of AyacuchoThe Battle of Ayacucho

Last major engagement in South American war for independenceLast major engagement in South American war for independence Fought on December 9, 1824 Fought on December 9, 1824 Resulted in victory by rebels under Antonio Jose de Sucre over a Resulted in victory by rebels under Antonio Jose de Sucre over a

Spanish army under Jose de La Serna (viceroy of Peru)Spanish army under Jose de La Serna (viceroy of Peru) Sucre and Simon Bolivar defeated Spanish force in Junin, Peru Sucre and Simon Bolivar defeated Spanish force in Junin, Peru

(August 1824)(August 1824) La Serna marched against them from Cuzco with army of 10,000La Serna marched against them from Cuzco with army of 10,000 Sucre with 6,000 South Americans, reluctant to enter battle but Sucre with 6,000 South Americans, reluctant to enter battle but

made stand in Decembermade stand in December Won advantage over La Serna before he had chance to organize Won advantage over La Serna before he had chance to organize

troopstroops Spaniards overcome and La Serna taken prisoner; end of Spanish Spaniards overcome and La Serna taken prisoner; end of Spanish

power on mainland of South America power on mainland of South America

Latin American Independence Latin American Independence Movements (Chile)Movements (Chile)

In September 1810, open In September 1810, open town meeting appointed town meeting appointed junta made up of local junta made up of local leaders to rule (searching for leaders to rule (searching for more independence)more independence)

Battle of Rancagua in Battle of Rancagua in October 1814, Spain October 1814, Spain regained controlregained control

Carrera brothers and Bernard Carrera brothers and Bernard O’Higgins convinced Jose O’Higgins convinced Jose San Martin to help themSan Martin to help them

Independence proclaimed in Independence proclaimed in 1818 with O’Higgins as 1818 with O’Higgins as dictatordictator

Young Anti-War Protest

Role of Racism?Role of Racism?

The Haitian Revolution was The Haitian Revolution was main one whose causes main one whose causes centered around racismcentered around racism

Haitian Revolution was slave Haitian Revolution was slave uprising (Discrimination uprising (Discrimination against blacks found in against blacks found in slavery)slavery)

French saw Haitians as French saw Haitians as barbarians; thought they were barbarians; thought they were only good working on only good working on plantationsplantations

Latin Americans tired of being Latin Americans tired of being treated inferiorly by Europeanstreated inferiorly by Europeans

Effect of Revolutions on WomenEffect of Revolutions on Women

Chinese Revolution tried Chinese Revolution tried to hold onto traditional to hold onto traditional ways ways

Chinese women today still Chinese women today still subjugated; men prefer not subjugated; men prefer not to marry women who have to marry women who have already been marriedalready been married

Some women still are Some women still are married for sole purpose married for sole purpose of childbearingof childbearing

Effects of Revolutions on Effects of Revolutions on Women continued Women continued

Before RevolutionsBefore Revolutions After RevolutionsAfter Revolutions Women expected to be wives and Women expected to be wives and mothers; could not vote or hold political mothers; could not vote or hold political officeoffice

Unmarried women under authority of Unmarried women under authority of their fatherstheir fathers

Once married, couldn't work, enter Once married, couldn't work, enter into contracts, or control own estates into contracts, or control own estates without husband’s permissionwithout husband’s permission

Enlightenment ideas enforced beliefs Enlightenment ideas enforced beliefs that women biologically and socially that women biologically and socially different from men and should stick to different from men and should stick to domestic tasksdomestic tasks

Women secluded within homes; had Women secluded within homes; had to wear long skirts or dressesto wear long skirts or dresses

Lower class women had more Lower class women had more freedom than those of upper classfreedom than those of upper class

Women allowed to be educated: at Women allowed to be educated: at first the sole purpose was to train them first the sole purpose was to train them for “enlightened” role within the homefor “enlightened” role within the home

Demand for teachers allowed for Demand for teachers allowed for higher education; women became more higher education; women became more confident and advocated women’s confident and advocated women’s rightsrights

