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Editorial 1
Your Voice 2
Main Report
Community Involvement in Solid Waste Management: A Certainty 3
Interviews
CBSWM: Opportunities and Challenges 6
Regulation
Implementation of Community Involvement Pursuant to Act No. 18 Year
2008 15
Knowledge
Community Development Principle and Philosophy 26
Community Empowerment in Solid Waste Management 29
Community Based Solid Waste Management: Require Incentive 33
Waste and Global Warming 35
Green Business for Planet Earth 37
Solid Waste Management Experiences in Different Countries 39
Solid Waste Management and International Agreements 42
Create Sustainable Composting 44
Guests
Yuyun Ismawati: Wastewater and Solid Waste Management Implementer
Receiver of Goldman Environmental Prize 46
Best Practices
Tarakan Creating a Clean City by Managing the Waste 55
Innovation
Takakura Composter: House Method and Layer Method 70
Actors 75
Agenda 82
Reference on Solid Waste
Community Based Solid Waste Management System 84
Glossary
Information Media for Water and
Environmental Sanitation
Published by:
Water and Environmental Sanitation
Working Group (Pokja AMPL)
In cooperation with:
IDRC, BORDA, BALIFOKUS, LPTP, BEST
Responsible:
Oswar Mungkasa
Frank Fladerer
Editorial Chief:
Oswar Mungkasa
Board of Editorial:
Surur Wahyudi
Yuyun Ismawati
Hamzah Harun Al-Rasyid
Editorial Staff:
Bowo Leksono
Gressiadi Muslim
Design and Production:
Rudi Kosasih
Helmi Satoto
Distribution:
Agus Syuhada
Halimatussa'diah
Editorial Address:
Jl. RP Suroso 50, Jakarta Pusat.
Telp./Faks.: (021) 31904113
http://www.ampl.or.id
e-mail: [email protected]@ampl.or.id
Editorial receives articles from outside related with
drinking water and environmental sanitation and
never been published before. The length of the
articles is not limited and editorial has the rights to
edit the articles. Please send to the above
address with identity.
Percik Magazine can be accessed in AMPL homepage:http://www.ampl.or.id
Table of ContentTable of Content
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Suddenly we have come to 2009,
and this time Percik comes in a
different 'form' unlike the previ-
ous ones. This is a special edition with
main focus on Community Based Solid
Waste Management (CBSWM). We
design this in order to give more focus
on waste management, moreover on
those which are community based. It
has been fully realized that nowadays,
the government has put an eye on solid
waste management programs. This can
be shown in the Act No 18 Year 2008
about solid waste management.
Furthermore, it has been declared that
every year, on 21st of February, is a
waste day. Using the momentum,
Percik comes in a special edition.
Deriving from the willingness to
gather attentions from different par-
ties, various information concerning
solid waste management issues are
discussed in this edition. Starting from
the philosophy of community empow-
erment, solid waste management con-cept, best practices from local, nation-
al and international implementations,
interviews with city majors, artists,
NGOs, private sectors and community
itself are available as literatures. Our
wish to give as complete as possible
information on community based solid
waste management has inspired us to
provide technology innovations, regu-
lations and acts from national to local,
references on books, CDs and websites.
From the various interviews with
the outstanding and best practices,solid waste management should not be
a problem in Indonesia. There are
plenty of good examples in the city
level such as Surabaya and Tarakan, as
well as community based ones such as
Mrs. Bambang in Cilandak, and even
in the educational institutions such as
Pusdakota in Surabaya and SMUN 34
in Jakarta. Funding contribution is
getting varied, not only from the gov-
ernment but also Community Social
Responsibilities (CSRs) from private
companies such as Unilever Peduli and
Danamon Peduli up until community
funds.
However, in reality, solid waste
management programs seemed to be
peculiar. It appears that there are no
good communications among the
stakeholders. A success in one place
cannot merely acknowledge and
applied in different areas. Our efforts
here hopefully will make the commu-nications better for the stakeholders in
the future.
Besides the new theme, in financial
aspect, we have stepped ahead by not
using the government's fund. This con-
dition could be initiated by the non-
governmental cooperation between
IDRC/CRDI, BORDA, LPTP, BALI-
FOKUS and BEST. Of course we have
all heard of SANIMAS (Community
Based Sanitation) which was an initial
project of the cooperation between
Public Work Department, BORDA,
LPTP, BALIFOKUS and BEST.
This partnership is a good thing
because at least the development of
Drinking Water and Environment
Sanitation (AMPL) has drawn some
concerns in different of sectors.
Besides, it also means that there is
an acknowledgement in showing that
the development of Drinking Water
and Environment Sanitation (AMPL)is not merely physical construction but
also other aspects, such as communi-
cation.
Hopefully, the innovation we
brought will enhance the quality of our
magazine. We will be happy to get your
criticism and suggestions and
finally, enjoy.
(OM).
1 EDITORIAL
Housewives and female teenagers in a village are learning to manage solid waste usingTakakura basket method. Photo: Surur
PercikMay 2009
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2 WAWANCARA YOUR VOICE
PercikMay 2009
Percik Articles helped my Thesis
Dear Percik,
I am one of the staff of Environ-
mental Agency from Pati Regency,
Central Java, I am now studying for my
master in UNDIP, Semarang and am
working my thesis on drinking water. I
am very interested and excited with the
contents of this magazine since it helps
me a lot on my thesis and my work at
the office. As you have known, my
work is in environmental relatedissues. When I read your article on
Percik August 2007 edition in your
voice column, I realized that I can sub-
scribe for the magazine. Therefore, I
would like to subscribe for Percik on
every edition.
So please send the magazine to:
Mr. Rival Gautama
Perunda Sukoharjo, Jl Nusa Indah
No. 16 Rt 02, Rw 06
Desa Sukoharjo, Kecamatan Mar-
gorejo, Kabupaten Pati, Jawa Tengah
Thank you very much for the sub-scription.
Warm Regards,Rival Gautama
Dear Mr. Rival Gautama,
We thank you for your apprecia-
tion. We will follow up your subscrip-
tion accordingly.
Raising the Awareness
Dear Percik,
My name is Roland, head of NGO
Swara Masyarakat Flobamora which is
based in Kupang, NTT. I am very
pleased with the presence of Percik
among us. I hope that this magazine
will wake up the awareness of our com-
munity towards environmental issues.
I would like to subscribe for a routine
Percik edition for the community in
our Pondok Pintar. The address :
LSM Swara Masyarakat Flobamora
(SMF), Jl M. Praja No. 25, Kelurahan
Namosain, Kecamatan Alak, Kota
Kupang, Provinsi NTT.
Roland, Kupang
Dear Mr. Roland,
Thank you, we will send Percik
routinely to your address.
Please send Percik
Dear Percik,Currently, our foundation is deve-
loping a community based recyclable
solid waste collection program in
Bojonggede, Bogor for 70 Households-
member of the foundation. To enlarge
our knowledge in solid waste, we
would like to get a regular Percik mag-
azine (including Percik Junior). Please
send the magazines to the following
address:
Sri Wahyono
Kp. Bojonggede Dalam, Rt 02/12
No. 26, Kelurahan BojonggedeKabupaten Bogor 16922
Thank you for your attention
Sri Wahyono
Dear Mr. Sri Wahyono,
We will process your subscription
accordingly. Thank you.
How to subscribe Percik?
Dear Percik editorial,
We are from Public Health Study
Program, Math and Science Faculty of
Haluoleo University in Kendari, South-
East Sulawesi. We are very interested
in the content of Percik. Therefore, we
would like to know how we can rou-
tinely subscribe the magazine. Please
kindly send the mechanism according-
ly. Thank you very much for your help
and attention.
Ramadhan Tosepu
Public Health Study Program
FMIPA Unhalu Sultra Kendari
Kampus Baru Anduonohu
Dear Mr. Ramadhan,
Thank you for your interest in our
magazine, we will process your
request as soon as possible.
