COMP 303 Lecture 1 (Ch 1)

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COMP 303

Computer Architecture

Lecture 1

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What is Computer Architecture?

-Computer Architectureis the science and art of selecting andinterconnecting hardware components to create computers that meetfunctional, performance and cost goals.*

*Computer Architecture Page: http://www.cs.wisc.edu/arch/www/index.htmlComp 303 Computer Architecture

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Definitions Over Time

1940s - 1950s Computer Architecture

Computer Arithmetic

1960s

Operating system support, especially memory management

1970s to mid 1980s Computer Architecture

Instruction Set Design, especially ISA appropriate for compilers

Vector processing and shared memory multiprocessors

1990s Computer Architecture

Design of CPU, memory system, I/O system, Multi-processors,Networks

Design for VLSI

2000s Computer Architecture:

Special purpose architectures, Functionally reconfigurable, Specialconsiderations for low power/mobile processing, highly parallelstructures/architectures

Comp 303 Computer Architecture

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Introduction

This course is all about how computers work

But what do we mean by a computer?

Different types: desktop, servers, embedded devices

Different uses: automobiles, graphics, finance,

genomics

Different manufacturers: Intel, Apple, IBM, Microsoft,

Sun Different underlying technologies and different costs!

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Introduction

Analogy: Consider a course on automotive

vehicles

Many similarities from vehicle to vehicle (e.g., wheels)

Huge differences from vehicle to vehicle (e.g., gas vs.electric)

Best way to learn:

Focus on a specific instance and learn how it works

While learning general principles and historical

perspectives

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Classes of Computing Apps.

Desktop computers

Servers

Supercomputers

Embedded computers

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What to learn

How are programs written in a high-level language,translated into the language of the hardware

What is the interface between the software and

the hardware, and how does software instruct thehardware to perform needed function

What determines the performance of a program

What techniques can be used by hardware

designers to improve performance

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Performance

Both Hardware and Software affect performance:

Algorithm determines number of source-level statements

Language/Compiler/Architecture determine machine

instructions(Chapter 2 and 3)

Processor/Memory determine how fast instructions are

executed

(Chapter 5, 6, and 7)

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Below the application

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Abstraction

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Levels of Abstraction

Application

Libraries

Operating System

Programming Language

Assembler Language

Graphical Interface

Processor IO System

Logic Design

Datapath and Control

Circuit Design

Semiconductors

Materials

Firmware

Circuits and devices

Fabrication

Digital DesignComputer Design

Application

Programming

System Programming

Microprogramming

Instruction Set Architecture - Machine Language


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Characteristics of a Good Interface

Well defined for users and implementers

Interoperability (Hardware) / Compatibility (Software)

Lasts through multiple implementations acrossmultiple technologies (portability, compatibility)

Efficiently supports multiple implementations

Competitive market

Compatible at multiple cost / performance

design pointsIP Investment Preservation

Extensible function grows from a stable base

Generality of application permits reuse oftraining, tools and implementations

Applies to many types of interfaces

Instruction set architectures

Busses

Network protocols

Library definitions

OS service calls

Programming languages

Interfaceimp 1

imp 2

imp 3

Use 1

Use 2

Use 3

time

Interface usage can far exceed the

most optimistic projections of itsdesigner:

Instruction sets

- S/360 1964 ~ present

- X86 1972 ~ present

- SPARC 1981 ~ present

Network protocols

- Ethernet 1973 ~ present

- TCP/IP 1974 ~ present

Programming languages

- C 1973 ~ present


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Historical Perspective

ENIAC built in World War II was the firstgeneral purpose computer Used for computing artillery firing tables

80 feet long by 8.5 feet high and several feet wide Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet

long

Used 18,000 vacuum tubes

Performed 1900 additions per second

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Eniac

Since then:

Moores Law:

transistor capacity doublesevery 18-24 months

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Why study Comp Architecture?

Build faster processors Why? My MS-Word, Latex runs quite fast on my Pentium-166

MMX thank you very much

But my Unreal Tournament doesnt

How about weather simulation? Speech recognition?

MPEG-4, Your Killer-App circa 2015? Bottom line:

Historically, faster processors facilitated new applications

Similarly, novel applications created a need for faster machines

Any reason why this will change? Also performance not the only requirement

#1: User requirements are constantly changing


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Caches: 70s: thousands ofxtors, DRAM faster than processor

nice way of slowing down your program

80s: depends on machine

90s: millions ofxtors, what to do with them, DRAM muchslower than processor

a must, otherwise your Ghz processor spends most of itstime waiting for memory

#2: Technology changes rapidly making pastchoices often obsolete

#3: Also opens up new opportunities (e.g., out-of-order, chip multiprocessor)


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#4: It is a required class

#5: Understand basic working principles of acomputer

#6: A lot of jobs for architects Intel, AMD, Sun, HP, IBM,

Designers

Research jobs

Industry Labs

Universities

#7: The basic notion of engineering


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Course BasicsWebsite

https://sites.google.com/a/ku.edu.tr/comp303

Check regularly for announcements

All course materials posted -- lecture notes, homework, labs, supplementalmaterials

Communicate information, questions and issues

Office Hours: ENG 130 Monday and Thursday 15:15 16:00 (or by appointment)

Teaching Assistant: TBD

Text supplements lectures and assigned reading should be done prior to lectures. Iassume that all assigned readings are completed even if the material is not covered inclass.

Homeworks, Lab, and Exam

Collaborative study and discussion is highly encouraged

Work submitted must be your own Individual grade

Group Projects

Collaborative effort

Team grade

https://sites.google.com/a/ku.edu.tr/comp303https://sites.google.com/a/ku.edu.tr/comp303

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Grade50% Homework and Projects

3 or 4 homework sets 10% of the grade

Projects Individual projects for designing processor components and tool

chain 40 % of the grade

30% Two Midterm Exams

15% each

20% Final Exam


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Background Information

I assume you know

Digital design, gates, Boolean logic

Passing knowledge of assembly language

What is an instruction?

What does an instruction do?

Lab session for

LogiSim


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Reading Assignment

Read Ch 1., especially 1.4 Performance


COMP 303 Lecture 1 (Ch 1)

Documents

Transcript of COMP 303 Lecture 1 (Ch 1)