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1
WELC
OME
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2
I SEMINAR ON
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT THROUGH COMMUNITY BASED EXTENSION
APPROACH Shravan R. Rajur
{PGS12AGR4024}
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Introduction
NRM Meaning & Classification
Resource Management/Development
Extension Approaches for NRM
Drives and Stages of CBNRM
Major constraints in
CBNRM
Research studies
Success Stories
Conclusion 3
Scheme of Presentation
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INTRODUCTION
“Earth provides enough to satisfy every man's needs, but not every man's greed.” ― Mahatma Gandhi
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Natural Resource
Meaning
Natural resources are naturally occurring substances that are considered valuable in their relatively unmodified (natural) form.
Any part of our natural materials that man can be utilized to promote the welfare, may be regarded as natural resources
www.wikipedia.com 5
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Classification of natural resources
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Natural Resource Management
The management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants and animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both present and future generations Natural resource management approaches can be categorised according to the kind and right of stakeholders
1. Private property regime :- Individual owned2. Common property regime :- Government owned3. Non-property regime :- Lake fishery4. State property regime :- National forest, National park http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural resource management
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Relationship of Culture, Nature and Resource
HUMAN NATURE
NEUTRAL STUFF
NEEDSWANTS
ABILITIES
Zimmerman, 1951 8
CULTURE RESOURCE
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Casual factors of threat on NRMDevelopment pressure on nature resource base
Encroachment on natural resources
Exploitation of natural resources
Human induced disasters causing stress on natural resources
Threats to NRM- wrong and faulty approaches
Management of human resources
Political and policy issues9
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INDIA’S EFFORTS FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Dr. M. S. Swaminathan (1983) suggested the following categories Cultivated varieties in current use Primitive cultivars or land races Wild species of potential value to man
In-situ conservation-conservation under natural condition It includes conservation of plants and animals in their native
ecosystems or even man made eco-systems It appeals only to wild fauna and flora It aims at preservation of land races with wild relatives
Ex-situ conservation-conservation under controlled condition It is done through establishment of gene banks It is chief mode for preservation of genetic resources Seeds, plant cells, tissues, organs are preserved under appropriate
conditions
10 Adhikary and Acharya
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Location of the industries with a view to reducing transfer costs to the minimum
Sustained use of economic resources
Economic use of resources to achieve minimum waste
Integrated planning in the use of natural resources
Multi-purpose/ use of resources
11
Resource management/development
Das Gupta
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Planning for resources use
Agriculture
Horticulture
Forestry
Animal husbandry
12 Das Gupta
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Human dimensions in natural resource management
What are “ Human Dimensions”…..???
Human dimensions are the peoples’ values, beliefs, attitudes,
social norms and motivations
They use social science concepts to formulate studies that
capture and explain human values, beliefs, etc. as they apply
to natural resources
Knowledge gained from these studies gives the public a voice
in natural resource management decisions
13 Basu et al.
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Human Dimensions Importance......why?