Percik Subscription
Dear Percik,
Thank you for sending Percik to
the Women Alliance for Sustainable
Development (AAPB). It has good con-
tents which can enlarge our horizon of
information. Furthermore, please send
the magazine to AAPB secretariat:
Gedung Dharma Wanita
Persatuan Lt. II,
Jl Pedurenan Masjid Kav. F 01
Karet Kuningan Jakarta 12940
Thank you.Sri Murniati Djamaludin
Dear Mrs. Sri Murniati
Thank you before. We will send the
magazine to the requested address.
Photo: Meddy CH
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Realized or not, solid waste has
become part of our daily life.
Every human activity is pro-
ducing residue or waste with amount
and volumes are equal with the goods
that we are using daily. It is not aston-
ishing if the waste generation multi-
plies significantly in accordance with
the increase of the population, espe-
cially in the city.
To give an overview, based on the
calculation presented in the Indonesia
Infrastructure Book (Bappenas, 2003),
in 1995, the estimation of waste gener-ation in Indonesia reached 22,5 mil-
lion tons and will be doubled in 2020
to a shocking 53,7 million tons.
Meanwhile, in big cities in Indonesia,
solid waste generation per capita is
estimated around 600-830 grams per
day.
As an illustration on how huge the
waste generation is, the data from se-
veral big cities in Indonesia can be
used as reference. Jakarta produces a
daily 6,200 tons of waste; Bandung
generates waste 2,100 tons every day;Surabaya produces 1,700 tons and
Makassar 800 tons (Damanhuri,
2002). So it is normal that in such big
cities they require new space for the
final dumpsite quite soon enough. It is
estimated that space for final dump-
sites in Indonesia in 1995 already
reached 675 Ha and will multiply into
1,610 Ha in 2020. Another illustration
on the waste generation, Jakarta gen-
erates a daily waste as much as 6,000
elephants.
In general, most of the wastes are
generated from the households. As an
example, data from Cleaning Agency of
Semarang City shows that in 2005
there were 75,71 percent or 2,650 m3
of solid waste came from settlement or
household. Meanwhile solid wastefrom market reached 13,57 percent or
500 m3 and the rest came from the
commercial activities (shops, restau-
rants, and hotels), public facilities,
roads, industrial areas and sewerage.
Therefore, household is the biggest
contributor in solid waste generation.
We just spoke about the volume of
waste generation and have not seen the
daily practice when people loiter.
People's awareness on cleanliness is
good, but only in a small scale like their
house. Houses are free from waste
because they dispose it not in the prop-
er place. They mostly dispose the waste
into sewer, river or even their neigh-
bor's empty land. This NIMBY (Not In
My Back Yard) phenomenon is very
strong.The result is then predictable,
wastes are lying everywhere which is
very potential in causing diseases. Not
to mention the waste disposed in the
water channel and river which cause
flood during the rainy season. These
conditions create social
3 WAWANCARA
Community Involvement inSolid Waste Management:
A Certainty
MAIN REPORT
PercikMay 2009
Community as the backbone of environment program. Foto: Uli Peduli.
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cost which has to be carried out by thecommunity.
This phenomenon will lead to a
simple conclusion: involving commu-
nity in solid waste management activi-
ties is a certainty. Main waste produc-
er is the community therefore they will
have to take the responsibility towards
their own residue.
Definition and Concept
Community Based Solid Waste
Management (CBSWM) is an approach
to the solid waste management which is
based on the community need and
demand, planned and implemented (if
possible), controlled and evaluated by
community. In an easy way, it is a com-
munity based activity if (i) community is
responsible in decision making, and not
merely the elite and (ii) operational and
maintenance is community's responsi-
ble based on the agreement.
In this definition, the main actor in
solid waste management is communi-
ty, not government nor NGO.Government and the other parties are
just motivator and facilitator.
The main function of motivator is
to encourage the community to think
and solve any problems they faced. If
the community is not ready, govern-
ment and other parties will have to
help in preparing them. On the other
hand, facilitator's role is to facilitatethe community to reach the objective
of the program in a good and sustain-
able way. If the community has diffi-
culties in separation technique and
composting, then facilitator will have
to build the community's capacity in
certain ways such as giving trainings. If
community has problem in funding
then facilitator should help them by
providing solution. However, the facil-
itation should be done in such way so
that the community will not depend on
the facilitator all the time.
One thing to remember, communi-
ty based does not always mean that all
of the activities within are done by the
community. It is what they deserved
and realistic to be done to solve the
problems faced by the community. For
example, if community realistically
does not have time and management
capacity to operate then the responsi-
bility should not be given to them. It is
better to encourage them to find a pro-
fessional institution or individuals whocan be trusted to run the program.
Government and Community's
Efforts
Plenty of efforts are done in solving
the solid waste generation problems by
practicing CBSWM, but not all of them
are successful.
From several best practices in city
level, Surabaya and Tarakan can be
taken as examples. Surabaya especially
can be called successful in this sector
because the local government can setup the community to do 3R (reduce,
reuse, and recycle). The implementa-
tion of 3R in Surabaya has been con-
ducted up to village level. In Surabaya,
a partnership has been established
between four parties, community, pri-
vate sector through Corporate Social
Responsibility from Telkomsel and
Unilever Peduli, University through
the involvement of Pusdakota by
Universitas Surabaya, and Local
Government of Surabaya. This part-nership has been equipped with the
consistent implementation of Local
Regulations and incentive giving. The
famous Takakura Box was initially
developed in Surabaya. Meanwhile,
Tarakan is outstanding from the per-
sistence of its city major.
Corporate Social Responsibility
(CSR) from Yayasan Unilever Peduli
(Uli Peduli) echoed its success by
assisting community to become envi-
ronmental cadre. The other CSR from
Danamon Peduli is focusing on reduc-
ing the waste generation in the tradi-
tional market. They already have the
program in 31 cities/regencies in
Indonesia.
Educational institutions such as
schools are also having their own green
school program which shows the effort
to care about their environment in a
curriculum and extracurricular activi-
ties. SMA 34 Jakarta is one of the pio-
neers of the program, while the
University of Surabaya is famous fordeveloping Takakura Basket through
its program, Pusdakota. There are
other universities such as ITB's
Environmental Student Association
and UGM's Chemical Engineering
which are having outstanding environ-
mental care program.
Beside CSRs and educational insti-
tutions, there are individuals who are
having good efforts in 3R solid waste
management program. Amongst are
Mrs. Bambang from Cilandak, Jakarta
and Iswanto from Sukunan, Sleman,Yogyakarta.
Mass media also plays an impor-
tant role in CBSWM. It can be seen
from several efforts such as Jawa Pos
and Kedaulatan Rakyat (both are
national newspapers) that are having
Green and Clean Program
4 WAWANCARA MAIN REPORT
PercikMay 2009
Inter-kampong visits to motivate each others.Photo: BORDA
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in cooperation with Uli Peduli.Meanwhile, in Jakarta, Uli Peduli is
cooperating with Republika Daily and
Delta Radio to have Jakarta Green and
Clean, Green Office and Green School
programs.
The involvement of local as well as
international NGOs are very signifi-
cant. International NGOs such as
Mercy Corps and BORDA are two of
the most consistent ones in CBSWM
program. Local NGOs like Yayasan
Bina Karta Lestari Semarang,
Yayasan LestariYogyakarta, Yayasan
BintariYogyakarta, Balifokus Denpa-
sar and Best Tangerang are some of the
examples in this field.
On the other side, even though it is
not sufficient enough, central govern-
ment has made efforts. Starting by
introducing 3R program and followed
by mainstreaming the effort on reduc-
ing the waste generation from its
source into the national planning doc-
ument, Middle Term Development
Planning (RPJM) 2005-2009.Furthermore, Act No. 18 year 2008 on
Solid Waste Management was
launched including the local regula-
tions which are mostly accommodating
community involvement. However, Act
No. 18 Year 2008 is not effective
enough since inherited Government's
Rules are not finished yet.
Lessons Learnt Connection
The implementation of CBSWM by
different performer in different loca-
tions has made several lessons learntwhich can be summarized into follow-
ing.
