Common Musculoskeletal Complications of...
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Measures have been taken, by the Utah Department of Health, Bureau of Health Promotions, to ensure no conflict
of interest in this activity.
CNE/CEU’s are available for this live webinar. You must take the pre and post tests. 80% is required on the post test to
receive CNE/CEU’s. Certificates will be emailed out to you within two weeks
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Common Musculoskeletal Complications of Diabetes
Jason Blackham MDInternal Medicine/Sports Medicine
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ObjectivesObjectives Diabetics have increased risk of joint and
tendon problems. Identify what they are. How to treat the common problems. Risks of steroid injections in diabetics.
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OutlineOutline Shoulder pain Hand Spine Joint Muscle Injections
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Shoulder painShoulder pain Adhesive capsulitis
Frozen shoulder Calcific tendinitis Tendinosis or diabetic painful shoulder
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Case 1Case 1 51 yo woman with diabetes, HbA1c 7.8% Right shoulder pain No injury Very painful shoulder Worse at night Loss of motion Pain with motion
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Case 1Case 1 Exam
Tenderness anterior shoulder ROM
Flexion 90 Abduction 90 IR 45
+ Hawkin’s and Neer’s Strength 5/5 throughout
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Case 1Case 1 Subacromial injection
Pain gone except at end motion Motion no better
Referral to PT Tramadol 4 week Follow-up
20 degrees more motion Intra-articular injection- better pain relief
12 Week follow-up ROM only lacked 10 degrees Pain gone
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Shoulder painShoulder pain Adhesive capsulitis
Frozen shoulder Calcific tendinitis Tendinosis or diabetic painful shoulder
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Adhesive capsulitisAdhesive capsulitis Painful limited range of motion (ROM) Night pain Mean age 50, more common in women Thickening and contraction of joint capsule
and collagen tissue around joint
Scan J Rheumatol 2013;42:1-10Rev Bras Reumatol 2012;52
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Adhesive capsulitisAdhesive capsulitis Diabetes risk factor for frozen shoulder
Causitive Not dependent on how high BS are 10-38% of diabetics type I and II 5-10% of general population Glycosylation collagen
Joint capsule, rotator cuff
J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2013;22:e24-9Scan J Rheumatol 2013;42:1-10Rev Bras Reumatol 2012;52
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Adhesive capsulitisAdhesive capsulitis 3 phases
1- Painful phase 2- Stiffness but pain improved 3- Recovery- motion improves
Self limited, resolution in a year
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Adhesive capsulitisAdhesive capsulitis Diagnosis- Exam
Injection test Imaging
Radiographs MRI Rule out other causes
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Adhesive capsulitisAdhesive capsulitis Treatment
NSAIDs, pain medications Let it run it’s course Physical therapy Joint injection PT and injection
3-6 months
Disabil Rehab 2014;36:556-62Knee Surg Sports Trumatol Arthrosc 2012;20:1947-52Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2013;121:75-9
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Adhesive capsulitisAdhesive capsulitis Treatment
Surgery or manipulation under anesthesia 6-9 months
Manipulation Diabetics more likely need it 2x,
36% compared to 15% Nondiabetics
J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2012;21:1492-8Am J Sports Med 2014;42:840-50 Scand J Surg 2015; Jan 26, eprint
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Case 2Case 2 52 yo man with controlled bipolar, HTN Hx of right shoulder calcific tendinitis
Numerous treatments and eventual surgery Now left shoulder pain
Similar past pain Pain at end motion with only 20 degrees
limitation Strength 4/5 with flexion and abduction
+ supraspinatus and Speed’s test
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Case 2Case 2 Radiographs
Calcific tendinitis
Lab workup 2 years ago NL Now Fasting BS 135 HbA1c 7.2%
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Shoulder painShoulder pain Adhesive capsulitis
Frozen shoulder Calcific tendinitis Tendinosis or diabetic painful shoulder
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Calcific tendinitisCalcific tendinitis Calcium hydroxyapatite
deposition of tendon, bursa
Pain, limited motion Resorption syndrome
Extreme pain, loss of motion
31% of diabetics 10% without
Rev Bras Reumatol 2012;52
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Calcific tendinitisCalcific tendinitis Treatment
Pain medications NSAIDs PT Injection US guided lavage/puncture Surgery
Arth Rheum 2009;60:2978-84Joint Bone Spine 2010;77:258-63Ultrasound Med Biol 2001;27:735-43
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Calcific tendinitisCalcific tendinitis 70 % good to
excellent results No matter which
treatment 1-5 years
50% have complete resolution
Arth Rheum 2009;60:2978-84Joint Bone Spine 2010;77:258-63Ultrasound Med Biol 2001;27:735-43
