SUB Hamburg

A/554397

Comparative Politics in Regional PerspectiveSIXTH EDITION

Thomas M. Magstadt

* o WADSWORTHQc? CENGAGE Learning-

Australia • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

€ OMTENT S

About the Author ivFeatures and Maps xixPreface xxi

Part I Introduction1 Comparative Politics and the Regional Perspective 32 Models, Regimes, and Regions 42

Part II The New Europe3 POLITICAL SETTING: The Western Political Heritage 794 INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES: Patterns, Problems and Prospects 115

Part III Russia and Slavic Europe5 POLITICAL SETTING: Slavic Europe to 1989 187

6 INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES: Russia: Democracy or Dictatorship? 229

Part IV Asia7 POLITICAL SETTING: Civilizations and Empires 263

8 INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES: Asia: Continuity and Change 292

Part V Latin America9 POLITICAL SETTING: The Spanish Conquest and Its Aftermath 349

10 INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES: Caudillos, Coups, and Constitutions 380

Part VI The Middle East11 POLITICAL SETTING: Politics and Religion 431

12 INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES: Monarchies, Dictatorships, and a Garrison State 463

Part VII Sub-Saharan Africa13 POLITICAL SETTING: The Legacy of Colonialism 509

14 INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES: The Long Road to Recovery 537

Glossary 585Index 603

VII

About the Author ivFeatures and Maps xixPreface xxi

Part I Introduction1 Comparative Politics and the Regional Perspective 3

Why Compare? 4The Logic of Comparative Politics 6Politics in Regional Perspective 8

Globalization and the Regional Approach 10Regional Influences on Politics 13Climate, Geography, and Natural Resources 14Language, Culture, Religion, and History 20Economic Disparities 26

A Conceptual Framework: Three Questions 33Political Setting: How Do Unique Factors Such as Environment, Culture,

and History Influence Politics in Different Countries and Regions? 34Patterns of Rule: How and Why Do Political Institutions, Patterns,

and Trends Vary from One Region of the World to Another and WhatForce(s) Drive Change? 35

Problems and Prospects: How Effectively Do the Political Systems UnderExamination Actually Perform the Functions of Governance? 37

Summary 38Key Terms 39Study Questions 39Suggested Readings 39Suggested Websites 40Notes 41

2 Models, Regimes, and Regions 42The Idea of the State 42Democracy or Dictatorship: Procrustean Models 43Constitutional Democracy: Presidential versus Parliamentary 44

Presidential Democracy: The U.S. Model 45Parliamentary Democracy: The British Model 51

IX

Contents

Authoritarian Systems 52Personal Dictatorships 53Military Regimes 54

_ Dynastic Regimes 56Totalitarian and Post-Totalitarian Regimes 57Economic Models and Political Systems 59

Market Economies 59Command Economies 60Welfare-State Systems 61Is Keynes Dead? The Rise of Monetarism 62Transitional Systems 66

Politics and Development 66 •What Is Development? 66

Closing the Circle: Development and Regime Type 67From Nation-States to Region-States? 68A Travel Advisory... 68Summary 69Key Terms 70Study Questions 71Suggested Readings 71Suggested Websites 72Notes 73

Part II The New Europe3 POLITICAL SETTING: The Western Political Heritage 79

Regional Overview 80Environmental Influences 81

The European Nursery 81Nature's Benevolence 82

Historical and Cultural Factors 83Religion: Renaissance and Reformation 84Mercantilism: The Western Origins of the World Economy 84The Scientific Revolution 85The Enlightenment: From Science to Secularism 85The French Revolution 86The Industrial Revolution and Its Consequences 87

The New Ideological Marketplace 88Liberalism 88Socialism 89Conservatism 89Social Class and Politics 89

Imperialism and the European System 91Theories of Colonial Rule 91The Classical Balance of Power 93The Demise of the Eurocentric System 94

Contents xi

The Totalitarian Interlude 94War and Revolution: An Ambiguous Legacy 95Case Studies: The United Kingdom, France, and Germany 97

• The United Kingdom 97• France 102• Germany 107

Summary 111Key Terms 111Study Questions 111Suggested Reading 112Suggested Websites 112Notes 113

4 INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES: Patterns, Problems, and Prospects 115The Triumph of Parliaments and Pluralism 115Europe's Postwar Economic Miracle 116The Problems of Postindustrial Society 118Case Studies: The United Kingdom, France, and Germany 121

• The United Kingdom: Mother of Parliaments 121The Unwritten Constitution 122Westminster: Where the Lower House Has the Upper Hand 12410 Downing Street: Prime Minister and Cabinet 127Whitehall: Administrative Nerve Center 129Of Judges and Juries 129Parties and Elections 130Public Opinion and Pressure Groups 134Problems and Prospects 135