Community understands the mean-
ing of cleanliness and the importance
of solid waste management but only at
an individual household level. If it is
concerning surroundings cleanliness,
community's awareness is still very
low. Therefore, NIMBY phenomenon
can still be found in a lot of place, such
as throwing the waste in the empty
land.
Community Based Solid Waste
Management will not be sustainable
without a strong cooperation between
community and local government.
Local government should create coop-
eration framework which can giveopportunity to the responsible party in
the solid waste sector as well as com-
munity leader.
Building community awareness to
manage their waste from its source
requires sustainable hard work. The
efforts are done in different ways
depend on its local condition, starting
from providing examples, giving
incentives, or creating competitions.
The success of the program in
Indonesia is very depending on the
existence of a champion. If a championcan be found, the program can be
implemented successfully. A champion
can be community leader, teacher or
even housewife. In waste management,
champions are mostly housewife.
The good examples in both commu-
nity and city level are showing that the
implementation of community based
solid waste management program
through 3R approach is effective in
reducing the waste generation
although the result in the community
level is higher than the city level. In
Surabaya, according to the major (see
interview), waste generation can be
reduced up to 10% or around 170 tons-
a big amount of reduction. An experi-
ence in RW 11 Cibangkong Bandungeven can show that all the waste gener-
ation can be processed in the compost-
ing house.
Future Agenda
Community based solid waste man-
agement is a certainty. Several actors
have practiced in the fields. However,
it is still not showing a significant
result. It requires cooperation among
stakeholders to create a synergy for the
implementation of CBSWM. Most of
the requirements for the synergy arealready available, starting from experi-
ences, regulations, and involvements
from different stakeholders. So what is
lacking now is the willingness of all to
share and support one another for the
sake of the community.
(OM /several sources)
5 WAWANCARA M AI N R EP ORT
PercikMay 2009
Women are making handicrafts from plastic waste. Photo: Bowo Leksono..
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Community Based Solid Waste Management (CBSWM)
is clearly stated in Act No. 18 Year 2008 about Solid
Waste Management. It means that this is a compul-
sory program to be done by the central government and
implemented by the local government. What are the
opportunities and challenges in mainstreaming CBSWM?
And how far does the community involvement is integrat-
ed within the government's policies/programs? The follow-
ings are interviews with related departments.
DIRECTOR OF SETTLEMENT AND HOUSING, NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
PLANNING AGENCY (BAPPENAS)
IR. BUDI HIDAYAT
Does community involvement in solid waste
management have been accommodated in RPJMN
2010-2014?
At this moment, National Development Planning Agency
(Bappenas) is compiling
the National Mid Term
Development Planning
(RPJMN) for the 2010-2014 period. In the draft,
community involvement
in solid waste manage-
ment has been accommo-
dated and become one of
the important components
in RPJMN. Community is
involved in every step of
solid waste management,
starting from handling in the source of waste, transporta-
tion and treatment in the final dumpsite. Basically, this con-
cept is already in the RPJMN 2005-2009.
This condition cannot be excluded from the change ofparadigm of solid waste management from 'end of pipe
treatment' approach to integrated solid waste management
which focuses on the management from its source.
Therefore, one of the main targets of solid waste develop-
ment in RPJMN 2010-2014 is to reduce the waste genera-
tion from its source. To reach the goal, community is
involved in 3R program (reduce, reuse, and recycle).
Furthermore, public awareness campaign on household
solid waste management will be enhanced.
How does the RPJMN is translated to each relat-
ed institutions both central and local government?
Pursuant to the Act No. 25 year 2004 on National
Development Planning System, RPJMN is a 5 yearly devel-
opment agenda which is compiled by the elected president
as a phase to reach the long term government target called
National Long Term Development Planning (RPJPN). This
development agenda is a guideline for the ministry/institu-
tion and local government, including commercial sector in
reaching national goal.
It means that compiling the programs and activities for
5 years development planning (Strategic Plan) and annual
development planning (Work Plan), the ministry/institu-
tion and local government should refer to RPJMN. In accor-
dance with the solid waste development, one of the exam-
ples that can be taken is the 3R system by the Public Work
Department and Environmental Ministry. It is a manifesta-
tion of the solid waste development program in order to
achieve the target as reflected in RPJMN. Meanwhile, in the
local government level, 3R program has been adopted in dif-
ferent forms and names such as solid waste bank program.
Furthermore, plenty of cooperation has been establishedbetween government both central and local, NGOs, educa-
tional institutions and private sectors through Corporate
Social Responsibility.
How far does the community involvement give
contribution towards the increase of the perform-
ance on solid waste management?
Up until now, there is no special study/analysis whether
the contribution of community (involvement) give increase
on the performance of solid waste management program.
However, based on the experience of drinking water and
environmental sanitation development, community in-
volvement in planning and development processes gave sig-nificant influence on the sustainability of the infrastructure
built.
One of the best practices is the solid waste management
in Surabaya. The implementation of 3R program has
reduced solid waste generation by 200 tons/day or 10% in 3
years. Besides, household solid waste management is
able to recycle organic waste by 120-140 tons/day
(Cleanliness Dept. Surabaya).
6 INTERVIEWS
CBSWMOpportunities and Challenges
Photo: Bowo Leksono
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DIRECTOR OF SETTLEMENT SANITATION DEVELOPMENTDIRJEN CIPTA KARYA, PUBLIC WORKDEPARTMENTIR. SUSMONO
What is the role of Public Work Department in
community involvement?
Public Work Department is having annual activities
especially in the Settlement Sanitation Development
Directorate. The activities
are wastewater treat-
ment, drainage improve-
ment and solid waste
management which areinvolving central and
local government, pri-
vate, and community.
Public Work Department
applies community
involvement in Sanimas
Project for wastewater,
Mandiri Drainage for
drainage and 3R for solid waste management using the con-
cept of community education and empowerment.
Are there clear concept from the Public Work
Department on community based solid waste man-
agement?
Policy on solid waste program by the Public Work
Department is casted in Public Work Minister Regulation
No. 21/PRT/M/2006. The implementations of the policy is
in form of 3R program promotion, campaign and education,
encourage the institutional development, optimization and
development of solid waste, revitalization and regionaliza-
tion of final dumpsite and private investment promotion.
Program implementation refers to National Mid Term
Development Planning (RPJMN) 2005-2009; the increase
of transported waste up to 75% and the increase of final
dumpsite performance with environmental sound. In reach-
ing the RPJMN goal, Public Work Department applies the
policy in reducing the waste generation from its source,
increasing community and private sector active roles,
increasing the service area and quality of management sys-
tem, institutional development, rules and laws, and devel-
opment of alternative source of fund.
DEPUTYASSISTANT ON DOMESTICWASTE POLLUTIONENVIRONMENTAL MINISTRY
TRI BANGUN LAKSONO
As we already know,
Act No 18 year 2008 on
solid waste manage-
ment has been imple-
mented effectively.
How far does the com-
munity involvement
accommodated in that
act?
The background of
community involvement
lies in article 11 aboutRights. This chapter is a basic consideration and is impor-
tant for the government as a responsible in solid waste man-
agement to always paying attention and considering com-
munity's rights.
While article 12 is concerning every person's obligation
to reduce and manage waste has also become a strong fun-
damental law on the compulsive community's
active involvement in managing
7 INTERVIEWS
Community awareness to have a clean life is not enough by putting signs.Photo: BORDA.
Photo: Bowo Leksono
Photo: Bowo Leksono
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waste, especially at the source. This article has become thebasic to maximize the public's active role in reducing and
managing the waste at home, office, market and other
places.
To encourage community involvement in reducing the
waste at the source level, government must develop incen-
tive and disincentive system. Incentive is given to commu-
nity, individual or group who reduce waste generation. On
the other hand, disincentive is given to those who are not
putting effort in reducing the waste at the source level. The
regulation is accommodated in article 21.
