CommodityCommodity

ProductsProducts

NewsprintNewsprint

CardboardCardboard

Value-Added Value-Added

ProductsProducts

Paperbags Paperbags Stationary productsStationary products Sanitary paper productsSanitary paper products Coated and treated paperCoated and treated paper

Canadian Pulp & Canadian Pulp & Paper Industry, 2002Paper Industry, 2002

ExportsExports EmployeesEmployees # of # of EstablishmentsEstablishments

CommodityCommodity 21.1 billion21.1 billion 62 00062 000 180180

Value addedValue added 2.7 billion2.7 billion 42 00042 000 500500

Why would multinational corporations favor commodity pulp & paper exports?

The FactsThe Facts Canada is the world’s leading producer and Canada is the world’s leading producer and

exporter of newsprint.exporter of newsprint.Where do we export it?Where do we export it? 75% goes to the US, the other 25% is 75% goes to the US, the other 25% is

exported mainly to Europe, Japan, and other exported mainly to Europe, Japan, and other Asian countries.Asian countries.

However, during the last 10 years we have However, during the last 10 years we have seen a decline in both production and seen a decline in both production and exports in Canada. exports in Canada.

Why has this occurred? Why has this occurred? Technology, environmental concerns.Technology, environmental concerns. 1993-2002; ~8-30 billion dollars in 1993-2002; ~8-30 billion dollars in

production annually.production annually.

The FactsThe Facts

80% of this value-added 80% of this value-added product is exported, primarily product is exported, primarily to the US.to the US.

Although this type of product Although this type of product is not as heavily exported to is not as heavily exported to the US as newsprint is, we see the US as newsprint is, we see a more steady growth trend a more steady growth trend than that of commodity paper than that of commodity paper products.products.

1993-2002; steady growth 1993-2002; steady growth from 5-10 billion in from 5-10 billion in productionproduction

Commodity:Commodity:

LumberLumber PlywoodPlywood Fireboard Fireboard Particle-boardParticle-board

Value Added:Value Added:

Wood windows and doorsWood windows and doors Wood palletsWood pallets Wood furnitureWood furniture Mobile homes Mobile homes

Canada is the worlds largest forest Canada is the worlds largest forest products producer and exporter; we products producer and exporter; we provide for 21% of all forestry provide for 21% of all forestry exports globally.exports globally.

Softwood lumber:Softwood lumber: Primarily operates out of BC and Primarily operates out of BC and

QuebecQuebec 22ndnd largest in production, 1 largest in production, 1stst in in

export.export. Most is either shipped to the US Most is either shipped to the US

(+60%), or distributed within (+60%), or distributed within Canada (33%)Canada (33%)

Maple SyrupMaple Syrup

Canada accounts for 85% Canada accounts for 85% of the worlds maple syrup of the worlds maple syrup production. The US production. The US provides the reminder.provides the reminder.

Quebec and New Quebec and New Brunswick primarily Brunswick primarily dominate this industry.dominate this industry.

More than 80% is More than 80% is exported to the US.exported to the US.

Christmas TreesChristmas Trees

Balsam fir, Spruce, Balsam fir, Spruce, Scots Pine, and Douglas Scots Pine, and Douglas fir.fir.

Some are harvested from Some are harvested from natural forest, some natural forest, some from plantationsfrom plantations

Over 50% are exported; Over 50% are exported; primarily from Quebec, primarily from Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.Brunswick.

The Facts The Facts

Bleach is heavily used in the Bleach is heavily used in the production of paper products.production of paper products.

It is estimated that Canadian It is estimated that Canadian mills use over 610, 000 tones mills use over 610, 000 tones of chlorine annually to of chlorine annually to produce 10 million tones of produce 10 million tones of bleached pulp to release over 1 bleached pulp to release over 1 million tones chlorinated million tones chlorinated waste into various water waste into various water systems.systems.

