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Monday, September 14, 200910:30 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.

Presentation illustrates the latest technical advances

and strategies for achieving fuel savings and

fleet operational cost reduction, all while

improving the environment.

Speakers:

Francis VogelExecutive DirectorWisconsin Clean Cities-Southeast Area, Inc.Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Venu J. Gupta, P.E.Superintendent/Buildings and FleetCity of Milwaukee

Sponsored by APWA’s Fleet Services Committee 1

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INNOVATION IS THE COMPASSBY WHICH A FLEET SETS ITS DIRECTION

ECO-DRIVING

LIMIT IDLE TIME: Shut off the engine while waiting or working in the field. A large truck uses a half-gallon of fuel for each hour of idling, and adds 40 miles of engine wear and tear to the engine.

DRIVE GENTLY: Avoid sudden acceleration and jerky stop-and-go. Anticipate the traffic patterns ahead of you and adjust your speed gradually and well in advance. Observe speed limits.

CARGO: Daily remove debris and excess items from the vehicle that add weight such as unnecessary tools and equipment Less weight means better fuel

PLAN TRIPS: Look at your schedule and activities and try to consolidate your daily trips. Some trips

TIRE PRESSURE: Drivers should make sure their vehicle tires are properly inflated. Tires under-inflated by 4-5 psi will increase fuel consumption by at least 10%.

WARM-UPS: Today’s modern vehicles are designed to warm up much quicker. Forget about those long warm-ups in the morning unless you’re driving a large diesel vehicle and even then three minutes will suffice.

and equipment. Less weight means better fuel economy. In a pickup truck, 200 pounds of excess weight reduces fuel economy by 1 MPG.

MINIMIZE THE USE OF AIR CONDITIONING: Decreasing the usage of the air conditioner when temperatures are above 80 degrees can reduce fuel usage by 10-15%

y y y p pmay be unnecessary. Plan your work to accomplish your task without multiple trips for tools and supplies.

ENGINE PERFORMANCE: A well maintained engine operates more efficiently and will get better fuel mileage. Check your oil and fluids daily. Bring in your vehicle for regular service when due, or when it is running poorly.

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VEHICLE MAINTENANCE

Maintain proper engine tune ups

Wheel alignment

Synthetic lubricantsAdjusting PM schedulesEC (Energy Conserving) motor oils

Oil testing

Replace air filter as recommended

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TIRE INFLATION

Tire InflationSafetyGetting the maximum life from tires

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USE OF NITROGEN

What is Nitrogen?

Nitrogen is a dry, non combustible, inert gas making up 78% of the air we breath. In the last 30+ years it has begun to find its way into the

tires of giant off-highway earthmovers, aircraft and most every type of race car.

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USE OF NITROGEN

Dry, non-combustible, inert gasImproves performance, increases tire mileageBetter fuel economyExtends life of tire rubber and steel construction materials

At a glanceNitrogen Compressed Air

1 D d Cl 1 Oil d t1. Dry and Clean 1. Oily and wet

2. Remains stable at any temperature, eliminates daily/seasonal pressure changes

2. Highly reactive element to all (low to high) temperatures and pressure changes

3. Eliminates condensation which prevents rim and valve corrosion (rust)

3. Supports moisture storage inside the wheel which leading to corrosion (rust)

4. Slows gas migration through rubber to less than 2psi loss over 6 months

4. Faster "through the rubber" migration, 1 to 3psi is lost each month

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UPS

Recent studies have shown that right turns are safer.In addition, right turns reduce waiting time at intersections and waiting for upcoming traffic, thus reducing idle time and fuel.

UPS no left turn policy

What is the no left turn policy at UPS?We have a specific way of loading our package cars (PFT) and setting

up the service area routes to minimize or avoid left hand turns.Reduce idle time on our vehicles waiting to make a left turn. This

practice conserves fuel and reduces emissions (Also Improves Safety)

a. Reduces driver wait time at red lightsb. Reduces miles (Loop Dispatch)

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REDUCE FUEL USAGE,SAVE MONEY, LESS POLLUTION

Idle reduction strategiesIdle reduction Policy

awareness and training programssignageenforcement

Introduction of Idle Shut Down Technology on older Heavy Fleet (Idle Monitors)Electric Control Modules (ECM) on new Fleet EquipmentNewer Fuel Management Computerized Systems

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IDLE REDUCTION STRATEGIESIDLE FREE POLICY

You do NOT need to idle diesel engines except when the engine has been doing heavy work in the last 15 minutes.If you have been doing heavy work with the truck engine, then idle the engine only 5 minutes to cool down the turbocharger and then shut down the engine to prevent polluting the atmosphere and to conserve fuel.