Meanwhile, article 28 explicitly mentioning community
involvements, especially in giving consideration, suggestion
and advice in composing the policy, solid waste manage-
ment implementation, dispute resolution etc. However, this
article was criticized by those who work on solid waste man-
agement sector such as NGOs, community self-help group
and others. They questioned why in this article, communi-
ty's involvement only at giving suggestion and advice level,
as if they have no opportunity to get involved directly in
solid waste management activities either on their own or in
the cooperation framework with the government.
However, this regulation is based on Act No. 18 year
2008. It is written that solid waste management is a public
service; therefore government should organize this since it
is their responsibility. Yet, with all government's limitation,they can provide a wide access for the community and pri-
vate sector to be actively involved in solid waste manage-
ment activities. Experiences showed that government can-
not perform optimally without the involvement from the
community and private sector. Community involvement
access and mechanism will be arranged in government re-
gulations.
What kind of regulation (government or minis-
ter) will be published with regard to the communi-
ty involvement?
The application of regulations of the Act No. 8 Year
2008, both government and minister regulations need to bepublished regarding community involvement. It will cover
the mechanism of community involvement, their form of
involvement, definition of community (individual, group),
as well as cooperation with the government.
Does the government already have a clear blue
print on the concept of community involvement in
solid waste management?
At this moment, government has no clear and formal
blue print regarding community involvement in solid waste
management.
What needs to be done by the government to
ensure that community involvement can be estab-
lished?
Government will provide policies, rules, technical guide-
lines, SOPs etc. However, government products will be clear
and transparent for public and be conducted consis-
tently and consequently. Bowo Leksono
8 INTERVIEWS
Government should not only encourage community to separate the waste,but also providing example by putting separated waste bin in offices.
Photo: Bowo Leksono
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H ow can the city governmentintegrate community basedsolid waste management program
(CBSWM) as part of policy/concept
of solid waste management?
The strategy and concept is by reduc-
ing the waste from its source, which are
household and industry. For that, we give
education to the community through
environmental cadre. In 2007, there are
10,000 cadres and by end of 2008, theyreached 23,000. We will continue to
increase the number of the cadre so that
someday, Surabaya will be their own
environmental cadre.
How is the real image of commu-
nity based solid waste management
program in Surabaya?
You can see for yourself. Let us be fair,
Surabaya is clean now compared to other
cities. Not to mention the reduction of
dengue fever and diarrhea cases. Those
are the diseases cause by improper envi-ronmental management.
Are there any significant obsta-
cles?
Behavior. However, Surabaya is rela-
tively progressing. The indicator is, every
month I get complaints from people who
get penalty for loitering. From 20 people,
only 2 or 3 are original citizens of
Surabaya. Surabaya citizens are already
aware of this, maybe because they are
afraid of getting the penalty.
What is the distinctive penalty
for loitering?
We will keep their ID card. The regu-
lation is being prepared. Citizens are
afraid if their ID card is being restrained
because they will have difficulties in get-
ting driving license, marriage arrange-
ment, bank transaction or land transac-
tion. Therefore, they will think twicebefore loitering or put them in their pock-
et first.
Have the city government
received any awards concerning
solid waste management?
Actually we have no potential to
receive any awards. However, Surabaya
always gets Adipura since 2006. This
award is the form of appreciation from
the central government towards the per-
formance of local, especially public ser-
vice. We have received several interna-tional awards from Green Apple in 2006,
Institute for Global Environmental
Strategies (IGES) and United Nations
Economic and Social Commission for
Asia and Pacific (UNESCAP) in 2007.
One of the lessons learnt from
Surabaya is that the CBSWM can be
integrated with the city scale solid
waste management. How can this
condition be achieved?
Through Green and Clean program
which was held since 2002 since I
become major. The program was initiatedby City Government, Uli Peduli
Foundation, and Jawa Pos. The echo of
this event was
e n o r m o u s .
The role of
mass media is
great in en-
c o u r a g i n g
community.
Imagine if a
village is pub-
lished in a
newspaper,
they will be
thrilled.
How big is the fund allocated for
CBSWM and its proportion toward
the entire fund for Solid Waste pro-
gram?
The amount of fund is relative. We
cannot handle waste problems with fund
centralized on one department. For
example, every year, we send students
from elementary to high school to joinenvironmental training in Tawas with the
budget from Educational Department. So
do not think partially if you want to solve
waste problem. For 2009, the budget in
Cleanliness and Gardening Department
of Surabaya is 99 billion rupiah.
Are there any special tips for
other city government to develop
CBSWM?
Togetherness and believe. Govern-
ment should always encourage communi-
ty to solve the problems with believe as abase. If only counting on government
while the community does not care, it will
be useless. But with the deve-loped com-
munity, it will be easier.Bowo Leksono
9 INTERVIEWS
Drs. Bambang Dwi Hartono, MPd
The key is in together-ness and believe
Surabaya, second biggest city in Indonesia after Jakarta, is having a different face than with fiveyears ago. Green parks are decorating the city and provide open spaces. Trees are planted all along thestreets. If we enter the settlement, harmonic nuance is covering the alley and small streets. Communitymanages their environment and waste already at the household level. As a result, it significantly reducesthe waste generation in Surabaya. This condition cannot be separated from community's willingness, pri-
vate support, NGOs and city government itself. Even the political commitment of the city in handlingthe environment, cleanliness and green is poured into Local Regulation No. 1 year 2006 on Local Mid
Term Development Planning (RPJMD) of Surabaya 2006-2010. Inside of this regulation they put communi-ty based solid waste management program. What are the recipes and how does the Surabaya City
Government persuades the community to manage their waste?Following is the interview of Percik with the Major of Surabaya, Drs. Bambang Dwi Hartono, M.Pd.
Photo: Bowo Leksono
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How far does the City
Government of Tarakan has
made community based solid waste
management (CBSWM) as part of
solid waste management concept?
In the beginning of period of my work
in 1999, the city has plenty of waste scat-
tered in the streets, and there were only 3
dump trucks. Therefore, I took the liber-
ties to borrow community fund of 1,3 bil-lion rupiahs. I deposit the fund and use
the interest to rent dump truck. For 1,5
months, I only took care of waste in the
public areas and only spent 2 hours in
office. Nowadays, waste generation in
Tarakan reaches 400 m3 or around 150-
160 tons daily. Are we going to create
mountains of wastes or manage them?
There are 500 environmental warriors
who conduct solid waste management by
composting with Takakura Method since
we are having cooperation with Kitakyusu
City Government, Japan. So we have
turned the mountains of wastes into
mountains of fertilizers.
Are there any umbrella regula-
tions for community based solid
waste management programs?
Regulations become unimportant
when they are not implemented.
Everybody can make regulations, but only
few who can implement it. Yes, Tarakan
has local regulation No. 13 Year 2003 on
orderliness and cleanliness of the city.
However, it is not easy to uphold the reg-
ulations if it is not come from the heart.
How big does the budget alloca-
tion for CBSWM?
I do not remember precisely, but the
budget for Cleanliness and Gardening
Service is around 7 billion rupiahs.
How is the concept of solid waste
management developed by City
Government of Tarakan?
When we do not have mountains of
wastes, no more waste in the street, 3R
principle is working, then we are done.However, maintaining community
awareness on solid waste will always be
our duty.
Has the CBSWM become official
program of the city government?
Here is the thing, if it is possible, there
are no more officials, nor ceremonials,
actions are more important. We do not
use any ceremonials for our solid waste
management program in this city. It is
pointless to have the ceremonials while it
is not sustainable.
One of the interesting activities
is Incentive Pattern for community.
Is it effective in reducing the waste
generation?
Yes, of course. Incentive can make its
beneficiary motivated. For 'yellow army'
we give them 13th salary. Every city
anniversary, we invite them for dinner to
raise their motivation that they are the
heroes of the city.
How is the cooperation scheme
between government and non-gov-
ernment in CBSWM?
It is varied. This kind of cooperation is
city's favorite. There is one street for 3,8
km length, and we cooperate with private
sector to maintain its cleanliness for 8million a month. Above that, we have to
get support from the community at all
times, otherwise it will not work.
What is the role of the communi-
ty in this cooperation?
