Comparative Advantages Using Solar and Wind Energy in Hybrid … · 2014-07-03 · Comparative...

Comparative Advantages Using Solar and Wind Energy in Hybrid

Systems at the Same Site

AJLA MERZIC, MUSTAFA MUSIC, ELMA REDZIC, DAMIR AGANOVIC

Public Enterprise Electric Utility of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Elektroprivreda B&H)

Department for Strategic Development

Vilsonovosetaliste 15, 71 000 Sarajevo

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

a.lukac@ m.music@ e.turkovic@ [email protected] http://www.elektroprivreda.ba/eng

Abstract: - Main objectives of the paper were to examine the complementary nature of solar and wind energy in

primary and in “useful” form. Analyses are performed on real, measured solar and wind potential data at the

same site. Solar irradiation and wind power density have been assessed as primary forms. In order to examine

effects of their complementarity in real applications, i.e. in power systems, a hybrid system, consisting of a

photovoltaic power plant (PVPP) and a wind power plant (WPP), was modelled and simulated. Those effects

were verified through output power variations of these facilities individually, compared to output power

variations of two different hybrid system configurations. Analyses were also made with respect to hourly load

demand profile of the consumption centre located in proximity of the potential hybrid power plant.

Key-Words: -Complementary nature, demand, hybrid system, power output variability,solar energy,

wind energy.

1 Introduction Environmental concerns, exhaustible nature of fossil

fuels and the ever increasing need for energy,

coupled with steady progress in renewable energy

technologies, are opening new opportunities for

utilization of renewable energy sources (RES)

across the world. Still under-exploited wind and

solar potential draw attention over recent years as

free, widely available, local, clean energy sources,

offering sustainable energy alternatives with zero

environmental pollution. Also, they can complement

each other to some extent in certain configurations

of hybrid energy systems and in that way increase

availability and reliability of electricity supply to

customers, compared to a system based on a single

resource. Due to this feature, hybrid energy systems

have caught worldwide research attention [1] - [6].

In order to show the complementary nature of wind

and solar energy, in this paper, analyses of solar

insolation [W/m2] and wind power density (WPD)

[W/m2] were made. Consideration of the sum of

these two primary values mainly emphasizes their

complementarity on monthly and seasonal level.

For the purpose of further research, an own model

for converting the primary energy resource, i.e. solar

and wind energyinto output power and thus

generated electricity in specific hybrid energy

systemshas been developed. Calculations and

analyses are based on real, measured data in a full

year cycle, overtaken from an actual wind and solar

data acquisition and monitoring system in Bosnia

and Herzegovina (BIH). Unfiltered data has been

used in order to avoid subjectivity. The model took

into account currently available technologies, all

restrictions in conversion of wind and solar energy

into electricity in wind power plants (WPP) and

photovoltaic power plants (PVPP), as well as the

available area at the location of interest. The model

has been developed for two hybrid system

configurations; namely, the first one consisting of

PVPP with installed capacity of 2 MW and a wind

turbine (WT) with the same installed capacity and

the second consisting of the same 2 MW in PVPP

and a WPP of 10 MW installed capacity [7]. The 2

MW PVPP can be installed at the same location as

the WPP or dispersed on roofs of houses in the

observed consumption center.

Main objectives of the study were to examine the

complementary nature of the two RES in primary

and “useful” forms. Hourly output power variations

from each of the generating facility have been

elaborated, as well as the output power variations

for two selected hybrid system configurations, in

order to assess effects of joint utilization of wind

and solar potential. Analyses were extended by short

consideration of real load data from a consumption

centre near the proposed hybrid system location. A

rough evaluation of effects of implementing a

hybrid system has been provided in this paper.

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on POWER SYSTEMS Ajla Merzic, Mustafa Music, Elma Redzic, Damir Aganovic

E-ISSN: 2224-350X 273 Volume 9, 2014

2 Problem Formulation Given the expected trend of development and

growth of RES in power systems around the world

[8] - [10], an important contribution from

appropriate hybrid system configurations, especially

in the future, is anticipated. These systems will also

play an important role in the electrification of

consumption centers remote from power networks

[5], [9]. In this paper such locations are emphasized,

where attention is devoted to PVPP and WPP.

