. . : 2014 2 32.019.5 76.006.5 56 : , . . ( ) 56 . . :-:/.. ;.. . . -. , 2014. 227 c. ISBN 978-5-7944-2357-0

-, - . -,, , . ,,,- -,-. 32.019.5 76.006.5 ISBN 978-5-7944-2357-0 .., 2014 , 2014 3 .........................................................5 I. 1. .............6 2. .................12 3. .......................................17 4. ..............................21 5. .........34 6. ..........43 7. ..........................50 II. 8. ..................................................58 9. ................65 10. ......................................72 11. .........79 12. .....89 III. 13. .......................................................................97 14. ..............110 15. ...................126 16. ....................139 IV. 17. .....................151 18. ...................169 19. -..............181 .190 .........................................192 4 , , -,-, ,- , ., ,,- , , . PR-(-2007),- ( 2007), - ( 2008), - - ( 2007-2009). . http://vk.com/nikolaiponomarev aprioripr@gmail.com . (912) 789-6799 5 .- - , , -[2001:108] '' , ,-(?)- . , '-' , - . ,-,,- ( -) , . - ,-,-,.-, , , . 6 I 1 ---- . (1),- (2), (3), - (4), (5), - (6). ' ' [Dombos et al. 2012] -,- . , ,-, .-,- . -('',' ', ' ', '', '' ..). , , -, . -'',''- , . (- ' , ' (. effectiveness) , (. efficiency) [Steyn 2002]) : 71.: ; 2.:,-,- ; 3.: -; 4.:- -; 5.: - ; 6.:,-(),, -; 7.: - ; 8.: , (,, , , ..); 9.:,- ; 10. :,-- . - , . ,- , - . , , , , 8 : , , , , , [Wildavsky 1971: 139]. -, , - . -, , . . ,- , - .. , -,() .(.public accountability) . -, . -, , , . -,, - . , -: , ,- .- , - [Schneider, Ingram 1993: 336]. --9 , - [Freeman 1994] - . -:(), ( ), ( -) ( ). ,-[Thompson1980: 907]. ' ' [Ibid]: ,, [Ibid:905]. ,--[Bovens 2004: 9]. , ,..- . -,- ' ' [Heclo 1978] - , -, . , - - . -'': ? [Bovens 2004: 6]. (-,) , -.,:, , ., [Ibid: 16]. 10 - : , - , : - , , - , . , , , : - [Behn 2001: 3]. , -,, ,-[Weaver1986:390]. ''[Ibid] . , -, . --(,, '',,), , . ,, - : -''-,, '-',. , - , [Thompson 1980: 907]. -- , - . ,- - . ,-11 , -,,,-, [- 2003: 38]. , -, ,''(.mediapolitics) [Zaller 1999]. ,-, . . , , . 12 2 , , , - , ,,-[Dryzek2009: 1391,1381-1382].-(),- [ 1993: 323]. , ,-.,-..,,, - [Suchman 1995: 575-576]. ,- : [-] . - [, ] , - [Hybels 1995: 243]. , ,, -.,-,[Suchman1995:594],, -:-,,- , , [Ibid: 574]. ( ), ( 13)(- ). , '-'(1),''(2)(3)'', . , , -,. ' ' [Sethi 1979], - , . -- - . , - - : , -,-- [Deephouse, Suchman 2008: 61]. - [, 1995: 169]. , -,,,, ,-,- [Dahl 1965: 19]. ,,,- , . , -,:- , , , - , , [2010:371]. : , , , , . ,-14 , -,, [March, Olsen 2005: 12-13]. ,, ,-, [Vaara, Tienari, Laurila 2006]. [Suchman 1995] : - , . , : ,- , , -[Suchman1995:597].-, , ' ' [Hood et al. 2007], : ; ; ; ; . '' [Bovens,'tHart1996]., , .. , - , - , , [Bovenset.al1999]. :,- , , . 15 [Ibid: 123]. , . - - : '' ( - '', '', '' '') - ['tHart1993]., . ,''[vanLeeuwen, Wodak1999]:-- ,-., ,,,- ., -,,,,- [Vaara, Tienari, Laurila 2006: 793]. , ,-,: ,- [van Ruler, Veri 2003: 16]. '-';- , ; ;'' ;;- . , .. . . -, : (''),- ( ). -- ' ' '. 16-,-[Vaara,Tienari,Laurila 2006:804-805],- . -, , , - [Larsson 2009: 145]. - , - . -,-( ),- , -:,-, ,. ,,, -[Hall1993:290].-,-: , , , , . , - . . 17 3 [Chiari,Nuzzo 1996] , -.--, - , - : , , [Burr 1995: 4]. '',- : ,,-,[Korzybski 1933: 58]. [1994], -,, . () .- -.() . -: , -[ 2001]., , , , , , , - . ,, :, ( ) , , , , .. 18,: , [Bourdieu 1972: 182]. ()-, , , . [ 1994]. [ 1992] - , , , : ,,, . - , ,- [Jodelet 1990: 361-362]. , . ,(-) . '' (,,), ,. ,-, , - . - . [Kelly1955/1991] , -. , . , -[Kelly1955/1991:9].-, , -, 19 [ 2000: 25]. [2001] , .-( '', '', ''). - . [,1995], ' ' -,,-[ 1996: 110]. - ,:- , -, - , : , , [ 2000: 151]. , - . , -/ . -. ,, -,,[Delia,Grossberg1977:36]. , -,, [ 2000: 55]. [1985]- : -, [,2004: 2021]., , , -. , -.-, .-, , .- - , . ,'' [Watzlawick1977]: . , , -,- , , [Ibid:xi]. '','', ,,[Ibid:223].- , - [ibid: 225], ,, [Ibid: 62]. , - , - . 21 4 , - , , . -, , :,- . , -. [Kingdon 1984: 99]. : , --, . -,- [Blumer 1971: 298, 301]. ,-,,, , , ,- [Stone 1988: 156]. ''[Downs1972] . (1) (2), ,-,-.(3):- , , -.(4) : , ,:,-22 . (5) , - [ ], ,-[Ibid 1972: 29-31]. - ' ' '' . ' ' [Neuman 1990] -S-, :1.''