It is the awareness to throw the waste
into its place and time. It is simple. If they
want more, they can manage it together,
that is for the beginning.
Are there any special tips in
CBSWM that can be used by otherlocal government?
The point is there should be aware-
ness from government and local assembly
(DPRD) that without community involve-
ment CBSWM will not work. Second,
train the community as early as possible
like teaching elementary students for sep-
arating waste so that one day, they will
have awareness for their environment.
Bowo Leksono
10 INTERVIEWS
dr. H. Jusuf Serang Kasim
"Action is more Important thanCeremonial"
"You don't mind if we have the inter-view in the car? If not then let's goto my car," dr. H. Jusuf Serang
Kasim, Major of Tarakan says to Percik aftera meeting in Bappekot Tarakan. It is almostend of his period being a major, but seemslike he still have endless work, even dealingwith solid waste.
One night, after coming back fromJakarta, Jusuf saw scrapheap in front of arich person's house. He took the waste andput it in his car. What this major did was asmooth satire for his citizens. So, how dr. H.
Jusuf Serang Kasim did community basedsolid waste management in Tarakan, belowis the result of the interview.
* Starting 1st of March 2009, dr. H Jusuf S.K hadfinished his term as Mayor of Tarakan
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For what consideration does
Danamon Peduli involved in
community based solid
waste management in traditional
markets?
Nowadays, there are 18.450 tradition-al markets in Indonesia. From those
numbers, there are 12.650.000 sellers,
which are significant numbers. However,
the cleanliness, health and comfort of
those markets are poor which made the
increase of economic pillar is falling. AC
Nielsen survey stated that the fall reaches
approximately 8,1% per year compared
with modern markets which increases by
31,4% per year. Waste is one of the causes
of the poor conditions in the traditional
market. Traditional markets are identical
with sloppiness, dirt and smell which
made people are reluctant to shop there
and tend to choose the modern ones.
What is the relation between
CBSWM with Danamon Bank busi-
nesses?
It is much related since more than
800 of our branches are located in 1.500
traditional markets all around Indonesia.
Therefore, the improvement on the mar-
ket community is also a social investment
for Danamon.
Are there any special budget
allocations for CBSWM in
Danamon's CSR?
Budget allocation for CSR Go Green is
traditional market's organic waste con-
version into organic fertilizer with highquality. For 2008 we put 2,5 billion or
21% of the total CSR budget. While for
this year is allocated for 2,1 billion.
What criteria putted into consid-
eration in selecting CBSWM loca-
tions?
Danamon Peduli only cooperates with
local government who has full commit-
ment in succession and sustaining the
program.
What is the role of DanamonPeduli and how is the coopera-
tion with local government?
Danamon Peduli is designing the
project, providing machinery and
compost house as well as opera-
tional training, monitoring and
evaluation and replicates it at
national level. Total contribution
by Danamon Peduli is around
80-100 million for each area.
While government has to make the analy-
sis on the necessity including total waste
generation per day, provide and facilitate
the space, having local coordination,
obtaining permission and socialization.
How does the community con-
tribute then?
The community contributes in chang-
ing their behavior into more environmen-
tal friendly. The basic thing will be sepa-
rating between organic and inorganic
waste.
How long does the program
take?
Around three to eight months. It
depends on the local government's prepa-
ration.
How effective does the CBSWM
in reducing the waste generation?Every composting unit is able to con-
vert 3-5 tons of organic waste into 1,2-3
tons of organic fertilizer per day.
Therefore, the units operate in 31
cities/regencies are able to convert 60-
120 tons of organic waste into 24-48 tons
of high quality organic fertilizer every day.
Bowo Leksono
12 INTERVIEWS
In Indonesia, there are plenty ofopportunities to implement corporatesocial responsibility (CSR) programs.Cleanliness and health of the traditionalmarket is one of the fields. DanamonBank is working in this sector through itsprogram Danamon Peduli. In 2007,Danamon Peduli was having Go Greenprogram in tra-
ditional marketin Ciputat,Jakarta. Fromthat program,they found theidea to turnt r a d i t i o n a lmarket's wasteinto compost.
In the sameyear, DanamonPeduli in cooperation with local govern-ment of Bantul and Sragen as pilot proj-ect manages the wastes from the tradi-tional markets. The success in these twolocations has been heard in otherplaces. Therefore, this year, there are
31 traditional markets in Indonesia whoare running the solid waste managementprogram. Executive Director ofDanamon peduli Risa Bhinekawati issharing the experiences with Percikabout their solid waste management fortraditional markets in Indonesia.
Name:RisaBhinekawatiPlaceandDateofBirth:Pontianak,February2nd1966Husband:AdhyasaYutonoChildren:RifqiSatyaAdhyasa(13)
Education:- EconomicFaculty,UniversitasIndonesia
(1992)- AustralianNationalUniversity (1999)
- GeorgeWashingtonUniversity (2006)
Career:- VicePresidentofHumanResearch&
OrganizationEricsson- ChiefOperatingOfficerUNDP- HeadofCorporateAffairsUnilever
Indonesia
Risa Bhinekawati
Concern on Solid Waste fromTraditional Market
Foto: Bowo Leksono
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Far before the tragedy of waste slide
in Leuwigajah final dumpsite,
Bandung on 2005 which killed
147 people, the community in RW 11
Cibangkong Village, Sub district of
Batununggal, Bandung, West Java since
1998 already initiated solid waste man-
agement in their area.
It means, what this community been
doing is reducing the waste generation in
Leuwigajah final dumpsite. If all the citi-
zens of Bandung manage their waste in a
community or household level, the tra-
gedy would have been avoided.
In the beginning, Center of Settlement
Research and Development (Puslitbang-
kim) of the Public Work Department
made pilot project in this area because it
is a densely populated slum area and
flood occurs quite often because there are
two rivers surrounding the area. They
were chosen to get assistance in manag-ing their solid waste.
Until finally the Community
Representative Institution is formed in
RW 11, Kelurahan Cibangkong which will
supervise the implementation of solid
waste management in the respective area.
They have got visits from foreign coun-
tries and provinces in Indonesia.
Furthermore, the operator of the com-
posting house in RW 11 Cibangkong has
been invited to be trainer in several areas.
At least, the community can be proud
because they were the only one who con-ducts solid waste management in
Bandung. However, the pride needs to be
followed by awareness on environmental
cleanliness.
Poor
It has been more than 10 years, the
condition of the composting house is
heartbreaking. The machinery to process
the waste is not used anymore. They
returned to the manual ways since there
is no budget to pay the workers.
"Ideally, to manage waste from an RW
requires six workers. Two of them should
distribute the compost and observe the
field," says Wijiman (53), compost house
coordinator, who has been loyal since the
beginning of this program with his 3
workers.
To fulfill the necessity of the needs of
the compost house, Warjiman works very
hard in distributing the compost to the teaplantation in South Bandung and to the
organic farmer in Sapan, East Bandung.
In one day, Warjiman admits, the
compost house produces 5 quintals of
compost for Rp 2.500 per 3 kilograms.
"The farmers asked for all the compost we
can produce, but we cannot produce
more than 5 quintals per day since there is
no fund," he admitted.
Meanwhile, Andarusman, one of
the community leaders in RW 11
Cibangkong who stand up to build the
compost house, is regretting the Local
Government of Bandung for giving any
helps. "Furthermore, there are equip-
ments from the provincial government
which are still held by the city govern-
ment," he explained.
To understand more about the man-
agement of the compost house in
Cibangkong, below is the interview with
H. Andarusman who is also the chief ofCibangkong Community Forum (FWC).
What encouraged you to work
on solid waste management sector?
As one of the community leader espe-
cially in RW 1, Kalurahan Cibang-
kong, I am with several
13 INTERVIEWS
The condition of Composting House in RW 11 Kelurahan Cibangkong, Kota Bandung is
really disheartening. Photo Bowo Leksono
Compost House RW 11 Cibangkong:
THE POOR PIONEER
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community
members were con-
cerned on the condition of this
RW. This is a slum area with high densitypopulation. Our waste was mountainous
because the City Cleaning Agency was
hardly took it. Flood occurred most of the
time during rainy season. We are lucky to
get assistance from Puslitbangkim of
Public Work Department in initializing
the compost house in Cibangkong.
