communicationh91-100103052156-phpapp01

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COMMUNICATION: DEFINITIONCOMMUNICATION: DEFINITIONCommunication, the process of sharing ideas,information, and messages with others in a particulartime and place. Communication includes writing and

talking, as well as nonverbal communication (such asfacial expressions, body language, or gestures), visualcommunication (the use of images or pictures, suchas painting, photography, video, or film), andelectronic communication (telephone calls, electronic

mail, cable television, or satellite broadcasts).Communication is a vital part of personal life and isalso important in business, education, and any othersituation where people encounter each other.


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What is communication?What is communication?

y The transmission and reception of

information between a signaler and

receiver

(The Penguin Dictionary of Language by

David Crystal)


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CommunicationCommunication

The term refers to every kind of mutual

transmission of information, using signs

and symbols between living beings

(humans, animals), between people anddata processing machines

(Ruthledge Dictionary of Language and

Linguistics)


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Types of CommunicationTypes of Communication

A. Early MethodsB. Paper and PrintingC. Postal Services

D. TelegraphyE. TelephoneF. Radio

G. TelevisionH. Computers


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Animal CommunicationAnimal Communication

y Interaction between animals in whichinformation transmitted from one animal orgroup of animals affects the behavior of otheranimals. Animals typically exchange informationusing a signal, such as facial expression, sound,or touch.

y Communication between animals helps themcoordinate the vital functions of their lives

namely, gathering food and hunting, staking outterritory, caring for young, and defendingthemselves.


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COMPONENTS / ELEMENTSCOMPONENTS / ELEMENTS

OF LINGUISTICOF LINGUISTIC

COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

xINFORMATION GAP

xCHOICE

xFEEDBACK/ RESPONSE


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A B

INFORMATION GAP

RESPONSE/FEEDBACK

(VERBAL/NON-VERBAL)

BASED ONSITUATION

SETTINGROLERELATION

MOOD


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LanguageLanguageLanguage, the principal meansused by human beings to

communicate with one another.

Language is primarily spoken, but

it can also be transferred to

other media, such as writing

Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia


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COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGECOMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE

y Spoken human language is composed of soundsthat do not in themselves have meaning, butthat can be combined with other sounds tocreate entities that do have meaning.

y Language also is characterized by complexsyntax whereby elements, usually words, arecombined into more complex constructions,called phrases, and these constructions in turn

play a major role in the structures of sentences.


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Language SkillsLanguage Skills

y Listening Skills

y Speaking Skills

y

Reading SkillsyWriting Skills


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LISTENING PROCESSLISTENING PROCESS

DecodingProcess

OutputInput

Raw Data:SignificantnoiseInsignificantnoise,

gestures ,facialexpressions,etc.

Appropriateresponse:

Verbal /Non- verbal

Interpretationof discoursetaking accountof age, sex,topic, accent,setting, role,status, attitude,

degree ofsharedknowledge, etc.

Recognition:Selection ofSignificantItems atPhonologicalSyntacticalLexicalLevels

Short-termMemoryCapacity

Anticipation

CompletionCapacityLexicalSyntacticalRhetorical


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SPEAKING SKILLSSPEAKING SKILLS

What Where

When How

Why Whom

Speaker

Listener


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ReadingReading

Reading is an activity characterized by the

translation of symbols, or letters, into

words and sentences that have meaning

to the individual. The ultimate goal ofreading is to be able to understand

written material, to evaluate it, and to use

it for one's needs.


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WritingWriting

Writing is a method of human

intercommunication by means of arbitrary

visual marks forming a system.Writing

can be achieved in either limited or fullsystems, a full system being one that is

capable of expressing unambiguously any

concept that can be formulated inlanguage.


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Mechanics ofWritingMechanics ofWriting

y Punctuation

yWords: Spellings & Kinds ofWords

y Phrases

y Clauses

y Sentence

y Paragraph

y Composition


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TYPES OFWRITINGTYPES OFWRITING

yInformalWriting

yFormalWriting


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Benefits, sevenBenefits, seven cscs, Theories,, Theories,

BarriersBarriers

NonNon--Verbal communicationVerbal communicationMr. Saboor


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Communication SkillsCommunication Skills::

1. Importance

2. Benefits

3. Seven cs

4. Theories

5. Barriers


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NonNon--Verbal communication:Verbal communication:

y Definition

y Classification

y Comparison with Verbal Communication

y Functions

y How to Improve non verbal

communication?


