Comparative E-Governance Models and Applications:

Developing vs. Developed Countrieswith specific reference to Asia

Vikas NathPresident

The Digital Governance Initiative

www.DigitalGovernance.org

e-Governance Executive Master programme at EPFL Lausanne, Switzerland

9 December 2005

Let us get out of this classroom…. to get a better understanding of this session….

Who is the Government for Citizens ?Who are the Citizens for Government ?

WomenCentral

Government

GOVERNMENT CITIZENS

Farmers

Entrepreneur

Taxpayer

Un-Employed

Rural PopulationSenior

Citizens

Media

Courts

HomeMinistry

StateGovernment

Municipality

Police

Customs

AgricultureDepartment

NationalBanks

ExciseDepartment

E-Governance is about Match- Making: Building Relationships and Trust

Women

USER GROUPS

Farmers

LocalBusinesses

NGO Workers

Un-Employed

CITIZENSSeniorCitizens

LocalMedia

E-

GO

VE

RN

AN

CE

GOVERNMENTSERVICE PROVIDERS

Children

Transport Ministry

LocalMunicipalities

AgricultureDepartment

Home Ministry

Health Department

Department of Youth Employment

Case A: The pre E-Governance situation

USERS (5) SERVICES (A, B, C, D)

A

D

B

CU1

U2

U3

U5

U4

V4D

V1B

V2C

V1A

V5D

V3D

V= Value of Service being derived by the user U

Total Public Value of Services derived = U1V1 + U2V2 + U3V3 + U4V4 + U5V5

Case B: Desired post E-Governance situation

USERS (8) SERVICES (A, B, C, D, E, F)

A

E

D

B

C

G

F

U1

U2

U3

U5

U4

Public Value of E-Governance Services

= U1V1 + U2V2 + U3V3 + U4V4 + U5V5 + ….. + UiVj

U6

U7

U8

A Key Learning: Developing vs Developed Countries E-Governance Model !

ICTs enhances Information Access and Flows… almost automatically in project designs

But creating:Politically and Citizen Relevant E-Governance Models the “Geometry of Information Flows” needs to be RESHAPED within the society.

And this is all the more required in Developing Countries where information asymmetries are higher and channels to access information limited.

5 Geometrically Sensitive E-Governance Models

• Wider Dissemination Model• Critical Flow Model• Comparative Analysis Model• E-advocacy/ Pressure group model• Interactive-Service Model

PublicDomain

Information

Wider Public Domain

CITIZENSC

ITIZ

EN

SC

ITIZ

EN

S

• Govt. Laws, Legislations, Notices• Local Govt. Offices and Officials Information• Government Budget, Plans and Expenditures• Key Judicial Decisions: state vs. citizen decisions• Government Tenders, Procurement Notice• Government Employment

Wider Disseminating ModelInformation: Information:

Public Domain Wider Public DomainPublic Domain Wider Public Domain

ExamplesExamples

Mongolia: Open Government http://open-government.mn

Philippines: Government Online (but not yet!) http://www.gov.ph/directory/

Malaysia: E-Flood Information http://jps.selangor.gov.my

Uzbekistan: Portal of the State of Authority http://www.gov.uz

MONGOLIA

MALAYSIA:E-Flood Information DID (JPS) Selangor Statehttp://jps.selangor.ggy.my

1. The system integrates all hydrology data from District DID (JPS) to the Shah Alam Hydrology Unit automatically and in real time.

2. It then provides real-time river monitoring to safequard life and property, and offers flood warnings through SMS.

3. The project simplifies government agency flood rescue operations.

INDIA: Fish Shoal Movements in the Indian Ocean

Critical Flow ModelCritical Information:Critical Information:

Private Domain Wider Public DomainPrivate Domain Wider Public Domain

Private Domain Information

Wider DomainWider Domain

• Corruption Information• Enquiry reports, scientific research, impact studies commissioned• Company’s Green Ratings • Human Rights Violations Records• Whistle Blowing

ExamplesExamplesIndia: Central Vigilance Committee www.cvc.nic.in

Online filing of complaints against public officials and online exposing of names of Corrupted Government Officials.

Bangladesh: Human Rights Portal www.banglarights.net

independent web portal which exposes and challenges discriminations and violations of human rights.

Mexico: Declarenet www.declaranet.gob.mx

Declaranet" allows for on-line filing of income for federal employees.

Bloggers

INDIA: Central Vigilance Committee

BANGLADESH: Human Rights Violations

Comparative Analysis ModelInformation:Information:

Private / Public Domain + Public / Private Domain Private / Public Domain + Public / Private Domain Wider Public Domain Wider Public Domain

Public/PrivateDomain

Wider DomainWider Domain

Public Domain Information

Public/PrivateDomain

Comparative Analysis Model

• Based on Precedence Information(time line)

• With and Without Information

•Court Rulings / Historical Archive •Tracking Performance Records / Financial Assets Growth of MinistersElectoral Candidates Information

• Bringing out Best / Worst PracticesCases of Corruption, Budget Irregularities

ExamplesExamplesIndia: National Courts

http://indiancourts.nic.in

Sri Lanka: Comparison of Education Indicators (Kothmale Project)

India: Green Ratings of Chief Ministers/ Comparing Environmental Records of Industries

http://www.cseindia.org

India: Comparative Learning from Disasters

http://www.nic.in

INDIA: National Courts

INDIA: Green Rating of Industries / Paper Mills

Mobilisation and Lobbying Model Building Allies / Networking Networks for Building Allies / Networking Networks for

Concerted ActionConcerted Action

Communities

Virtual CommunityVirtual Community

Networks

Individuals

Interest Groups

Common Common GoalGoal

Real CommunityReal Community

ExamplesExamples

Planned, Directed, Strategic flow of Information to build strong issue-based Allies / solidarity to complement action in Real World.

