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ColoradoMountainCollegeVehiclePurchasingGuidelinesTableofContents

1. UniversitiesBestPractices

2. AlternativeFuelingOptions&Locations

a. SummaryofFuelingOptions

b. AlternativeFuelStationsMap

c. AlternativeFuelCharacteristics

d. CMCGeographicDescription&Overview

i. EVConcerns

ii. E85StorageTank

3. LowEmissionsVehiclePurchasingStandards

a. Procedure&ReviewPlan

b. SustainableFleetTargets

c. WhatisaSustainableVehicle?

d. VehicleClassifications&Exemptions

4. PurchasingAgreements&Partnerships

5. Resources

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1. UniversityBestPractices.

SummaryThecommonthemeamongleadingeducationalinstitutionsisthatallnewvehiclespurchasedmustbelow-orzero-emission,oratleasthavethehighestefficiencypossible.Someschoolsfurtherrequirethatnewvehiclesmustbehybrid,electric,and/orusealternativeorbio-basedfuelsthatarecleanerthanconventionalgas.Inadditiontosettingstandardsfornewvehicles,manyschoolshavepoliciesandprogramstomaketransportationmoresustainable.Thisisamoreproactive,effectiveapproachthatdemonstratesaschool’sfullcommitmenttosustainability.Examplesinclude:improvingpublictransportation,givingincentives,andaddressingcommuting,businesstravel,etc.Somealsoincorporateeducationandstudentinvolvement.Manyschoolsalsoinvolveapurchasingorsustainabilitydepartment/taskforcetoassistwithvehiclepurchasesandhelppurchasersmakethebest/mostsustainablechoices.ForexampletheUniversityofFlorida’sPurchasingServicesandOfficeofSustainabilitymaintainalistingofNewApprovedVehicles,arrangedbyclass,toassistdepartmentswithchoosingavehicleforpurchase.Thismakesiteasierandmoreefficientforthepurchasertofollowthepolicy.BestPracticesexamples:ElonUniversity● Allnewfleetvehiclesmustusealternativefuelsandorbehybrids● ProvidesZipcar,carpoolingincentives,andlowemissionsvehiclestohelpreduce

indirecttransportation(non-Universityfleet)PrincetonUniversity● Newvehiclepurchasesmustbeultra-loworzeroemissions.

➢ 41%ofvehiclespurchasedsince2007havebeenelectricorhybrid.● Allcampusgolfcartsmustbeelectric● Hasestablishedasustainablepurchasingtaskforce

UniversityofCaliforniasystem● Anyvehiclebeingreplacedmustbeloworzeroemission● Campusesareencouragedto“right-size”fleets–meaningmakingsuretoeliminate

redundantorsuperfluousvehicles.● Purchasingguidelinearebasedonperformance,costeffectiveness,andpracticality

UniversityofFlorida● Mustpurchasevehicleswiththehighestfuelefficiency,lowestGHGemissions,including

hybridandalternativefuels

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Developedalistofpre-approved,recommended,vehiclesbyclassandtypetoassistpurchaserswithchoosingthemostsustainableoption(http://www.purchasing.ufl.edu/contracts/2016_Approved.pdf)

● Performanceistheonlyconsiderationtooutweighenvironmentalimpacts● 10%oftotalfleetwillbeelectricby2025

TuftsUniversity● Newvehiclesmusthavempgaveragesequaltoorbetterthan35mpgby2020● Vehiclesshouldberepurposedtootherdepartmentsiftheyhaveoutlivedtheircurrent

departmentsusefulness,assumingthereisstillvehiclelifeleftTrinityCollege● Allpurchasesmustgothroughsustainabilitytaskforceandreceiveapproval● Preferenceisgiventosmallestandmostefficientoptions

ArizonaStateUniversity● Allnewvehiclesmustusealternativestodieselengines,suchascompressednatural

gas,bio-basedfuels,hybrids,electric,andfuelcells.Thefuelchoiceisbasedonthebestoptionfortheintendeduse(performance)

PortlandStateUniversity● Anewvehiclemusthaveasmallerenvironmentalimpactthanthevehiclebeing

replaced,orbeaGreenVehicle● VehiclesleasedorpurchasedmusthavelowemissionsoflocalairpollutantsandGHGs

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2.AlternativeFuelingOptions&Locationsa.AlternativeFuelStationsMap