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WHY COMMUNICATIONWHY COMMUNICATION

SKILLS ARE SO IMPORTANT ?SKILLS ARE SO IMPORTANT ?

y The purpose of communication is to getyour message across to others clearly andunambiguously.

y You convey your ideas and thoughtseffectively.

y Communication skills, including writtenand oral presentation, as well as an abilityto work with others, are the main factorscontributing to job success.


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y The inability to communicate makes it nearlyimpossible for the students to competeeffectively in the workplace, and stands inthe way of career progression.

y Getting your message across is paramountto progressing. To do this, you mustunderstand what your message is, whataudience you are sending it to, and how it

will be perceived. You must also weigh-in thecircumstances surrounding yourcommunication, such as situational andcultural context.


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Good communication basically hasGood communication basically has

following effects:following effects:

y Leads to personal effectiveness

y Assists in developing networking abilities

y Helps in developing collaborative skills with people around

y Influences, motivates & persuades people for improvingperformance

y Creates better inter personal relations

y Builds better understanding between people at differentlevels in an organization

y Creates an understanding about the need to change

y Helps reduce resistance to change

y Helps defuse or minimize conflictsy Improves substantially listening ability


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BENEFITS OF EFFECTIVEBENEFITS OF EFFECTIVE

COMMUNICATION:COMMUNICATION:

y Gives you happiness :Effective communicationskills make you happier by having joyousrelationships, reduces anger of both partiestalking, correctly expresses yourself, and other

reasons.y Makes you attractive :Communication goes way

beyond verbal and non-verbal language. It is alsothe self development aspects such as confidence

that create effective communication.Communication is what makes you interesting, itlets you connect with people and buildfriendships.


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y You become intimate :Goodcommunication of course because it is theonly bridge between a relationship.

Intimacy is about both people being openin a relationship.

y Increased popularity : Effectivecommunication can definitely make you

popular amongst others because youlearn to manage your emotions andthoughts to control stressful experiences.


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y Self control :By developing selfunderstanding (very important part incommunication) you develop self control.Controlling yourself isnt limited to stoppingyourself from doing actions, but it alsocontrols you to do the right things.

y Understand others : By using effective

communication you learn to read anotherpersons emotions, understand anotherpersons emotions, and communicate aboutanother persons emotions.


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y Understand yourself : There are an

abundance of further benefits to effective

communication such as anger

management, increased likelihood ofreceiving a job promotion, more

persuasion, better leadership skills, and

the list goes on.


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SEVEN Cs OF EFFECTIVESEVEN Cs OF EFFECTIVE

COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

Although technology has changed, the

essential elements of good

communication have not changed. For

effective and powerful communication, 7Cs of communication have to be

considered which are as follows:


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1.1. COMPLETENESSCOMPLETENESS

y A complete message contains all the facts and/orpertinent questions a listener, viewer, or readerneeds for a communicator to achieve the desiredresults.

y A complete message which includes all theessential components is more likely to motivatethe receiver than a message that is vague orobscure. Completeness involves the quality of the

message in terms of substance, style and deliveryof the message with a clear understanding of thelikely reaction of the recipient for appropriatereaction.


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BENEFITS OFBENEFITS OF

COMPLETENESS:COMPLETENESS:

y Complete Messages are more likely to

bring desired response.

y They can do a better job of building

Goodwill

y Complete messages are likely to avert

costly lawsuits.


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2.2. CONCISENESSCONCISENESS

y The communication has to be concise and

hence all redundant words and

terminology has to be avoided for

effectiveness. Conciseness is based onrelevant words and phrases only.

y It includes all of the necessary facts and

ideas in the fewest possible words,without sacrificing meaning or artistry.


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BENEFITS OFBENEFITS OF

CONCISENESS:CONCISENESS:

y It saves time and expenses for both the

sender and the receiver.

y By eliminating unnecessary words you let

important ideas stand out.

yWhen combined with YOU ATTITUDE

the concise messages are more

interesting to the recipients.


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3.3. CONSIDERATECONSIDERATE

y Consideration implies assignment of dueimportance to the knowledge, level ofunderstanding, purpose and feelings ofrecipient. Consideration helps build a quick

rapport and improves efficacy of thecommunication.y Be considerate and sensitive to the

communication needs of your recipient.y

Handle matters from his/her point of view.y Emphasize positive facts and keep you

instead of I in mind.


