Common Common Sexually Sexually

Transmitted Transmitted DiseasesDiseases

Human Immunodeficiency Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or Virus (HIV) or

Acquired Immunodeficiency Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)Syndrome (AIDS)

Agent:Agent: Retrovirus- Human T-Cell Lymphotrophic Virus 3 (HTLV-3)Carriers or Susceptable hosts:Carriers or Susceptable hosts:

Males, homosexuals or bisexualIntravenous substance usersHemophiliacs and multiple

transfusion recipientsSexual partners of persons with

HIVInfants of HIV infected women

Incubation Period:Incubation Period: Variable; development of detectable

antibody is generally 1-3 months, the time from HIV infection to

diagnosis has an observable range of < 1 year to 15 years or longer.

Diagnostic Tests:Diagnostic Tests:ELISA- presumptive test

Western Blot- confirmatory test

Mode of Transmission:Mode of Transmission:

Sexual contact Blood transfusion Contaminated syringe, needle,

nipper, razor blades, etc. Direct contact of open

wound/mucous membrane with contaminated blood, body fluids, semen and vaginal discharges

Signs and Symptoms (physical):Signs and Symptoms (physical):

Maculopapular rash Anorexia; Weight loss Fever with unknown origin Malaise Persistent diarrhea Tuberculosis (localized and disseminated) Esophageal candidiasis Kaposi’s sarcoma Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia Gaunt-looking, apprehensive

Signs and Symptoms Signs and Symptoms (mental):(mental):

• Early Stage– Forgetfulness– Loss of

concentration– Loss of libido– Apathy– Psychomotor

retardation– Withdrawal

• Later Stage– Confusion– Disorientation– Seizures– Mutism– Loss of memory– Coma

Management:Management:1. Reduce risk of infectionReduce risk of infection

Observe signs for opportunistic infections.Monitor vital signs with strict I/ONote secretions for changes in color,

consistency and odorHigh calorie, high nutrient, low bulk diet, Vit.

B complex and Vit. Czidovudine (Retrovir), acyclovir (Zovirax)

2. Prevent spread of diseasePrevent spread of diseaseHandwashing, even after wearing of glovesAvoid exposure to blood and body fluidsWear gloves and gownsProper disposal of needles and IV catheters

3. Provide physical and psychological supportProvide physical and psychological supportOral careCooling bath

- 1:10 concentration of isopropyl alcohol in tepid water

Verbalization of fears and concerns without condemnation

Determine status of support network; arrange contact with support group

Observe for severe emotional symptoms of suicidal tendencies

4. Health teachingsHealth teachingsAvoid environmental sources of infection (bird cages,

tub baths).Precautions following discharges

Risk-reducing behaviorLatex condomAvoid exposure to blood or semen during sex

Family counselingStress reduction techniquesExpected side effects of drug therapy; good

compliance

5. PreventionPreventionMonogamous relationshipAvoid promiscuous sexual contactSterilize needles, syringes and

instruments used for cutting operations

Screening of blood donorsRigid examination of blood and other

products for transfusionAvoid oral, anal contact and swallowing

contactCondoms and other protective device

GonorrheaGonorrhea(GC, Clap, Drip)(GC, Clap, Drip)

Agent:Agent: Neisseria gonorrheae

Mode of Transmission:Mode of Transmission:Direct contact between infectious

mucous membraneMouth of one person with mucous

membrane of anotherContaminated fingers can pass the

organism from infected mucous membranes to the eyes