Commentary on New Land Acquisition Act ( LARR),2013
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Transcript of Commentary on New Land Acquisition Act ( LARR),2013
Commentary on LARR-2013 © Naveen Kumar “Global Experience Local Expertise”
1
Commentary on LARR-2013
Introduction
The Power of the sovereign to take individual property for public use (called in
America Eminent Domain- an expression believed to have been first used by
Grotius), and the resulting rights of the owner to compensation are well
established. In justification of the power, two maxims are often used:
1. ―salus populi est suprema lex‖ = Public welfare is the highest law
2. ―necessitas publica major est quam privata‖ = Public necessity is
greater than private necessity
Land is regarded to be the Life of Indian society, and Land reforms have been
major instruments for social transformation. Thus the Land and Land reforms
issues are the focal point of the political and economic agenda of the country. But
every concern Government neglected the social legislature on land acquisition,
Land reforms have been given a feebly attempted at various times and this has
proved to be a case of the remedy being worse than the disease and this was the
core substance of every resistance movement in Indian history.
Land and Reforms are the correlative terms in Indian History. Right from the
British Raj, and till recent years (before LARR-2013), the Land Acquisition and
Reforms Acts, were unbalanced, it generally look at as a forced measure, with the
shadow of “Public Purpose”. Land acquisition refers to the process by which the
government forcibly acquires private property for public purpose without the
consent of the land owner, which is different from a market purchase of land.
History – Land Acquisition Legislature in India
Synopsis
1. Ancient time
2. Colonial period
3. Post independent
1. ANCIENT TIME
Right from Vedic age, the principle of private property and private ownership has
been recognized. At the same time, there was nothing called absolute ownership
with respect to land. It is an amazing fact that land was never regarded to be the
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property of any King or monarch but it was the property of the village, and the
intervention of the sovereign being limited to a share of usufruct for the protection
he provided in return, even in Hindu period or in Muslim period. In fact it was the
common behavior of the sovereign that peasants were allowed to continue to enjoy
customary rights over land they occupied, and generally could not be evicted
unless they failed to pay the required land revenue (land tax) to the state.
With the arrival of the East India Company in the Seventeenth Century, the
agrarian structure underwent radical change. And Land became the instrument of
revenue generation only, and the principle of private property and private
ownership has been completely neglected.
The Land Reforms Policy adopted since Independence aims at restructuring
agrarian relations to achieve an democratic social structure; elimination of
exploitation in land relations; realizing the age-old goal of land to the tiller;
increasing agricultural productivity and production and infusing equality in local
institutions.
2. COLONIAL PERIOD
The ulterior desired of British Government was to maximum satisfaction of their
ulterior motive of extortion of Indian resources, to execute such clandestine
desired the Government, established such Laws, which Indicate only English
purposes i.e. consolidate colonial commercial interests, and The Land
acquisition Act, 1894 was enacted for the purpose of COMPULSORILY
ACQUIRING OF LAND required for public purpose or for purpose of companies.
BANGAL REGULATION I OF 1824
The first attempt of acquisition of property was made by Britisher in 1824, by
Bengal Regulation I Of 1824, the Act applied throughout the whole of the
provinces immediately subject to the Presidency of Fort William. The Act
provided the rules for enabling the officers of Government to obtain, at a fair
valuation, land or other immovable property required for Roads, Canals or other
Public Purposes.
Act XXVIII of 1839
In Bombay Act XXVIII of 1839 declared widening or altering any existing public
road, street or other thoroughfare or drain or for making any new public road,
street or other thoroughfare within the meaning of public purpose.
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ACT I OF 1850
By Act I of 1850, some of the provisions of the Regulation were extended to the
town of Calcutta with the object of “confirming the title to lands in Calcutta taken
for public purposes.
Act XLII of 1850
When Britisher establish the Railway network for their ulterior motive, it had been
felt that the acquisition of land is also need for Railways, and the Act XLII of
1850, declared that Railways were public works, and the land can be acquire for
the same.
Act XX of 1852
In Madras Act XX of 1852, were passed for the purpose of facilitating the
acquisition of land for public purpose.