- , (, );2.'' (,'-');3.'' (, ); 4.'' - (, ). ' ' [Kingdon 1984] : 1. , 2. ,3. ,,4. . - (, ), (, ) ( -)'-':. , , -, [Ibid: 93]. : () (); '' ; [Watzlawick 1985: 93]. ' -'[Kingdon1984](''[Sabatier1988],'-'[Snare1995],''[Williams2002]), (,- , , , , ) . ''-- : ' ', ,,,-23'': ,, [Kingdon1984].-,- ,-,, [Mintrom 2000]. -[Roberts,King1991].-,,-,, ( ). '-', . ' ', ,'', , , .- , - , . , , , , . -, , -, , , [Kingdon 1984: 174]. -, (. problem definition), -:''- . ,., , '' , . 24,, ,[Ibid1984: 174].,,,- , , - [Ibid 1984: 15]. -,:, -,,,- : , , [Ibid: 21]. - - , : - , , , , [Ibid: 96]. , ,-,''-[Verduijn,Ploegmakers,Meijerink2011].- , . ''[Hilgartner,Bosk1988]'-', . , ,,,-.,,,, , , , ,, . - , ' '; , -;. , -, 25 . -,,,- , , , [Ibid: 57]. . , , . - . ,-, . - , - , : ,,-,-.,-(..) [Ibid 1988: 56]. , -''- . , - , - . , : , - , -,: , -;-; ; ; . []., [Ibid1988]. 26:- , , ;, ;-, ; ; ; ; , . -, -, , -:,- . -,,'-',,,- [Ibid 1988]. , - , : ,[Blumer1971:300]. , , : , - , - . - , - [Ibid: 301]. - 27[Schn1979:261],: , ;-[Stone1988:106], ,, [Ibid: 116]. -,: ,-,,[Foucault 1980:93]. , , - . ' ' [Hall 1982], , , ., [Wodak, Meyer 2009]. ,,, , - ,: ,, , , -, [ 2005: 229]. : , , --[1996:69]. : ,,-[vanDijk1993:254].:-,,,,-(), , [Ibid: 256]. 28 , , , [Lester,Stewart1996].( ) , ,, : ,,-,- . , - , - [Hayes 2008: 135]. ,-, [Cobb, Elder1972:172](, , [Fairclough2005]).: . -., , , [Campbell 1996: 3]. : sine qua non -,,- [Stone 1989: 281]. , '' - , , - . , , ' ' [Gotsbachner 2010: 1]., ()(.. )-:- 29 , [Birkland 2004: 180]. ''[Sniderman,Bullock2004], ,- , -. -,-: . - , . , , , -.,,- , [Ibid: 338]. . , -,,-, , -, [, 2008: 5]. :,- ; , , . ,,,-, [Schattschneider1975:68].:--, [Reich 1988: 5]. - : .,-,,, , -[Denton,Woodward1985:42]. , 30,,, [, 2000: 18]. : [], [Eustis2000]. ,,-[Stone1988: 106]. ,, , , , -[Halletal.1978:59].:,-, ,. [Leechetal. 2002].,[-][Weick1995:35],.. [Mintzberg,Ahlstrand, Lampel1998].- , - . , , -,, :- , ,-...,, ,,-. , -,[Baumgartner,Mahoney 2008: 435]. : , - ,'' 31,'',, ,'' [Ibid: 435]. , , -,- [Coburn 2006: 343-344]. : - , --,,. -.,,,, , -,,.- , - . [Weiss 1989: 97].:,, , ., - . , -, [Ibid: 98]. : , ,,.-[Stone1988:231].-,-- : ( ) -... , , , / [Schiappa 2003: 155-156]. 32 [Baumgartner, Jones1993].-,- [McBethetal.2007:91].' '[Nie2003], ' ' [Rittel, Webber 1973] . (,,,,-)'' [Walton 2005], : ,-.-,.. ,.- - [Macagno 2009: 81]. : -, ,- , , [Schiappa 2003: 116]. -:- . , , -, [Weiss 1989: 98]. -:-,(), [Primm, Clark 1996: 9]. : , - . , ; , , , -,[Rochefort,Cobb1994: 3327].,- , . , , -- . 34 5 ' -':, .-. [Weiss1989:118].''(.issue), , [Cobb, Elder 1972: 14]. : (.. - ), , [Hayes2008:135]. : - , ;-,[Cobb, Ross 1997: 3-4]. , -: ---,- , , , - [Baumgartner, Jones 1993: 28-29]. ''[Cobb,Elder1971]-''[McCombs,Shaw1972], , ,:- , - , , . , , -,-.- , -35 , -,,- [Birkland 2004: 180]. / -, ( ).- ( ),- , [Luhmann 1971a: 13]. /-,,,- . ,(-) .''''-:. ,[] ...,-.- , , : , -,,.. [Walgrave, Soroka, Nuytemans 2008: 818]. ' -'[Pritchard,Berkowitz1993],- , ' ' [Kingdon 1984] , . ,' '.,- :1.-,..- . 2. ,- . 363.- : ' ' ' '. 4.- . , - (-,,,--) , - . - . '',- , , . '',- , - . ' ', -,- , , .- , . ,. , ' ' [Schiappa 2003], (- '') [Zarefsky 2006] (x P , x / ): , -- . , , - [Schiappa 2003: 32]. 37 . ' ' --,, : , , -, . , . - , [Cobb,Ross,Ross1976]. ''() ,, . -,'-' '' , , ( ) ''.:-- .,- . - ,,[Cobb,El-der 1971]. : , [Ibid]. , , - . - , ,- [Cobb, Ross, Ross 1976]. 38,- . 1.''[Cobb,Elder1972] ,- , , - ,, . , .-, ,,-,, -[Milne2011].-- '' . 2.'',- , , , . 3.- , : -: [Cobb, Elder 1971]; ; -; - - ; , - . 4.-39 . 5.:-, ,- [Cobb, Elder 1972]. 6. , - [Protess et al. 1987]. -, . 7. ( ) . -: X - , Y, , - X. - , - X [Connolly 1972]. 8.''(.porkbarrel)[Ellwood,Patashnik 1993]., - . - , - ., - - . -, .,'' ,- [Mayhew 1974]. 9. , . 10.- . 11.,- - . 4012. . 13. ( ' '). , , , ( ),-: ,-, , , . . , - - [] . , - [Cobb, Elder 1972: 150]. - , . - , -. ,, ,,. - [Kepplinger 2007: 14]. , - . -,, - . , - [ 2007] . , ' -' 41 , . . -- , ,-.- -,- , . --( )/ - . ''[Choi2004], , . ,- . , -,/ , .,-, (' ' [Shaw, McCombs 1977]). -:,-,; ,,- , , - , . , ., ,,,, [Kingdon 1984: 61-62], 42 : --,- [Davis 2002: 175]. , , - . 43 6 (, ,,) : , -, , , ,- , , - [Hall 1993: 279]. ,,- [Hajer 1995: 264]. -,,-, ,, . -, ,-, , , [Hall1993:291].-, , . (. policy discourse) -,,, , -, ,[Rein,Schn1993: 145]. - [Schmidt, Radaelli 2004]. 