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VEHICLE /EQUIPMENT IDLE FREE POLICY

CITY OF MILWAUKEE

TITLE: VEHICLE/EQUIPMENT IDLE FREE POLICYDPW/City of MilwaukeeMarch, 2008

BY: Venu J. Gupta/Superintendent, Buildings & FleetJeffrey A. Tews, Fleet Manager-Buildings & Fleet

1.0 Purpose:The City of Milwaukee/DPW is committed to reduce unnecessary vehicle/equipment idling as a means of reducing air pollution and fuel expense.The purpose of this policy is to establish guidelines for unnecessary idling of municipal vehicles and equipment. Limiting idling times reduces air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and contributes to healthier work environments and the efficient use of city resources.

2.0 Scope:This policy applies to all staff operating vehicles and equipment owned or leased by the City of Milwaukee.

3.0 Definition:3.1 Idling

Idling means the operation of a vehicle or equipment while they are not in motion and not being used to operate auxiliary equipment that is essential to the operation of the vehicle or equipment

4.0 Procedures: 4.1 Manufacturer’s Guidelines (Recommendations)

Always follow the manufacturer’s guidelines and recommendations for idling unless otherwise advised by Fleet Services.4.2 Initial Warm-Up

4.2.1 Gasoline and Alternative Fuel VehiclesIdle times up to 5 minutes are allowed for vehicles during their initial shift warm up and at subsequent times when the vehicle is being restarted after a prolonged period of shut down that results in vehicle conditions similar to those prior to initial shift warm-up.

4.2.2 Diesel Fueled Vehicles/EquipmentIdle times up to 5 minutes are allowed for diesel fueled vehicles/equipment during their initial shift warm up, and at subsequent times when the vehicle/equipment is being restarted after a prolonged period of shut down that result in vehicle/equipment conditions similar to those prior to initial shift warm up.

4.3 Operation of Equipment in the field4.3.1 Gasoline and Alternative Fuel Vehicles

No operator shall idle the engine of an unleaded fueled vehicle in excess of 3 minutes if the vehicle is stopped for a foreseeable period of time.4.3.2 Diesel Fueled Vehicles/Equipment

No operator shall idle the engine of a diesel-fueled vehicle in excess of 3 minutes if the vehicle is stopped for a foreseeable period of time.Diesel fueled vehicles/equipment should only be turned off after enough time has passed to allow the proper circulation and cooling of the engine oil, coolant, and turbochargers, not to exceed 3 minutes.

4.3.3 When engines must be left running for any reason, the operator must remain with the vehicle.

vehicle or equipment.3.2 Fuels

For the purpose of this policy this includes all vehicles or equipment that run on liquid or gaseous fuels which include gasoline, diesel, propane, hydrogen and natural gas.3.3 Vehicles

For the purposes of this policy, vehicles or equipment refers to cars, light trucks, vans, medium and heavy trucks, snow removal equipment, transit buses, loaders, backhoes, street sweepers, and any other equipment operated by staff and utilizing liquid or gaseous fuels.

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AVL / GPS/GIS/GEO FENCES

Route optimization-use GIS/GPS/AVL to optimize routes(UPS) example: buy fuel in the morning during summer months since volume is most dense at coldest temperaturesAutomatic vehicle locationGlobal positioning system

U.S. Space based global navigation systemGeographical Information System – geographically referenced information

For more information on how GIS plays a key role in Westerville, Ohio, go to www.esri.com/news/arcnews/winter0304articles/westerville-ohio.html 12

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Operations and fleet team evaluate one type of equipmentStart with type with most units

City of Milwaukee example:

RIGHT SIZE YOUR FLEET AND VEHICLE TYPES

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RIGHT SIZE YOUR FLEET AND VEHICLE TYPES

# of Sweeper8 sweeperDouble shift 7 sweepers

1 sweeper1 sweeper10-required

Shift Hours9:30pm-5:30am7:00am-3:30pm or7:30am-4:00pm4:00am-12:00pm10:00pm-6:00am