Awareness and understanding our public values regarding natural
resources
Improved communication with publics and education of the public
regarding natural resource issues
Understanding and prediction of the social impacts of natural
resource decisions
Strengthening of the natural resources profession through
improved application of human dimensions information in natural
resource decision making 14
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Stakeholder participation in the assessment process
Finding feasible spatial and temporal boundaries
Linking research products to development impact
Selecting the criteria of success
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Challenges of impact assessment in NRM
Basu and Biswas
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Share of NRM Research and approximate research expenditure on Rainfed Farming in total research expenditure in ICAR
YearNRM Research
Expenditure(Rs. Crore)
Share of NRM Research
Expenditurein total ICAR
ResearchExpenditure
(%)
ApproximateResearch
Expenditureon Rainfed
Farming (Rs. Crore)
Share of RFResearch
Expenditure intotal ICAR
ResearchExpenditure (%)
2000-01 9.00 0.68% 185.22 13.99%
2009-10 279.41 8.57% 419.07 12.85%
16
ICAR Annual Report, 2011
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Agricultural Extension Approaches
General agriculture extension approach
Commodity specialized approach
Training and visiting approach
Participatory approach
Project approach
Farming system development approach
Cost sharing approach
Education institute approach
17 Axinn, 1988
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Extension approaches for NRM
Creation of natural resources like forests, water bodies
Preservation through social fencing
Pollution control through policy formulation
ITK appropriate use and application
Watershed management to generate livelihood and conserve natural resources
Monitoring: Benefit monitoring evaluation
Elimination of negative factors operating in the eco-system
Rejuvenation of degraded or age old resources base
Peoples participation
18 Adhikary and Acharya
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Self Help Groups (SHG)
Village Level Watershed Groups (VLWG)
Area Groups (AG)
Village Level Federations (VLF)
Village Level Committees (VLC)
Sujala Watershed Sangha and Executive Committees (WS & EC)
Community Based Organizations
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Some of the methods followed for capacity building in Community Participation
• Individual house visits
• Informal group meeting
• Village meetings
• Grama sabhas
• Jathas
• Poster distribution
• Wall painting
• Conducting PRA exercises
• Baseline data survey
• Health camps
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Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM)
21
Basic concept
To address the goals of environmental, economic and
social justice
Integrates wildlife conservation and rural
development objective in a single program package
Emphasizes benefits to natural resource dependent
communities and pursuers of subsistence livelihoods
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Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) is a
systemic approach to conservation, that allows those closest to the
resource, and who bear the costs of conservation, to manage the
resource and benefit from its management and use.
Cont…
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CBNRM….
The key assumptions being that:
Locals are better placed to conserve natural
resources
People will conserve a resource only if
benefits exceed the costs of conservation,
and
People will conserve a resource that is linked
directly to their quality of life
(Thakadu, O. T. 2005)
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To manage natural resources in a sustainable way to achieve conservation and community development objectives
Objective of CBNRM:
Tools of CBNRM
The PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) with its tool for planning, awareness raising, and capacity building
The simplified land use plan as a natural resource management tool integrated with development
The gender approach insuring the participation of disadvantaged groups
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Community Participation in Development
Facilitates the use of local knowledge and opinions in
designing plans, programmes and projects
Enhances local ownership and empowers marginalized
people by providing opportunities to acquire skills,
knowledge and experience
Helps to facilitate the integration of marginalized
people into wider society, and encourages good
governance and economic growth
Facilitates co-operation and programme efficiency
Helps to ensure sustainability, make development
activities more effective, and builds local capacity Bond et al. 2006
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Expected results
Sustainable Natural Resource
Management
Ownership
Equity
Improved biodiversity
Living together with harmony
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Conditions for “Successful” Community-Based Natural Resource Management
“Homogeneous” communities – common objectives, recognised
common interests, social cohesion
Benefits exceed costs
Clearly defined boundaries to resources to be managed
Limited uses and users
Decentralised decision-making
“Simple” administrative structures
Long-term engagement
Leadership -“champions” to lead the process
IFAD
Workshop, Rome, 2004
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Benefits from CBNRM
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Direct benefits
Investment inrural
infrastructurethrough CBO
projects
Direct cashdividends
earned frompartnerships
Employmentopportunitieswith private
sector
Employmentopportunities
with communitybased
organizations
Indirect benefits
Maintenance orgrowth of stocks ofnatural
resources
Capacity – buildingOpportunities to
diversify localeconomy, and
integration into themarket place
Bond et al., 2006
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DRIVES FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
Individual drives
1. Rajendra Singh-
Rajasthan
2. Anna Hazare-
Ralegan Siddhi
3. Pani Panchayat-
Maharashtra
4. Salu marada
Timmakka
Project (Govt) mode
1. Sujala Watershed
Project
2. Integrated
Wasteland
Development Project
3. NWDPRA
4. NABARD
Watershed projects
NGO - Govt Drives1. Agriculture Science
Foundation, Hulakoti -NABARD Watershed Project
2. Grameen Gyan Abhiyan (GGA)- MSSRF
3. MYRADA
4. Agha Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP)
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Rajendra Singh – “Waterman of Rajasthan”
• Rajendra Singh, popularly known as ‘Jal Purush’ or Waterman of Rajasthan is
an inspirational figure who has transformed the life of people in >1,000 villages
in Aravalli Hills.