44 , --,,- :- , : , , , [March, Olsen 2005: 4]. ,.. [Streeck,Thelen2005:9].- , - . ,- , - -. :, , - , , , , [Krasner 1984: 228]. , : , , -, -. . - [Rein, Schn 1993: 156-157]. , -,.. [Jepperson 1991: 145]. :'' ,-45 -- . ,,- [Hall, Taylor 1996]. . -: (1),(2), (3)(-) (4). ' ' [Hall, Taylor 1996] -,,- , , . , . - (. choice-agenda), -.-,, . , , . ' ' [Oliver 1997],-,,- . -,- . , , .,- , - . , -(), ''(.logicofcalculation)[Thelen,Steinmo 1992: 7]. [Meyer,Rowan1977; Zucker1977;Meyer,Scott1983], 46, ,, , -.-, , -:-, -.,, ,-. ,,-[Swidler1986:277].:-,- , -, [Ibid: 284].- , , , [Ibid: 274]. ,''(.logicofappropriateness)[March,Olsen 1989] , . , -'':-(, ).-., , -[Bchtiger, Hangartner 2007]. , -: -,., , [ ] - ()- [Scott 2008]. : , , ' ' (),;,-47 , , - [] . -[](),- [Shepsle 2008: 24]. [Hall1993]- , , - , . ' -'''(.calculuslogics)[Hay2008], ''(.pathdependence)' ' (. punctuated equilibrium). , ,, [Pierson 2000]. , - , -, . -,-,,,- , , - . -,, (, ). -, -,- . , . -,-:-,., , -... [Campbell 2004: 1]. - -,(,-48 , -) [Campbell 2009]. [Thelen,Steinmo1992], - , -:,, ''- [Baumgartner, Jones 1993: 10].''(.focusingevent)[Cobb,Elder1972] , ( -) -,[Birk-land 1998]. -,--[Tewksburyetal.2000]. - , -., , , , - . - -.'-'-, ' ' [Wolfsfeld 2001], - : , , , - [Wolfe, Jones, Baumgartner 2013: 180]. :-,,-, , () -49 . , -,.- [March, Olsen 2008: 12]. , , - ' '. 50 7 ''[Hay2006]-,, ( ), ,- , , -, . , -(-)., ,,-[Potter,Hepburn2008]: :,,- . ,,- - [Fairclough, Wodak 1997: 258]. :,- , , '', ' ' - [Burr 1995: 34]. , - , -, [Fischer, Gottweis 2012: 11]. ,,, ,,.., [Hajer 2006: 67]. -,- : , - , : - , , , , , , [Burr 1995: 34]. ' ', -, 51,,-.- , , - . ''(.rhetoricalentrapment) [Schimmelfennig2001]:,-,- , [Schmidt 2008]. : , , '', ,, ... -. - [Schmidt 2008: 312]. , [Jones 2009]. ' ' [Hajer 1993], ''-,, . -,-, . -. ,,-, [Schmidt 2012: 14]. : :-- ; :,- 52; :- . , , - , : , - , [Entman, Herbst 2001: 208]. ''(.advocacycoalitionframework) [Sabatier 1988] , -,- , ,- . , , --,-,-. , - , . - ,. ,, , , - [Moore, Wood 2002]. (. advocacy), ---.--[]- , - [Lawrence, Suddaby 2006: 221-222]. - , . ,,-,,-. 53 , , . [Schmidt2002] , . , , -(,)-,,,, [Hope2011].,-,, . - , ,: ,- ( ), , -(), [Schmidt,Monnet2010:14].-,'',' ' ' '. ,- [Schmidt 2008]. I(.policysphere)-- (, , , -).II(.politicalsphere) -(,,- ). ,-. , , -.,- -,,, . 54 , - ( ) ( ). , , . -,, , - . - , , . . , - ( ) ., , , , ' ' [Schmidt 2002: 220]. ,- , -:- , , , - , , [Rein, Schn 1994]. , -,'',,,-,,,,'-',,, , , , . ,,-, [Schmidt2012:16]. , ,.- , , 55[Schmidt2008:309]. -, . -,,,, , , - , .-,, . I (. policy elites) , -II(.politicalelites).- II -(.masterdiscourse).- .I-,-,,-., - II, - I. ,-''[Haas 1992],c -- (.. - ); ' ' [Kingdon 1984], - -,''[Heclo1978], , . , -:-, ,, , ,,- . , -56 , , - [Fischer, Gottweis 2012: 17]. - , - , [Powell, Colyvas 2008]. . , -,,- : -,- [Scott 2001: 75]. , -, , -[Emirbayer,Mische1998:966]. ,, [Powell,Colyvas 2008: 276]., - , - . - , , , . - ,- ., ( )- - (-). , - - [Roe 1994: 2]. 57, - . - . 58 II 8 :- , , - . , ,., , , - , , , , , -[--2003:120].:-,-(). ,(- ) -, '' [Polkinghorne 1992: 150]. , , , :,,, , , -[1998:32].- -,,,,: (- ), , -,,[Rumelhart1980:33]. , , [Rumelhart, Norman 1978]. '': -, , , -. , .. , -''[2010:492]. 59,- : '-', .'' , . '', - . , [-, 2010: 141]. '' -, :-.--, [ 2010: 511]. '', , [D'Andrade 1984: 110].,-, : ,[] ,[]-.- - . '' - , ,, ,- ' ', '' [Meppem 2000: 48].,-, [Ibid: 49], - , ; -,,- , , - [Boesch 1991: 29]. ,, , -60: ,,, , , . -:,,,-., :,, ,[1997:13-14].,-:- [Boesch1991:29].,- [ 2010: 518], , , , , ,,,- [Taylor 1987: 53]. -''(.interpretativerepertoire)[Potter, Wetherell1987]:, ,-. ,- . - , - [Wetherell, Potter 1988: 172]. , -:- , [Edley 2001:198].: , , ,--[Burr1995:81]. ,,, , [Ibid: 81-82]. 61 ( , , ), . -, ,/.-, (.. ),,,: ,,, , [Gamson 1988: 170]. ,( ,)-- , , . , ,-. ,, ,, [Tannen 1999: 115]. :- ; , '' '- ' ''. ,- , , , , - , , , . -, (.schema-triggered affect) [Fiske 1982]: . , , , , , , , , - [Russell 1971: 188]. , , , . -,-,,,,- [van Gorp 2007]. -, -62 , [Delia, O'Keefe, O'Keefe 1982]. -,, ,,- [ 1998: 44, 63]. '',- . 1. '', '', '', '- ': , ,,- . , , , [Donati 1992: 141]. , , : ,,--[Reese2001:11],, . 2., [van Atteveldt 2008]. 3. (' ', '-'),:-/ /[, 2011:94-95]. - [Friedland, Zhong 1996: 13]. 4. ' ' [Gamson, Lasch 1981], -. ''(, ,,) (, ).