How was the initial development
of the solid waste management?
Since the beginning of this program in
1998, we got assistance from
Puslitbangkim on converting solid waste
into compost. The community disagree
because they were afraid of the smell from
the dumpsite since they live in a densely
area. After several explanation and clarifi-
cation they agreed to have the project,
and it's proven to be useful for the com-
munity. Every two days, workers from the
compost house take the garbage from the
temporary dumpsite on each RT to be
treated in the compost house.
Is it effective in reducing thesolid waste generation?
Of course, it can be seen now that
there is no waste accumulation in our
area. All the waste are transported and
processed in the compost house.
However, it is such a pity that other RWs
are still burning their waste and create
pollution.
Were there obstacles faced in
involving the community?
We are still trying to reduce the
load of the compost house by askingthe community to separate their solid
waste into organic and inorganic. We
have even already provided the con-
tainers for it and Takakura basket so
that the housewives can produce com-
post in their own houses. However,
some are quite active in supporting the
activity, but a lot more are still igno-
rant. They feel like it is compost
house's work to separate the waste
since they have paid the retribution
fee. This retribution fee has become
another problem as well. Each month,
they pay Rp 1.000 and from 900
households, only 600 pay regularly.This is not enough to cover the opera-
tional and maintenance of the compost
house.
Does the program collide with
government's program?
I don't think so, if it is, then we will not
do it of course. Even more, we are helping
the government especially the City
Government of Bandung because we can
manage our own waste. However, we
haven't got any form of support from the
city government.
Did you get any support or help
from outside such as government,
private or another party? If yes,
what kind of support?
Like I said before, we haven't got any
support from the city government and the
program has been running for 10 years
now. We only got initial support from
Puslitbangkim of Public Work
Department. We hope that the city gov-
ernment will have concern on our activitysince it helps them. We haven't got any
support from private sectors or NGOs.
University of Pajajaran Bandung once
gave us a hand on renovating the compost
house and Bandung Institute of
Technology (ITB) was doing a research on
what we are doing.
What do you think is the main
factor in determining the success of
this activity?
I will not say that our program is a
success. If it is, the community will feel it.We still have problem with community
awareness, since some of them are still
lacking it. We still also need fund support
and compost distribution, but we are
working on it.
If the program is going to be
implemented in other areas, what
requirements are needed?
A lot of parties from all over Indonesia
and several countries came and learned
compost in Cibangkong. Even Cimahi
Regency who learned from us has been
more forward than we are now. The basic
requirements to have a successful pro-
gram are honesty, openness and trans-
parency, especially in financial manage-
ment and its result.
Does community involvement
need to be accommodated in Local
Regulation?
I think it is necessary. Because what
city government's doing now is only pro-
moting awareness, but if there is one suc-
cessful area, the city government does not
give any support.
What benefits are felt by the
community?
The benefits are enormous. The firstthing which can be directly observed is
clean environment, since there are no
waste accumulations. Besides, we can cre-
ate work opportunities and manage waste
from one village if Cibangkong. However,
the benefit will be more if we can
distribute the compost.Bowo Leksono
14
Name : AndarusmanPlace,Date of Birth:
Cibangkong, 17 Agustus 1935Wife : Hj. Rusminah (RIP)
Children : 14Grandchildren : 20Education : Sekolah Guru Pendidikan Teknik (SGPT)Carrier : Chief of Examiner Electric Company of
Bandung (until 1990)
Photo: Bowo Leksono
INTERVIEWS
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As the growing population and
the changing on people's con-
sumption pattern, solid waste
generation has multiplied every year.
It is not only the amount of waste but
also types and characteristics.
Meanwhile, solid waste management
method is still with old fashioned way-
disposed into final dumpsite.
Different problems arouse and not
only cleanliness and environmental
pollution, but also social problems
such as community's dispute around
the final dumpsite. Furthermore,
almost all both big and small cities do
not have proper solid waste manage-
ment.
Most of the treatments are thesame, collect-transport-dispose, a tra-
ditional system which should be ended
by now. This system is proven to be
weak and failed not only to the envi-
ronment, but to the community
around the dumpsite.
It is still fresh in our mind the dis-
aster in Leuwigajah, a final dumpsite
in Cimahi, West Java which cause hun-
dreds of casualties. There is another
example in Integrated Solid Waste
Dumpsite (TPST) Bojong, Bogor, West
Java and Bantar Gebang Final
Dumpsite in Bekasi which became
headlines in newspapers.
Solid waste has become national
concern; therefore it is required to
manage it in a comprehensive and
integrated ways from upstream to
downstream to give maximum benefits
on economic, health, and environmentsafety, as well as changing communi-
ty's behavior.
In solid waste management sector,
law enforcement, responsibilities, role
of government (local and national) and
private are vital to the proportional,
effective and efficient solid waste ma-
nagement. In doing so, the govern-
ment and community feel the needs of
Solid Waste Act.
The establishment and launch of
solid waste act is meant to get a useful
and powerful, healthy, clean and envi-
ronmental friendly solid waste man-
agement system.
Important matters arranged in this
act are the shifting of paradigm in solid
waste management; from collection,
transportation and disposal to 4 R
principles (reduce, reuse, recycle and
recover).Before the birth of Act No. 18 Year
2008 about solid waste management,
stakeholders in do not have strong
foundation in this sector. On April 9th,
2008, the draft for the act was
approved by the House of
Representative of Indonesia.
This act is a proof of government's
effort in raising the community's
health and environment condition in
Indonesia and become the guideline of
national policy in solid waste manage-
ment.
Solid Waste Management Para-
digm
Section 4 stated "Solid waste man-
agement is aimed to increase commu-
nity's health and environment quality
and to convert waste into
resource".
15 REGULATION
Implementation of CommunityInvolvement Pursuant to
Act No. 18 Year 2008
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Since the launch of the act, solid
waste management in Indonesia hasentered a new paradigm. All parties are
responsible, starting from the commu-
nity, government or other stakeholders
involved in solid waste existence.
All this time, most of the communi-
ties are still trapped in the old collec-
tion-transportation-disposal system.
The new paradigm views waste as
resource which has economic value to
become energy, compost, fertilizer or
industrial material.
Solid Waste Management Res-
ponsibility
In order to have a comprehensive
and integrated solid waste manage-
ment, community's rights and respon-
sibilities as well as roles and responsi-
bilities of the authority both national
and local in serving their civic duties,
law umbrella is required in the form of
act.
Solid waste management is held
based on responsibility, sustainability,
benefit, equality, togetherness, safety,security and economic principles.
In this act, government is not the
only one responsible in solid waste
management; community (household)
and private (as producer of packs
which turned into waste) are also
responsible pursuant to the regulation.
This regulation is stated in section
12 article (1) "every person in house-hold solid waste management and sim-
ilar to household waste is responsible
in reducing and manage the waste in
an environmental friendly ways".
Meanwhile, section 13 stated "the
developer of settlement, commercial,
industrial and special areas, public
facility, social facility and another
facility are responsible in providing
waste separation facility".
In another words, the act has forced
community to recycle in their waste
management. If they are not, penalty
will be given pursuant to the regula-
tion.
Another interesting part of this act
is dealing with the regulation for the
producer is stated in section 14 and 15,
i.e. responsibilities for community;
producers are responsible in managing
their package which is difficult to be
naturally decomposed. Government
will apply reward and punishment
mechanism to companies disobeying
the regulation. It applies to communityas well as individual.
Local and Central Government
Responsibilities
Before the act is launched, although
there were norms, standards, proce-
dures and manuals on solid waste
management, firm regulation did not
exist in local (city/regency) and
provincial government. All local gov-
ernments are based on their local reg-
ulation and created diverse solid waste
management.It was deteriorate with retribution
and penalty problems to increase local
income and not putting effort on man-
agement responsibility in handling
waste for civic needs.