11 CMCCampuses

28 ElectricVehicleChargersLevel2orFaster(EV)

6 Ethanol85%+(E85+)

3 LiquefiedPetroleumGas(Propane)

2 CompressedNaturalGas(CNG)

1 Biodiesel20%+(B20+)

CMCAlternativeFuelingOptions&LocationsInteractiveMapcanbefoundathttps://www.mapcustomizer.com/map/CMC%20Alternative%20Fueling%20Options%20&%20L

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ocationsb.SummaryofFuelingOptionsTheAlternativeFuelStationsMapwasmadetoshowalltheavailablealternativefuelingstationswithin30milesofanycampuslocation.Additiondestinationsandupdatescanbefoundathttp://www.afdc.energy.gov/locator/stations/.EVchargingstationsdominatethealternativefuelinginfrastructurewithcoveragetoall11campuses.However,charginganEVtakessignificantlylongerthanusingaliquidfuel.ThismeansdespitethelargernumberofEVchargingstations,therestillmaynotbeenoughtofacilitateaquicktransitiontoanEVfleet.However,EVtechnologyisimprovingandincreasingrapidly.E85,Propane,CNG,andB20stationsaresolimitedthattheywouldnotallowfortheacollegewidefleetconversionbutmaybeenablespecificcampusestoutilizetheselesscarbonintensivefuels,forexampleinthefollowinglocations:RifleCampusTherearefourfuelingstationsthatofferE85within5milesoftheRifleCampus:Kum&Go,Kum&Go#4923,#921,#922.HavingEthanolvehiclesatRiflewouldalsoincreasetheincentivetorestoreandenhancethebiofuelsprogramatthatcampus.Allowingstudentstoproducefuelthatwouldbeusedincampusvehiclescreatesgreateducationopportunitiesaswellasamoreclosedloopedsystem.SteamboatSpringsSpaceStationGasonLincolnAvenueoffersB20+andisonlyhalfamileawayfromtheSteamboatSpringsCampus.AccordingtoLABiodieselCo-Op,thereisnoconversionnecessaryformostdieselvehicleswhenswitchingtoB201.

c.AlternativeFuelCharacteristics

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ThistablewascreatedusingAlternativeFuelsDataCenterFuelComparisonChart2.PriceswererecordedinOctober2015.ThekeyconsiderationstoreviewwhencomparingfuelsourcesarethepotentialGHGemissions,cost,andperformancechanges.Forexample,iftheRiflecampuswasconsideringswitchingtheircampusvehiclesfromconventionalgasolinetoethanol,thereshouldbesomeanalysisdonetomodelthepotentialchangesinmilespergallon.Agallonofconventionalgasolinehasaround10%ethanolonaverageand114kBtus,whileE85has85%ethanolandonly82kBtuspergallon.ThismeansthatE85onlyhas71%oftheenergypergalloncomparedtoconventionalgasoline.Asaresult,foreverygallonofgasolinethatwaspurchased,thenewvehiclemayneed1.28gallonsofE85.ThisincreaseinfueltocompensateforthelowerenergydensitywillreducethecarbonsavingsofE85from29%downto9.5%.JustbecauseE85islessenergydensedoesn’tnecessarilytranslatetoreducedmilespergallon.

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Ethanolhasahigheroctanerating,whichmeansthatitcanwithstandhighercompressionratesandthereforeislessliketocombustuncontrollably,whichcanreduceefficiency.Thistypeofmodelingshouldbedoneforanytypeoffueltransition.

d.CMCGeographicDescription&Overview

CampusElevation

RecLow

AverageJanLow

AverageJanHigh

AnnualSnowFall

R Leadville 10152 -16 4 30 127R SpringValley - - - - -R SteamboatSprings 6900 -31 3 28 180C Aspen 7890 -9 9 37 179C Breckenridge 9600 -30 1 32 107C BuenaVista 7965 -17 12 41 41C Carbondale 6181 -10 14 36 51C Dillon 9111 -30 1 32 128C Edwards 7221 -17 11 33 80C GlenwoodSprings 5763 -10 14 36 51C Rifle 5348 -19 13 42 39 Average 7613 -19 8 35 98