-, ' ' [van Gorp 2007], - 63 . 5. [Bateson 1972] , - , ' \ -.'', , . 6. -, ( ) , -'' [Minsky1977].- , , . :, - , (),, ,-. [ 1979: 7]. 7., ,, : , -,-...[Goffman 1974: 10f]. 8., -,,[Benford1997:417]., ...[ ] , - [Ibid.: 416]. 9., 64. [Kahneman,Tversky1979], -,-- , , -,. ,,- . ,- , . '' () , -,, . ,- , - . 65 9 ,-''[Fauconnier,Turner2002](' '[Doleel1979])''[Roskos-Ewoldsen et. al 2009] , -''-(,,).- , , .-. , . . [, 1976; Minsky 1980] - - , : ,,, , () - [Cole 1996: 134]. , , ,-:-,,,- [Nelson 1981: 101]. , : ,, [Nelson 1986: 12]. '-'[1990] , ,,- , : - () , , -, . -66[2010:520-521]. , (,),-:,, -, , ,,, [Herman 2012]. , - : , - , ,-. ,, [Kreiswirth1995: 62]. : - , , -.,-, - [Eilbert, Hicinbothom 2006: 632]. ' ' [Fauconnier, Turner 1994] ('-'): - , [ ] [Coulson, Fauconnier 1999: 2]. -:,'' (). -, . , - , , , , -,[Coulson,Oakley2000]. 67, ,,- .. [Fauconnier, Turner 1998]. - ( , - ) [Coulson, Fauconnier 1999] - [Fauconnier, Turner 1998]. ,-,,-[Fauconnier,Turner1996]., -,,-.,- . ''[Lakff, Jhnsn 1980],-- . --(..-, ) - (.. ): , , -,. , , -, [, 2008: 185]. -() , -,: , . , [ : 181]. - -,(..--) : , .'' ;'-'-;'';'' ..[Hirsch,Andrews1983:149].: 68, , , - . '', , -,[, 2008:185](..-).-: , , , - , - [ : 186]. -- . -''[Merton1968]: , . , -[, 2008:184].: ,-, [:176]. ,- -. - - - .- ., '' [Powell, Colyvas 2008]. [Black1962],- , -,:, , [1990:167].,- : , , - . , 69 , - . , ?-,,''-[: 165].:-,,- , -,-. , ,,[Edelman 1971: 67]. - , -,, [ 1988: 291-292]. , , .. , - . -,., , ,-: , , , - [ 1990: 167]. -,.-,-.-,,- ( - ) , , - [ : 168]. -,, 70 , , [ 2001]. : , -,[1990:166].- , , ( -)[,1994: 20]. , -,- : , [ 2007: 87]. -, , ,,, - , , - [White 1978: 91]. - [ 1990: 159]: , , (-), , - [ 2007: 86-87]. [Schn 1979] , -'', , . - : - . , - [Stone 1988: 118]. -, [Bronowski 1972: 108-109]. , , :, -, 71.( ) [Docherty 2004: 847-848]. ,, ()-,-,- . 72 10 , '',,-,,..- '-','''-'. ' ' , .''-(), ()( ), ( ), ( ) [Dascal 2009: 40]. . '',- , -;, (-). , , , -,- , ( ) - . ,- , , -, [Mintzberg, Raisinghani, Theoret 1976]. , - , - [Kahneman, Tversky 1979]. ' ' [Arrow 1951], --, , .. . ''(.boundedra-tionality) [March, Simon 1958], - , 73,,,-,-., , .. . -, : , ; '' '-'; ; ; . : ,, [Simon1985:302].,-, , [Simon 1947: 241]. - , [Fiske, Taylor 1991]. - ( / ) - ( / ) [Petty, Cacioppo 1981; Chaiken, Liberman,Eagly1989]. (),- . , - . , (1) (2),-(3) (4),, [Todo-rov, Chaiken, Henderson 2002]. ,,, 74-,- [Donohew, Lorch, Palmgreen 1991]. , , . -,- [Booth-Butterfield, Welbourne 2002]. ,-, [Todorov, Chaiken, Henderson 2002]. --:- , - [Sniderman, Brody, Tetlock 1991: 19]. (-), ([Byrne1971]),- - . , ' ', ''[Braverman2008]''(. celebrityendorsement)[Basil1996],- [Ryan 1986], ' ', , [French, Raven 1959]. ' ', -, , , [ ] [Farrell, Rabin 1996: 116]. :- , - . [Braverman 2008]. ,, .:- , [Weaver et al. 2007: 822]. -,, 75 (, - ). ,[Zajonc1968]., , ,-[Gilbert, Wilson 2000: 183]. ' ' (. satisficing) [Simon 1947]: , ,, , -,''., ,,-,,-.- , (.. ). ''[Caplan1999], -.,- , -,.- , -, , -().' ', , , -,'-',, . ''[Downs1957],- , , , , , , :, , , -,- 76,-,[Ibid: 147-148].''[Fiske, Taylor1991],- , ' '.,, , [Somin 2010: 254]. ''[Popkin1994] ,()- ,, , . , [Kuklinski, Quirk 2000: 24]. ,-,, . , : ., ,. , ; -,[Ibid:24]. -,, , , [Kuklinski, Quirk 2000: 39]. -'' , 77 , , , [Fischer, Gottweis 2012: 2-3]. ' ': - - - , [Ibid:11-12].,-,,-, .,-,,- : , -, - (, -,..)[Ibid: 9]. [Cappellaetal.2002] '' '' : '' , -[Cappellaetal.2002:77]., ,[Perel-man 1982:132]. , ,-,( ) . , ,('-')[2007],- , - : , , , , -.- [Simons 1974: 174]. :- -,, . , -78.- [ 2001: 125]. , , , -, , , -,-,, [Elsbach2001:5].-:,,,-,.,-, -,- [Ibid: 11]. , , . , ,(),- , . 79 11 , - - , - , -,, ,,[Perelman 1982]. - . -,,-,, '',- . ,,-, [Morley 1987]. , - , , [Mendelberg 2002]. ''[Taber,Lodge2006], , , ,, . '',.., ,-,,, [McGuire 1964: 201]. ,[Kuklinski,Quirk 2000].'' , [Wiktorowicz,Kaltenhaler2006:299].,' ',-,,,[Brym,Hamlin 802009].,, : , , , -,,,- , , [Chinn, Brewer 1993]. ''-(), . , [Billig1987], , .-: , , ,.- ' ', ,- [Burr 1995: 97]. , -,, [Setl 2009]. , , - [Vatz 1973: 157]. :-,- , , , [Bitzer 1968: 4]. -,- , ''., ,-/,/,/-, / , / -.(-, , ) , ,- . 