• France's Fifth Republic 142A Hybrid System 143Who Rules? President and Prime Minister 144French Technocracy: The Civil Service 146The Taming of the Parliament 147A Multiparty System 148From de Gaulle to Chirac: Testing the System 149Problems and Prospects 153

• Germany's Unified Federal Democracy 158The Basic Law 160The Chancellor 161The German Parliament 163How Laws Are Made 164Parties and Elections 165A Limited Government 166Problems and Prospects 167

The European Union: An Embryonic State? 173Summary 179Key Terms 179

xi i Contents

Study Questions 180Suggested Readings 180Websites 181Notes 181

Part III Russia and Slavic Europe5 POLITICAL SETTING: Slavic Europe to 1989 187

The Slavic Shatter Zone 188The Influence of Geography 190

Russia and Ukraine 190Power Vacuum or Empire? 191 *

Invasion and Oppression: An Unkind History 193Decline of the Romanov Dynasty 193

Rewriting History: Revolution, Terror, and Transformation 194Marxism-Leninism: A Secular Religion 195Lenin's Big Lies 196Dress Rehearsal: The February Revolution 196The October Revolution 197The Stalin Era: Totalitarianism in Full Swing 198World War II and the Soviet Phoenix 200Stalin's Heirs: From Khrushchev to Gorbachev 201The Cold War Roller Coaster 204

Russia's Post-Communist Political Culture 207Soviet Political Culture: Old Wine, New Wineskins 207

Eastern Europe before 1945 209Eastern Europe under Soviet Tutelage 211Case Studies: Two Ill-Fated Slavic States 213

• Czechoslovakia 214• Yugoslavia 215• Yugoslavia's Violent Breakup 218

Summary 223Key Terms 224Study Questions 225Suggested Readings 225Suggested Websites 226Notes 227

6 INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES: Russia: Democracy or Dictatorship? 229The Slavic Divorce: East Goes West 230Russia after Stalin(ism): The Legacy 233

The Soviet System: A Bird's-Eye (Re)View 233Potemkin's Ghost 234Stalin's Legacy: Dysfunctional Economies 235

Contents xiii

The Soviet Economy Before the Crash 23 7Why Gorbachev Failed 240

Post-Communist Russia 242Russia's French-Style Presidency 243Russia's German-Style Parliament 245The Not-So-British Prime Minister 245From Backstage to Center Stage: Putin's Rise to Power 246Problems and Prospects 24 7Eastern Europe Twenty Years Later: Second Thoughts? 254

Summary 255Key Terms 255Study Questions 256Suggested Readings 256Suggested Websites 257Notes 258

Part IV Asia7 POLITICAL SETTING: Civilizations and Empires 263

Physical Environment and Population 266Environment 266Population 266

Economic Development: The Three Faces of Asia 268Cultural and Historical Patterns 271

Culture and Religion 271Historical Patterns 2 72

Case Studies: China, Japan, and India 275• China: The Middle Kingdom 275• Japan: Land of the Rising Sun 279• India: From Raj to Republic 284

Summary 288Key Terms 288Study Questions 289Suggested Readings 289Suggested Websites 290Notes 291

8 INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES: Asia: Continuity and Change 292The Impact of War and Revolution 293Patterns and Trends 295

Economic Development: A Study in Contrasts 296Case Studies: China, Japan, and India 300

• China's Great Leaps 302• How China Is Ruled 304

xiv Contents

• Problems and Prospects 308• Japan: Asian Phoenix 315• Problems and Prospects 322• India: Democracy amid Diversity 327• Problems and Prospects 333

Summary 340Key Terms 340Study Questions 341Suggested Readings 341Suggested Websites 342Notes 343

0

- Part V Latin America 3469 POLITICAL SETTING: The Spanish Conquest and Its Aftermath 349

Land, Population, and Resources 350Geography 350Population Patterns 351Natural Resources 354

Historical Background 355Latin America's Original Civilizations 355The Spanish Conquest 356Coming of Age: Independence andSelf-Government 360

Political Culture 362The Lingering Effects of Spanish Rule 362Religious Conflict and Caudillismo 363Warlords Unlimited: The Politics ofLocalismo 363Damn Yankees: Good Neighbors or Bullies? 364

Latin American Development and Dependency 366Case Studies: Mexico and Brazil 369

• Mexico 369• Brazil 372

Summary 375Key Terms 376Study Questions 377Suggested Readings 377Suggested Websites 378Notes 378

10 INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES: Caudillos, Coups, and Constitutions 380The Latin Authoritarian Model 380

Patterns of Military Rule 380Manipulated Elections 381Human Rights and Wrongs 381

Contents xv

Winds of Change: Democracy, Debt, and Development 383A Region in Transition: Civilians Take Charge 385

South America 385Central America 388

To the Brink and Back: The Debt Crisis 389Losing Interest 390Crisis Management: The Brady Plan 391