Nature of Assignment4-central, 2-north, 2-south3-central, 2-north, 2-south

Summerfest sweeperWauwatosa sweeper

Proposed Scheduling

# of Sweeper1 sweeper7 sweepers7 sweepers1 sweeper1 sweeper17-required

Shift Hours10:00pm-6:00am3:30am-5:30am7:00am-3:30pm4:00am-12:00pm10:00pm-6:00am

Nature of Assignment1-central3-central, 2-north, 2-south3-central, 2-north, 2-southSummerfest sweeperWauwatosa sweeper

Current Scheduling

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RIGHT SIZE YOUR FLEET AND VEHICLE TYPES

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Choose your fleet vehicles for the job they are required for;

•4 wheel drive or 2 wheel•Diesel or gas•How big•Handling, turning radius, power

RIGHT SIZE YOUR FLEET AND VEHICLE TYPES

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IDLE REDUCTION STRATEGIESIDLE FREE POLICY

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UPS

1,000…..Compressed Natural Gas Vehicles709…..Propane Powered Vehicles50…..Hybrid Electric Vehicles11…..LNG (Liquified Natural Gas) Tractor Trailers

Few…….Electric VehiclesHybrid Hydraulic Vehicles, (Eaton International Truck and engine)Fuel Cell Vehicles in collaboration with Daimler Chrysler (Sprinter Vehicles)

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LIQUIFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)

• Produced either from gas wells, or as a byproduct of processing oil

• Converted to a liquid by cooling natural gas to -260° F

• Stored in special tanks at 20 –150 PSI

• 73 500 BTU per gallon

Pros• Cuts green house gasses by 30-

40%• Much longer range than CNG• Burns cleaner than gasoline

and diesel

Cons• 73,500 BTU per gallon• 2 LNG stations within 1,000

miles of La Crosse, WI (both in Dallas, TX)

• Can be imported

• Not convenient to store, due to extremely low temperatures

• High costs to liquefy• High costs to transport

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HYBRID CARS12 Honda Insights purchased

• 40 MPG in the City• Powered by electricity and gas• Regenerative braking• Payback possible in less than 10 years

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HYBRID AERIAL LIFT

Initial Results: 14% more efficient than comparable diesel powered unit• Smaller diesel engine used, electric propulsion assist• 330 volt lithium-ion battery pack• Regenerative braking• Electric power take-off quietly operates the aerial lift• Diesel engine used to charge battery when needed

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COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG)

•Burns cleaner than most fuels

•Meets 2010 emission requirements

•Reduces dependence on oil

•Costs less than diesel fuel

•Abundant supply

Copyright © 1996–2009 Cummins Westport Inc 22

HYBRID ELECTRIC TRUCK

• Battery power pack used for propulsion assist and power take-off applications

• Uses a conventional engine for main propulsion of truck and for charging battery pack

• Partial regenerative brakes to assist in charging battery pack

Copyright Eaton Corporation 2009 23

HYDRAULIC LAUNCH ASSIST

•Uses kinetic energy from stopping the vehicle to store hydraulic energy to help launch the truck during acceleration

•Ideal for stop-and-go applications such as refuse truck or transit bus

Copyright Eaton Corporation 2009 24

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SERIES HYBRID HYDRAULIC

• Conventional driveline is replaced by hybrid power system• Regenerative braking and propulsion• Engine power is transferred to the wheels though fluid power

Copyright Eaton Corporation 2009 25

ALTERNATIVE FUELS/BIO-FUELS

Many alternative fuel sources have been developed and refined, including (but not limited to):

Alternative Fuels•Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG),“Propane”

•Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

Bio-Fuels•P-Series Fuels

•Hydrogen

•Biobutanol•Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

•Methanol

•Biobutanol

•Electricity

•Ethanol

•Biodiesel

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LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG),PROPANE

• A gas obtained from petroleum products when processing oil or natural gas

• Stored in liquid form, under low pressure

• About 85% of US consumed propane is produced in the US

• Shipped through pipelines

Pros• Widely available• Dependable• Burns cleaner than gasoline

and diesel

ConsL l l• Shipped through pipelines

already in place• 91,300 BTU per gallon• Over 3,000 publicly accessible

outlets in US

• Lower resale value on converted vehicles

• No commercial LPG vehicles available

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COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG)

