COM 343: HISTORY OF COM 343: HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHYLesson 3: BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYEadweard Muybridge: Motion Picture

Metin ErsoyFaculty of Communication and Media Studies

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHYCapturing movement

◦ Faster shutter speeds ability to ”stop” motion

◦ Do a galloping horse’s four legs ever leave the ground at once”

◦ Eadweard Muybrigde proved it in 1878

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHY IN COLOURThough the invention of photography

had an immediate impact on the whole art world, the early photographs were in monochrome.

As an additional service, daguerreotypes could be hand- painted, which kept a number of painters of miniatures in business. However, it was to be some time before colour photography was to become a reality.

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHYIn the 1860s James Clerk Maxwell,

using as a subject a tartan ribbon, showed that three monochrome images could be formed of a subject, each one taken using a different colour filter (red, blue and green).

By projecting these images using three lanterns, each equipped with a corresponding filter, the colours could be recreated.

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHY

James Clerk Maxwell

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHYThe results were somewhat

disappointing to Maxwell and his collaborator Thomas Sutton, but nevertheless they deserve the credit for laying the foundations of trichromate colour photography.

Interestingly, strictly speaking this experiment should never have worked!

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOAGRAPHYPHOTOAGRAPHYDu Hauron was a French scientist

who made a major contribution to the development of colour photography.

Unfortunately, his theories could not be put to the test at the time, because of the lack of suitable materials. However, it is this principle which is used in present-day colour photography.

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOAGRAPHYPHOTOAGRAPHY

Du Hauron

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOAGRAPHYPHOTOAGRAPHYIn the mid 1930s that Kodak was

to produce a film based on this principle, to be named Kodachrome; up till then the additive methods suggested by Maxwell had been used.

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHYEastman wanted to simplify

photography and make it available to everyone. In 1883, Eastman announced film in rolls.

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHY"Kodak" was born in 1888 when the

first Kodak camera entered the market. Pre-loaded with enough film for 100 exposures, the camera could easily be carried and handheld for operation.

After exposure, the whole camera was returned to the company in Rochester, New York, where the film was developed, prints were made, new film was inserted, and then returned to the customer.

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHY

• By 1888, George Eastmancreates the Eastman KodakCompany• Develops a camera that usedhis newly developedtechnology, roll film.

• “You press the button, we do the rest”

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHY

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHYEastman Kodak

◦By 1935, Kodak had experimented and developed the first color film, Kodachrome. Again, processing had to be done at the factory, but it was instantly successful.

◦Film photography would continue to evolve over the years, paving the way for innovation and advancements.

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHY

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHY

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHYFORERUNNER OF MODERN PH

◦(End of the century) Arguments of photographic’s purpose Is it for recording, may it be

manipulated?

◦Can it be a form of art?

◦Documentary photography started used to convince and persuade people to

take certain action

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHYTURN OF THE CENTURY◦Pictorialism

Rise of art photography Pictorialism, was a photographic movement in vogue from around 1885 following the widespread introduction of the dry-plate process. It reached its height in the early years of the 20th century, and declined rapidly after 1914 after the widespread emergence of Modernism.

◦ Artists manipulated the image used a process called Gum Bichromate

Less detail and more of an artistic image Usually colored with oil paints

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHY

Émile Joachim Constant PuyoThe Straw Hat, ca. 1905-1910 Oil pigment print

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHYNEW GENERATION◦ Straight photography began around 1920’s

◦ Away from pictorial style

◦ More sharp and unmanipulated approach

◦ Let photographs look like photographs

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHY

Paul Strand, Wall Street, 1915

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHYNEW OBJECTIVE◦ In 1925 ”new vision” started

◦ Experimenting with new angles of view

sharp upward angle shotsundershotsdetailcontrast

Noel Griggs, Chimney, 1934

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHY

Alfred Eisenstaedt, V-Day, 1945

Jeff Wall, Milk, 1984

DIFFERENT STYLES Portraying life began around 1930’s

After II WW grew an interest to cultures, lifestyles and characters of other people

1960’s pop art and erotic photography

In 1980’s photographs were no longer concerned with reality

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHYPhotography begun in 1839Medium has changed a lot

black and white color ( pixels) plates paper film digital

Still the same principal idea Two vital elements: Optical and chemical Non verbal means of communication

LessonLesson 33: : BEGINNINGS OF BEGINNINGS OF PHOTOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHYTOPICS FOR NEXT WEEK

◦Light, ◦and Photo Machines