In 1985, Rajendra Singh heads an NGO
‘Tarun Bharat Sangh’ (TBS)
In 1986, he initiated a Ped Bachao-Ped Lagao padyatra,
for Forest Protection Committees
In 2002 National Water March (Rashtriya Jal Yatra)
Jungle-Jeevan Bachao Yatra , it covers 21 forest sanctuaries
He also organised an ultimately successful Aravali Bachao Yatra ,the
Rajasthan Govt. closed nearly 1000 mines in the whole of Rajasthan, 470 of
which were in and around Sariska National Park
Achievements
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Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Puraskar (1994) by the Govt. of India
International River Prize (1995)
Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership (2001)
Jamnalal Bajaj Award (2008) for water harvesting by building check dams
across Rajasthan.
Awards
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SUJALA WATERSHED PROJECT (2001)
• Sujala a community driven watershed
development project with a total budget of
Rs.557 crores, is being implemented in seven districts
• World Bank Assisted Project of Government of Karnataka
• Covering areas- Kolar, Chikkabalapur, Tumkur, Madhugiri,
Chitradurga, Haveri and Dharwad of Karnataka covering 4.29
lakhs ha.
• Spread over in 77 sub-watersheds and 1270 villages benefiting
nearly 4.0 lakhs households including landless
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Strengthen community and
institutional arrangements for natural
resource management
Strengthen the capacity of
communities in the project districts
for participatory involvement in
planning, implementation, social and
environmental management and
maintenancesujala water.FLV
Objectives
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Integrated Wasteland Development Project (2001)
Launched by the Ministry of Rural Development for re-generation of
degraded non-forest land through people’s participation
Objective of the scheme is aimed at an integrated wasteland based on
Village/Micro Watershed Plans
Major activities can be taken up under this scheme:-
i. Soil & moisture conservation measures
ii. Planting and sowing of multi-purpose trees
iii. Encouraging natural regeneration
iv. Promotion of agro-forestry and horticulture
v. Encouraging people’s participation
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National Watershed Development Projects for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA)
• Introduced during 1990-91 in Andhra Pradesh and continued up to 1996-97 during VIII plan period
• Implemented in 94 watersheds covering 19 districts of Andhra Pradesh
Impact of the implication of the scheme Watershed workers were planned for
treatment and development of drainage lines both in arable and non-arable lands in watershed areas with active participation and users group
SHGs formed from watershed village community to achieve their income generating activity and self sustainability
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Objectives
i. Conservation, development and sustainable management of
natural resources including their use
ii. Enhancement of agricultural productivity and production in
sustainable manner
iii. Restoration of ecological balance in the degraded and fragile eco-
system by trees and grasses
iv. Reduction in regional disparity between irrigated and rainfed areas
v. Creation of sustained employment opportunities for the rural
community including the landless
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NABARD PROJECTS
Watershed Development Projects implemented by NABARD has resulted in creation replicable models of participatory watershed development has helped in augmentation of natural resources and improvement in livelihood of watershed communities
Importance of Participatory Approach
Focused on the regeneration and equitable use of the resources in the particular environment on which the village depends for its needs
The people voluntarily must come together and accept full responsibility for regenerating their environment from concept to planning, implementation, supervision, maintenance of project measures and associated practices
To make the project sustainable, it is necessary for all the key actors, like the Watershed Community, NGOs, Banks, Government Institutions and Technical Service Organizations, to participate actively and in close coordination with each other
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MSSRF (Grameen Gyan Abhiyan) (M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation -1988)
• Six major thematic areas:
1) Coastal Systems Research- To achieve sustainable management of coastal
resources, such as cyclone, storm surges and tsunami in coastal zones
2) Biodiversity- To optimize conservation and livelihood benefits of the poor who
live in the ‘biodiversity hotspots’
3) Biotechnology- Genome Clubs in schools and conduct genetic literacy
programmes in rural areas for young men and women with a functional knowledge
of genetics 38 http://www.mssrf.org
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4) Ecotechnology- To extend the techniques of sustainable management of natural
resources, managed by the local community of farm women and men
5) Food Security- The Community Food grain Banks, Kitchen gardens, capacity
building of women farmers, to awareness creation on households' entitlements
relating to government schemes on food and nutrition
6) Information, Education and Communication- Village Resource Centres
(VRCs) and Village Knowledge Centres (VKCs), mainly provide need-based
locale-specific, demand driven information content
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MYRADA
• Established in 1968, MYRADA is a non-governmental
organization working for micro-credit initiatives and sustainable
development in Southern India
• Areas of Work
1. Rural credit systems
2. Organizations of women
3. Management of micro watersheds
4. Forestry
5. Resettlement
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Hanumantrao Committee Recommendations
Based on report of DPAP and DDP project, following
recommendations are made:
1. People's participation is must.
2. There must be coordination between line Departments.
3. Local people must involve in planning and
implementation.
Report of the Technical Committee on Drought prone Areas Programme and Desert Development Programme, April 1994.
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Districts with Environmental Degradation in an extreme form
Sl. No Districts Agricultural Practices
1 Shimoga, Mandya, Belgaumand Raichur
Excessive use of chemicals
2 Gulbarga, Raichur and Bijapur Excessive use of pesticides
3 All districts in the northeastern plain region
Soil Erosion
4 Districts in Central andWestern Ghat Region
Water Erosion
Department of Water Resources, GoK.
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Major Constraints
Community level conflicts
Evaluation of action impacts
Difficulties to access the sites
Lacking GIS expertise
Locals may be reluctant to challenge government recommendations
for fear of losing promised benefits
Partners are expecting too much from the activities taken up
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Research studies
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Research Study 1.SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND NATURAL RESOURCES IMPACT OF SUJALA WATERSHED
PROJECT IN KARNATAKA Govinda Gowda, V. and Sathish, A. (2011)
I. Land and Water
Study area Kolar, Tumkur, Chitradurga, Haveri & DharwadSample size 10% of the beneficiaries
Study objectives To study the unique approaches & interventions of SUJALA watershed
project. To study the resultant impact on the natural resource as well as on the socio-
economic life of the beneficiary farmers.
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Impact indicators Baseline Mid-term impacts
1. Household income Avg household income- Rs 10,036
Avg household income- Rs 16,790
2. Crop yields ------ Yield increased upto 6-15%
3. Ground water recharge
Bore well – 400ft (drill depth)Dug well - 45 ft
Bore well increase in level by 4-5 ftDug well increase in level by 1.2- 2 ftPeriod of availability increased by 2- 3 months
4. Milk, Fodder production
Fodder 50-80% dependent on others
Milk yield increased by 15-20%Fodder dependence decreased by 5-10%
5. Productivity of non-arable land
Percentage of land in low productivity (10-20%)
Productivity in non-arable lands increased by 5-10%
Mid-term Impact of 1st phase watershed interventions on Natural resource base and livelihoods
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Impact on water Resources due to ProjectInterventions in Phase-1
District % Nalas rejuvenated
% Borewells
rejuvenated
% Openwells
rejuvenated
Dharwad 44 52 25
Kolar 38 93 5
Chitradurga 81 75 79
Tumkur 51 76 39
Haveri 25 70 39
Average 48 73 37
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Research Study 2.IMPACT OF COMMUNITY BASED TANK MANAGEMENT PROJECT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC
STATUS OF BENEFICIERY FARMERS IN BIDAR DISTRICT
Savita (2008)
Study area Bidar district, Karnataka.Sample size N=150
Objectives of the study: To study the personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics of
beneficiary farmers. Impact of community based tank management project on socio-economic status of
beneficiary farmers.