As 20As 20thth century progressed, women century progressed, women gained right to vote in addition to other gained right to vote in addition to other civil liberties (Ex: raised hemline of civil liberties (Ex: raised hemline of dresses)dresses)

When men went off to war, left When men went off to war, left openings in factory positions which openings in factory positions which were filled by women (proved were filled by women (proved themselves able to work in even heavy themselves able to work in even heavy industry, including munitions)industry, including munitions)

Women’s Rights continuedWomen’s Rights continued

From Mary Cary. The New Jerusalem's Glory“And if there be very few men that are thus furnished with the gift of the Spirit; how few are the women! Not but that there are many godly women, many who have indeed received the Spirit: but in how small a measure is it? how weak are they? and how unable to prophesie? for it is that that I am speaking of, which this text says they shall do; which yet we see not fulfilled.... But the time is coming when this promise shall be fulfilled, and the Saints shall be abundantly filled with the spirit; and not only men, but women shall prophesie; not only aged men, but young men; not only superiours, but inferiours; not only those that have University learning, but those that have it not; even servants and handmaids..”

Rise of DemocracyRise of Democracy

In Mexican Revolution, new In Mexican Revolution, new constitution formed in 1917 that:constitution formed in 1917 that:

- Redistributed land from wealthy - Redistributed land from wealthy landowners to peasantslandowners to peasants

- was 1- was 1stst to recognize collective labor to recognize collective labor rightsrights- limited the foreign ownership of key - limited the foreign ownership of key resourcesresources

Haitian Revolution, gave more Haitian Revolution, gave more equality to people of color and gained equality to people of color and gained independence from Franceindependence from France

- Inspired other countries to form own - Inspired other countries to form own democracydemocracy- Early constitutions balanced popular - Early constitutions balanced popular representation by imposing property representation by imposing property restrictions of votersrestrictions of voters

Rise of Democracy Rise of Democracy

French Revolution:French Revolution:- General Estates formed, consisting - General Estates formed, consisting of 3 “estates”, or classes of peopleof 3 “estates”, or classes of people- 3- 3rdrd estate known as Commons estate known as Commons formed National Assemblyformed National Assembly- National Assembly abolished - National Assembly abolished feudalism in 1789, aristocrats lost feudalism in 1789, aristocrats lost privileges; church land seizedprivileges; church land seized- Assembly published Declaration - Assembly published Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen of Rights of Man and of the Citizen on August 26, 1789on August 26, 1789- Assembly became legislature of - Assembly became legislature of new government (parliament)new government (parliament)- Constitution proclaimed - Constitution proclaimed individual rightsindividual rights

Rise of DemocracyRise of Democracy

Chinese Revolution:Chinese Revolution:

- Constitution formed limited - Constitution formed limited emperor’s power; said that emperor’s power; said that parliamentary elections be parliamentary elections be held within 6 months of held within 6 months of formation of governmentformation of government

- Provincial assemblies were - Provincial assemblies were established in 1909established in 1909

- National, democratically - National, democratically elected Consultative elected Consultative Assembly formed in 1910Assembly formed in 1910

Rise of DemocracyRise of Democracy

American Revolution:American Revolution:- May 10, 1776, Congress allows each of - May 10, 1776, Congress allows each of colonies to form local governmentscolonies to form local governments- July 4, 1776, Declaration of - July 4, 1776, Declaration of IndependenceIndependence- U.S. Constitution set up in 1789 with - U.S. Constitution set up in 1789 with checks and balances between different checks and balances between different branches, guarantees of individual branches, guarantees of individual liberties, and limited voting rights liberties, and limited voting rights

Latin AmericaLatin America- Local leaders were taking positions of - Local leaders were taking positions of greater importancegreater importance- Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin - Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin both played important rolesboth played important roles- Freedom of trade was reached both - Freedom of trade was reached both within the nations and internationallywithin the nations and internationally

Additional ReformsAdditional Reforms

In China, the military was reorganized, the civil In China, the military was reorganized, the civil service exam was abolished in 1905, and Western service exam was abolished in 1905, and Western ideas were being included in education ideas were being included in education

