Colonization to Reconstruction: Early U.S. History Review
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Transcript of Colonization to Reconstruction: Early U.S. History Review
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The First Humans in North America?
Came here how? And When?
10,000 B.C.E.
Who was the first white man to set foot on this soil?
LAND BRIDGE BETWEEN NORTH AMERICA AND ASIA
NORTH AMERICA
ASIA
LAND BRIDGE
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AFTER THE CRUSADES INTRODUCED EUROPE TO THE SPICES AND RICHES
OF AFRICA AND ASIA SEVERAL COUNTRIES
DESIRED A MORE DIRECT ROUTE SINCE THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
CONTROLLED THE TRADE ROUTES AND PRICES.
SPAIN, PORTUGAL, ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND
THE NETHERLANDS BEGAN SEARCHING FOR NEW ROUTES VIA THE
OCEAN.
SEARCHING FOR A SHORTCUT
How to get from Europe to Asia quickly?
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REASONS FOR
EUROPEAN EXPANSION
MOREWEALT
H
SPREADCHRISTIANITY
MORE TERRIT
ORY
EXPAND
TRADE
EXPLORE THE
WORLD
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NEW TECHNOLOGY: COMPASS
GLOBE
RUDDER
IMPROVED SHIP BUILDING TECHNIQUES AND DESIGN
QUADRANT (IMPROVED ABILITY TO DETERMINE LATITUDE BASED ON ALTITUDE OF STARS)
MAPS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES
MANY OF THOSE DESIRES FOR EXPLORATION HAD ALREADY EXISTED FOR CENTURIES, SO
WHAT CHANGED?
1543 GLOBE
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SPANISH EXPLORATION
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, AN ITALIAN NAVIGATOR,
CONVINCED THE KING AND QUEEN OF SPAIN TO FUND AN EXPEDITION TO FIND A WESTERN ROUTE TO THE
RICHES OF ASIA.
THE PORTUGUESE HAD SAILED THE ROUTE
AROUND AFRICA AND THEREFORE DOMINATED
THE EASTERN ROUTE.
AT THE TIME MAPS OF THE WORLD DID NOT INCLUDE
THE AMERICAS.
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Columbus’s Arrival
• 1492• Landed on an island in the Carribean.• Thought he was in India• Called the people Indios• Claimed the island he
Landed on and named it
San Salvador
-Died thinking he had found
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His impact on natives:
• Enslaved them• Disease (mumps, measles, chicken pox,
small pox, typhus)• His presence led to the downfall of many
tribes
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Columbus’s Impact on Africans?
• Loss of native work force led to settlers bringing in Africans to help
• Led to slavery and 10 millions slaves being brought over.
• Civil War
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His Impact on Europeans?
• Started mass migrations• Started Columbian Exchange
– Transfer of goods between Europe and the Americas
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EUROPE RECEIVED
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
AMERICAS RECEIVED
FOOD CORN, WHITE POTATOES,
PUMPKINS, TOMATOES, CACAO, STRAWBERRIES, QUININE,
TOBACCO
FOODSUGAR, WHEAT, RICE, CITRUS
FRUITS, TEA, COFFEE, BANANAS, OKRA, BARLEY,
OATS, WINE GRAPES
ANIMALSTURKEYS, GUINEA PIGS,
RATTLESNAKES, BUFFALO, RACCOONS
ANIMALSHORSES, CHICKENS, PIGS,
COWS, GOATS, SHEEP, RATS, OXEN
DISEASESSYPHILIS
DISEASESSMALLPOX, MEASLES,
INFLUENZA
RELIGIONCHRISTIANITY
WEAPONS AND TOOLSGUNS AND IRON TOOLS
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SPAIN LED THE EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS
HERNAN CORTES CONQUERED THE AZTECS OF MEXICO
FRANCISCO PIZARRO CONQUERED THE INCAS OF PERU
THE QUEST FOR RICHES DROVE THE SPANISH TO ENSLAVE THE NATIVE POPULATION TO MINE FOR GOLD AND SILVER, WHILE A DESIRE TO CONVERT NATIVES TO CATHOLICISM LED TO THE BUILDING OF MISSIONS
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Why were Spanish unstoppable?