Although these sources are considered as

complementary, the extent of this nature has been

investigated and discussed in certain hybrid system

configurations, based on simulations performed with

real, measured data. Further on, such systems are

characterized by significant output power

variability, primarily wind power; low conversion

efficiency of primary into useful energy, i.e.

electricity, in particular for solar energy; special

requirements for optimal utilization of these

resources (available space, surface slope and

orientation); high investment costs of available

technologies; relatively short lifetime compared to

conventional power facilities, etc.

Since it is difficult to match variations of

consumption with the volatile generation of

facilities based on intermittent RES, this issue has

been given a special evaluation further in this work.

2.1 Case study description All calculations and analyses are based on real

measured values. Data used for output power, i.e.

electricity generation simulations are overtaken

from an active 30 m high measurement station

Medvedjak, in BIH. The station is equipped with

two first class anemometers, a wind vane, an air

pressure, humidity and temperature sensor, as well

as a pyranometer, all in accordance with IEC 61400-

12 [11] and MEASNET recommendations [12].

This location has been selected after previously

performed evaluations and analyses of measured

data from ten different locations spread throughout

BIH. The choice of an appropriate location for this

type of analysis and modelling was based on

following criteria:

• available wind potential

• available solar potential

• available space

• consumption centre vicinity

• power network distance.

Analyses are performed for a one year period of

time, October 2011th to September 2012th, which

resulted in 52,560 observations per measured value.

Since the measured wind speed values relate to 30

m and 10 m height, an extrapolation to a height of

78 m has been done (this height has been selected as

the height of the chosen WT type, later on used for

modeling of output power simulation of the WPP).

For these purposes following logarithmic function

has been used:

��

�

�� (1)

where z and z0 represent heights above the ground

at 78 m and 30 m, respectively; v(z) presents the

calculated 10 minute average wind speed at 78 m

height, v(z0) denotes the known 10 minute average

wind speed at 30 m height and α is the roughness

length determined using the software tool

WindPRO.

The average annual wind speed at 30 m height is

5.2 m/s, amounting in 5.7 m/s when extrapolated to

78 m, and the corresponding energy based on WPD

at 78 m height resulting in 2,273 kWh/m2. The

average annual insolation measured on this location,

is 1,742 kWh/m2.

Analyses were extended by considering real load

data from a consumption center near the location of

the potential hybrid system, with recorded

maximum hourly load of 3.5 MW. It is approx. 70

km away from a big consumption center, linked

through a 110 kV transmission line.

2.2 Hybrid system configurations 10 minute wind and solar potential measurement

data from the station Medvedjak, recalculated on

hourly time intervals, were used for modeling and

simulating of hourly output power values, and

frequency of their variations. Two cases were

considered:

• Case I: total installed capacity of 4 MW:

2 MW in a PVPP and 2 MW in a WT

• Case II: total installed capacity of 12 MW:

2 MW in a PVPP and 10 MW in a WPP.

Selection of these sizes is not typical for hybrid

systems. This choice was driven by exploring

possibilities for electricity supply to a group of

consumers located near the potential hybrid facility

and achieving effects like distributive losses

decrease, security and reliability of supply increase,

as well as exploitation of otherwise unused area

[13].

The simulation is done with respect to currently

available technologies, space availability and other


E-ISSN: 2224-350X 274 Volume 9, 2014

prevailing conditions at the considered location. For

the PVPP near shadings, indices air mass factor

(IAM), PV conversion factor, PV loss due to

irradiance level and temperature, array soiling loss,

module quality and module array mismatch loss,

ohm wiring loss and inverter losses were

considered. The considered type of solar cells is

polycrystalline, where special attention has been

paid to the optimal distance and configuration of the

PV panels [14], [15]. Simulations of output

power/energy yield from the WPP were done for the

WT type Vestas V 80.2.0. This WT type has been

chosen because of its widespread presence in the

world market.

3 Problem Analyses and Simulation

Results

3.1 Complementarity analyses of solar and

wind energy With the aim of analyzing solar and wind energy

complementarity, hourly values of solar irradiation

and WPD were examined, processed and

graphically presented in this paper. Since the intent

was to consider the presence of two different types

of solar energy (the luminous and thermal

component) at the same site, WPD was used in

order to express wind potential in the same unit as

solar irradiation, i.e. [W/m2]. WPD calculations are

based on wind speed data from the measurement

station Medvedjak, extrapolated to 78 m height and

air density, all at a surface of 1 m2. Graphics for two

characteristic months are presented, i.e. December

2011th (see Fig. 1) and July 2012

th (see Fig. 2).

