COMMERCIAL FENESTRATION FUNDAMENTALS & DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS · PDF fileIBC 2015 –...

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COMMERCIAL FENESTRATION FUNDAMENTALS & DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Transcript of COMMERCIAL FENESTRATION FUNDAMENTALS & DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS · PDF fileIBC 2015 –...

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COMMERCIAL FENESTRATION FUNDAMENTALS & DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Pace Representatives is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request. This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

INTRODUCTION

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After attending this session attendees should be able to:

!  Understand the functional & performance differences among commercial fenestration solutions

!  Understand the impact of daylight & views on occupant well being

!  Understand the relationship of commercial fenestration and occupant comfort and HVAC system design

!  Understand current code and green building requirements for commercial fenestration

!  Implement current best practices for selection and detailing of commercial fenestration

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

FENESTRATION: The arrangement, proportioning, and design of windows and doors in a building.

FENESTRATION: Skylights, roof windows, vertical windows (fixed or moveable), opaque doors, glazed doors, glazed block and combination opaque/glazed doors. Fenestration includes products with glass and non-glass glazing materials.

SKYLIGHTS AND SLOPED GLAZING: Glass or other transparent or translucent glazing material installed at a slope of 15 degrees (0.26 rad) or more from vertical. Glazing material in skylights, including unit skylights, tubular daylighting devices, solariums, sunrooms, roofs and sloped walls, are included in this definition.

DEFINITION(s)

Image Credit: Louis Kahn

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

!  Windows

!  Storefront

!  Curtain Wall

!  Unitized Curtain Wall

!  Doors

!  Skylights

PRIMARY TYPES

Image Credit: Filigree Fenestration

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

!  Daylight

!  Views

!  Resist Forces

!  Provide Safety

!  Liquid Water Control

!  Air Control

!  Thermal Control

!  Water Vapor Control

!  Beauty

!  Noise Control

!  …

PRIMARY FUNCTIONS

Image Credit: Whole Building Design Guide

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

!  What are daylight & view requirements?

!  What are the energy efficiency requirements?

!  What are the thermal comfort requirements?

!  What are the indoor design conditions?

!  What are the outdoor design conditions?

!  Is operability required?

!  Where is the fenestration located?

GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Image Credit: www.commercialwindows.org

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

!  Structural performance (deflection & impact)

!  Water infiltration

!  Air infiltration

!  Thermal performance

!  Condensation resistance

!  Visible light transmittance

!  Sound transmission

GENERAL PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

!  Better quality of light

!  Potential energy savings

!  Increased property value/income

!  Increased occupant productivity/performance

!  Reinforce circadian rhythms

!  Required by many high performance building rating systems, standards &/or codes

WHY INCORPORATE DAYLIGHT & VIEWS?

Image Credit: Wasco Skylights

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

!  IBC 2015 – Chapter 13: Energy Efficiency

!  IBC 2015 – Chapter 16: Structural Design

!  IBC 2015 – Chapter 24: Glass & Glazing

!  IECC 2015 – Chapter 4: Commercial Energy Efficiency

!  Owner’s Project Requirements (OPR)

!  LEED v4 BD&C – Indoor Environmental Quality

!  NE-CHPS v3.0

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Chapter 13 – Energy Efficiency

!  Section 1301.1.1 Criteria: Buildings shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the International Energy Conservation Code.

GENERAL CODE REQUIREMENTS

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Section 1603.1.4 Wind Design Data: The following information related to wind loads shall be shown, regardless of whether wind loads govern the design of the lateral force-resisting system of the structure:

!  Ultimate design wind speed, Vult, (3-second gust), miles per hour (km/hr) and nominal design wind speed.

!  Risk category.

!  Wind exposure. Applicable wind direction if more than one wind exposure is utilized.

!  Applicable internal pressure coefficient.

!  Design wind pressures (PSF) to be used for exterior component and cladding materials not specifically designed by the registered design professional responsible for the design of the structure.

GENERAL CODE REQUIREMENTS

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Section 1609 Wind Loads:

!  Required opening protection, ultimate design wind speed, and exposure category can be determined per Section 1609 or ASCE 7.