Act VI 1857
Act VI 1857 repealed all previous enactments relating to acquisition and its
objects, as per preamble, was to make better provisions for the acquisition of land
needed for public purpose within the territory of East India Company, and it also
determined of the amount of compensation to be paid for the same. Under this Act
the Collector was empowered to fix the amount of compensation by agreement, if
possible, but if there was no such agreement, the dispute had to be referred to
arbitrators, whose decision was to be final and could not be overruled except on
the ground of corruption or misconduct of arbitrators.
Acts II 1861, XXII 1863, Act X of 1870
But later on due to the corruption this Act was amended by the Acts II 1861 and
XXII 1863 but there was no provision of appeal against the arbitrator award;
hence Act X of 1870 was passed, this act first time provided a reference for a civil
court if the Arbitrator could not settle the amount of compensation by agreement,
it not only provided details procedure for acquisition of land but also elucidate the
specific rules for accreting the compensation amount
Land Acquisition Act 1894
Land Acquisition Act 1894, proved to be the mile stone in the Indian land
Acquisition enactments, it was completely a self-contained act. Since then
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various amendments have been made from time to time but the administrative
procedures have remained same.
Government of Indian Act, 1919 and Government of Indian Act 1935
Government of Indian Act, 1919 and Government of Indian Act 1935, Extended
the power to the Provinces to legislate with respect to compulsory acquisition of
land.
Land Acquisition Act 1923
In this Amendment act first time given the opportunity to the person interested in
the land proposed to be acquired to state their objections to the acquisition and
to be heard by the authority concerned in support of their objections, by
amending the Section 5A of the Act. This could be possible only because the
elections which enabled Indian leaders into the local administration, but it was also
a surprising fact that, Government was not bound to execute such objections.
3. Post Independence Amendments in Land Acquisition Act 1894
The Land Acquisition Act of 1894 allowed the government to acquire private
lands. It was the only legislation pertaining to land acquisition which, though
amended several times, had failed to serve its purpose. Under the 1894 Act,
displaced people were only liable for monetary compensation, which was still
somewhat negligible. Many that get displaced are from the poorest sections; the
majorities were tribal and fail to raise their voice against the mistreatment.
The Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act, 1962
The chief object of the Act was to provide for the speedy acquisition of land for the
resettlement of displaced persons.
As per Act:
“1. Short title. This Act may be called the Land Acquisition
(Amendment) Act, 1962 . 2 to Amendments to the Land Acquisition Act,
1894 (1 of 1894 ). 1[ 2 to 6.[ Amendments to the Land Acquisition Act,
1894 (1 of 1894 ).] Not printed.
7. Validation of certain acquisitions. Notwithstanding any judgment,
decree or order of any court, every acquisition of land for a Company
made or purporting to have been made under Part VII of the principal
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Act before the 20th day of July, 1962 , shall, in so far as such acquisition
is not for any of the purposes mentioned in clause (a) or clause (b) of
sub- section
(1) of section 40 of the principal Act, be deemed to have been made for
the purpose mentioned in clause (aa) of the said sub- section, and
accordingly every such acquisition and any proceeding, order,
agreement or action in connection with such acquisition shall be, and
shall be deemed always to have been, as valid as if the provisions of
sections 40 and 41 of the principal Act, as amended by this Act, were in
force at all material times when such acquisition was made or
proceeding was held or order was made or agreement was entered into
or action was taken. Explanation.-- In this section" Company" has the
same meaning as in clause (e) of section 3 of the principal Act, as
amended by this Act.
8. Repeal and saving.
(1) The Land Acquisition (Amendment) Ordinance, 1962 (3 of 1962 ), is
hereby repealed.
(2) Notwithstanding such repeal, anything done or any action taken
under the said Ordinance shall be deemed to have been done or taken
under this Act, as if this Act had commenced on the 20th day of July,
1962.”
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The Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill 2002
In its, One Hundred Eighty Second Report (108), 16th Law Commission of
India suo motu, recommended for removing the lacuna regarding issuing of a
fresh notification for the acquisition of land for public purpose under section 4
of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894. And suggested Amendment of Section 6 of the
Land Acquisition Act, 1894, and in its recommendation the commission suggested
to the then Law Minister that
“The Commission, therefore, considered it appropriate to examine the
said lacuna and recommends amendment of section 6 of the Land
Acquisition Act, 1894 with a view to subserve the public purpose, allow
the land acquisition proceedings to be continued without a fresh
notification under section 4(1) and render the judicial process
meaningful and efficacious as also to enable the aggrieved owner to
vindicate his grievances in the pending land acquisition proceedings
itself.”