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VideoVideo
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VideoVideo
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Case 3Case 3 57 yo man with Type II diabetes, HbA1v
8.9% Left shoulder pain for 3 months Gradually worsening Pain inside shoulder Worse at night, use, motion
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Case 3Case 3 Exam
ROM painful but not limited Strength 4/5 with flexion and abduction + subscapularis, supraspinatus and Speed’s tests
Radiographs- mild AC joint arthrosis MRI- supraspinatus thickening and tendinosis Physical therapy Returned in 6 weeks with mild improvement
HbA1c 8.4% Injection
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Shoulder painShoulder pain Adhesive capsulitis
Frozen shoulder Calcific tendinitis Tendinosis or diabetic painful shoulder
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Rotator Cuff TendinosisRotator Cuff Tendinosis Type II Diabetes 2x more likely to have joint
pain 63% of Diabetics shoulder pain Women
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012;96:135-40Physiotherapy 2014 Sept 19Diabet Med 2015 Jan 23Arg Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2012;56:233-7
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Rotator Cuff TendinosisRotator Cuff Tendinosis Changes in collagen in rotator cuff Worse with higher HbA1c or higher BS Thickening Better control of BS helps Probably more prolonged course
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TendinosisTendinosis Also more common in Achilles, tennis elbow,
greater trochanter, ankle Physical therapy Better BS control Injections, but not Achilles, tibial Nitro patch Needle tenotomy Surgery
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HandHand Trigger finger
Flexor tenosynovitis Dupuytren’s contracture Diabetic stiff hand syndrome
Cheiroarthropathy Carpal tunnel syndrome
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Case 4Case 4 67 yo woman with
Type II diabetes, HbA1c 7.3%
Painful 4th finger that gets stuck
Triggers Better after injection
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Trigger fingerTrigger finger Flexor tenosynovitis
Tendons that flex fingers
At level of MCP joint at palm
Finger gets stuck or triggers
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Trigger fingerTrigger finger Related to collagen
changes Related to duration
of diabetes but not level of control
Diabetics more likely to have > 1 finger
Scan J Rheumatol 2013;42:1-10Rev Bras Reumatol 2012;52
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Trigger fingerTrigger finger > Type I 5-36% in Diabetics 2% nondiabetics 10% of people with
it not yet diagnosed have diabetes
Scan J Rheumatol 2013;42:1-10Rev Bras Reumatol 2012;52
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HandHand Trigger finger
Flexor tenosynovitis Dupuytren’s contracture Diabetic stiff hand syndrome
Cheiroarthropathy Carpal tunnel syndrome
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Dupuytren’s ContractureDupuytren’s Contracture Fibrosis, collagen
changes and nodules of palmar fascia
Thickening, flexion contracture
16-42% of diabetics Longer history but
not severity
J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1984;66:322
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Dupuytren’s ContractureDupuytren’s Contracture 5-21% of diabetics 3-9% general
population If no diagnosis of
diabetes 13-39% with
contracture have diabetes
Men Bilateral Hand surgeon
Scand J Rheumatol 2013;42:1-10
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HandHand Trigger finger
Flexor tenosynovitis Dupuytren’s contracture Diabetic stiff hand syndrome
Cheiroarthropathy Carpal tunnel syndrome
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CheiroarthropathyCheiroarthropathy Limited joint mobility
of hand Stiff hand syndrome Sclerodactyly Thickening and
waxiness of skin Prayer sign Table top sign UpToDate 2015
Rev Bras Reumatol 2012;52
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CheiroarthropathyCheiroarthropathy More common in Type
I long standing 38-58% 8-76% Type II Length of diabetes Glycosolation of
collagen Collagen cross links Treatment
Better glycemic control Hand therapy
Scand J Rheumatol 2013;42:1-10Rev Bras Reumatol 2012;52
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HandHand Trigger finger
Flexor tenosynovitis Dupuytren’s contracture Diabetic stiff hand syndrome
Cheiroarthropathy Carpal tunnel syndrome
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Carpal Tunnel SyndromeCarpal Tunnel Syndrome Association with
diabetes ? Obesity Pain and numbness in
thumb and 2-4th fingers Compression of medial
nerve in carpal tunnel of wrist
Diabetics do just as well with surgery as those without diabetes
Scan J Rheumatol 2013;42:1-10Rev Bras Reumatol 2012;52
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OutlineOutline Shoulder pain Hand Spine Joint Muscle Injections
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Case 5Case 5 58 yo man with Type II Diabetes
HbA1c 7.8% Back and neck stiffness Ache pain in mid spine Gradually worsening over a year Not limiting
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Case 5Case 5 Exam
Decreased back motion
Mild tenderness along spine and
Paraspinal muscles Normal neuro exam