81(-),( ), ( '' -). : , - ,,- [Ibid: 11]. -, , . , : , ; , ; - , ; , ; , ; ,, ; , , ; ,-,:- -, . '', : 82- ( ) '', - ; - ; A - , C D; -, . -,,,,,-,,,-,[Cline2009]:[] ,, , , - -. , , -,[Bitzer1968:5]. , ' ': , [Ibid:10-11].: - . - : - , [Ibid: 12-13]. - , , : - , , ,: [Bitzer 1968: 13]. ''[Spector, Kitsuse 1987], . 83 , - . , -, - . '- ', , , . , - (' '): '', '', '', '', ' '. ' ', : -,, [Neuenschwander2008].-[Lynxwiler,DeCorte1995]:'-','','','-', ' ', ' '. ,- ' -'. , ' ' , ; ' ' . [Gamson, Meyer 1996] - -.'' [Snowetal. 1986], ' ' , [Benford, Snow 2000]. [Ibarra,Kitsuse1993]- - : :, , ; ; ,- ; -84, ; ( , ); ( , -); ,-,,- ; : ; :'-' ; : ; : ; :, . . ,-, , , , . , , -- , [Chambers 2009: 341-342, 345]. ' ' (. political pandering)[1995]:, .[], , , , , [Chambers 2009: 343]. : , , , - 85 [Jacobs,Shapiro2000:7]. , ,, (' '). '-' , , : , , - , [Thompson 1980]. , :- , - [Bovens et. al. 1999: 125]. , '-'[Blow-Moller2009], , : , - [Coombs et al. 2010: 338]. -''[Weaver1986],''[Scott,Lyman 1968;Thompson1980;Weaver1986;Bradford,Garrett1995;Bovenset.al.1999; Coombs1999;Hoodetal.2007]''(.blamegame)[Hood 2002],'': (-''). ,- . - , , -,( ).''- , 86( )'-'()[Hood 2002:17-18]., : [Thompson1980]. ,,, : -,,,- [Ibid]. -'',/ . , ,,- [Scott, Lyman 1968]. - : : ; - ; : / - , ' ' -'', [Boinetal.2009]);-,''; '';''; ,;; ; :;- ; -; (,, ,..);- ; 87 : ;; ; ; ; ; ; ; - ; :; ;-; ; ; ; ; ; ''; '';- ; ; ); :,-,,-; . : -((- ); ); [Scott, Lyman 1968]. -,-'',:, , , , [Burke 1982: 54]. , -, [Ibid:45].,- ( ) - : , . - [ ] [Bovens et. 1999: 140]. 88,- . 89 12 .:-, ,, ,[Schn 1979: 138]. : -. -, ,, /''[Entman1993: 52]. , [Gitlin 1980] , , . - : - , . -, [Schn1979:139].- -,[Gotsbachner2010: 1]. , , - , , , [Gamson 1996: 113]. .,- (. policy frame) , -- [Verloo 2005: 20]. , - , . ''-, : -90,, , -[Callaghan,Schnell2005:2]. ,- , -,, , - [Baumgartner, Jones 1991: 1045]. , ,-, -:, ,- ,,-, [Scheufele2000:309].,-[Schn,Rein1994:23]. , - , - [] [D'Angelo 2002: 873]. ,, -:,-(,,,, ,), ,-, [Lee, McLeod, Shah 2008: 697]. , - : ,. ,,- , , . --,, - [Altheide 1997: 652]. 91,- , -,- [Shmueli et al. 2006: 208]. - , - , , [Entman 1991: 7]. , ,,,--,[Rucht,Neidhardt 2002: 11]. , -,-[Pan,Kosicki2001:36],- [Tewksbury et al. 2000]. - - , . [Gamson 1988] ,- ''[1996],'-'[Potter,Wetherell1987]''[Cappella etal.2002].- , - , [Snow, Benford 1992: 137]. ''- , ' ' -,: , - [Friedman 2006]. (-)-,.'-'[Gamson 921996]: , [Pan, Kosicki 2001]. -: . [] . [Abolafia 2004: 15]. , , , - . '''' -: ; - . , - , , ( - ) , [Schn 1979: 151]. , ,--'', - [Rein, Schn 1993: 148]. , , - -''.,[Dearing,Rogers1996]- '' - . : , - [, 2011: 96]. (,,,) , ' ' [ 2004] -,(-), . [Shoemaker, Reese 1996], -, 93 , ., ,- . ''[Price,Tewksbury,Powers 1997]-. : , , ... - . ,- [Somin 2010: 264]. , -.-:, ;- ; [March, Olsen 1975]. -, ,' -' ' ', , -,,- , . : - , , '' , [Gotsbachner 2009: 61]. - , , - , ,-,,[2010: 376]., , ''[2003].-, , , 94' ', , , , , ' ' (. anecdotal narratives) [Boswell 2010] . : : - , -[Baden2010:3].() , -, '', - [Entman 1991: 6]. ,[Cappella,Jamieson 1997]., . , ,'''', [Baden2010]. , ,' ',''(.'- '). [Snow, Benford 1988; Hallahan 1999; Brewer 2001]: 1. - ; 2. ; 3. ,- ; 4.- ( ); 5.()/ (); 956.- ; 7. ; 8. ; 9. - ; : 1.--; 2.-; 3. ' ' ( ); 4. ; 5.-- . ''(.issueownership)[Petrocik 1996],-- . - ' ' , . -,.-,- . , ,-96[Meyer,Schvaneveldt1971]:-() . [Schacter, Buckner 1998] ( ),- (, ) (, ). , . [Kosicki2002]- ,[Kim,Scheufele,Shanahan2002] - . --,() . , ( ,,)-''[Petkovic2008], , - . , - , -,,- , . 97 III 13 [Coman2005], ,, ., ' ', -. ,-., ,- , , - . -- : . ,. , -[Schmidt1997].,, -,(,)-. , ,[Altheide, Snow 1979]: . , .,, , (,' ', '' ' ') [Altheide 2004: 4]. , , : ,; [ 1998: 102]. ,,-98;,,-,;-.., ,''[Lewin1947]-, . - : , , -,-/, /[- 2005: 62]. '':,,;- ; ; ;., [Mazzoleni 1987]: ; ; ; - ; - : - , - [Cline 2009]; . -:, , -, [Czarniawska 1997]. ' ' , -,'-99'[Jacobs1996]'', [Bird2003]. ,,,'' [Fauconnier, Turner 1994]. -, , - [Tomascikova 2009: 288]. , , , : , ,- [Flood 2009: 13]. ,- : -, [Langer1999:83-84].-,,-,[Pan, Kosicki 1993]. - , -[Downs1972]:-- [Bentele 1993]. , - : - , , , ,,[ 2000: 231]. , - ( , ) , : ''[Bennett1984] ,, . (-), 100 () . -,,- ' ', : '', - ... ' ', - , [Galtung, Ruge 1965: 82]. -,,,-,' '[Fishman1980;Bennett2005;Cline2009]: ,, ; ,[1998:43-44]. ''(.curiositygap)[Gentryetal. 2002; Loewenstein 1994], -. , , , . , ; . : -,'', , [Macgilchrist2007].,- ' '. : -. [ 2005: 237]. -:- , , -101 [Abel 1984: 68]. ''[McQuail1985] -,,, [Gitlin 1980: 7]. ,-,-,, .