Fig. 1 WPD and solar irradiation during December -

hourly values

Fig. 2 WPD and solar irradiation during July -

hourly values

It is possible to conclude that, at the considered

location, characteristic days, which reflect a typical

situation, could not be specially singled out.

Variations of WPD are significantly expressed,

especially in the 10 minute and hourly time interval,

compared to the solar irradiation values, which can

be relatively constant in the same time period.

However, in some periods, solar irradiation can be

highly variable within time frames of seconds to

minutes, changing quickly with passing clouds [16].

During the summer period, solar irradiation is

dominant in relation to WPD, days are longer and

the total insolation is up to 6 times higher compared

to values in the winter, which in the end would

result in higher electricity generation from a PVPP.

During winter months, the situation is opposite;

wind speeds are higher than on calm summer days

and the sunlight period is shorter. From the figures,

it is also possible to conclude that in moments of

sun irradiation decrease, especially in summer,

higher values of WPD (also wind speed) occur and

vice versa. This characteristic is linked to the fact

that wind is a direct consequence of solar radiation

and occurs because of uneven warming of the

Earth’s surface. Also, at days with a common

irradiation curve, without significant fluctuations,

movements of air masses are not stressed out,

respectively, values of WPD (also wind speed) are

low. However, these statements are based on one

year observations for this specific site and the

phenomenon should be more investigated.

3.2 Output power simulation results

3.2.1 Simulation results for Case I

In Fig. 3 one year data of WPD and solar irradiation

for Medvedjak site, based on hourly values are

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Po

we

r d

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[W

/m2

]

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WPD (78 m) Solar irradiance

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[W

/m2

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WPD (78 m) Solar irradiance


E-ISSN: 2224-350X 275 Volume 9, 2014

presented. Simulation results of output power from

the hybrid system for Case I are shown in Fig. 4.

Despite the fact that the selection of such

configuration of a hybrid system is not usual,

comparative analysis of data shown in Fig. 3 and

Fig. 4 indicate limitations in conversion of total

available solar and wind energy potential in real

systems, based on currently available technologies.

Fig. 3 One year data of WPD and solar irradiation -

hourly values

Fig. 4 One year data of output power from the

hybrid system for Case I - hourly values

Considering the modeled hybrid system

consisting of a PVPP and a WT with even amounts

of installed capacity, positive effects of

complementarity of output power from these two

facilities can be seen. However, implementation of

such a system requires large amounts of available

space for the considered PVPP. Specifically, such a

PVPP potentially good positioned and oriented

covers, an area of 3.5 ha. Also, according to [17],

investment requirements for the installation of a PV

generating unit of 2 MW installed capacity would

amount approx. €6.08 mil. (3.04 €/WDC). A WT of

2 MW installed capacity would require approx. €2.5

mil. (1.25 €/W) [18].

From the abovementioned, it can be concluded

that available technologies for converting wind

energy into electrical power/electricity achieved a

much higher level of development, compared to PV

technologies, which also resulted in higher viability.

With respect to numerous positive aspects of the

solar energy as an electricity source, which,

compared to wind energy, are reflected in better and

more accurate possibilities of forecasting, up to a

few days in advance; and a much lower level of

variations in 10 minute and hourly time intervals,

additional efforts in technology research are

expected in order to obtain PV cells with higher

efficiency as well as price drop.

Accordingly, there are already some researches

indicating PV cells efficiency up to 44% in

laboratory conditions [17]. Such technologies would

decrease space requirements, when it comes to the

implementation of PVPP with significant amounts

of installed capacity, which would, further on,

contribute to their appliances in hybrid systems in

combination with WPP, resulting in additional

emphasis on positive effects of such systems. At this

moment, commercial use of high-efficient PV

technologies, revealed in laboratory conditions,

would require significant price reduction.

3.2.2 Simulation results for Case II

Simulation results, which provide insight into

annual output power of the considered hybrid

system based on hourly values, are presented in Fig.

5.

The installed capacity ratio of the considered

hybrid system is more common in real conditions,

but currently installed hybrid systems have much

lower installed capacities (few hundred Watts).