Media played a large part in most revolutions Media played a large part in most revolutions (French, Latin American, etc.) promoting patriots (French, Latin American, etc.) promoting patriots ideas as well as monarchs ideas (increasing ideas as well as monarchs ideas (increasing importance)importance)

France- Protestants regaining their rights, Louis France- Protestants regaining their rights, Louis XVI forced to produce annual publication of state XVI forced to produce annual publication of state of financesof finances

Phase I of the Revolutions (old Phase I of the Revolutions (old regime is weak, people are restless)regime is weak, people are restless) Chinese Revolution- Collapse of Manchu dynasty; Chinese Revolution- Collapse of Manchu dynasty;

internal disorder, pressure from foreign internal disorder, pressure from foreign government, weakness of central governmentgovernment, weakness of central government

French Revolution- Louis XVI losing power, French Revolution- Louis XVI losing power, Estates-General formed, 3Estates-General formed, 3rdrd estate (commoners) estate (commoners) protesting taxesprotesting taxes

American Revolution- British placing new taxes American Revolution- British placing new taxes on Americans, colonies restless, want new on Americans, colonies restless, want new freedoms in economy and governmentfreedoms in economy and government

Phase I of Revolutions continuedPhase I of Revolutions continued

Mexican Revolution- General Porfiro Diaz is Mexican Revolution- General Porfiro Diaz is losing control, new political parties are being losing control, new political parties are being formed, farmers and laborers unhappyformed, farmers and laborers unhappy

Haitian Revolution- French placing Haitian slaves Haitian Revolution- French placing Haitian slaves under cruel conditions, there is social unrest and a under cruel conditions, there is social unrest and a wish for a share in the profits of the plantationswish for a share in the profits of the plantations

Latin American Revolutions- countries were Latin American Revolutions- countries were growing in economic importance because of their growing in economic importance because of their crops, European countries had hard time crops, European countries had hard time controlling them because of the distance between controlling them because of the distance between themthem

Phase II of Revolutions (better Phase II of Revolutions (better organized government, moderates in organized government, moderates in

control)control) Chinese Revolution- Sun Yat-sen overthrew government, Chinese Revolution- Sun Yat-sen overthrew government,

Yuan Shih-kai placed in power, constitution places checks Yuan Shih-kai placed in power, constitution places checks on his power, demanding parliamentary electionson his power, demanding parliamentary elections

French Revolution- 3French Revolution- 3rdrd estate in power, set up Declaration estate in power, set up Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, constitution devised of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, constitution devised which proclaims individual liberties, manoralism abolished which proclaims individual liberties, manoralism abolished (aristocrats lost privileges)(aristocrats lost privileges)

American Revolution- Rebels set up new government with American Revolution- Rebels set up new government with constitution that places checks and balances between constitution that places checks and balances between legislative and executive powers; voting rights widespread legislative and executive powers; voting rights widespread though limitedthough limited

Phase II of Revolutions Phase II of Revolutions continuedcontinued

Mexican Revolution- Mexican Revolution- Francisco Madero was Francisco Madero was proclaimed president, worked proclaimed president, worked steadily toward bettering steadily toward bettering social and economic lifesocial and economic life

Haitian Revolution- Toussaint Haitian Revolution- Toussaint L’Ouverture became leader, L’Ouverture became leader, abolishing slavery and abolishing slavery and bringing peace (for a time)bringing peace (for a time)

Latin America Independence Latin America Independence movements- nations gained movements- nations gained independence with the help of independence with the help of Simon Bolivar and Jose de Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin San Martin

Phase III of the Revolutions (rise of Phase III of the Revolutions (rise of radicals who illegally gain power)radicals who illegally gain power) Chinese Revolution- Yuan Shih-kai assassinates Sun Chinese Revolution- Yuan Shih-kai assassinates Sun

Yat-sen, dissolving the parliament and becoming Yat-sen, dissolving the parliament and becoming dictator in 1914dictator in 1914