FutureCMCvehicleswillneedtobeabletohandlecoldtemperatures,largeamountsofsnowdriving,andsteepelevationchanges.i.EVConcernsSection2a,AlternativeFuelStationsMap,clearlyshowsthatelectricvehicleshavethemostembeddedinfrastructure.However,therearesomesignificantissueswhenconsideringatransitiontoEVs:ChargingTimesFirst,chargingtimesaremuchlongerthanrefuelingwithaliquid.Teslahasnotedthatdiminishingrateofchargingasthebatteryapproachesitsmaximumcapacity.Thecloseryougettoafullcharge,theharderitistotransferenergyandasaresult,TeslasaysthatittakessuperchargerwillchargeaModelSfromdeadto80%batterycapacityin40minutesbutwilltakeanother35minutestogetthatlast20%4.ColdWeatherSecondly,EVperformancediminishessignificantlyincoldweather.CMCisinanareathathastemperatureswellbelowfreezingforlongperiodsoftheyearandthe56%reduction5inrangemaynotbesuitableforallvehicles.Additionally,EVhaveverydifferentpassengerheatingsystems.Usingtheheatduringthewintertimemayfurtherreduceoverallrange.

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BatteryLifetimes&MaintenanceThebatteryinanEVisthebiggestsourceofmaintenanceofthevehiclelifetime.Batterytechnologyisinherentlyproprietaryandthereforeposesasachallengewhentryingtoestimatemaintenancecostsandtimelines.ii.EthanolStorageCMCcurrentlyhasgasolinetanksatallthreeresidentialcampuses.CouldanyofthesebeswitchedtoholdE85insteadofconventionalgasoline?Itisimportanttoidentifywhoandwhatvehiclesorequipmentwouldbeusingthecampusfueltanks.Doallthegroundsequipmentuseconventionalgasolineandsourcefromthecampustanks?CouldthisequipmentrunonE85?3.LowEmissionVehiclePurchasingStandardsa.Procedure&ReviewPlanInordertokeepthisstandardasupdatedaspossibleandensurethatitisconsistentwithCMC’ssustainabilityvisionsandgoals,itisrecommendedthattheVehiclePurchasingPolicybereviewedeverytwotothreeyears.ItisalsorecommendedthatanappropriateGreenTeamgroupiscreatedtoreviewthispurchasingpolicyandreportanyedits,additions,orupdatestothelargergroup.ThegoalofthereviewshouldbetoreaffirmoredittheSustainableFleetTargets,vehicleexemptions,alternativefuelavailability,andtransportationneeds.Thefourprimarycriteria,inorderofimportance,toconsiderwhenpurchasingavehicleare:

1. Safety2. Performance3. Life-cyclecost4. Life-cycleenvironmentalimpacts

Itisimportanttodistinguishthedifferencebetweenlife-cycleandinitialcostsbecauseofCMCwillmostlikelybeusingthevehicleforanextendedperiodoftime.Thelife-cyclecostofavehicleisthesummationoftheinitialpurchasingprice,theprojectedmaintenancecostsoverthelife-time,andallthefuelpurchaseduringitsusage.FuelandEntireVehicleLife-CycleEmissionsFortheinitialpolicycycle,itisrecommendedthatCMConlyconsidertheCO2eemissionsfromfuelcombustion.CMCcanlaterexpandtheboundariestoaccountfortheentirelife-cycleofeachfuel,astherearepeerreviewedpapersavailable(Tong,Jaramillo,andAzevedo2015).Additional,ifCMCdecidestoconsidertheentirelife-cycleofvehicleswhenpurchasing,frommineralextraction,refinement,manufacturing,usage,anddisposal,thereareevenmoreexamples.However,itisimportanttogetthemostuptodateinformation.Forexample,