• Produced either from gas wells, or as a byproduct of processing oil

• Stored in gaseous form under high pressure (3,000 – 3,600 PSI)

• Most US consumed natural gas is produced in the US

• Widely available via pipelines already in place but needs to be

Pros• Cuts green house gasses by

30-40%• Burns cleaner than gasoline

and diesel

Consalready in place, but needs to be compressed

• 33,000-38,000 BTU/Lb. @ 3,000 PSI• 38,000-44,000 BTU/Lb. @ 3,600 PSI• 16 CNG stations within 200 miles of

La Crosse, WI

• Compressing equipment is costly

• Limited driving range• Loss of payload space

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BIO-FUEL:HYDROGEN H2

• Simplest and lightest non-petroleum alternative fuel, most abundant element

• Types include liquid hydrogen, compressed hydrogen gas and chemical bonding storage systems such as metal hydrides in electric vehicles (fuel cells)

Pros• Extremely clean• Available from wide variety of

sources, including methanol and natural gas

Cons• Most expensive alternative( )

• Gas form stored at 10,000 PSI• CO and CO2 may be present in low

levels, depending on the source from which it was obtained

• Five private-only access hydrogen stations within 1,000 mile of La Crosse, WI (plus one planned)

• Fuel cells approaching $1,000 per kilowatt/hour (kwH)

• 114,000 BTU = 33.41 kwH• 1 gallon of gasoline @ $3.29 = 33.41

kwH of H2 @ $33,410

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BIO-FUEL: ELECTRICITY

• When used as a transportation fuel, electricity directly powers one or more motors to move a vehicle, as opposed to the chemical energy of a fuel being released during combustion, with torque and heat as main byproducts.

• Although there may be no tailpipe, there are emissions at plants used to generate power for electric vehicles.

• Power generated at off-peak hours costs less and generates less pollution.pollution.

• Many sources (other than traditional) possible for generating power for electric vehicles, including wind power, solar grids, hydroelectric plants, hydrogen fuel cells, and mechanical power from on-board regenerative braking systems.

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BIO-FUEL: ELECTRICITY

• Several types of electric vehicles are available. Batteries provide the means to store electrical power, and battery size determines how far and fast the vehicle can travel. Engines are used in some vehicles to further the travel range.– Series Hybrids: Engine is used to charge batteries only.– Parallel Hybrids: Engine also assists in propulsion.– Plug-In Hybrids: External recharging is needed, with a smaller

engine installed also for rechargingengine installed also for recharging.

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ELECTRIC VEHICLE: THEN AND NOW

• GM EV1 Plug-In (1997-2000):– Two passenger– 80 mile range– No backup system– 8-hour charge– 80 MPH top speed

• Chevrolet Volt E-Flex ( - 2010?)– Four passenger– 640 mile range– 1.0 liter flex-fuel engine – backup system– 6.5-hour charge– 120 MPH top speedp p

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BIO-FUEL: ETHANOL

• A high octane alcohol fuel, domestic and renewable, produced by the fermentation of plant sugars of corn and other grain products. Other sources of ethanol production include cellulose, paper, wood, agricultural and forestry wastes.

Pros– Cleaner burning than gasoline and diesel– No retrofit costs when used in low

concentrations such as 10%– Renewable, made from several sources– When used in E85 blend:

• Decreases GHG emissions by about 13%

• Decreases CO emissions by about 40%• Decreases PM emissions by about 20%

Cons– Less energy density than gasoline about

• E85 (85% ethanol / 15% gasoline) is available at over 2,070 locations in most states, including 137 in Wisconsin.

• 10% ethanol is added to gasoline as an oxygenate in EPA non-attainment areas.

– Less energy density than gasoline, about 80,000 BTU/gallon

– Existing gasoline vehicles cannot be retrofitted

– Highly corrosive, can be damaging to seals– Wide price fluctuations– Passionately debated on both sides

• Corn production for E85 vs. food • Good for the environment or bad• Production costs: Negative or positive

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BIO-FUEL: BIODIESEL

• Biodiesel has a cloud point typically higher than petroleum diesel.

– Cold weather issue• Biodiesel has excellent lubricity

properties, and makes up for the loss of lubricity with ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel when used in any blend.