Comparing results shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, a

reduction in the complementarity effect of these two

generating units can be noticed. Analyzing

simulation results, shown in Fig. 3, Fig. 4 and Fig.

5, it can be concluded that, due to currently

available technologies for converting primary

sources into electrical power/electricity, a variation

decrease is evident, especially in cases of extremely

high values.

0

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2000

3000

4000

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6000

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we

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[W

/m2

]

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WPD (78 m) Total Solar irradiation

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1000

1500

2000

2500

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Po

we

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utp

ut

[kW

]

Time [h]

WPP - power output

Total power output

PVPP - power output


E-ISSN: 2224-350X 276 Volume 9, 2014


hybrid system for Case II - hourly values

4 Problem Discussion and Solution

4.1 Output power variations analy


Simulation results of hourly output power variations

for each of the generating facilities under this hybrid

system configuration are presented in Fig. 6.

Significant variations of output power in a relatively

short time interval, i.e. on hourly basis, esp

from WPP, draw attention [19], [20].

Fig. 6 Frequency of output power variations based

on hourly values for Case I - one year data

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Po

we

r o

utp

ut

[kW

]

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10 MW WPP - power output

Total power output

PVPP power output

0

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[%]

[%Pn]

WPP output power variations [%]

PVPP output power variations [%]

Total output power variations [%]


hourly values

Problem Discussion and Solution

nalyses

Simulation results of hourly output power variations

for each of the generating facilities under this hybrid

system configuration are presented in Fig. 6.

Significant variations of output power in a relatively

short time interval, i.e. on hourly basis, especially


one year data

Analyzing gained results, it can be concluded

that hourly variations in output power of the

assumed WPP appear in the range from

nominal installed capacity (Pn) up to 80% of Pn.

Only in 17.9% of time there are no variations

between two adjacent values. In the case of the

PVPP, the range of hourly variations in the output

power is narrower, i.e. ±60% of Pn. In 44.9% of

time there are no variations between two adjacent

values, in this case. In 90.2% of time, hourly output

power variations are in the range of ±20% Pn for the

WPP and 95.2% for the assumed PVPP.

This kind of variations, may pose significant

problems in managing and operating of a

system, especially in cases of high penetration of

such generating facilities. Thus, because of technical

limitations, primarily the development of the

transmission/distribution system, operating

capabilities and power system service insurance as

regulation of active power and frequency and

reactive power and voltage, power systems are not

able to accept unlimited amounts of installed power

from PVPP and especially not from WPP.


Simulation results, which provid

annual hourly output power variations of the

considered hybrid system in Case II, are presented

in Fig. 7.



assumed WPP appear in the same range as in Case I,

since the frequency of output power variations

depend on the considered wind potential data.

Fig. 7 Frequency of output

on hourly values for Case II

power output




0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

[%]

[%Pn]






assumed WPP appear in the range from -90% of the

installed capacity (Pn) up to 80% of Pn.

Only in 17.9% of time there are no variations

between two adjacent values. In the case of the

PVPP, the range of hourly variations in the output

power is narrower, i.e. ±60% of Pn. In 44.9% of

ations between two adjacent

values, in this case. In 90.2% of time, hourly output

power variations are in the range of ±20% Pn for the

WPP and 95.2% for the assumed PVPP.

This kind of variations, may pose significant

problems in managing and operating of a power

system, especially in cases of high penetration of

such generating facilities. Thus, because of technical

limitations, primarily the development of the

transmission/distribution system, operating

capabilities and power system service insurance as

gulation of active power and frequency and

reactive power and voltage, power systems are not

able to accept unlimited amounts of installed power

from PVPP and especially not from WPP.

esults for Case II

Simulation results, which provide insight into

annual hourly output power variations of the

considered hybrid system in Case II, are presented

gained results, it can be concluded


assumed WPP appear in the same range as in Case I,

since the frequency of output power variations

depend on the considered wind potential data.


on hourly values for Case II - one year data

[%Pn]





E-ISSN: 2224-350X 277 Volume 9, 2014

Although the configuration considered in Case I

is not common, this system is reviewed in order to

investigate the complementarity nature of the two

energy sources in a hybrid system with

installed capacities, and to examine output power

variations reduction of the system as a whole,

compared to variations of individual generating

facilities. From Fig. 6, significant reduction in the

range of hourly output power variations can be

observed. They appear in the range of ±50% of Pn,

whereby in 96.8% of the time, variations are in the

range of ±20% Pn. Only in 8.8% of the time there

are no variations between two adjacent values.