Infect the background was prepared by Supreme Court by its judgment in
Padamsundara Rao v. State of Tamil Nadu [ JT 2002 (3)SC 1], overruling
the view taken in N.Narasimhaiah v. State of Karnataka [1996 (3) SCC 88]
case1, on the ground that fixing of any further period for making a fresh
declaration would amount to legislation by judicial fiat.
The Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill, 2007 and 2009
Was passed by the Lok Sabha on 25th February 2009 (the last day of the session)
but the bill lapsed with the dissolution of the 14th Lok Sabha.
In Narasimhaiah‘s case, it was held that where any declaration made under section
6(1) was set aside or quashed by a court, a fresh declaration could be made within one year from the date of the judgment of the court. It was this view that was not accepted in the case of Padamsundara Rao.
Commentary on LARR-2013 © Naveen Kumar “Global Experience Local Expertise”
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The Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2011
In 2011, first time an image of social legislature was seen in combine land
acquisition and R&R into a single overarching legal framework. Accordingly the
LARR Bill of 2011 was introduced in the Lok Sabha
THE RIGHT TO FAIR COMPENSATION AND TRANSPARENCY IN
LAND ACQUISITION, REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT ACT,
2013
[NO.30 OF 2013]
to ensure, in consultation with institutions of local self-government and
Gram Sabhas established under the Constitution, a humane,
participative, informed and transparent process for land acquisition for
industrialisation, development of essential infrastructural facilities and
urbanisation with the least disturbance to the owners of the land and
other affected families and provide just and fair compensation to the
affected families whose land has been acquired or proposed to be
acquired or are affected by such acquisition and make adequate
provisions for such affected persons for their rehabilitation and
resettlement and for ensuring that the cumulative outcome of
compulsory acquisition should be that affected persons become
partners in development leading to an improvement in their post
acquisition social and economic status and for matters connected
therewith or incidental thereto.
BE it enacted by Parliament in the Sixty-fourth Year of the Republic
of India as follows:—
SYNOPSIS
4. Background Of The Act
5. Reason for New Act
6. Highlight of New Act
a) Retrospective effect
b) Transparency in acquisition process
c) Fair Compensation
d) Post effect measures
e) Safeguard for SC‟s/ST‟s
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f) Compensation for livelihood
g) Strengthen the Gram Sabha voice in land acquisition
h) Consent of people whose land acquire
i) Return of unutilized land
j) Safe guard from income tax and stamp duty
k) Share in appreciated land value
7. Title Analysis
1. Background Of The Act
During the British Raj, in the year 1824, an Act” The Land Acquisition
Act, 1894‖ for land acquisition was enacted by British government. This
Act empowered the government to acquire the land from privately held
person for public use, at a reasonable price which government considered.
Its application was throughout the whole of the Bengal provinces, and there
after rest part of India, even after independence of, the Indian government
adopted the 1894 Land Acquisition Act. Since then various amendments
have been made from time to time but the administrative procedures have
remained same.
2. Why this New Enactment?
There was a unanimous opinion that the current law (”The Land
Acquisition Act, 1894”) suffers from various shortcomings, and not able to
address the progressive Indian needs. Hon‟ble Apex court also observed the
current act (”The Land Acquisition Act, 1894”) has “become a fraud”i on
only this but many time Hon‟ble Supreme court made its observation
regarding the procedure and deficiency in the current act.
In consolation below are the points to give birth this new Act:
obsolete law
Supreme Court Observations
To bridge the gab for acquisition to rehabilitation and resettlement
Provide the balance between land owner whose land being acquired
and facilitating the industrialization and urbanization
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8. Anatomy of the Act
The soul of the act lies in three points:
Land Acquisition- For what purpose, Transparency and Consent
of Local Self Government ( Panchayat)
Consent- prior consent when the government acquires the land
for private companies, the consent of at least 80% of the project
affected families shall be obtained through a previous informed
process before government uses its power under the Act to
acquire the remaining land for public good, and in case of a
public-private project at least 70% of the affected families should
consent to the acquisition process
Compensation- Just and Fair compensation not only for those
who displaced by acquisition, but other affected sections by
acquisition to level the social and economic crisis
R&R – Balancing post acquisition affects
4. Highlight of New Act
a) Retrospective effect
The magnificent feature of this act, is an effort to address the
historical injustice, the Act applies retrospectively in following
cases:-
a) Where No Award Made: Where no award under Section11 of
the 1894 Act has been, made, the new law will apply with regard
to compensation:-
b) Where an award has been made: Where an award has been
made but the affected individuals have not accepted compensation
or have not yet given up possession, and the proceedings have
been pending for 5 years or more, provisions of the new law will
apply.