• B100 used for blending should meet ASTM Specification D6751 and be

Pros– Virtually no conversion costs. Can be burned

in existing diesel equipment, with existing infrastructure.

– Directly displaces petroleum diesel fuel– Renewable, made from several sources– When used in B20 blend:

Decreases HC emissions by over 20%Decreases CO emissions by about 12%Decreases PM emissions by about 12%

ConsASTM Specification D6751 and be manufactured by a BQ-9000 Accredited Producer or Certified Marketer should be used for biodiesel blends.

• B20 blends used should comply with the Engine Manufacturers Association (EMA) test specification for B20.

http://www.bq-9000.org/ http://www.enginemanufacturers.org/

– Increase in cost vs. petroleum diesel– Can clog fuel filters quickly upon introduction– Uniform standards not yet written/accepted– When used in B20 blend:

Can increase NOX emissions by about 2%Additives being developed to reduce NOX

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SUMMARY

• While there have long been many alternative fuel choices, there were never as many viable choices as there are today. New developments are announced daily.

• Fleet managers must stay abreast of recent developments and potential costs to find the “sweet spot” between the three main factors: Range, Payload, and Cost of Infrastructure.

• Countless resources are available.• For every reported problem there may be a solution• For every reported problem, there may be a solution.

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EcoEco--Driving and Idle Reduction: Driving and Idle Reduction: Guaranteed to Save 5 Guaranteed to Save 5 –– 10 Percent of Your Fuel Budget10 Percent of Your Fuel Budget

CoCo--presented with Venu J. Gupta, PEpresented with Venu J. Gupta, PEBuilding & Fleet Superintendent, City of MilwaukeeBuilding & Fleet Superintendent, City of Milwaukee

Milwaukee, WIMilwaukee, WI

2009 APWA International Congress & Expo2009 APWA International Congress & ExpoColumbus, OHColumbus, OH

September 14, 2009September 14, 2009

Francis X. Vogel, Executive DirectorFrancis X. Vogel, Executive DirectorWisconsin Clean Cities Wisconsin Clean Cities –– Southeast Area, Inc. Southeast Area, Inc.

Milwaukee, WIMilwaukee, WI414.221.4958414.221.4958

414.221.2851 414.221.2851 –– faxfaxfrancis.vogel@wefrancis.vogel@we--energies.comenergies.com

www.wicleancities.orgwww.wicleancities.org

Wisconsin Fleet Training on Wisconsin Fleet Training on EcoEco--Driver ProjectDriver Project

What is EcoWhat is Eco--Driving?Driving?

•Definition & History

•DOE-DECAT

DNR & Wi i Cl Citi•DNR & Wisconsin Clean Cities –Southeast Area, Inc.

•Scope and Goals

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EcoEco--Driving DefinitionDriving DefinitionAn acquired skill for driving fuelAn acquired skill for driving fuel--efficiently.efficiently.Reduces harmful emissions output, Reduces harmful emissions output, including smog and greenhouseincluding smog and greenhouseincluding smog and greenhouse including smog and greenhouse gasses.gasses.Saves fuel, which saves money.Saves fuel, which saves money.

EcoEco--Driving HistoryDriving HistoryUS Department of Energy (DOE) US Department of Energy (DOE) DECAT (Driver Energy Conservation DECAT (Driver Energy Conservation Awareness Training)Awareness Training)Global Efforts (e g U S EuropeGlobal Efforts (e g U S EuropeGlobal Efforts (e.g., U.S., Europe, Global Efforts (e.g., U.S., Europe, Canada, Australia)Canada, Australia)New Initiatives: Alliance of Auto New Initiatives: Alliance of Auto Manufacturers’ EcoDrivingUSAManufacturers’ EcoDrivingUSA

Sample Current EcoSample Current Eco--Drive Drive ProgramsProgramsHigh energy costs and concerns with global warming High energy costs and concerns with global warming have prompted a worldwide response on fuel efficient have prompted a worldwide response on fuel efficient driver training;driver training;