!  The ultimate design wind speed, Vult, in mph, for the determination of the wind loads shall be determined by: !  Figure 1609.3(1) for Risk Category II buildings

!  Figure 1609.3(2) for Risk Category III & IV buildings

!  Figure 1609.3(3) for Risk Category I buildings

GENERAL CODE REQUIREMENTS

Image Credit: IBC 2015 Figure 1609.3(1)

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Risk Category: A categorization of buildings and other structures for determination of flood, wind, snow, ice and earthquake loads based on the risk associated with unacceptable performance.

1604.5 Risk Category: Each building and structure shall be assigned a risk category in accordance with Table 1604.5.

!  Category I – Low hazard in the event of failure

!  Category II – Buildings not listed as Categories I, III or IV

!  Category III – Substantial hazard in the event of failure

!  Category IV – Designated as essential facilities

GENERAL CODE REQUIREMENTS

Image Credit: IBC 2015 Table 1604.5

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Section 1609.4.3 Exposure Categories: An exposure category shall be determined in accordance with the following:

!  Exposure B – For buildings where Surface Roughness B (e.g., urban & suburban areas) prevails in upwind direction for at least 1500’ if mean roof height is ≤30’ or 2600’ if mean roof height is ≥30’.

!  Exposure C – Applies when Exposure B or D does not apply.

!  Exposure D – For buildings where Surface Roughness D (e.g. open ocean) prevails upwind for ≥5000’ or 20x the height of the building, whichever is greater. Also applies if Surface Roughness D is upwind within 600’ or 20x the height of the building.

GENERAL CODE REQUIREMENTS

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

1609.1.1 Determination of wind loads. Wind loads on every building or structure shall be determined in accordance with Chapters 26 to 30 of ASCE 7 or provisions of the alternate all-heights method in Section 1609.6.

!  Alternate all-heights method allowed for simple structures <75’ in height and that are not sensitive to dynamic effects

GENERAL CODE REQUIREMENTS

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Section 1609.1.2 Protection of Openings: In wind-borne debris regions, glazing in buildings shall be impact resistant or protected with an impact-resistant covering meeting the requirements of an approved impact-resistant standard or ASTM E 1996 and ASTM E 1886 referenced herein as follows:

!  Glazed openings located within 30 feet (9144 mm) of grade shall meet the requirements of the large missile test of ASTM E 1996.

!  Glazed openings located more than 30 feet (9144 mm) above grade shall meet the provisions of the small missile test of ASTM E 1996.

GENERAL CODE REQUIREMENTS

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

WIND-BORNE DEBRIS REGION: Areas within hurricane-prone regions located:

1. Within 1 mile (1.61 km) of the coastal mean high water line where the ultimate design wind speed, Vult, is 130 mph (58 m/s) or greater; or

2. In areas where the ultimate design wind speed is 140 mph (63.6 m/s) or greater; or Hawaii.

For Risk Category II buildings and structures and Risk Category III buildings and structures, except health care facilities, the wind-borne debris region shall be based on Figure 1609.3.(1). For Risk Category IV buildings and structures and Risk Category III health care facilities, the wind-borne debris region shall be based on Figure 1609.3(2).

GENERAL CODE REQUIREMENTS

Image Credit: IBC 2015 Figure 1609.3(1)

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

2406.4 Hazardous Locations. The locations specified in Sections 2406.4.1 through 2406.4.7 shall be considered specific hazardous locations requiring safety glazing materials.

!  Glazing in doors

!  Glazing adjacent to doors (i.e., within 24”)

!  Glazing in windows meeting certain criteria

!  Glazing in guards & railings

!  Glazing near wet areas

!  Glazing adjacent to stairways, ramps & landings

GENERAL CODE REQUIREMENTS

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

IECC 2015 Requirements:

Chapter 4 – Commercial Energy Efficiency

C401.2 Application. Commercial buildings shall comply with one of the following:

1.  The requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1.

2.  The requirements of Sections C402 through C405. In addition, commercial buildings shall comply with Section C406 and tenant spaces shall comply with Section C406.1.1.

3.  The requirements of Sections C402.5, C403.2, C404, C405.2, C405.3, C405.4, C405.6 and C407. The building energy cost shall be equal to or less than 85 percent of the standard reference design building.

GENERAL CODE REQUIREMENTS

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Section C402 Building Envelope Requirements

C402.1 General (Prescriptive): Building thermal envelope assemblies for buildings that are intended to comply with the code on a prescriptive basis, in accordance with the compliance path described in Item 2 (i.e., IECC 2015) of Section C401.2, shall comply with the following:

!  Fenestration in building envelope assemblies shall comply with Section C402.4.