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Hawkinset.al2012suggeststhatEVshavesignificantlyhigheremissionsassociatedwithmanufacturingduebatteriesandaluminumframes.ButifdataisusedfromArgonneNationalLaboratory’sGreenhousegases,RegulatedEmissions,EnergyuseinTransportation(GREET)22014modelitissuggestedthatEVmanufacturingemissionsareactuallyveryclosetoconventionalinternalcombustionenginevehicles.Theboundariesforcomparingvehicleemissionsshouldbereviewedduringthetriennialpolicyreviewprocess.b.SustainableFleetTargets(SFT)CMC’scurrentfleetconsistsof64totalvehicles:3heavyduty,6cars,15SUVs,13vans,2shuttlevansand15trucks.Ofthese64vehiclesonlyfour(6.3%)arelistedasahybrid.Inordertoestablishanappropriateandpracticalsustainablefleettarget,CMCneedstodeterminewhat-ifany-vehiclesareexempt.ItisNCS’recommendationthatCMCconsidertrucksandheavyvehiclesasexemptfortheshort-termtimeframe,buttheyshouldbeconsideredduringeveryreviewcycle.Ifthetrucksandheavy-dutyvehiclesareexemptfromtheSFTthen11%ofCMCscurrentfleetwouldbeconsideredsustainable.CMCshouldsetagoalofgetting20%ofitsnon-exemptedfleettosustainableby2020.50%by2030.c.WhatisaSustainableVehicle?CMCshouldconsiderasustainablevehicleasavehiclethatusesalternativefuels(E85,B20+,CNG,oriselectric).Ifnoalternativefuelmodelsareavailableduetoperformancerequirements,CMCcouldpurchaseavehiclethathasanaveragemilespergallon(mpg)equaltoorhigherthanCAFEsstandards.AconventionaldieselorgasolinevehiclewithhigherthanCAFÉstandardsmpgshouldbeconsideredashalfasustainablevehicletowardstheSFT.

CAFÉStandards54.5MPGby2025Year 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022MPG 25.3 28.22 31.14 34.06 36.98 39.9 42.82 45.74 Year 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030MPG 48.66 51.58 54.5 57.42 60.34 63.26 66.18 69.1

CorporateAverageFuelEconomy(CAFÉ)Standardsspecifiesthatautomotivemanufacturersmusthavefleetaverageof54.5mpgpervehicleby2025.EPAGreenVehicleGuideYoucanselectbyModelYear–State–VehicleClass-Makehttp://www3.epa.gov/greenvehicles/find/index.htm

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d.VehicleClassifications&ExemptionsTransport(primarilyusedforhumantransportation)

- Car- Van- SUVs- Shuttle

Utility

- Trucks(especiallywithplows)- HeavyDutyVehicles(FireTruck,Ambulance,etc.)

Non-conventionalvehicles

- Bobcats- Golfcarts- ATV

Forthepurposeofthisdocument,weconsiderallutilityandnon-conventionalvehiclesasexemptduetoperformancerequirements.Thismeansthatthesetruckandheavy-dutyvehiclesperformveryspecificandrequiredtasksthatmaynotbeachievablebythecurrentalternativefuelvehiclesavailable.Itislikelythatsometruckscanbeconsideredtransport,butthatisuptoCMC’sinterpretation.Additionally,CMC’striennialsustainabilitytaskforceshouldgothrougheveryvehicleanddecidewhetheritshouldbeconsideredasexempt.

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4.PurchasingAgreements&Partnerships

AlpineBank,anexistingCMCpartner1,currentlyoffersgreenlendingoptionstoconsumersandbusinesses.ShouldCMCpursuefuel-efficientvehiclesforitsownedfleet,theseloansshouldbeexploredtofinancethepurchases.

GivenAlpineBank'ssignificantsupportofColorado'swesternslopecommunities,itmaybepossibletoleveragetheexistingrelationshipbetweenCMCandthebanktoexploreopportunitiesfortailoredfunding.Asanexample,CMCcoulddiscussreceivingalowerinterestrateorgreenvehiclesponsorshipinexchangeforadditionalvisibilitythroughoutcampuses.Thebank'snameiscurrentlydisplayedinCMClobbiesandalongthewallsinrelationtopastinitiatives;CMCcouldofferdisplaysonthegreenvehiclesaswell.

1Alpine Bank (2016). Green Lending. Retrieved from https://www.alpinebank.com/green-lending.htm

Alpine Bank (2016). Community Investment. Retrieved from https://www.alpinebank.com/community-investment.htm

Colorado Mountain College (2016). Board of Trustees: Glenn David. Retrieved fromhttp://coloradomtn.edu/about-cmc/board_of_trustees/members/glenn_davis/

Alpine Bank (2016). Debit Cards & Rewards. Retrieved from https://www.alpinebank.com/debit-cards-rewards.htm

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References1 http://www.biodieselcoopla.com/biodiesel-faq/2 http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/fuel_comparison_chart.pdf3 AlpineBank(2016).GreenLending.Retrievedfromhttps://www.alpinebank.com/green-lending.htm4 https://www.teslamotors.com/supercharger5http://www.forbes.com/sites/jimgorzelany/2014/03/24/the-cold-truth-icy-temps-can-slash-an-electric-cars-range-by-more-than-half/#61849ad26d7e