United States United States --Department of Energy (DOE)Department of Energy (DOE)Fueleconomy.govFueleconomy.govFueleconomy.govFueleconomy.govEcoDrivingUSAEcoDrivingUSAEcodrivingusa.com Ecodrivingusa.com 20082008Ford Motor Co.Ford Motor Co.Driving Skills For LifeDriving Skills For LifeEuropean Union European Union –– EcoDrive.orgEcoDrive.org--EcoDriven 2001EcoDriven 2001EcodrivenEcodrivenCanada Canada -- Auto$mart and Fleet $mart 2005Auto$mart and Fleet $mart 2005Auto$mart/Fleet$martAuto$mart/Fleet$martAustraliaAustralia-- Travel Smart 2006Travel Smart 2006Travelsmart.gov.auTravelsmart.gov.au

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DOEDOE--DECATDECATDOEDOE--DECATDECAT is a program initially begun in 1976 is a program initially begun in 1976

under the Joint Industryunder the Joint Industry--Government Voluntary Government Voluntary Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Improvement Truck and Bus Fuel Economy Improvement Program to test the fuel economy claims of Program to test the fuel economy claims of various fuelvarious fuel--saving devices.saving devices.

It soon became obvious that the driver was It soon became obvious that the driver was probably the most important factor in the fuelprobably the most important factor in the fuelprobably the most important factor in the fuel probably the most important factor in the fuel consumption of a vehicle. Consequently, the consumption of a vehicle. Consequently, the program was reprogram was re--oriented in 1978 to teach fueloriented in 1978 to teach fuel--conserving driving practices for automobile conserving driving practices for automobile fleets. fleets.

Since that time, Since that time, DECATDECAT has been expanded to has been expanded to include two instructorinclude two instructor--level courses that level courses that incorporate truck and school bus sections.incorporate truck and school bus sections.

Wisconsin Department of Wisconsin Department of Natural ResourcesNatural Resources

eXtraordinary Road Trip: interactive eXtraordinary Road Trip: interactive computer game geared toward youthcomputer game geared toward youth

Fl t T i i EFl t T i i E D i i P j tD i i P j tFleet Training on EcoFleet Training on Eco--Driving Project:Driving Project:

Funded through federal CMAQ (Congestion Funded through federal CMAQ (Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality) Program grant awardMitigation and Air Quality) Program grant award

Wisconsin Clean Cities Wisconsin Clean Cities ––Southeast Area, Inc. Southeast Area, Inc.

Formed in 1994, the organization is one of Formed in 1994, the organization is one of 86 Clean Cities groups nationwide 86 Clean Cities groups nationwide dedicated to promoting cleaner air and dedicated to promoting cleaner air and energy security through alternative fuel energy security through alternative fuel d l t d l t d t t id l t d l t d t t idevelopment and related strategiesdevelopment and related strategiesAwarded DNR EcoAwarded DNR Eco--Driving Project grantDriving Project grantPartnering with Milwaukee Area Technical Partnering with Milwaukee Area Technical College and other experts on projectCollege and other experts on project

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Scope and Goals of Scope and Goals of Project & ParticipationProject & Participation

Fleet operations selected for the Fleet operations selected for the ecoeco--driving project received driving project received classroom instruction, behindclassroom instruction, behind--thethe--

h l t i ih l t i i d td t t tit tiwheel training, prewheel training, pre-- and postand post--testing testing and a Fleet Training Manual for use and a Fleet Training Manual for use in ongoing implementation of the in ongoing implementation of the program.program.

ClassroomClassroomClassroom instruction included the following Classroom instruction included the following components:components:

Orientation, overview and history of ecoOrientation, overview and history of eco--drivingdrivingDiscussion of effects and benefits of ecoDiscussion of effects and benefits of eco--drivingdrivingVerbal and written assessment of knowledge Verbal and written assessment of knowledge prepre-- and postand post--trainingtrainingA primer on alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), A primer on alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), alternative fuels and “green” vehicle alternative fuels and “green” vehicle selectionselectionInterpretation of onInterpretation of on--board instrument data board instrument data used to monitor fuel efficiencyused to monitor fuel efficiencyFuel selection, trip planning and idle Fuel selection, trip planning and idle reductionreduction

Behind the WheelBehind the WheelBehindBehind--thethe--wheel training incorporated:wheel training incorporated:•• A preA pre--road test on a prescribed course to road test on a prescribed course to

observe the habits of fleet drivers prior to observe the habits of fleet drivers prior to training.training.