600, 000----10, 000, 000---600, 000----10, 000, 000---over 1, 000, 000 tones of over 1, 000, 000 tones of toxins dumped toxins dumped

The FactsThe Facts

The chemical composition of bleached The chemical composition of bleached pulp effluents are variable and not pulp effluents are variable and not well characterized—we do not know well characterized—we do not know exactly what is being introduced into exactly what is being introduced into the waterways.the waterways.

Many differernt forms of bleach are Many differernt forms of bleach are used in different pulp and paper mills.used in different pulp and paper mills.

What does this mean?What does this mean? It is hard to predict or assess the It is hard to predict or assess the

possible consequences these chemicals possible consequences these chemicals may have on the aquatic environments may have on the aquatic environments they are dumped into. they are dumped into.

Different types of paper reqire Different types of paper reqire different types of chemicals to treat different types of chemicals to treat the paper.the paper.

The FactsThe Facts

75% of all pulp mills in Canada may 75% of all pulp mills in Canada may have theses effects on aquatic life:have theses effects on aquatic life:

Acute effects (immediate)---Acute effects (immediate)---instantly lethalinstantly lethal

Chronic effects (over a period of Chronic effects (over a period of time)---deformed sexual functions, time)---deformed sexual functions, and damage to other bodily and damage to other bodily functions.functions.

Chlorine sediments have been Chlorine sediments have been found on water floors, within fish found on water floors, within fish and other smaller organisms and other smaller organisms (algae) 1400km from the nearest (algae) 1400km from the nearest pulp mill.pulp mill.

For a small forest animal, For a small forest animal, perhaps a squirrel, or many perhaps a squirrel, or many other forest animals:other forest animals:

The effects of clear-cutting The effects of clear-cutting for the animals of a forest for the animals of a forest would be the equivalent to: would be the equivalent to:

MythMyth Old-growth forests are full of sick, Old-growth forests are full of sick,

diseased plants and trees. A young diseased plants and trees. A young forest is more healthy.forest is more healthy.

TruthTruth Old-growth forests are healthy Old-growth forests are healthy

ecosystems which have evolved over ecosystems which have evolved over thousands of years.thousands of years.

There are different trees of different There are different trees of different ages and sizes.ages and sizes.

They are more resistant to diseaseThey are more resistant to disease Decaying wood retains water and Decaying wood retains water and

supports new life.supports new life. Old trees retain water and their roots Old trees retain water and their roots

hold soil in place.hold soil in place.

Clearcutting:Clearcutting:

Ravages soil and vegetation Ravages soil and vegetation (plants,trees, shrubs, grass).(plants,trees, shrubs, grass).

Water quality is degraded.Water quality is degraded. Fire hazards are increased.Fire hazards are increased. Animals lose their homes, Animals lose their homes,

thus become more easily thus become more easily preyed upon by predators.preyed upon by predators.

Animals source of food, be it Animals source of food, be it other animals or vegetation other animals or vegetation are as well severely affected.are as well severely affected.

Construction of logging roads, Construction of logging roads, especially ones built on slopes, especially ones built on slopes, can cause an:can cause an:

Increase in erosion levelsIncrease in erosion levels Increase landslides Increase landslides Animals homes are destroyed Animals homes are destroyed

(much like clear-cutting)(much like clear-cutting)

The logging roads almost act as a The logging roads almost act as a river when precipitation occurs:river when precipitation occurs:

Sediments, soil, and other Sediments, soil, and other particulates are picked up and particulates are picked up and transported elsewheretransported elsewhere

Disease and Insects: the pest insects kill large areas of tree stands

Threelined larch sawfly Barry's hairstreak

Ceanothus silk moth

Over-cutting: threat to the tree population and biodiversity ofan area.

With over-cutting, areas can change from lush dense forest (left) to barren wastelands (right).

•Over-cutting can Over-cutting can lead to the lost of lead to the lost of root material that root material that can compromise can compromise soil integritysoil integrity

•This leads to soil This leads to soil erosion: without erosion: without soil or soil soil or soil maintenance maintenance practices there is a practices there is a threat of losing threat of losing valuable tree valuable tree growing areasgrowing areas