[Entman1991:9] . -, : , , -, ( ) , ,, -[Entman2007:165]. , [Entman, Herbst 2001: 203]. ,-, - . - , , . , [Gitlin 1980: 22]. , ,- , - [Norris 1995: 359]. '' ,' . ,- , [Flood 2009]: 102 , [Iyengar 1991]; - '' ,-[deVreese, Elenbaas 2008]; -,-,-,- [Lee, McLeod, Shah 2008]. - , ,,- . :-,, . -'', ,,- , [Boin,'tHart,McConnell2009].-,,- ' ' , , -. , ' ' [Livingston, Lance 2003] (- [Boorstin 1962]) ' '. -- (, ) [Cheng 2006].''[Lawrence2000],- , -,,-103 . -,- , , - , [, 2008: 102]. , -[Baden,Koch 2011]. , , , - ' -'. -''[2004], ( ,, ,..):, ,, [Blumer 1966: 535]. ' ' - , ' ' [Fairclough 1989:11]. ''-, (1), ' -' () (2), -(3). ' ': , -,, [Baden, de Vreese 2008: 121]. -.- , , - :-..., , ( ) [Gans 1979: 39-40]. , [- ] , 104 , -[Kepplinger2007:11].-,(-).,- ,,- [ 1994: 184]. (-) [ 1980], - . : -, . - . , , - [Gans 1979: 116]. -,- [Shoemaker 1982]: - ( , ); - (, ); ,,-, , ; ,- ; -. , . , , , , . 105 : - . , ., ,,., ( '- '), - ( ' ' (. junket journal-ism)). : , , [Bennett, Edelman 1985: 158, 170]. , , :, ,-,-,,- () , - , .. [] [ 2005: 101]., -,,--, , , , - [ 2002: 152]. '' ( '' , , - , ): 1.- ; 1062.--; 3. ; 4.'' ''(''(.faction journalism)) [Weber 2002]; 5.'-'- ;6. / (-); 7. (-); 8. ' '; 9. . '',-''. ' '. : ,-- [Gamson et al. 1992: 387]. ,,,- , -,:- , . '' - . -. [Fulton et al. 2005: 1]. : , -,-[Tomascikova2009: 287]. : ' ' ' ' , .,, 107., ' ', , - [Mulligan 2012: 3]. (.fictionalmedia)- , , , ' ', ' ': '', '' , , , - [Ibid: 3-4]. '':, ,-, . '',,-,,- , , --:, ,- ( ) , , ,,''- [Baum 2002: 94]. - ' ' [Baum 2004] --:- '', -,,- [Bennett 2005: 376]. [Gerrig, Prentice 1991; Green 2004]., ''.- ' ', .: , ,, , .'', ,, ,., 108 , , -[Mulligan2012:4].-, '' ( '' '' ) , -. 2010(PGA)- ' ': - ( ) , .,- ' ' [Jenkins 2009a] -(,, , , ..) [Wodak, Meyer 2009]. : , , -, ,. .-,- , . - , [Bagdikian1990].-(,-), , , ' ' . -,:- -. - - , , -. , - . : -,, , 109,,-',-. - [Kaplan 2006: 176-177]. ,--, . 110 14 -- - . - , ( ), ,.. . , -, -. , -, []- [ ] , - [Fuchs, Pfetsch 1996: 10]. (, , -) ,-,- . - ( ), , /- . :,-,, ,, [Gamson et al. 1992: 385]. 1999 '' [Zaller1999],, -. 111, ,- . -, , - , , -,- . , , ( ),(-),--: , , , , , -, , -,,- , --, (,-..), [ 2002: 1993]. -: [] , ,,, [Bennett, Entman 2001: 2]. , , -,. ''[Wolfsfeld1997]: ' ', - [Wagner 2007: 2]. -,-.-112 - '-' [Davis 2002], ,,-.,-: [] [ ] ,,' ','-','','','',--,-- -- [Entman 1993: 52]. , -, - [Linsky 1986], - ,[McCombs1981]- . ,-''., .-, :-,, [Berelson 1951: 122]. , , (,- ' ', -, , ). ''[Fiske,Hartley1978],- ' ', - , ' ' .,- , , . , , (,),- , - , 113 , . , ' ' [-1996]. -,.- , - , , - -, [Shoemaker, Reese 1996: 57]. ''- . -, '' [Reese 1991]: -. - . -,'-'[Foote1980]:-, , . . - , - [Zelizer 1993]. -,''(.packjournalism) [Crouse 1973]: , , --.''[Janis 1972], . -,,- . -,-, ' ' (.. ). ''[Entman 2004]). 114'- ' [Fishman 1980], : , ,, [Wolfsfeld 2001: 229]. ' ' ,--, . ' ' (. watchdog journalism) [Marder 1998], ,-,.,- ,. ''(.burglaralarm), ,-,-,[Zaller2003: 122]. , ' ' . ''(.monitorialcitizenmodel) [Schudson1998],- , . -, - . -, ''.,'- ', , . , , [Rosen 1999: 187]. '' -,(' '[Tuchman1981]).,-,. , --115 : , [Bennett,Lawrence,Livingston2007: 68].''-,:,-,- [Barker 2005: 3]. '': ,''-, '' .- - , , [Bennett,Lawrence, Livingston2007:68]. , , , - [Noakes, Wilkins 2002: 652]. , . [1994], : --,-,.. [ ]. - ,-,-,. ,,, , -116, , -,,-, -,(,-..),- [ 2002: 93]. - - , - , - : , , -( ), -,, , , -,,-(,), [ : 152]. ,,. ,.. .,- , : ,,-,,-[2001:53]., ,[] [ 2002: 116]. , -- : , -,-(-), - [ : 116]. [2001] . , '', ''.-117 : - - , , , . , [2005:109]. : -,, . : ( , - ) , -, , [2005:226]. : , - ,,,, -[ 2005:24-25]. , . - . ' ' [Herman, Chomsky 1988] - - : '' , , -,, , - , [] , - [Ibid.: 1988: xi]. , ,, .-,-, . -,-, . -118 , - , - . , -, . -, , '''',- ., , -,.- , -[Leach1962:133].,- - --:46,4% , 72,3% --,, [Leyland 1999]. -,- .- -,[Valentini 2006: 8]. , ,-,. , : . - -,, [Altshull 1984: 277-278]. , : 1191. , -. 2., , - . 3. , ,, , - .,- , - '' - . , , -. , -, , [Herman,Chomsky1988:22]. ,-,,-. 4. , - , , - . 5. ' ', -,-'': , , , -120,, [Ibid: 29]. ( ) ' ' -()'',,,-. , , - : [] (,,,-) , [Ibid: 35]. -,, ,- : , ,, [ ] [Chomsky 1982: 81]. -:,,-,..., - , [Robinson 2001: 13-14]. , - -,- [Bennett, Lawrence, Livingston 2007: 189]. -,: , ,-, - [Paletz, Entman 1981]. ' ' ' ' -,-: 121 , , , ; , -,,, ... ,,-...