!  Air leakage of building envelope assemblies shall comply with Section C402.5.

GENERAL CODE REQUIREMENTS

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C402.4 Fenestration (Prescriptive). Fenestration shall comply with Sections C402.4 through C402.4.4 and Table C402.4. Daylight responsive controls shall comply with this section and Section C405.2.3.1.

!  C402.4.1 Maximum area. The vertical fenestration area (not including opaque doors and opaque spandrel panels) shall not be greater than 30 percent of the gross above-grade wall area. The skylight area shall not be greater than 3 percent of the gross roof area.

GENERAL CODE REQUIREMENTS

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

C402.4.1.1 Increased Vertical Fenestration Area. In Climate Zones 1 through 6, not more than 40 percent of the gross above-grade wall area shall be permitted to be vertical fenestration, provided all of the following requirements are met:

!  In buildings not greater than two stories above grade, not less than 50 percent of the net floor area is within a daylight zone.

!  In buildings three or more stories above grade, not less than 25 percent of the net floor area is within a daylight zone.

!  Daylight responsive controls complying with Section C405.2.3.1 are installed in daylight zones.

!  Visible transmittance (VT) of vertical fenestration is not less than 1.1 times solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC).

GENERAL CODE REQUIREMENTS

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

GENERAL CODE REQUIREMENTS

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

GENERAL CODE REQUIREMENTS

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

C402.5.2 Air leakage of fenestration. The air leakage of fenestration assemblies shall meet the provisions of Table C402.5.2. Testing shall be in accordance with the applicable reference test standard in Table C402.5.2 by an accredited, independent testing laboratory and labeled by the manufacturer.

GENERAL CODE REQUIREMENTS

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

!  LEED V4 BD&C: !  1-3 credits for glare controlled daylight

!  1-2 credits for quality views

!  NE-CHPS 3.0: !  Prerequisite requirements for glare control

!  1-3 points for daylight availability

!  Prerequisite for view glazing from >70% classrooms, reading rooms, offices

!  1-2 points for additional view glazing

!  ASHRAE 189.1-2014: !  Daylit area requirements for large spaces and office and classroom spaces

!  IgCC 2015: !  Minimum daylit area requirements for select uses depending on height &

area

GREEN BUILDING REQUIREMENTS

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Window. An opening in a wall, door, roof or vehicle that allows the passage of light and, if not closed or sealed, air and sound. Typically provided as a complete factory assembled unit for installation into a “punched” opening.

WINDOWS

Image Credit: EFCO

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

System Basics:

!  Several performance classes (e.g., R, LC, C, HC, AW)

!  Typically provided fully assembled from factory

!  Available as fixed or operable

!  Multiple types of operation

!  Multiple hardware options

!  Thermal performance is a function of the frame & glazing

WINDOWS

Image Credit: EFCO 325X Series Details

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Structural:

!  Multiple units can be mulled together

!  System anchors at/through perimeter members

!  Indirect load path from mullion to wall condition

!  Screw spline construction

WINDOWS

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Water Management:

!  Glazing pockets pressure equalize for superior water resistance

!  Water is diverted through mullions and out through the sill of the assembly

WINDOWS

Image Credit: Building Science Corporation

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Installation & Anchoring:

!  Through glazing pocket

!  Clips

!  Sub-frames

WINDOWS

Image Credit: EFCO Window Installation Manual

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Advancements:

!  Low center of glass U-Values

!  Advanced thermal breaks for improved thermal and condensation resistance performance

!  Thermally broken sub-frames with fin to facilitate window installation and AVB tie-in

!  Sub-frames with snap trip options to accommodate varying wall assemblies and design intents

WINDOWS

Image Credit: EFCO Thermal Analysis

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Design Considerations:

!  Durability & service life expectancy

!  Maximum operable lite size

!  Hardware types & limitations

!  Grilles & Screens

!  Aesthetics

!  Anchoring method

!  Continuity of control layers

WINDOWS

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

WINDOWS

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Storefront: A single story system designed to provide daylight and vision for a store or shop facing a street or pedestrian traffic. Typically provided as separate components (e.g., frames, mullions, glass) that are field assembled.