Reduction of output power variations positively

affects the operation and management of the power

system, given that for the tertiary (as well as

secondary) regulation lower amounts of reserves are

necessary. This statement gets on value

power systems with high penetration of these

renewable, intermittent sources.

Simulation results, representing frequency of

output power variations based on hourly values of

the hybrid system, compared to variations of

individual generating facilities are presented in Fig.

7. A reduction in the range of hourly output power

variations considering the hybrid system as a whole,

instead of each generating unit individually, is

evident. Comparing results shown in Fig. 7 with the

ones in Fig 6, a reduction in the complementarity

effect of these two generating units can be noticed.

This feature is a consequence of unequal power,

dominant installed capacity of WPP which are

characterized by slice more variability than PVPP,

as well as differences in the efficiency of the two

applied technologies and availability of the

considered resources at the same site. In this case,

output power variations of the entire hybrid system

range from -90% to 70% of Pn. For Case II in

85.6% of the time, variations are in the range of

±20% Pn. Only in 8.8% of the time there are no

variations between two adjacent values.

4.1 Satisfying local power consumptionFor further analyses, small consumption centre in

proximity of the location of the potential hybrid

system was taken into account, for the same

considered time period. The annual peak load of the

consumption centre amounts 3.5MW, while the

average load is 2.25 MW. The hourly values of

output power from hybrid facility in both cases were

compared to hourly load values. Fig. 8 indicates the

percentile difference between electricity generation

and consumption in one year period, based on

hourly data. It can be seen that for the hybrid system

in Case I for 29.9% of the time the electricity

Although the configuration considered in Case I

is not common, this system is reviewed in order to

investigate the complementarity nature of the two

energy sources in a hybrid system with equal

installed capacities, and to examine output power

variations reduction of the system as a whole,

compared to variations of individual generating

facilities. From Fig. 6, significant reduction in the

range of hourly output power variations can be

erved. They appear in the range of ±50% of Pn,

whereby in 96.8% of the time, variations are in the

range of ±20% Pn. Only in 8.8% of the time there

are no variations between two adjacent values.

Reduction of output power variations positively

peration and management of the power

system, given that for the tertiary (as well as

secondary) regulation lower amounts of reserves are

necessary. This statement gets on value especially in

power systems with high penetration of these

Simulation results, representing frequency of

output power variations based on hourly values of

the hybrid system, compared to variations of

individual generating facilities are presented in Fig.

7. A reduction in the range of hourly output power

s considering the hybrid system as a whole,

instead of each generating unit individually, is

evident. Comparing results shown in Fig. 7 with the

ones in Fig 6, a reduction in the complementarity

effect of these two generating units can be noticed.

ture is a consequence of unequal power,

dominant installed capacity of WPP which are

characterized by slice more variability than PVPP,

as well as differences in the efficiency of the two

applied technologies and availability of the

the same site. In this case,

output power variations of the entire hybrid system

90% to 70% of Pn. For Case II in

85.6% of the time, variations are in the range of

±20% Pn. Only in 8.8% of the time there are no

values.

onsumption For further analyses, small consumption centre in

proximity of the location of the potential hybrid

system was taken into account, for the same

considered time period. The annual peak load of the

centre amounts 3.5MW, while the

average load is 2.25 MW. The hourly values of

output power from hybrid facility in both cases were

compared to hourly load values. Fig. 8 indicates the

percentile difference between electricity generation

one year period, based on

hourly data. It can be seen that for the hybrid system

in Case I for 29.9% of the time the electricity

generation can satisfy only 10% of the hourly

consumption. Also, in 0.1% of the time, hourly

generation exceeds the consumptio

Fig. 8 Hybrid system electricity generation relative

to consumption - one year data

From Fig. 8 it can be seen that, for the hybrid

system in Case II, for 16.6% of the time the

electricity generation can satisfy only 10% of the

hourly consumption. Also, there are periods of time

when the hourly generation exceeds the

consumption by 350%. This happens even in 8.4%

of the time. In cases with this amount of energy

excess, when the off-grid system is considered, it

would be necessary to have some

An appropriately designed energy storage system

could improve the situation considering satisfying

local power consumption for off

centres. However, the investment costs for such

hybrid system configuration and energy st

implementations are still very high and commercial

appliance of systems of these sizes is far from the

viable [21]. Additional analyses have s

case of energy excess storage, a hybrid system

consisting of a 2 MW PVPP and an 8 MW WPP

could meet local consumer needs. In this case the

capacity of energy storage would be lower.

