Common Cancer Diseases Affecting Reproductive System
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Transcript of Common Cancer Diseases Affecting Reproductive System
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Common Cancer Diseases Affecting
Reproductive System
Prepared By:
Mr. Charlie C. Falguera, RN, MAN
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A Normal Cervix
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Cervical Cancer
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Description:
A malignant
neoplasm ofthe cervix
uteri or
cervical area. Exact Cause:
UNKNOWN
Cervical Cancer
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Risk Factors:
Genital warts (Human papillomavirus infection
[HPV]) Multiple sexual partners or a partner who has
had multiple sexual partners
Early age of first intercourse
Smoking
HIV infection
Family history
Untreated cervicitis
Cervical Cancer
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Clinical Manifestations: Vaginal bleeding
Vaginal discharge
Metrorrhagia
Polymenorrhea
Dyspareunia
Loss of appetite
Weight loss
Fatigue
Pelvic pain
Back pain
Cervical Cancer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Squamous_carcinoma_of_the_cervix.jpg -
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Diagnostic Tests:
Pap smearmicroscopic study of
exfoliated cells via special staining &fixation technique detects abnormal
cells.
Cold colonization a cone-shaped
section of the cervix is obtained with a
scalpel.
Cervical Cancer
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Cervical Cancer
Diagnostic Tests:
Loop Electrocautery Excision
Procedure performed to excise the
cervical areas causing concern.
Biopsy done through colposcopy
aided by using a dilute acetic acid (e.g.vinegar) solution to highlight abnormal
cells on the surface of the cervix.
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Stage 0 - full-thickness involvement of the epithelium withoutinvasion into the stroma (carcinoma in situ)
Stage I - limited to the cervix
IA - diagnosed only by microscopy; no visible lesions
IA1 - stromal invasion less than 3 mm in depth
and 7 mm or less in horizontalspread
IA2 - stromal invasion between 3 and 5 mm
with horizontal spread of 7 mm or
lessIB - visible lesion or a microscopic lesion with more
than 5 mm of depth or horizontal spread of
more than 7 mm
IB1 - visible lesion 4 cm or less in
greatest dimension
Staging:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitheliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroma_%28animal_tissue%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma_in_situhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma_in_situhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroma_%28animal_tissue%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium -
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Staging:
Stage II - invades beyond cervix
IIA - without parametrial invasion, but involve upper 2/3 of
vagina
IIB - with parametrial invasion
Stage III - extends to pelvic wall or lower third of the vagina
IIIA - involves lower third of vagina
IIIB - extends to pelvic wall and/or causes hydronephrosis or
non-functioning kidneyIVA - invades mucosa of bladder or rectum and/or extends beyond
true pelvis
IVB - distant metastasis
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronephrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronephrosis -
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Prevention:
Awareness Screening
Pap Smear
Vaccination (Gardasil, Cervarix)
Condoms
Smoking avoidance
Nutrition
Fruits & vegetables, vitamin C, E, Folic acid,
carotenoids
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Management:
Irradiation
Cryosurgery
local freezing of abnormal cells& tissues with volatile gases such as nitrous
oxide or CO2.
Conization removal of small cone of tissue
with a sharp instrument. Laser therapy burn of the tissues, leading to
an increase in sluoghing discharge for weeks.
Cervical Cancer
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Testicular Cancer
Description:
Cancer that
evelops in the
testicles, part
of the male
reproductivesystem.
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Exact Cause: UNKNOWN
Risk Factors:
Family history
Exogenous estrogen
Crytorchidism
Testicular Cancer
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Clinical Manifestations: A lump in one testis or hardening of one of the
testicles
Abnormal sensitivity
Loss of sexual activity or interest Sexual withdrawal
Burning sensation
Hydrocele
Heavy sensation Lower back pain
Increase or decrease in size of one or bothtestes
Blood in semen
General weak
Testicular Cancer
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Diagnostic
Tests:
Biopsy
Blood tests
AFP, beta-HCG,
LDH
Testicular Cancer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seminoma_of_the_Testis.jpg -
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Testicular Cancer
Stage I: the cancer remains localized to the testis.
Stage II: the cancer involves the testis and metastasis to
retroperitoneal and/orParaaortic lymph nodes(lymph nodes below the diaphragm).
Stage III: the cancer involves the testis and metastasis
beyond the retroperitoneal and Paraaortic lymph
nodes. Stage III is further subdivided intononbulky stage III and bulky stage III. [11]
Stage IV: if there is liver and/or lung secondaries
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraaortic_lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraaortic_lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraaortic_lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraaortic_lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraaortic_lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraaortic_lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraaortic_lymph_nodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitoneumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testis -
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Prevention:
Testicular Self-Exam
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Testicular Self-Exam
Best time to perform: During shower or
warm bath
Roll the testis between the thumb & first3 fingers until the entire surface has been
covered. Palpate each one separately.
Identify the structures
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Management:
Surgery: Orchiectomy, Retroperitoneal
Lymph Node Dissection (RPLND) Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Testicular Self-Exam
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Prostate Cancer
Description:
is a disease in which cancerdevelops in
the prostate a gland in the malereproductive system.
Cause: UNKNOWN
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease -
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Risk Factors: Age
Genetics
Diet
Medication
exposure
Ejaculation
Infection
STDs
Obesity
Increased testosterone
Prostate Cancer
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Prostate Cancer:
Clinical Manifestations:
Dysuria
Hesitancy
Dribbling
Frequency, urgency
Hematuria Nocturia
Retention
Interruption in urinary system
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Prostate Cancer:
Clinical Manifestations:
Inability to urinate
Pain in lumbosacral area
Sexual dysfunction
Painful ejaculation
Diffoculty erection Bone pain
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Prostate Cancer
Diagnostic Test:
Biopsy
Digital rectal exam
Elevated PSA level
PCA3
Prostasomes
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Prevention:
Vitamins & medications
Ejaculation frequency
Oils & fatty acids
Screening:
DRE
PSA test measure
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Management:
Radiation therapy (Brachytherapy)
Chemotherapy
Hormonal therapy
Surgery:
Prostatectomy
TURP
Orchiectomy
cryosurgery