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4.4. CONCRETENESSCONCRETENESS

y Concrete communication is definite, specific,and vivid rather than general or vague.Whenever possible, exact words and figuresshould be used rather than general words, asgeneral words may have different meaningsfor the sender than for the receiver of thecommunication. Strong verbs in the activevoice help make sentences definite.Concrete rather than abstract nouns andwell-chosen modifiers can make messagesvivid and forceful.


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BENEFITS OF BEINGBENEFITS OF BEING

CONCRETECONCRETEy Your reader knows exactly what isrequired or desired.

yWhen your approach is concrete, the

reader interprets the message in the wayyou intend.

y Concrete messages are clear, dynamic and

vivid.


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5.5.CLARITYCLARITY

y Effective communication depends on the choiceof right words, simple and precise terminology toexpress ideas. This choice is based on a correctidea of the recipient in terms of knowledge level

and understanding of the issue at hand. Clearexpression removes ambiguity and improvesclarity. To improve clarity one has to avoid:

y Usage of camouflaged words

y Usage of long, convoluted, bureaucratic styley Usage of clichs

y Usage of unfamiliar words


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6.6.COURTESYCOURTESY

y There is no area that irks clients more

than a lack of common courtesy.

y A good rule of thumb is to treat your

clients' time as if it is as valuable as yourown. Start meetings on time. Hold your

calls during client meetings. If you have to

take a call, never take it in front of theclient. Excuse yourself and take the call in

another room.


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7.7. CORRECT NESSCORRECT NESS

y Correctness in communication refers to

use of the appropriate level of language

(formal or informal), the employment of

acceptable writing mechanics and usagepractices, and the selection of language

and expressions that are not

discriminatory. Correctness also refers toaccuracy. Information which is

communicated needs to be as up to date

and accurate as possible.


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THEORIES INTHEORIES IN

COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATIONHuman communication permeates the human

condition. Human communication surrounds usand is an in-built aspect of everything human

beings are and do. That makes any effort toexplain, predict, or to some extent controlhuman communication a pretty big order. Howdoes one get a handle on the totality of humancommunication?

- Frank Dance


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Major Theories inMajor Theories in

CommunicationCommunicationy Mechanistic Theory

y Psychological Theory

y Social Constructionist Theory

y Systemic Theory

y Critical Theory


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Mechanistic TheoryMechanistic Theory

This view considers communication as a

perfect transaction of a message from the

sender to the receiver.


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Psychological TheoryPsychological Theory

This view considers communication as the

act of sending a message to a receiver, and

the feelings and thoughts of the receiver

upon interpreting the message.


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Social Constructionist TheorySocial Constructionist Theory

(Symbolic Interactionist): This view

considers communication to be the

product of the interactants sharing and

creating meaning.


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Systemic TheorySystemic Theory

This view considers communication to be

the new messages created via through-

put, or what happens as the message is

being interpreted and re-interpreted as ittravels through people.


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Critical TheoryCritical Theory

This view considers communication as a

source of power and oppression of

individuals and social groups.


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BarriersBarriers to communicationto communication

y Language Barriers

y Semantic Barriers

y Organizational Barriers

y Physical Barriers

y Psychological Barriers (on the part of

listener)

y Listening Barriers


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Semantic BarriersSemantic Barriers

y Poor Vocabulary.

y Poor Know-how of Grammar and

punctuation.

y Roundabout Verbiage.


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Psychological Barriers (on the part ofPsychological Barriers (on the part of

listener)listener)

y Pressure

y Mood

y Shyness

y Fear

y Enforced Attendance

y Know-it-all

y Too old to learn

y Perceptual Barriers

y Past experiencey Hidden agenda

y Stereo types


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Other barriers to ListeningOther barriers to Listening

y Hearing difficulties and seating position.

y Speed of thought, being ahead of the speaker.

y Speaker's apparent experience (or lack of it).

y Different views from speaker's.

y Internal environmental distractions.

y External distractions.y Not interested in subject (and determined not to be).

y Only present because of being sent.

y Wanting to hear only what you want to hear.

y Assuming what is being said.

y

Emotive words and phrases ("with respect," etc.).y Daydreaming.

y Other things on your mind.

y Tiredness.

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