- , , [Chomsky 1989: 22]. ,-, , . , -'', ''., : ,, - - [Herman, Chomsky 1988: 39]. ' ' (. guard dog) [Donohue, Tichenor, Olien 1995], -, . -,, ., , , ' ' [Iyengar 1991]. ''[Bennett1990]. , , ,(-) , , -., ,-,- , [Bennett, Lawrence, Livingston 2007: 49]. 122''[Tuchman 1978],,- , -., , ,,- [Bennett 1990: 106]. ' -' [Molotch, Protess, Gordon 1987]. ,-(,- ). , -:, -, [Barker2005:5].,, - [Herrero 2007]. '' [Wolfsfeld1997].-, , . , - , , [Cook 1998]. , , ''[Orren1986]:- , - . ,-' '. -, : ,,-123,,-- . -, [Bennett, Lawrence, Livingston 2007: 3]. -, , , , , -. ' '. -, : ,,- -,, [Ibid.: 4]. , , - ' '. , -. , - ,-[Mazzoleni,Schulz1999]. ' ' , ,- . , - , , ,. , ''[deVreese,Elenbaas2008], . '-'(.metacoverage)[Esser, Reinemann,Fan2001], . . -., -124 , [] ,,[Chomsky 1982:81].,-''[Herman,Chomsky1988], . ' -' , [] [Chomsky 1979: 5]. :-, . , . , -. ,- , - [Davis 2007: 194]. ,,: '' , ; '', [Walgrave, Soroka, Nuytemans 2008: 818]. (), , ,[Walgrave, Nuytemans,DeWinter2004].: [,] [],-,,,-,- [Cook 1998: 165]. , . : , - , . , - ,-125, - [Zaller 1999: 59]. : , [Sellers 2010: 221]. , : -, [Gilbert 1991: 117]. - : -, -. - , , , , ., , -,- . ' ' . [Blumler, Kavanagh 1999: 213]. ,- , - -. 126 15 ( ) -,,: ,-.-,,-- [Thompson 2000: 105-106]. - : , ' ', [Wolfsfeld2007: 231]. ( '' ) '- ' [Thompson 1995]. ,,-, ''[DiMaggio,Powell 1983].-('')-,()- () [Loewenstein, Ocasio, Jones 2012]. '' [Wooten, Hoffman 2008] ,-, , , - , '''':- . , -[Meyer, Rowan1977:340].' ' [Fredriksson, Pallas, Wehmeier 2013] -,-127 : - , -, , , [Meyer, Rowan 1977: 340]. - , , ,,; , , - [Ibid: 341]. ' '. , (-),,, ,--[Thornton, Ocasio 2008]. - [ ]; , - , - [Thornton, Ocasio, Lounsbury 2012: 2]. ,-,- , , , , . -, ,-,,-,[Thornton, Ocasio 1999: 804]. , (1);,-, (2); -, (3):- ,,, [][Thornton,Ocasio 2008: 112]. 128,, , , , : , - ; -,. ,,-,, [Meyer, Rowan 1977: 345]. ,-., ' ' -,-., - ( , -,,, ), . : -.- - , -, , , , - [March, Olsen 1989: 65-66]. ()-,-'',-, [Thornton, Ocasio 2008]. , [DiMaggio1988], , . -, ,,:- , -129, [Seo,Creed2002:240]. ( ), - , [Nigam, Ocasio 2010]. [DiMaggio, Powell 1983]: '' ; ' ' - ; ''- , . ,- , (' '), - ' ' ' '. - - () : -, , [Entman 1989: 20]. , , -()('-'(.policycutting)):- , , -, [Kepplinger 2007: 13]. - . 130 ' ', ( -), [Kahneman,Tversky1979]. -,,-. ,. -.,, '', :,- ' !' - ' '. [Strmbck 2008]: 1. ,- . -,- . 2.- . 3.-,-,--. :--,,-,, [Altheide, Snow 1991: ix-x]. , , - . 4.''-,- [Blumenthal 1980], - . -131 [Heclo 2000: 17], -, - [Bennett, Manheim 2007: 282]. ''[Manheim1991] , , , , , [Heclo2000:15]., -::, , [Ibid:13]., , -[][Loomis2000:162].,-( ), : , ,, [Heclo 2000: 14]. , - , , - , , , -, , [Ibid: 33]. [Blumler, Kavanagh 1999]: (-, -,-,,, , ' '); -(,- ' '); - ; (,-,,- , ''). 132 -: , -: .., . , ,-, [Zaller 1999: 67]. -- , - - [ 2003: 10]. - : -,a,, ,,-,...; , , - . , ,...-[Katz2000:129].: ,-/ . . --,.-,- . , - -, [Calhoun 1992: 7]. , -:- -,-?, ,, ? -? 133[Schrder, Phillips 2007: 890-891]. - . , -, . - -. , ' ' ( - ) [ 2001] , - . . ,-,- . , ,- . [, 2011]. -, , .-,-,.-, --,, ,-,() [ : 100-101]. -. ? -, (,- ). -, , - (.. ). 134: []. - , , , -[Shoemaker,Reese1996: 117].,, ,, [Mazzoleni,Schulz1999].,, '' '' [Schrder, Phillips 2007], ' - ' . '''-'[Boorstin1962],: - -[Esser,Spanier2003]., ,-[Swanson2004].- [Plasser et al. 1996; Pfetsch 1999], .. - , - c . - , . ,-- , -.()- , . , , -,- . , ' -'212012 - ( ' ' ' -'), . : 135 , [Bennett 1992: 403]. : , -., - [Pfetsch 1998]. ,-[Pfetsch1998]-,, . , , '-':'-'[Altheide2004], . ,''- , -- [Bennett 2005: 365]. , , ''- [Bennett 2005: 375]. -,-:, , , , ( ). , , - , - [Richards 2004: 342]. 136,- -:-,-.- ,,- . , -,-, [Richards 2004:342]. -,, [Bennett 2005: 375-376]. - ( -), , , , [Richards 2004]. -, , -[Mouffe2000]:-,, , , [Simon1985:302]. - : -,,,, . -, , , , - , -(). [Caplan 2003: 234]. ,-[1993], [Blat-ter2003:519],, [Marcuse 1969: 64]. 137-, - , , . ,- , . , - , -. -,,'', , -: , , , '- ' [Baum 2004: 315]. , -''.,-, . , ' ' [Baum 2002], , ' ', '',''- . , -,,, ''[Baum,Jamison2006].- ' ' , . ' ' [Mulligan 2012] ( '-') , :, , . -,[Bucy,Grabe2007],-,- , - [Nelson, Boynton]. 138 , -,-:,,,-,,,: [Olson, Finnegan, Hope 2008]. , , , , : , -,,, [Dayan, Katz 1992: 118]. , ,, . 