Through this act, the basis for
improvement in solid waste manage-
ment in Indonesia is started. The act
will be followed by government's regu-
lation and local regulation.Solid waste stated in this act con-
sists of household's waste, similar to
household's waste, and specific waste.
Every person planned to conduct solid
waste management service should
obtain permit from local authority pur-
suant to the responsibility. Major can
decide administrative penalty to waste
management service that disobey the
permit regulation.
Central and local governments are
obligated to fund solid waste manage-
ment activities. Community might be
involved in solid waste management
activities held by local and or central
governments. The involvement can be
in the form of :
Suggestion, consideration and
advice to local and or central gov-
ernment;
Formulation of solid waste man-
agement policies; and
Advice and opinion in solid waste
conflict reconciliation.
Implicitly, the solid waste manage-ment act force the local authority to
manage their waste is they do not wish
to be sued or be given penalty. Solid
waste management is local govern-
ment's responsibility.
Section 5 mentioned "central and
local governments are responsible for
the implementation of good and envi-
ronmental friendly solid waste man-
agement programs pursuant to the
act".
Health and cleanliness of an area-in
solid waste context-depend on the will-ingness and interest of its local author-
ity. Supervision of the implementation
of solid waste management in this act
is arranged in a leveled way as stated in
section 30, article (1) and article (2).
Lines of responsibilities for local and
central government are stated in this
act.
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Environment around the house becomesgreener and fresher. Photo BORDA
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It is everybody's expectation thatthe solid waste problems in this coun-
try will be lowered with the act.
Hopefully, in the future, Indonesia will
be bothered with solid waste problems,
but even provide job opportunities in
this sector.
Meanwhile, in section 289 H article
(1) UUD 1945 provide the rights for all
people to get a good and healthy living
environment. This statement has
brought consequence that government
I obligated to provide solid waste man-
agement service.
Government is the authority and
responsible in solid waste manage-
ment even though in the operational
and maintenance may involve commu-
nity and partnered with company in
solid waste sector. Besides, solid waste
organization and community group
can also be involved in solid waste
management activities.
Community Involvement in Solid
Waste Management
In Act No. 18 Year 2008 about solidwaste management, it is stated that
community can and should participate
in solid waste and similar to solid
waste management, in waste reduction
(limitation, reuse and recycle) and
solid waste management (separation,
collection, transportation, treatment
and final process).
Before, community involvement in
solid waste management has been
arranged in Public Work Minister
Regulation No. 21/PRT/M/2006
about policy and strategy on solidwaste management system develop-
ment.
Community based solid waste man-
agement is one of the strategy from the
policy (2) in minister Regulation No.
21/PRT/M/2006 on active role of
community and private/company as
partner in management. Community
has been proven to be effectively run-
ning the program better and more suc-
cessful especially when they are
involved since the beginning. This
activity can be done to increase the
solid waste management in settlementarea through local community devel-
opment, which can be replicated in
other areas.
Community Based Solid Waste
Management (CBSWM) is solid waste
management system which is planned,
arranged, operated, maintained and
owned by community. The objective is
to have self-help community in keep-
ing the cleanliness of the environment
through environmental friendly solid
waste management. CBSWM princi-
ples are: community participation,self-help, efficiency, environmental
protection and integration.
Act No. 18 Year 2008 about solid
waste management regulates solid
waste management comprehensively
and integrally from upstream to down-
stream to get economical, health bene-
fits for the community as well as envi-
ronmental safety and change commu-
nity behavior.
Local government should be careful
since community may use their rights
in getting better solid waste facility.
Furthermore, community can proposea law sue if they feel that they are los-
ing their rights. The implementation of
this act has brought consequence to
the local government to re-arrange
from policy, method, technique or
even regulation aspects.
Hopefully, with the involvement of
all, solid waste problems can be solved.
The important thing is there is aware-
ness from all parties that they are part
of this environment where they live
and they will have environment love in
their heart. Ujang Solihin Sidik
Chief of Waste Management
Environmental Ministry
Resumed by
Bowo Leksono and Ratna Kurnia Dewi
17 REGULATION
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Solid waste management starting from houshold level. Photo BORDA
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18 REGULATION
Solid waste management has
show progress at least from the
existence of regulation. At this
moment, we have Act No. 18 Year
2008 on Solid Waste Management,
which will be followed by government's
regulation. Preceding the regulation,
Public Work Department has issued
Public Work Minister Regulation No.
21/PRT/M/2006 on Policy and
Strategy on the Development of Solid
Waste Management System. On each
region, they have also local regulations
on solid waste management.
This article will try to explain
briefly in the arrangement of solid
waste management in city/regency
through local regulation. What aspects
are stated in those regulations and
does community involvement also
included there.
Local Regulation as a Basis forLaw Enforcement
Good governance is a basic for
national's objective. Based on section 3
article (1) Act No. 23 Year 2004 on
Local Government, it is stated
"Republic of Indonesia is divided into
provincials and province is divided
into regency and city which has their
own regulation". Meanwhile, in article
(2) mentioned "Local government
mentioned in article (1) arrange their
own governance, local government has
the rights to develop regulation pur-suant to the needs, situations
and conditions of their
area".
Therefore, the developer of local
regulation must comprehend the
needs of the community. Besides, by
paying attention on the suggestion
from community members can createsense of ownership and moral respon-
sibility to obey the rules.
The development of local regula-
tion begins with problems formula-
tion, for that it has to answer the ques-
tion "what social problem needs to be
solved?" Social problems normally
divided into two types, first is the
social problem caused by community
social bad behavior. For example like
loitering, which cause dirty environ-
ment, therefore cleanliness regulation
is necessary. Second, social problemscaused by law regulation that is not
suitable with its community's condi-
tion. For example is the local regula-
tion on health care which happen to be
burden for poor community.
Therefore, they cannot get
proper medical serv-
ice.
In developing local regulation, it
will involve several government organ-
izations such as chief of the region
including the departments and localhouse of representative. They will have
to be organized to unite them for
developing the local regulation.
Section 143 Act No. 32 Year 2004
on Local Governance, it is mentioned :
(1) Local regulation may contain
guideline on penalty for law enforce-
ment, entirely or partly to the violator
pursuant to the act.
(2) Local regulation may contain
criminal punishment longest by 6 (six)
months or penalty of maximum Rp
50.000.000 (fifty million rupiah).(3) Local regulation may contain
punishment or penalty other than
mentioned in article (2) pursuant to
the act.
Section 243 Act No. 32 Year 2004
on local governance is the law basic in
arranging the reparatory administra-
Local Regulation
on Solid Waste Management
The exisiting infrastructure like a pair of trash bin for wet and dry garbage in front of local govern-ment offices turned out to be ineffective. Photo Bowo Leksono
PercikMay 2009
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19 REGULATION
tive punishment. Administrative pun-
ishment can be directly given by the
government. Therefore, local regula-
tion should be comprehensive includ-
ing law basis, types of penalty, proce-
dures and the authority. This is differ-
ent with criminal punishmentr .
Local Regulation on Solid Waste
Management
Although the solid waste manage-
ment Act has just been launched and
the government regulation is still in
the development, each government has
the local regulation on solid waste
management already.To get the overview on solid waste
management within local regulation
framework, we have compared 7 local
regulations from South-East Maluku
Regency, Depok City, Surabaya City,
Tangerang Regency, Bontang City,
Sleman Regency, and Bandung City.
We found some interesting aspects.
First, the names of local regulations
are varied. Some of them are specially
regulating solid waste management,
but some other connects it with
waste/cleanliness retribution suchas in South-East Maluku
Regency, Depok City,
Surabaya City
and Bandung City. They named the
regulation as cleanliness/waste service
retribution, while Sleman Regency,
Bontang City and Tangerang Regency
named it cleanliness/solid waste man-
agement. There is one regulationwhich meant to collect as much retri-
bution as possible that is in Solok City
No. 6 Year 1999. The entire regulation
is only arranging retribution for col-
lecting, transporting, treatment or dis-
posal of households, trading, hospital,
hotel and factory solid waste.