b) Transparency in acquisition process
This act also project the transparency to the process of acquisition of
land, all documents such as summary of SIA2 notified along with
draft Notification are made available in public domain and on the
website for public scrutiny, and Gram Sabha also be consulted before
acquire any land. 2 The social Impact Assessment
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c) Just and Fair Compensation
The act not only recognized the compensation but fair
compensation, the compensation is no more the arbitrary wish of the
government as was under the old Act (”The Land Acquisition Act,
1894”), the minimum compensation for land is being decided at the
market value as pr The First Schedule of this Act.
d) Post effect measures
This Act addressed the social legislature, which make the obligatory
provisions for R&R3 for social and economic status of those displaced
by acquisition, and livelihood losers who are dependent on the land
e) Safeguard for SC s/STs
There are specific provisions are being made in this act apart from
rehabilitation and resettlement SCs and STs Families will be entitle
for Land even in the case of irrigation projects, one time financial
assistance with the tune of Rupees. Fifty Thousand per family, an
additional 25% R&R benefits if families settled outside the district,
1/3 payment of the compensation amount at very outset etc.
f) Compensation for livelihood
Provisions for compensation other than whose land acquire, who are
dependent of land being acquired for their livelihood
g) Strengthen the Gram Sabha voice in land acquisition
The role of Gram Sabha is being enhanced by this act, no land cab
acquired in Scheduled Areas without the consent of the Gram Sabhas
(Panchayats), provisions of representation of Chairperson of Gram
Sabha in Rehabilitation and Resettlement committee is also being
made
h) Consent of people whose land acquire
The Act makes the provisions of prior consent of not less than 70 %
and 80% of people whose land is sought to be in the event of PPP
projects or private companies respectively
i) Return of unutilized land
In case land remains unutilized after acquisition , the new Act
empowers States to return the land either to the owner or to the
State Land Bank
3 Rehabilitation and Resettlement
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j) Safe guard from income tax and stamp duty
With the tune of fair compensation all amounts accruing under this
act have been exempted from Income tax and from Stamp duty
k) Share in appreciated land value
If the land is being sold to the third party at a higher price then 40%
of the appreciated land value or profit will be shared with the original
owners
l) Compact Law
It is being observed that making the provision for land owner not
level the social and economic justice, only providing compensation
without the provision of Rehabilitation and Resettlement, is against
the aim of social state, and as Rehabilitation and Resettlement, is
considered to be the two side of one coin, this act is the approached to
balance this situation
m) Balance between Land Acquisition and Development
This act is an effort to balance the issue of farmers during and after
acquisition of land and for industrialization, development of essential
infrastructural facilities and urbanization with the least disturbance to
the owners of the land and other affected families
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4. Title Analysis
The RIGHT to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013
CHAPTER I
Title Analysis
The tile of the act is very significant the title started with ―RIGHT‖ the words
„right‟ have, of course, a variety of meanings, according to the connection or
context in which they are used. Their definition, are given by standard
lexicographers, include ‗that which one has a legal claim to do‖.
The word “Right” in the title of the act establishes the legal claim for Fair
Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, for affected families. The
PRE REQUISITES
POST EFFECT
Obligation of Government Social Legislature Balance
It emphasizes both on
monetary payments as
well as non-monetary
benefits as a part of R&R
and also covers the loss of
livelihood rather than only
the loss of land.
Lot of emphasis on
Rehabilitation and
Resettlement (R&R) and
extends the applicability of
R&R
TRANSPARENCY FAIR COMPENSATION RIGHT
At Market Price Process
Entitlement
Obligations Government
Affected Family
LAND ACQUISITION
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word “Right” not only establishes the legal claim for affected families but also
establish the legal duty or obligation to the concern Government for
establishing the fair compensation and transparency in the acquisition process. The
act not declared the compensation but fair compensation, and what is fair
compensation.
