Comparative Neighboring PolicySerbia and Japan

Mamoru Sadakata(Nagoya University)

sadakata@law.nagoya-u.ac.jp

1

Serbia as a pivot country

• The future of Serbia is obviously key to the future of the wider region. A stable Serbia will project stability in the region. Its European Integration is the only lasting guarantee of its peace and its prosperity (C. Bildt)

• Indispensable anchor of the West Balkans• The regions EU accession accelerator• a pivot country in greater European Space

(Ukraine, Turkey, Serbia)2

Foreign policy priorities (since 2001)

[assumption]• Decrease of geopolitical significance• Realistic policy in limited potentials[priority] 1. 　 Membership in International Organizations 2. Normalization with neighboring countries (Balkan Cooperation) 3. Closer to the European Union (EU mission in Kosovo and accession to EU) (svilanović) • 　

3

Foreign policy priorities (since 2008)

1. Defending the constitutional order (legality of Kosovo’s UDI) 2. Accelerating the process of EU integration (Visa liberalization, obligation to the ICTY)3. Improving regional cooperation in the West

Balkans (Kosovo recognition and SEE) Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, Macedonia,

4

Serbia and Neighbors cooperation

Multilateral Regional Cooperation• Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe (SP) • South East European Initiative (SEEI)• South-East European Cooperation Process (SEECP)• Adriatic-Ionian Initiative (AAI)• Initiative for Cooperation in the Danube Region

(Austrian-Romanian Initiative ) • Southeastern European Cooperate Initiative (SECI)

5

Balkan Discourse in the Balkans

• Balkan discourse in Balkan neighbors 1) Neighbors are perceived as ‘Balkan’ 2) less developed, less civilized, backward and unsafe • Lack of Balkan Identity: obstacle to Balkan Cooperation • Balkanization vs. Europeanization

6

Geopolitics of Serbia Neighbors and ideological confrontation cold war⇒ nonaligned foreign policy Neighbors and former SFRY republics (new neighbors)

civil war, enemy, sanction⇒ isolation Neighbors and SEE : regional dilemma Balkanization vs. Europeanization Neighbors and Kosovo recognition　　　 diplomacy of sound power sound power 　　 7

Serbia surrounded by neighbors

• sanction, isolation, historical issue • no room for corporate security with neighbors• foreign and neighbor troops on Serbia• neighboring countries cooperation with

NATO, the EU⇒ Serbia as ‘surrounded country’ 　 NATO: SVN, HRY,HUN,ROM,BGR, ALB,GRC EU: SVN, ROM,BGR,HUN,GRC difficult neighbor⇒ soundsound neighbor

8

Kosovo and Neighbors

• Kosovo issue at the ICJ ⇒ paradigm shift in the West Balkans

• Lessons from Kosovo: Serbia as a Sound Power Our democracy responded with maximal

restraint. We ruled out the use of force and the imposition of economic sanctions against the breakaway province. Serbia decided to defend its sovereignty and territorial integrity through diplomacy and international law. (V. Jeremic)

9

Geopolitics of Japan(1)• Modernization: Departing from Asia entering into

Europe (Datsua-Nyuo 脱亜入欧 ) colonization of Taiwan(1895), Korea(1910) invasion into China and Southeast Asia, the Greater East Asia War(1931-45) the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere(1940-45)　⇒ Departing from Asia entering into America Orientalism of Japanese diplomacy 　　　 10

Greater East Asia War

11

Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere

12

Yukichi Fukuzawa, “Leave Asia”(1885)

• We must not wait for neighboring countries to become civilized so that we can together promote Asia’s revival. Rather we should leave their ranks and join forces with the civilized countries of the West. We don’t have to give China and Korea any special treatment just because they are neighboring countries. We should deal with them as Western people do. Those who have bad friends cannot avoid having a bad reputation. I reject the idea that must continue associated with bad friends in East Asia.