French Revolution- Maximilien Robespierre (1758-French Revolution- Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) leads radicals in overthrowing monarchy, using 1794) leads radicals in overthrowing monarchy, using terror tactics to rule (killing anyone in his way); terror tactics to rule (killing anyone in his way); proclaimed military conscription, temporarily proclaimed military conscription, temporarily abolished slavery, and came up with a new abolished slavery, and came up with a new constitution which proclaimed universal male suffrage constitution which proclaimed universal male suffrage although it was not put into practice fullyalthough it was not put into practice fully

American Revolution- persecuted any remaining American Revolution- persecuted any remaining loyalists to Britainloyalists to Britain

Phase III of the Revolutions Phase III of the Revolutions continuedcontinued

Mexican Revolution- Madero killed Mexican Revolution- Madero killed by Victoriano Huerta, but by Victoriano Huerta, but Constitutionalist movement drove Constitutionalist movement drove out Huerta in 1914, causing out Huerta in 1914, causing Venustiano Carranza to come to Venustiano Carranza to come to power (helped to make constitution power (helped to make constitution of 1917)of 1917)

Haitian Revolution- Invasion of Haitian Revolution- Invasion of French troops resulted in death of French troops resulted in death of Toussaint and rise of Jean-Jacques Toussaint and rise of Jean-Jacques Dessalines who ordered execution of Dessalines who ordered execution of all European opposing him, finally all European opposing him, finally declared Haiti a republic in 1803declared Haiti a republic in 1803

Latin American independence Latin American independence movements- no radical phase within movements- no radical phase within this time period this time period

Negative Effects of the Negative Effects of the RevolutionsRevolutions

Mexican RevolutionMexican Revolution- Devastated the country- Devastated the country- Killed 1.5 million people- Killed 1.5 million people- Ranching and farming were - Ranching and farming were disrupteddisrupted

French Revolution-French Revolution-- Radical phase resulted in - Radical phase resulted in deaths of opponents of deaths of opponents of revolution aided by guillotine revolution aided by guillotine - Incited further war, especially - Incited further war, especially under Napoleon, in other under Napoleon, in other countriescountries- Destruction of property- Destruction of property

Destroyed Buildings

Negative Effects of the Negative Effects of the Revolution continuedRevolution continued

Haitian RevolutionHaitian Revolution- Africans seen by General Leclerc - Africans seen by General Leclerc (invading French officer) (invading French officer) immediately killedimmediately killed- Instilled fear among slave - Instilled fear among slave owners, tighter restriction on slave owners, tighter restriction on slave rights (slaves couldn’t be taught to rights (slaves couldn’t be taught to read)read)

American RevolutionAmerican Revolution- Deaths of about 7,000 Americans- Deaths of about 7,000 Americans

- New government deeply in debt, - New government deeply in debt, had to pay soldier’s salaries in had to pay soldier’s salaries in addition to cost of food and addition to cost of food and weaponsweapons

Chinese RevolutionChinese Revolution- Reforms didn’t benefit the - Reforms didn’t benefit the peasants; benefited military, peasants; benefited military, and aristocrats and aristocrats - Didn’t provide ample - Didn’t provide ample opposition against the warlordsopposition against the warlords

- Reforms made were not - Reforms made were not social, mainly politicalsocial, mainly political

Latin AmericaLatin America

- Did not receive fullDid not receive fullindependence; still dependentindependence; still dependentEuropean and U.S.European and U.S.economicseconomics

Global ConnectionGlobal Connection

Revolutions spurred on Revolutions spurred on movements in other countriesmovements in other countries

Introduced new political ideas Introduced new political ideas (democracy, constitutions, etc.) (democracy, constitutions, etc.) used world wideused world wide

In case of Haitian Revolution, In case of Haitian Revolution, inspired other slave rebellionsinspired other slave rebellions

Gave power to Gave power to commoners/slaves; knew they commoners/slaves; knew they could overthrow governmentcould overthrow government

American Revolution led to American Revolution led to independence movements in independence movements in other colonies escaping from other colonies escaping from European controlEuropean control

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