It was to be considered (before LARR-13), the Land Acquisition Act, is the
reflection of colonial commercial interests, as there was no social legislature
essence in it. But it is a balancing approach between Monitory and Social aspect for
the affective families, which work in twofold, pre and post of land acquisition. Each
and every aspect of social life is being taken care in the Act. Social Impact Study
(SIS) inserted as a comprehensive process to understand the impact of land
acquisition on social aspect, and the Land Acquisition considered being the last
resort. Environmental protection is also be the part of SIS, alternative study is also
make the part of SIS, sustainable diversify impact study also being carried in it.
PRELIMINARY
1. (1) This Act may be called the Right to Fair Compensation and
Transparency in
Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2011.
(2) It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir
(3) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may, by
notification in the Official Gazette, appoint:
Provided that the Central Government shall appoint such date within
three months from the date on which the Right to Fair Compensation and
Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill,
2013 receives the assent of the President.
SYNOPSIS
a. Short Title
b. Extent
c. Commencement
Short Title
This Act may be called the right to fair compensation and transparency in
land acquisition, rehabilitation and Resettlement act, 2013
Extent
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It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
The scope of the Act includes all land acquisition whether it is done by the
Central Government of India, or any State Government of India, except the
state of Jammu & Kashmir.
Commencement
The bill was introduced in Lok Sabha in India on 7 September 2011. The
Act was passed on 29 August 2013 in the Lok Sabha and on 4 September
2013 in Rajya Sabha. The bill received the ascent of the President of
India, on 27 September 2013. The Act came into force from 1 January 2014.
Retrospective effect
The magnificent feature of this act, is an effort to address the historical
injustice, the Act applies retrospectively in following cases:-
a) Where No Award Made: Where no award under Section11 of the
1894 Act has been, made, the new law will apply with regard to
compensation,
5. Where an award has been made: Where an award has been made
but the affected individuals have not accepted compensation or have not
yet given up possession, and the proceedings have been pending for 5
years or more, provisions of the new law will apply
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Application of Act
Application of Act
U/s 2(1) Land acquisition
Compensation R&R
U/s 2(2) Land acquisition
Consent Compensation
R&R
U/s 2(3) Rehabilitation
And Resettlement
Own Use, Hold & Control
Public Purpose
PSU
Strategic Purposes
Projects for improvement and
development of village and urban areas
In PPP
Project for Housing or
other income groups
Projects for Affected Families
Infa Projects
Projects for residential purposes for poor and
landless persons
For private company for public purpose
When private company purchases land equal to or more than specified
limit by appropriate government
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Application of the Act
Provisions of this Act have been segmented in three major categories, when
the appropriate government4 acquires land i.e.
1. under sub section (1) of Section 2- Land acquisition, Compensation and R&R
For the following purposes:
its own use, hold and control, including land for Public sector undertakings
and Public purpose5
For PPP6
When private companies purchases land, equal to or more than such limits
in rural areas or urban areas as my be defined by appropriate government
Provisions relating to acquisition, compensation, rehabilitation and
resettlement shall apply when its own use, hold and control, including land for
Public sector undertakings and Public purpose, apart from this other purpose is
also specified in the section, such as
Strategic purposes, which relating to navel, military, air force and armed
forces of the Union, and central paramilitary forces or which is require for
national security or defense of India or the State Police last but not the lease
the safety of the people.
For Infrastructure Project such as all items or activities mentioned in the
notification of the GOI7 in Department of Economic Affairs (Infrastructure
Section) number 13/6/2009-INF dated 27.3.2012, but it excluded private
hospitals, private educational institutions and private hotels.
Projects involving agro-processing, for the activities like supply of inputs
to agriculture, warehousing, cold storage facilities, marketing,
infrastructure, for agriculture and allied activities, like dairy, fisheries, and
meat processing, set up or owned by appropriate government or by farmers‟
cooperative or by an institution under statue
4 Defined u/s 3(e) of this Act
5 Defined u/s 3(2a) and 2(1)
6 Public Private Partnership
7 Govt. Of India
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Projects for industrial corridors or mining activities, national
investment and manufacturing zones, as drafted in the National
Manufacturing Policy
Projects for water harvesting, conservation and sanitation
Projects for educational, research schemes or institutions, administered
or aided by government
Projects for sports, health, tourism, transportation or space
programme
Projects for
Affected families, plan development or improvement of village sites or any
other site in urban area, provisions for land for residential purposes for the
weaker sections in rural and urban areas and also for poor or landless or to
persons residing in areas affected by natural calamities etc.