•• A checklist of ecoA checklist of eco--driving skills to driving skills to document visual observation of drivingdocument visual observation of drivingdocument visual observation of driving document visual observation of driving habits. Onhabits. On--board instrumentation was board instrumentation was used to monitor fuel efficiency and then used to monitor fuel efficiency and then recorded for postrecorded for post--training comparison.training comparison.

(continued)(continued)

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Behind the WheelBehind the WheelInteractive training after classroom Interactive training after classroom instruction with immediate feedback instruction with immediate feedback to trainee while driving. The preto trainee while driving. The pre--test test checklist was used to note checklist was used to note improvement.improvement.PostPost--training road test with training road test with instructor on prescribed course to instructor on prescribed course to assess skill acquisition.assess skill acquisition.

Typical Driving Course Used at DOE-DECAT

Adopting a new way to drive that enables drivers Adopting a new way to drive that enables drivers of cars and light duty vehicles to save fuel while of cars and light duty vehicles to save fuel while decreasing emissions and increased their road decreasing emissions and increased their road safety safety

Modifying driving style to reflect modern engine Modifying driving style to reflect modern engine and onand on--board computer technologyboard computer technology

EffectsEffects

p gyp gy

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More costMore cost--effective driving effective driving Less pollutionLess pollutionQuicker journeysQuicker journeysGreater road safetyGreater road safetyLess wear and tear on car partsLess wear and tear on car parts

BenefitsBenefits

ppLonger lifeLonger life--span of tiresspan of tiresMore driving comfortMore driving comfort

Take Care of Your AirTake Care of Your Air35 million Americans are living with

chronic lung diseases such as asthma, emphysema and chronic

bronchitis (American Lung Association, 2007) and the continued

expansion of this group shows no sign of abating.

The Smart Way to DriveThe Smart Way to Drive

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Smart Living for Smart Smart Living for Smart DriversDrivers

Adopt Smart Driving Adopt Smart Driving HabitsHabits

1.5km/hr = .93 miles/hr85km/hr = 52.8 miles/hr

Control Your Traffic Control Your Traffic CushionCushion

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Control Your Need for Control Your Need for SpeedSpeed

Gear Up for Fuel EconomyGear Up for Fuel Economy

Gear Up for Fuel Economy Gear Up for Fuel Economy (b)(b)

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Don’t be an Idle DriverDon’t be an Idle DriverMost cold components

warm up in the first 3 miles of driving

Don’t be an Idle Driver (b)Don’t be an Idle Driver (b)

Components of Fuel Components of Fuel EconomyEconomy

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Components of Fuel Economy Components of Fuel Economy (b)(b)

Understand the Power of Understand the Power of GasolineGasoline

RON – Research Octane Number

Octane – A fuels tendency to detonate or knock

The Diesel DecisionThe Diesel DecisionDon’t Forget BioDiesel !

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Alternative Fuel for Alternative Fuel for ThoughtThought

Maintain Your Fuel EfficiencyMaintain Your Fuel Efficiency

Maintain Your Fuel Maintain Your Fuel Efficiency (b)Efficiency (b)

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Tire MaintenanceTire MaintenanceChoose low rolling resistance tiresChoose low rolling resistance tiresProper inflation is keyProper inflation is keyManufacturerManufacturer--recommended pressure + 4psi, not to recommended pressure + 4psi, not to exceed maximum cold pressure on sidewallexceed maximum cold pressure on sidewallEvery 10 degrees of temperature change equals Every 10 degrees of temperature change equals 1 psi change in pressure1 psi change in pressure1 psi change in pressure1 psi change in pressureNitrogen filled tires tend to hold pressure better Nitrogen filled tires tend to hold pressure better than airthan airRotate according to Rotate according to tire manufacturertire manufacturerMaintain proper alignmentMaintain proper alignment

Important ToolsImportant ToolsEcoEco--Driving KnowledgeDriving Knowledge

EcoEco--Driving PracticesDriving Practices

ScanGaugeIIScanGaugeII

Vehicle MaintenanceVehicle Maintenance

Digital Tire Pressure GaugeDigital Tire Pressure Gauge

Proper Record KeepingProper Record Keeping

ScanGaugeIIScanGaugeII

ScanGaugeIIScanGaugeII(Click on above link)(Click on above link)

High High

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Fleets Can Make a Difference in Achieving the Triple Bottom Line