(often through combination of other models)

• SMS and Mobile Campaigns- Philippines and Ukraine• Signature Campaign: India (Petition OnlineCorruption)• e-Signature Campaigns: Pakistan• e-Groups on Agriculture• Zimbabwe Kubatana.net (using emails for lobbying)

 INDIA: Demand for Full Inquiry and Justice in Murder of Mr. Satyendra Dubey for his Fight Against Corruption

To:  The Prime Minister of India Dec. 1st 2003.

Sub: Demand for Full Inquiry and Justice in Murder of Satyendra Dubey for his Fight Against Corruption.

Dear Mr. Prime Minister,

Satyendra Dubey, a very capable, honest and upright person, was working as a senior engineer of National Highways Authority of India on Golden Quadrilateral project. As can be expected of an honest officer Satyendra did not bend in front of the vice of the system and was actively fighting against corruption.

57640 Total

e-Signatures

Batchmate Sanjeev Sinha, started a petition on www.petitiononline.com and gathered almost 50,000 signatures in a month to force a Criminal Bureau Investigation. The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) even took cognizance of the electronic petition and told Sinha about the progress on the case.

Service Delivery Model USER SERVICE PROVIDER USER SERVICE PROVIDER

E-GovernmentE-GovernmentE- debatesE- debatesE-ballotsE-ballotsE-procurement of E-procurement of servicesservicesE-administration: E-administration: taxes, parking taxes, parking tickets, licensestickets, licenses

Selective - Service ModelOnline form processing, individual-identity/ authentication-based Online form processing, individual-identity/ authentication-based

transactions (initiated by thematic government offices)transactions (initiated by thematic government offices)

Service XGovt. Office X

Service YGovt. Office Y

CitizenCitizenAA

CitizenCitizenCC

CitizenCitizenBB

• Applying for selected government Applying for selected government products. Eg: driving license products. Eg: driving license (Transport Ministry), Land registration (Transport Ministry), Land registration certificates (Rural Devlp. Ministry)certificates (Rural Devlp. Ministry)• Payment for goverment services. Eg: Payment for goverment services. Eg: taxes, license fees, custom dutiestaxes, license fees, custom duties• Online votingOnline voting• Online purchase of government Online purchase of government reportsreports• Filing of grievance and queriesFiling of grievance and queries

ExamplesExamples

Philippines: Online Marriage, Birth Certificates (City of Manila)http://www.cityofmanila.com.ph/service.htm

India: Lokvani Online Complaints (42 Kiosks, Sitapur)http://sitapur.nic.in/lokvani/default.htm

India: Delhi Government Online Complaint Form complaints.mcdonline.gov.in

PHILIPPINES

Bhoomi Model, Land Registration, INDIAAll 20 million land records of 6.7 million land owners in 176 blocks of Karnataka has been computerised. And digital records and maps are now Legal Documents admissible for Bank Loans and Dispute Resolutions.

INDIA (Delhi): Online Complaint Form

Unifying portal that offers full case handling, decision-making and delivery for diverse services

Service XGovt. Office X

CitizenCitizenAA

CitizenCitizenCC

CitizenCitizenBB

• Citizen-centred model as an entry point to all interactions with the government • Avenues for making online transactions, making payments for range of government services

One-Stop Citizen Portal Model

Service XGovt. Office X

Service XGovt. Office X

Service XGovt. Office X

ON

E – S

TO

P P

OR

TA

L

ExamplesExamples

Singapore: eCitizen http://www.ecitizen.gov.sg/

India: Andhra Pradesh State Government Portal http://www.esevaonline.com/

UK: DirectGov http://www.direct.gov.uk/Homepage/fs/en (Replaces UK Online)

Malta: Government Information and Services Onlinehttp://www.gov.mt/index.asp?l=2

SINGAPORE

Andhra Pradesh, INDIA

More than 1 reason for E-Government:Do we see any pattern? USA: Part of market-oriented government reform process, to maintain national competitiveness, realize in-depth democracy and enhance citizen satisfaction

UK : To enhance administrative efficiency, effectiveness, and responsiveness

Korea : Part of new growth engine after exponential economic growth

Australia: Reduce gaps between service standards between cities in the vast country

Singapore: Means to become the number-one country in the 21st century by taking advantage of its superior workforce and excellent economic environment

India : To open up government processes and enable greater public access to information

Malaysia: Transform government from bureaucracy to government for common people

Transformation

vs. Efficiency?

Guidelines for weaving Politically and Citizen Relevant E-Governance Models

What Developed Countries could learn from E-Governance Models in Developing Countries?

Who are our Target groups that we want to reach out to, through Internet?

What are the key information needs of the disadvantaged community?

What are the existing channels by which information reaches to the disadvantaged community?

What is the weakest link in the chain of information flows: from source to the disadvantaged communities?

For more information:

Vikas Nathfounder

http://www.DigitalGovernance.orghttp://www.DevNetJobs.org

A network of over 2800 individuals with National Networks in India, Ghana, Nigeria and Nepal.

Vikas@DigitalGovernance.org http://www.VikasNath.org