Second, aspects discussed within
each local regulation are different. The
aspects can be summarized into (i)
general instruction (definition); (ii)
objective and target; (iii) using the ci-
tizen's right to get a good and environ-
mental friendly of solid waste manage-
ment service from local government;
(iv) procedure on responsibility to
manage household and similar to
household waste; (v) procedure on get-
ting permit for solid waste manage-
ment service; (vi) types of solid waste
management service; (vii) solid waste
treatment; (viii) solid waste manage-
ment funding; (ix) compensation by
local government; (x) types and proce-
dures of community involvement; (xi)prohibition on waste disposal; (xii)
supervision on solid waste manage-
ment; (xiii) administrative penalty;
(xiv) retribution procedure; (xv) crimi-
nal penalty. Further information can
be seen in the following table.
From all aspects mentioned above,
in 7 local regulations, there are onlygeneral procedures. Followings are
procedures on getting permission and
types of solid waste service, retribu-
tion, and criminal punishment. It looks
like local government has viewed waste
as business opportunity. Besides, local
regulation has become tool for law
enforcement with the criminal punish-
ment.
In the examples of local regulations
above, community involvement is
reflected in right and responsibility,
prohibition on waste disposal, and
specifically on types and procedures if
community involvement. However,
this aspect is only mentioned in 4 out
of 7 local regulations.
Effectiveness of Local Regulation
Section 289 H article (1) 1945
Constitution gives rights for every per-
son to get good and healthy environ-
ment. This has brought consequence
that government should provide public
service in solid waste management.Government is the authority and
responsible for the solid waste ma-
Community initiative in solid waste management is more effective in reducing waste generationPhoto Bowo Leksono
PercikMay 2009
Mentoring activity for solid waste management inRT level. Photo: BORDA
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20 REGULATION
ASPECTS ON LOCAL REGULATION REGARDING SOLID WASTE:OBSERVATION ON 7 LOCAL REGULATIONS
nagement although in its implementa-
tion may involve community or having
partnership with solid waste service
provider.
However, the cleanliness condition
of cities in Indonesia is below average.
One of the reasons is the lack of health
and hygiene education since early age
and lack of law enforcement from the
local regulation. Furthermore, com-
munity has not aware of the existence
of regulation and the law penalty.
In Indonesia, before the act islaunched, there is no definite
standard on solid waste management
and its punishment. Every local gov-
ernment is using their local regulation;
therefore the handling is different on
each region. Besides, local government
is still trapped in retribution and
penalty issues to increase the local
income rather than feeling responsible
for the solid waste management.
The increase of effectiveness from
the local regulation in the future will
depend on the availability of the gov-
ernment regulation as the descendentof the solid waste act. At this moment,
the government regulation is in finish-
ing phase. This regulation will be the
umbrella for local regulation on solid
waste management. Soon after it is
PercikMay 2009
Games of separating garbage for children as ameans of educating clean and hygienic living
since they're still young. Photo: BaliFokus
NoComponents City/RegencySouth-East
MalukuDepok Surabaya Tangerang Bontang Sleman Bandung
1 General instruction (definition); V V V V V V V
2 Objective and target; V V V
3 Using the citizens right to get a goodand environmental friendly of solid
waste management service from localgovernment;
V V V V
4 Procedure on responsibility tomanage household and similar tohousehold waste;
V V V V V
5 Procedure on getting permit for solidwaste management service;
V V V V V
6 Types of solid waste management
service;
V V V V
7 Solid waste treatment; V V V V
8 Solid waste management funding; V V V
9 Compensation by local government; V V V
10 Types and procedures of communityinvolvement;
V V V
11 Prohibition on waste disposal; V V V
12 Supervision on solid wastemanagement;
V V V
13 Administrative penalty; V V V V
14 Retri bution procedure; V V V V
15 Criminal penalty V V V V V
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21 REGULATION
When government troubledabout institution, fund andsolid waste regulation, several NGOs
and community group has managedto run solid waste management in
household and neighborhood level.
They have community development
programs in slum areas. Commu-
nities are encouraged to separate
between organic and inorganic
waste. Afterwards, 3R activities are
performed such as composting,
recycling the waste into handicrafts
and planting trees. Unfortunately,
this kind of community involvement
is not facilitated by the government.
The community was working bythemselves.
For that purpose, it is interesting
to see how far the community
involvement has been accommodat-
ed in the national policy and strate-
gy. However, the national policy and
strategy exist before the solid waste
management act was launched.
Basically, the community
involvement has been accommodat-
ed in one of the strategy of 2nd poli-cy in Ministry Regulation No.
21/PRT/M/2006 about National
Policy and Strategy on the develop-
ment of Solid Waste Management
System, which is the increase of
active role of community and private
sector as partners in management.
Community has been proven to
be effectively running the program
better and more successful especial-
ly when they are involved since the
beginning. This activity can be done
to increase the solid waste manage-ment in settlement area through
local community development,
which can be replicated in other
areas.
Ministry Regulation No.
21/PRT/M/2006 is a mandate from
the government regulation No.16
Year 2005 on the development of
drinking water supply system and
can be use as guideline for central
and local government in improvingsolid waste management system
sustainably and environmental
friendly.
Community involvement in solid
waste management activity is officially
called community based solid waste
management (CBSWM). It is translat-
ed into a solid waste management sys-
tem which is planned, arranged, oper-
ated, maintained and owned by com-
munity.
The objective is to have self-help
community in keeping the cleanlinessof the environment through environ-
mental friendly solid waste manage-
ment. CBSWM principles are: com-
munity participation, self-help, effi-
ciency, environmental protection and
integration.
National Policy and Strategy on the Development ofSolid Waste Management System
Community initiative in solid waste management is more effective in reducing waste generation .Photo: Pusdakota.
PercikMay 2009
legalized, existing local regulationshould be reviewed and revised if nec-essary. Therefore, law enforcementcan be applied and local regulation willbe effective in increasing the perform-
ance of local solid waste management,including the motivating the increaseof community involvement.Local government should be careful indealing with solid waste managementsince community can use their rightsin getting better solid waste manage-ment service, and they can proposelaw sue. The implementation of thisact has brought consequence for localto re -arrange the waste managementfrom policy, method, technique andeven regulation aspects. (Dewi dan
OM)
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This article is summarized from
the discussion between
BORDA, BEST, LPTP and
Balifokus in the study frame of govern-
ment acts and regulations and its rele-
vance on the development of commu-
nity based solid waste management
program. This discussion is held in
Yogyakarta on the 10th of December
2008 and presented in study forum of
Pokja AMPL in Jakarta in 27th of
February 2009.
As we have already known, that
starting on 8th of May 2008, Act No.
18 Year 2008 on solid waste manage-
ment has been implemented. The birth
of the act gave new motivation in themiddle of solid waste problems in
cities in Indonesia.
On several occasions, it was
explained by the government that by
the launch of this act, it means that
there is shifting of paradigm on solid
waste management from end of pipe to
treatment as source. Community has
also the opportunity to participate in
solid waste management activities.
The question, now, is whether the
act can accommodate the role and par-
ticipation of the community since allthis time was the biggest contributor of
waste and always 'accused' for not (yet)
having the awareness?
The Needs for the Derivative
Regulation
Based on the study done by the
solid waste task force (GTPS), the act
still requires derivative regulations to
be effective which are: 3 Ministry
Regulations and 11 government/local
regulations. Are the regulations there
already? Or if it is there, is it in accor-
dance with the intended regulations?
Based on information, at this moment,
Environmental Ministry is preparing
the Government Regulation Draft on
waste reduction, waste managementand hazardous waste management.
Pleasing Sections
From the perspective of community
involvement, at least several sections
within the act are satisfying since it
mentions community involvement
although not very clear. Some of them
are:
1. Section 13, settlement developer
should provide waste separation facili-
ty. In the explanation, it is mentioned
that settlement includes cluster, con-
dominium and apartment.
2. Section 5 also stated that central
and local government is responsible to
provide solid waste management. This
section can b