139 16 , - [Rein, Schn 1977: 239]. -, [Gamson,Modigliani1987:143].-'' , , , ( ) , [Entman2007:170]., . , 80% - [Cameron, Sallot, Curtin 1997]. ''[Luhman2005] [Gubrium,Hostein2008], [Roe1994] [Ryan2009]:-, ,, [Boswell 2010]. ---, -[Todorov1971;Chatman1978;Bruner1990;Ryan2009].- , - , [Schank, Abelson 1995]. -(,,,,- ..), : -, [Brooks 2006: 6]. 140( ) . -: , [Polkinghorne1988:36].- ,-[2006].'' [Schn 1979] '' , ,,''''[Rein, Schn 1994]. ,'' ,,-, , [Seifert 2002: 277]. :-, [Weick1995:129].- (), -() () [Hogan et al. 2008: 49]. ''[Nagel 1961] [Kaplan1986].:,-, , , . , , [Ricur 1984: 148]. : , , ,,,,-,,.. ,,- [Paley 2009: 24]. :-,. 141 , [Renegar,Malkowski2009].- . -,,- [Baden 2010]. , :,, [Boswell 2010], . , - , -[Campbell,Docherty2004]. [Roe1994]-:,- [Hajer 2002: 62]. -,: , , , - , -[Appel,Richter2010:4-5].,- , -: , [Amsterdam, Bruner 2000: 30],,[Bruner 1986:11-13].- : -. . [Fischer,Gottweis2012:13]. , . , : :( ),( 142,), [Czarniawska 2004: 9]. ''(.stockstory)[Amsterdam,Bruner2000] ,- , , [Hnninen 2004, 73-74]. , ' ' (. worldmaking stories) [Campbell, Docherty2004] , :-,,,-,- , - [Ibid: 772-773]. '',, : , ,- [Yanow 1992: 401].,--,,: , -, .XVII-,, [1994:487]. '',,-,- [Cuthbertson 1975: 157]. (.account)[Scott, Lyman 1968]. - - , -,,: ,, , 143 , (), , , , [Ibid: 46]. --( [Austin 1962]), , -[Harre2001].-,-,. ''[Elsbach2001] - , -- . ' '. ' ', -:,-'',''[Scott, Lyman1968:53].,-:-,,-- [Ibid: 54]. . : -- , , , , , [Flood 2009]. (.narrativepolicy)[Jones,McBeth 2010], . -(),-, -144[Boswell2010].,-,-:, , (, , -, ) [Ibid.]. , (): [Delori, Zittoun 2009: 3]. -: , , -,- , . -,[-][Ross2011].- , ,, [Boswell 2010]. : ,- [Chong, Druckman 2007: 111]. -. '','','-', '' '' [Ryan 2009]. [Kinnebrock, Bilandzic 2006]: ; [Green, Brock 2000]; ; -,, [Stone 1989]: (.,),,- , - .,-145 , [Jones, McBeth 2010: 344]; (, , ); -, ; --, ; , - ;'', ; , . - . , -(.blamemanagement)[Hoodetal.2007]: , , -., , . , - , [] [Stone 1988: 138]. , ,,-'' [Nie2003]; : , , -, , -146,-., ,- [McBeth et al. 2007: 90]. --,-,- [Roe 1994: 2]. -,, ''[Hajer1993], . [Rein, Schn 1993] . ,,- , .- / - [Schn, Rein 1994]. ,- - '':- [Stone 1989: 299]. , , , , [Gotsbachner2009:61]., , -[Berinsky,Kinder 2006: 640]. ' '[Stone1988],:-(1)(2)(3)(4) .,:'' (2+3),''(2+4),''(1+3)''(1+4).: ,. -, , 147,,[Ibid:293]. :-.-, [Ibid:289]. ''(''), ,'' . ' ' [Green, Brock 2000], --,, - , [Green, Brock 2000].,,-[Petty,Cacioppo1981]. , -,-,- '-': [Newha-gen2002].,-:, : , [Boudon 1997: 21]. ,:-,,- , , -,[ ] [Szasz 1994: 63]. - , [Newhagen,Reeves1992],- , -[Messaris,Abraham2001]. / - , -:-,-148 , [Fischer, Gottweis 2012: 14]. ,[Page,Shapiro, Dempsey1987](),[Dutton,Ash-ford 1993] ( -) [Arnold, McCroskey 1967] -, - . , : ,,,-... , - -, [Hilgartner, Bosk 1988: 62]. : , - ' ' -, [, 2003: 426]. - , - [Chatman 1990; Herman, Vervaeck 2005]. , [Zott,Huy2007] . '': -, , [ 2001: 58]. ' ' [Bormann 1995], -(,,-),, : , [Gendlin 1962: 5]. -,: [Palenchar,Heath2002: 149135]. : , ,,,[Bales 1970: 152]. ,,,-,-: - [Edelman 1971: 32]. , .,, [-, 2008], [Coman 2005]: -,,, , - [Edelman 1964: 95-96]. : -, . ,-. . - , [March,Olsen1984:744].-:- [ 2001: 53]. (, , , '- ', ) -''[Coombs2006]: ,, ,- [Olson, Finnegan, Hope 2008]. -(,,, ),,, , . ' ' -[ 1501994] : , ,- [Zott, Huy 2007: 47]. (,,,,) :- , - . , ,- [Bennett 2005: 369]. ,, . 151 IV 17 , ?[Benhabib1996:74].'-', - ( , - ). ''[Dryzek1990] ,-,- , . -, [Dryzek2001].: ,,, , -[Hunold2001:154]., , [Mansbridge et al. 2006]. ,,- , ,- [Schmitt-Beck 2008]. : - , -152. , [Manin 2005: 16]. -;- , [Fearon1998].'-'[Nooteboom1992], , . ''[Blader,Ty-ler2003],, ,,,- . -,,,, , . -,,-, - . , , [Schneiderhan, Khan 2008]. - , -: , , , , -.:- , -,- , [Chambers 2003: 309]. [Bchtiger et al. 2010]. I ' ', 153,, -.II-,- -[Ibid.:33]., ' ', - ' ' [Steenbergen et al. 2003]. , ' ', ' ', ' -','','- ', ' '. ';,--(),( )[Bobbio2010].-(,-), (, ), -(, ). , , - , : , , [Ibid.: 18]. '':---, [Cohen 1989: 19]. , - c: - -[Parkinson 2003: 180]. , ,,,:-154,-,[Gastil, Burkhalter 2008]. , -,(-),[Gutmann,Thompson 2004]. , , . , , - . , , ( , - ), -,[Sancho2003:3]. , - [Bohman 1998: 401]. '' -[Hendriks2002]: ,, , , -, ,. ,,- , , ' ',- [Crosby 1995]. ''(.iterateddelibera-tion) [Gutmann, Thompson 2004], -,-,, .. , - . 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