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Impact of community based tank management project on socio-economic status of beneficiary farmers
Sl. No Variables Classification Before (%) After (%) Difference (%)
1 Occupation 1. Primary
2. Secondary
a. Agriculture b. Agril. laboura. Businessb. Service
90.6609.3414.0004.00
97.3402.6626.0004.00
06.66-06.6612.000
2 No of house owned
a. One houseb. Two house
100.000
100.0010.60
---10.66
3 Land holding a. Marginal farmersb. Small farmersc. Medium farmersd. Large farmers
10.6636.6633.3419.34
08.0030.6740.6720.66
-02.66-06.0007.3401.34
4 Source of irrigation a. Well b. Bore well c. Tank
23.3412.00 ---
42.0019.3404.00
18.6607.3404.00
5 Organizational participation
LowMediumHigh
64.0016.0020.00
22.0047.3430.66
-42.0031.3410.66
Contd…
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Sl . No Variables Classification Before (%) After (%) Difference(%)
6. Farm power
1. Bullocks
2. Power tiller3. Tractor 4. Sprayer 5. Duster
a. One pairb. Two pair
25.33 ---
---01.3430.0006.00
413405.34
01.3401.3441.3411.34
16.0005.34
01.34 ---11.3405.34
7. Material possession 1. Bullock cart
2. Radio 3. Television 4. Improved agril.
implements
a. One cartb. Two cart
a. 1-2b. 3-4c. 5-6
16.00 ---22.6612.6623.3408.6602.00
28.00 ---61.3325.3436.0013.3403.34
12.00 ---38.6612.6612.6604.6701.34
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Impact of community based tank management project on land productivity of beneficiary farmers
Crops Before (avg yield/acre)
After (avg yield/acre)
Difference (avg yield/acre)
Sugarcane 35 t/acre 40 t/acre 5 t/acre
Redgram 3.5 qt/acre 6 qt/acre 2.5qt/acre
Jowar 8 t/acre 13 qt/acre 5 qt/acre
Impact of community based tank management project on annual income of beneficiary farmers
Farmer category Avg annual income before (Rs)
Avg annual income after (Rs)
Difference (Rs)
Marginal farmers 8,000 17,000 9,000
Small farmers 13,000 26,000 13,000
Medium farmers 19,000 37,000 18,000
Large farmers 29,000 54,000 25,000
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SUCCESS STORIES
The five principles of Anna Hazare are
1. Nasbandi (restriction of family size)
2. Nashabandi (ban on alcohol)
3. Charaibandi (ban on free grazing)
4. Kurhabandi (ban on tree felling) and
5. Shramdan (donation of voluntary
labour for community welfare).
1. Model village- Ralegan Siddhi
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Impact of water conservation activities in Ralegan Siddhi
Sl no Particulars Village scenario before Village scenario after
1 Sowing area Only one crop (300-350 acres)
Two crops(1300 acres)
2 Migration All most half the villagers Completely stopped
3 Employment Go to near by villages in search of employment Hiring near by village labours
4 Milk production 300 lts/month 4,000 lts/month
5 Per capita income 250 Rs 2,500 Rs
VIDEO
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2. Pani Panchayat
"Pani Panchayat" is associate organisation of Gram Gaurav Prathisthan..
Pani Panchayat are committed to Sustainable Development of the Villages through equable distribution of water to all of its people in the village
Objectives : To achieve sustainable rural development. To identity local needs, local resources, local talents, local strength and
to integrate them. To carry out experiments for optimum use of natural resources like
water, land and solar energy. To develop cropping patterns agriculture cultivation methods and living
habits to suit available resources.
Services1. Community lift Irrigation schemes2. Assessment of water resources3. Organic Farming
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Community lift Irrigation schemes
Sr. No. Particular 2003-04 2004-05
1 No. of Schemes 4 23
2 No. of Villages 4 19
3 No. of Beneficiaries 20 148
4 Irrigated Area ( in Acre) 77.5 475
5 Total installed HP 21 166
6 Total Cost 286720 1033560
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CONCLUSION
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58 Thank you