13

• Cold War: Departing from Asia entering into America Peace treaty and Japan-US alliance(1951) Japan-Korea (1965), Japan-China(1978) Japan-Russia(?), Japan-north Korea(?)• Post-Cold War: Redefinition Japan-US alliance Asia-Pacific Cooperation East Asia Community

•

Geopolitics of Japan(2)

14

Foreign Policy Priority and Asia

Liberal Democratic Party

• Japan-US alliance as first priority: public goods in Asia

⇒ basis for stability and prosperity in Asia

• Japan’s contribution : as first modern nation and regional pioneer in Asia

• Synergy between Japan-US alliance and proactive Asian diplomacy (MOFA, 2008)

Democratic Party of Japan

• Close and equal Japan-US alliance: foundation of foreign policy

• Building an East Asian Community

• North Korea without nuclear weapons

• World peace and prosperity (Manifesto, 2009)

15

Arc of Freedom and Prosperity

Blue Book ２００７MOFA of

Japan

Baltic states

Southeastern Europe

Central Asia

Middle East

Indian subcontinent

Southeast Asia

Northeast Asia

16

Arc of Freedom and Prosperity

・ Value Oriented Diplomacy: Emphasis on “universal values” such as freedom, democracy, human right, the rule of law, market economy ⇔Asian Value 　 (avoid imposing our values)

・ Stability and Prosperity: promising civil society, personal fulfillment ⇔Asian Collectivism

・　 Further strengthen ties with the US, AUS, India, and the member states of EU and NATO among others

17

Japan and Neighbors framework

• Cold war and bilateral neighbor relations 　　 US-Asian countries (Hub-Spokes)Post-cold war era• Asia-Pacific (+ US, Australia) 　• ASEAN+3 (Japan, Korea, China)• East Asia Summit (ASEAN+3+3:Aus,NZ,India)• East Asia Community: open regionalism, functional approach, universal value oriented

18

DPJ and manifesto of foreign policy

• Criticism of the US-led globalization • Fraternal diplomacy ⇒ East Asian Community

(national identity as an Asian nation) • Japan-US security pact as nucleus• political and economic independence

between the US and China ( Japan as midsized countries)

(Democratic Party of Japan, 2009)

19

Hatoyama on Diplomacy• The Japan-U.S. security framework will remain the nucleus of Japanese

diplomacy. This framework is undoubtedly a key element of Japanese diplomacy. At the same time, Japan must never forget its national identity as an Asian nation.

• Unlike Europe, the Asia-Pacific region is made up of countries with great differences in terms of population, stage of economic development and political systems. Achieving economic and political integration cannot be accomplished overnight.

• This is the path to achieving the peace and multilateral cooperation that was envisioned as the ideal in Japan’s postwar constitution. Additionally, this path will yield benefits for Japan by preserving the political and economic independence of Japan, which is positioned between the United States and China, two of the world’s great powers.

(23 Feb. 2009, Tokyo)

20

Japan surrounded by neighbors

• Neighboring policy without Asian neighbors ⇒ US as the only Neighbor • Japan remains a difficult neighbor in Asia 　 historical issues, cold war heritage, nationalism, war responsibility, textbook issue, North Korea problem, territorial issue,

• Japan in the Six-Party Talks ( talks without mutual trust)

21

Public opinion toward neighborsCabinet Office

To

Friendship

%

Friendship, if possible

Not Friendship, if possible

Not Friendship DK

US 29.0 44.2 15.8 9.0 1.9

China 7.0 24.8 32.4 34.2 1.6

Korea 13.3 43.8 24.9 16.0 2.1

Russia 2.0 11.1 44.7 38.7 3.6

22

Neighboring policy

Serbia• Balkan as neighbor• Geopolitics and Id-politics (identity politics)

Serbia< Balkan <Europe

• Cold war and neighbor between East and West

• Post-Cold war and neighbor (EU)integration and Balkan

• Regionalism and neighbor Difficult neighbor⇒ Sound power

Japan

• Asia as neighbor• Geopolitics and Id-politics

(identity politics)

Japan <East Asia <Asia/Pacific <US

• Cold war and neighbor leave Asia < Enter US

• Post-Cold war and neighbor (US)globalization and East Asia

• Regionalism and neighbor Difficult neighbor ⇒Drifting Power

23