STOREFRONT

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

System Basics

!  Designed for lower design pressures & exposures

!  4 ½” & 6 ½” frame depths

!  2” & 2 ½” frame widths

!  Inside or outside glazing

!  Glazing up to 1 5/16” thickness

!  Screw spline or shear block assembly

STOREFRONT

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Structural:

!  No mullion splicing or mid-span support

!  System anchors through perimeter members

!  Indirect load path from mullion to wall condition

!  Screw spline or shear block construction

STOREFRONT

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Water Management:

!  Water diverted from horizontal mullions to vertical mullions and out through the sill of the assembly

!  Not intended for high exposure or multi-story installations

!  More horizontal mullions increases water to be managed at the sill of the assembly

STOREFRONT

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Assembly:

!  At sub-contractor’s shop or in field

!  Screw Spline or Shear Block

!  Inside glazed or outside glazed

STOREFRONT

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

STOREFRONT

Screw Spline Shear Block

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Installation & Anchoring:

!  Through glazing pocket

!  Clips

!  Sub-frames

STOREFRONT

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Design Considerations:

!  System water management

!  Anchoring method & location

!  Continuity of control layers

!  Closed back at perimeter framing

!  Submittal requirements

!  Will field testing be required?

STOREFRONT

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

STOREFRONT

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Curtain Wall: A thin, usually aluminum-framed wall, containing in-fills of glass, metal panels, or thin stone. The framing is attached to the building structure and does not carry the floor or roof loads of the building. The wind and gravity loads of the curtain wall are transferred to the building structure, typically at the floor line.

Curtain walls differ from storefront systems in that they are designed to span multiple floors, and take into consideration design requirements such as: thermal expansion and contraction; building sway and movement; and water diversion.

CURTAIN WALL

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

System Basis:

!  Designed for high design pressures & exposures

!  Can span multiple floors

!  Stick, factory glazed & unitized

!  Face sealed or pressure equalized

!  Inside or outside glazed

!  3 7/8” - 10 1/4” frame depths

!  2 1/4” & 2 1/2” frame widths

CURTAIN WALL

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Stick vs. Unitized:

!  In the stick system, the curtain wall frame and glass or opaque panels are installed and connected together piece by piece at the construction site.

!  In the unitized system, the curtain wall is composed of large units that are factory assembled and glazed, shipped to the site and erected on the building. Vertical and horizontal mullions of the modules mate together with the adjoining modules.

CURTAIN WALL

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Structural Characteristics:

!  Tubular mullions resist deflection and twisting

!  Structural reinforcing available

!  Structural mullions can be vertical or horizontal

!  Heavy duty mullion anchors

!  Direct load path from mullion to anchor

!  Screw spline or shear block construction

CURTAIN WALL

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Water Management:

!  SSG Systems !  Face sealed !  Water is not allowed past the outer glass surface

!  Captured Systems !  Pressure equalized !  Each glazed area is an independent water management zone !  Water is allowed into the pressure equalized zone and weeped

CURTAIN WALL

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Installation & Anchoring:

!  Multiple mullion widths, depths and reinforcement options

!  Direct transfer of loads from structural mullions to adjacent condition

!  Dead load and wind load anchoring

CURTAIN WALL

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

Design Considerations:

!  Mullion spacing

!  Allowable deflection

!  Orientation of structural mullions

!  Anchor types & locations

!  Stick built or unitized

!  Required field testing

CURTAIN WALL

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

CURTAIN WALL

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

!  Prescriptive U-Factor and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) is allowed up to a 40% window to wall ratio

!  Controlled daylight and views improves occupant productivity and well-being

!  Establishing fenestration performance targets early in design supports and integrated design process to maximize the opportunity for tradeoffs between the fenestration and other building systems

!  A properly designed fenestration solution will reduce energy use, improve indoor environmental quality and occupant productivity

SUMMARY

Image Credit: HOK Group, Inc.

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Commercial Fenestration Fundamentals & Design Considerations

!  EFCO product installation guides

!  National Institute of Building Sciences – Whole Building Design Guide

!  Building Science Corporation

!  ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook

!  US Energy Information Administration

!  National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)

!  American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

REFERENCES & RESOURCES

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Christopher Armstrong, Assoc. AIA, LEED AP BD+C

Director of Building Envelope Science 781-541-5062 [email protected] www.pacerepresentatives.com

Page 56: COMMERCIAL FENESTRATION FUNDAMENTALS & DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS · PDF fileIBC 2015 – Chapter 16: Structural Design ! IBC 2015 – Chapter 24: Glass & Glazing ! ... Commercial Fenestration