5 Conclusion Wind and solar energy are two RES that can and

must be used more strongly. This can be

accomplished by making the involved technology

accessible to all. The research and development of

new efficient and cheaper technology is essential to

make the production of clean energy affordable. The

implementation of WPP and PVPP are predicted for

a very high increase and that in a very near future.

Their usage in hybrid systems is very important at

0

350%

200%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0

-10%

-30%

-50%

-70%

-90%

Percentage of time [%]

Ge

ne

rati

on

/lo

ad

[%

]

Case II

generation can satisfy only 10% of the hourly

consumption. Also, in 0.1% of the time, hourly

generation exceeds the consumption by 60%.

Fig. 8 Hybrid system electricity generation relative

one year data

From Fig. 8 it can be seen that, for the hybrid

system in Case II, for 16.6% of the time the

electricity generation can satisfy only 10% of the

tion. Also, there are periods of time

when the hourly generation exceeds the

consumption by 350%. This happens even in 8.4%

of the time. In cases with this amount of energy

grid system is considered, it

would be necessary to have some kind of storage.

An appropriately designed energy storage system

could improve the situation considering satisfying

local power consumption for off-grid consumption

centres. However, the investment costs for such

hybrid system configuration and energy storage

implementations are still very high and commercial

appliance of systems of these sizes is far from the

. Additional analyses have shown that, in

case of energy excess storage, a hybrid system

consisting of a 2 MW PVPP and an 8 MW WPP

could meet local consumer needs. In this case the

capacity of energy storage would be lower.

Wind and solar energy are two RES that can and

must be used more strongly. This can be

accomplished by making the involved technology

accessible to all. The research and development of

new efficient and cheaper technology is essential to

n of clean energy affordable. The

implementation of WPP and PVPP are predicted for

a very high increase and that in a very near future.

Their usage in hybrid systems is very important at

10 20 30Percentage of time [%]

Case II Case I


E-ISSN: 2224-350X 278 Volume 9, 2014

local level, particularly in areas far away from major

consumption centers (mountain resorts, tourist

centers). But besides that, these RES are

characterized by high output power variability.

In this paper, hourly variations are considered

and a positive effect on reducing the range of output

power variation in the case of a hybrid system, in

comparison with variations when considering

generating facilities individually, has been observed.

This effect plays an important role when it comes to

auxiliary service provision and power balancing in

power systems. This approach and the performed

analyses point out the complementary nature of

solar and wind energy, as two intermittent RES used

for electricity generation. Due to equal amounts of

installed capacities, the hybrid system configuration

considered in Case I has a more positive effect on

reducing the output power variation range,

compared to the ones gained in Case II. The

monthly difference between electricity generation

and consumption is somewhat more favorable

during summer months, especially in the period

April 2012 - September 2012. This feature is

attributed to favorable operating conditions for the

PVPP and higher values of solar irradiation.

Independent electricity generation of any of the

two hybrid systems considered would not meet local

consumer needs. In respect to this, an alternative

supply is necessary, either through the grid or by

providing storage of a useful form of energy that

could be converted into electricity, when needed.

Energy storage would especially make sense in Case

II, given that the absolute annual difference between

electricity generation and consumption is positive.

However, although total annual electricity

generation is 25% higher than the consumption, in

50% of the time the load could not be met.

Furthermore, storing of electricity excess,

amounting 350% of load in some periods, would

require large overall dimensions, which, as with

currently available technologies is not profitable.

Optimal sizing options with appropriate

operation strategies were not considered for the

generating facilities in this paper. This would be a

further step. Research in energy storage systems

(not only in batteries), especially for remote area

electrification, are materials for further

investigations.

Acknowledgment Authors would like to thank Electric Power

Company Elektroprivreda BIH for the outsourced

real, measured data.

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