Radiographs DISH
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DISHDISH Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis Calcification of ligaments and tendons
Mostly thoracic spine Starts painless, loss of motion Bridges the vertebrae 13-49% of diabetics
1-13% nondiabetics 19% of DISH have diabetes Men, Type II
Scan J Rheumatol 2013;42:1-10Rev Bras Reumatol 2012;52
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DISHDISH ? Mechanism Not correlated with
length of diabetes Diagnosis
Radiographs
Treatment NSAIDs Physical therapy
Scan J Rheumatol 2013;42:1-10Rev Bras Reumatol 2012;52
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OutlineOutline Shoulder pain Hand Spine Joint Muscle Injections
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JointJoint Charcot joint Limited joint mobility
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Charcot JointCharcot Joint Diabetic neuropathic
arthropathy Complication of
diabetic neuropathy Progressive joint
destruction Painless
Swollen Deformed joint Redness Instability Arch collapse
Scand J Rheumatol 2013;42:1-10Rev Bras Reumatol 2012;52
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Charcot JointCharcot Joint Increased blood flow
Bone resportion Repeated trauma
Ligament looseness Joint instability
Inflammation Cytokines
After resorption get hypertrophic bone formation
Scan J Rheumatol 2013;42:1-10Rev Bras Reumatol 2012;52
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Charcot JointCharcot Joint Forefoot and Midfoot
joints Ankle Rare 1-5% Rule out osteomyelitis Treatment
Custom shoes Cast Nonweightbearing Bisphosphonates Surgery
J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2014;22:183-92
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JointJoint Charcot joint Limited joint mobility
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Limited Joint MobilityLimited Joint Mobility Hands Feet Large Joints Painless loss of motion Joint feels stiff
Scan J Rheumatol 2013;42:1-10Rev Bras Reumatol 2012;52
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Limited Joint MobilityLimited Joint Mobility > Type I 8-58% Diabetics 0-26% population Collagen cross links
Glycosolation Treatment
Physical therapy Dynasplint
Scan J Rheumatol 2013;42:1-10Rev Bras Reumatol 2012;52
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OutlineOutline Shoulder pain Hand Spine Joint Muscle Injections
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MuscleMuscle Diabetic muscle infarction Lumbosacral plexopathy
Diabetic amyotrophy
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Diabetic Muscle InfarctionDiabetic Muscle Infarction Spontaneous ischemic infarction Not from occlusion of vessels Microvascular Rare Longstanding diabetics >15 yrs Other microvascular complications > Type I
Rev Bras Reumatol 2012;52
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Diabetic Muscle InfarctionDiabetic Muscle Infarction Nontraumatic pain, swelling, tenderness of
thigh or calf MRI shows muscle edema T2, subfascial
edema on T1 Resolves spontaneously 4-8 weeks
Recurrent 50% NSAIDs and ASA, rest
Rev Bras Reumatol 2012;52
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Diabetic lumbosacral plexopathyDiabetic lumbosacral plexopathy Diabetic amyotrophy Acute onset of pain and weakness in proximal
leg Can progress to distal leg Starts in one leg then progresses to other
Weight loss Autonomic failure
Bowel and bladder dysfunction Orthostasis
UpToDate 2015
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Diabetic lumbosacral plexopathyDiabetic lumbosacral plexopathy Type II Before diagnosis 21%
Recently diagnosed Good control Microvascular injury or vasculitis
UpToDate 2015
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Diabetic lumbosacral plexopathyDiabetic lumbosacral plexopathy NCV/EMG
Axonal degeneration Lumbar sacral roots and plexus
MRI rules out other etiologies Nerve root, disc Lesions of plexus May show T2 signal, enlargement of plexus, nerve
roots Mixed data on prednisone Treat symptoms Improves in 1-2 years but may not have complete
recovery
UpToDate 2015
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OutlineOutline Shoulder pain Hand Spine Joint Muscle Injections
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Steroid injectionsSteroid injections Use for pain relief
Last 3-9 months
Not a fix Bursitis- cure
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Steroid injectionsSteroid injections Common side effects
1:10,000 infection/bleeding Steroid reaction- increase in pain Flushing reaction Fat atrophy, Skin pigmentation changes Tendon rupture 1-3%
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Steroid injectionsSteroid injections In diabetics
BS elevation for 3-7 days but can be up to 2 weeks
Increased risk of infection 1-3 % to 1:1000 Worse elevations in brittle diabetic and
uncontrolled Therefore
Relative contraindication in patients with uncontrolled BS or HbA1c > 8.5%
Wait until BS better controlled Adjust insulin/meds
Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2014;93:372-8
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Key points
Look for the discussed conditions in diabetic patients.
If have the conditions discussed, screen for diabetes.
Careful with injections in diabetics.