2. Under Sub Section (2) of Section 2 - Land acquisition, Consent
Compensation and R&R
When the appropriate government acquires land for
Public Private Partnership Projects, when the ownership of the land continues
to vest with the government. Under this provision the appropriate government can
not acquire the land unless the mandatory provisions attached with the section
accomplished:
Prior Consent: when the government acquires the land for private
companies, the consent of at least 80% of the project affected families shall
be obtained through a previous informed process before government uses its
power under the Act to acquire the remaining land for public good, and in
case of a public-private project at least 70% of the affected families should
consent to the acquisition process
SIA study also be carried out during the process of obtaining the consent
If the acquisition is contravene any law prevailing in Scheduled area
(including any order or judgment of a court which has become final) no land
shall be transfer by way of acquisition in Scheduled Areas
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3. under sub section (3) of Section 2- Rehabilitation and Resettlement
In case Private Company purchases land, equal to or more than the
specified limit, by the appropriate government, in rural area or in urban
area.
In case of partial acquisition of land by the appropriate government, on
request, of private company for public purpose, the rehabilitation
entitlement shall be for the entire area.
It indicates that both LA and R&R Provisions will apply when:
Government acquires land for its own use, hold and control
Government acquires land with the final purpose to transfer it for the
use of private companies for stated public purpose
Government acquires land for PPP
CHAPTER III
SPECTAL PROVRSTON TO SAFEGUARD FOOD SECURTRY
10. (/) Save as otherwise provided in sub-section (2), no irrigated multi-cropped
land
Shall be acquired under this Act.
(2) Such land may be acquired subject to the condition that it is being done
under
Exceptional circumstances, as a demonstrable last resort, where the acquisition
of the land
refened to in sub-section (/) shall, in aggregate for all projects in a district or
State. in no case exceed such limits as may be notified by the appropriate
Government considering the relevant State specific factors and circumstances.
(3) Whenever multi-crop irrigated land is acquired under sub-section (2), an
equivalent
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area of cultivable wasteland shall be developed for agricultural purposes or an
amount
equivalent to the value of the land acquired shall be deposited with the
appropriate Government for investment in agriculture for enhancing food-
security.
(4) In a case not falling under sub-section ( /). the acquisition of the agricultural
land in
aggregate for all projects in a district or State, shall in no case exceed such
limits of the total net sown area of that district or State, as may be notified by
the appropriate Government:
Provided that the provisions of this section shall not apply in the case of
projects that
are linear in nature such as those relating to railways, highways. major district
roads. Irrigation canals. power lines and the like.
Synopsis
1. Nature
2. Food Security
3. Limit on acquisition
4. Exception
Nature
The section prohibitory in nature, which establishes the mandatory prohibition using
the world “shall”. The Act forbids land acquisition when such acquisition would
include multi-crop irrigated area. However such acquisition may be permitted on
demonstrable last resort, which will be subjected to an aggregated upper limit for all
the projects in a District or State as notified by the State Government. Intend of the
section to safe guard the multi-crop irrigated.
Food Security
The section imposes an obligation on the appropriate government, in the event when
multi-crop irrigated land is acquired an equivalent area of cultivable wasteland shall
be developed for agricultural purposes (or an amount equivalent to the value of the
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land acquired shall be deposited with the appropriate Government for investment in
agriculture for enhancing food-security).
Limit on acquisition
States are also required to set a limit on the area of agricultural land that can be
acquired in any given district.
Exception
These limits shall not apply to linear a project which includes projects for railways,
highways, major district roads, power lines, and irrigation canals
Cont…….
NAVEEN KUMAR SHELAR
M.B.A, M.A, R.T.M, LL.B, DIP’- MKET, CIR’ – ENG
, No. 1, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi – 110002 | +91 85.86.97.26.36 |
ADVOCATE ~ SOCIAL ENTREPRENEUR ~ AUTHOR
Founder -The law Office www.thelawoffice.co.in
Member / Partner - Trust Law Connect www.trust.org
Founder & Secretary General - Nayaya A Voice for Justice www.nayay.co.in
http://www.linkedin.com/in/thelawoffice
http://www.knowledgecrust.blogsopt.com/
REFERENCES
i Reports of Law Commission of India on Law of Acquisition and Requisitioning of land