Reforms, Regionalism, Recession: The 1990s 392Robust Reforms, Shaky Recovery 394

Case Studies: Mexico and Brazil 396• Mexico: A Dysfunctional Democracy 396

The Constitution of 1917 397 t

The Mexican System 397Political Parties 399Elections 400Problems and Prospects 403

• Brazil: Latin America's Awakening Giant 408The Amazon as Metaphor 408A Dualistic Political Tradition 409The Great Aberatura 410Brazil's Political System: Federal and Presidential 411Parties and Elections 413Problems and Prospects 417Who Cares about Latin America ? 422

Summary 423Key Terms 423Study Questions 424Suggested Readings 424Suggested Websites 425Notes 426

Part VI The Middle East 42811 POLITICAL SETTING: Politics and Religion 431

Geography, Climate, and Natural Resources 431Climate and Natural Resources 432Geostrategic Considerations 433

Religion, Culture, and History 435Judaism 435Christianity 437Islam 437

The Imprint of History 440The Ottoman Intrusion 441European Colonialism 441

xvi Contents

The Challenges of Modernity 442An Arab Awakening? 444The Arab-Israeli Conflict 445

A Place Called Palestine 445The Palestinian Arabs 446

The Middle East Chessboard 447Case Studies: Israel and Egypt 450

• Israel 450• Egypt 455

Summary 458Key Terms 459Study Questions 459 "Suggested Readings 460Suggested Websites 460Notes 461

12 INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES: Monarchies, Dictatorships, and a Garrison State 463Modern Arab Regimes 464

The Paradoxes of Arab Politics 465The Logic of Arab Politics 466The Arithmetic of Instability 468

Peace and War, 1977-1982 469A Separate Peace... 469.. And Another War 469

The Missing Peace, 1983-1993 471The Other Promised Land: A Palestinian State? 471The Roots of Rebellion 471A Rebellion in Full Bloom: The Intifada 474

The Search for Peace, 1993-2009 475Case Studies: Israel and Egypt 478

• Israel: A Garrison State 478A Parliamentary System 478Political Parties 479High Stakes Poker: A Winning Hand? 482Problems and Prospects 489

• Egypt: The Mask of Democracy 491Nasser's Egocentric "Civilitary" State 491Sadat's Enlightened Dictatorship 491Mubarak's Paper Democracy 492Parties and Elections 493The Challenge of Islamic Fundamentalism 494Problems and Prospects 495

Postscript: Is the Arab World "Self-Doomed"? 498Summary 500Key Terms 501

Contents xvii

Study Questions 501Suggested Readings 502Suggested Websites 502Notes 503

Part VII Sub-Saharan Africa13 POLITICAL SETTING: The Legacy of Colonialism 509

Land, Climate, Resources, and Population 509A Harsh Malthusian Reality 511The AIDS Epidemic: Don't Blame Malthus 512

Ethnicity, Culture, and History 512 s

Africa's Ethnic and Cultural Kaleidoscope 512The Language(s) of Politics 513Religion and Politics 514Africa's Neglected Precolonial History 515The Colonial Legacy 516The Aftershocks of Independence 517

African Unity: The Elusive Ideal 520The Early Conferences 521Nkrumah's Vision 521The Organization of African Unity 522

Case Studies: Nigeria and South Africa 524• Nigeria 524• South Africa 527

Summary 532Key Terms 533Study Questions 533Suggested Readings 533Suggested Websites 534Notes 535

14 INSTITUTIONS AND POLICIES: The Long Road to Recovery 537Colonialism and Decolonization 538

Divide and Rule: The Conquest of Africa 538End of the Colonial Era 540Colonialism as Scapegoat 541

Political Patterns in Sub-Saharan Africa 541Independent but still Oppressive: One-Party States 542The Authoritarian Spectrum 545

Roots of Despair: Black Africa in the 1980s 549Africa's Lost Decade 550Overpopulation: Myth or Reality? 552A Demographic Dividend? 553

What (Who) Is to Blame? 554

xviii Contents

Contending Theories 555Socialism and Self-Reliance: An African Model? 557

African Socialism 557Neither Communism nor Capitalism 558Africa's Anti-Market Orientation 559

A Garden of Eden in Decay 560Conflict, Famine, and the Refugee Problem 561

Case Studies: Nigeria and South Africa 563• Nigeria: So Rich, Yet So Poor . . . 564

Political Patterns in Nigeria 564Problems and Prospects 566

• South Africa: In Mandela's (Fading) Shadow 568From Prisoner to President: Mandela In, Apartheid Out 569The 1999 and 2004 National Elections 570Problems and Prospects 5 70

• A Democratic Africa? 575Elections Galore, Democracies Not-So-Much 576New Game, Old Tricks 576

Summary 578Key Terms 578Study Questions 579Suggested Readings 579Suggested Websites 580Notes 580

Glossary 585Index 603