Commercialization of beef production after the fast track land reform program in Zimbabwe: A case...
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Transcript of Commercialization of beef production after the fast track land reform program in Zimbabwe: A case...
COMMERCIALIZATION OF BEEF PRODUCTION AFTER THE FAST
TRACK LAND REFORM PROGRAM IN ZIMBABWE: A CASE STUDY OF NEW
SETTLEMENTS IN MANGWE DISTRICT.
Prof. Carroll Themba KhombeInstitute for Rural Technologies, 49 J. Tongogara, Bulawayo,
Zimbabwe
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, October 25-28, 2010
The Fast Track Land Reforms resulted in a radical transformation of the agricultural sector:
3 000 mainly white commercial farmers ceded the land to about 20 000 black farmers
• Collapse of commercial agriculture• Human Rights violations• Food insecurity• Economic callaspe• Targetted sanctions• Widthdrawal from the World Bank and IMF
Revolutionary changes resulted in the break-down of the beef industry since;
• by 1993, the commercial herd fell from 30% to 7 % of the national herd;
• high level commodity chains collapsed because of reduced supply and demand
• massive unemployment and economic collapse
The process opened opportunities for smallholder farmers to participate meaningfully in the high value commodity chain
Smallholder farmers were settled in larger land holdings in villagised commercial settlements
Home steads
Communal Pastures
LivestockHandling Facilities
Watering Point
Home stead
Communal Pastures
LivestockHandling Facilities
Watering Point
Fields
Draught Animals
Milking Cows
Finishing Animals to the Market
Market
Villagised A1 model
IndividualisedA2 model
3-Tier model Additional grazing
Researchers from IRT undertook a Land and Livelihoods study from 2007 to 2008. Study covered Fast Track resettlement farms in Mangwe district: • 15 villagised resettlement areas (A1 model) of Marula ward (364 households)
• 5 farms in Marula ward & 8 farms in Empandeni ward (A2 model with 169 families
• 13 farms acquired for grazing for communal areas (3-tier model with 667 families)
Thirteen youths were trained to conduct the Land and Livelihoods survey
These enumerators visited individual farms and completed the questionnaire through holding one-on-one interviews with the plotholders.
The data collected was analysed using SPSS.
Criteria was used to determine the status of the settlers to engage in commercial beef production:
• Profiles of the plotholders • Formation of farmer organizations • Level of application of improved beef husbandry practices• Availability of infrastructure to enhance beef production• Type and numbers of cattle available in the farms.
Profile of SettlersResettlement Model
TotalA1 A2 3-tier
Gender Male 152 118 353 623
Female 53 15 76 144
Age Group < 15 years
4 0 2 6
15 to 65 years
186 113 317 616
>65 years
10 21 113 144
Responses given for profiles of individuals that were resettled in the Fast Track Resettlement Program in Mangwe District
Profile of SettlersResettlement Model
TotalA1 A2 3-tier
Level of education
No education
22 5 30 57
Primary 55 84 198 337Secondary 48 41 123 212Certificate 7 6 21 34
Employment status
Not employed
79 63 256 396
Employed 62 41 77 180Self employed
60 31 97 188
Responses given for profiles of individuals that were resettled in the Fast Track Resettlement Program in Mangwe District
Type of institutionResettlement Model
TotalA1 A2 3-tier
Commodity Associations
Yes 62 8 64 134
No 90 39 338 467
Irrigation Committees
Yes 52 16 82 150
No 115 32 324 471Cooperative Projects
Yes 90 7 93 190
No 80 39 313 432
Number of respondents that were aware about the existence of farmers’ groupings to exploit economies of scale
Profile of SettlersResettlement Model
TotalA1 A2 3-tier
Methods of castration
Do not castrate 33 8 5 46Knife 22 36 45 103Burdizzo 92 78 340 510
Method of animal identification
No identification
12 0 0 12
Paint 0 5 3 8Branding 57 94 193 344Ear notching /tag
14 1 2 17
Methods of deworming
No dosing 26 1 89 116Bottle 62 41 220 323Medicine applicator
16 11 21 48
Dosing gun 54 76 47 177
Responses received about the application of improved livestock husbandry practices in the resettlement areas.
`Profile of Settlers
Resettlement Model Total
A1 A2 3-tier
Methods of tick removal
Do not use anything
10 29 5 44
Apply tick grease
4 16 38 58
Apply pour-on acaricide
1 0 1 2
Plunge dip 130 56 317 503Spray race 12 25 6 43Other methods 1 0 32 33
Method of weaning
Do not wean 39 11 300 350Separation 28 15 19 62Weaning plate 57 50 51 158
Responses received about the application of improved livestock husbandry practices in the resettlement areas.
Profile of SettlersResettlement Model
TotalA1 A2 3-tier
Number of functional paddocks
Zero 9 39 192 2401 to 5 86 74 39 1995 to 10 66 3 72 7110 to 15 37 0 40 77Above 15
0 0 2 2
Number of functional dip tanks
None 38 78 248 3641 138 40 94 2722 18 0 3 21
3 0 0 3 3
Livestock infrastructure that is available in the resettlement Areas
Profile of SettlersResettlement Model
TotalA1 A2 3-tier
Number of cattle per household
No cattle 16 8 97 1211 to 5 63 13 29 1056 to 10 13 8 60 8111 to 15 5 7 32 4416 to 20 7 4 20 31>25 7 16 36 59
Major cattle breeds
Indigenous 43 19 87 149Exotic 6 1 11 18Mixed 13 2 75 90
Response showing cattle holdings in the resettlement areas
CONCLUSIONUrgent measures need to be taken to resuscitate commercial beef production in Zimbabwe
Need to support the commodity chains that create employment and revenue.
Recommended that investments should be made in the following areas:
• restocking the new farms using adapted high yielding breeds
• strengthening farmers-driven commodity associations
• establishing linkages with high value markets