• Guns• Germs (killed as many as 90% of people)• Steel• Horses• Had only 508 men, 16 horses, and 10
cannons• How then were they able to take Mexico?
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• Why do some cultures think they have the right to take another’s land and goods?
• Give examples in last 100 years• Will it ever stop?
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SPAIN CONTROLLED MOST OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA, MUCH OF THE CARIBBEAN, AND PARTS OF
NORTH AMERICA. HOWEVER TERRITORY THAT LARGE WAS DIFFICULT TO CONTROL AND THEREFORE WAS OPEN TO ATTACK. OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES HAD SEEN THE RICHES BROUGHT BACK BY SPAIN AND WERE EAGER TO
STAKE A CLAIM.
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Spain in the SW
• Move into NM and claim it (not for gold but for Christianity)
• Open Missions all over • Goal was to convert natives to Christianity
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THE FIRST ENGLISH ARRIVED IN THE “NEW WORLD” AND ESTABLISHED A COLONY
Jamestown 1607
1st permanent settlement in U.S.
Captain John Smith and Pocohontas
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John Smith’s Mistakes
• Built town on a swamp• No women• No food• Bad water• Unlike Spanish there policy was total
defeat of natives• How was it saved?
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ECONOMIC, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FACTORS
TOBACCO PLAYED A TREMENDOUS ROLE IN THE SUCCESS OF THE COLONY AS IT YIELDED HUGE PROFITS WHEN SOLD IN EUROPE
LAND WAS USED AS AN INCENTIVE TO ATTRACT SETTLERS
RELIGIOUS STRIFE BETWEEN CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS LED TO MASS MIGRATIONS OF BOTH GROUPS TO DIFFERENT COLONIES
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS FOR THE AVERAGE ENGLISHMAN BECAME EVEN TOUGHER WITH THE INFUSION OF NEW RICHES INTO THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY BY THE SPANISH
HOW DID THE ENGLISH COLONIES BECOME SO successful?
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The First!!!!!!!!!!
THE PILGRIMS, RELIGIOUS SEPARATISTS FROM THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND, SAILED ON THE
MAYFLOWER AND LANDED AT PLYMOUTH ROCK IN MASSACHUSETTS IN 1620
Thanksgiving
Understand why they left Europe?
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THE PURITANS ARRIVED SHORTLY AFTER THE MORE RADICAL PILGRIMS. THEY WANTED TO “PURIFY” THE
CHURCH OF ENGLAND (RATHER THAN SEPARATE LIKE THE PILGRIMS) TO REMOVE ALL TRACES OF CATHOLICISM. THEY PLANNED TO ESTABLISH CHURCHES IN THE “NEW WORLD”
*knew they could be punished severely for this
With the help of Puritans the New England Colonies were formed: Mass, New Hampshire, Conn, Rhode Island
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RELIGION WAS THE DRIVING FORCE BEHIND THE CREATION OF THE NEW ENGLAND
COLONIES
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RELIGIOUS LEADERS WERE THE MOST POWERFUL COMMUNITY FIGURES AND THEY WORKED CLOSELY WITH COMMUNITY ELECTED MEMBERS TO REGULATE ALL ASPECTS OF LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND
INTOLERANT OF DIFFERING RELIGIOUS VIEWS
STRESSED EDUCATION AND LITERACY AS EVERYONE NEEDED TO BE ABLE TO READ THE BIBLE
RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE IN NEW ENGLAND
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NEW HAMPSHIRE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, CONNECTICUT
LONG, COLD WINTERS AS WELL AS MOUNTAINS DID NOT ALLOW FOR LARGE-SCALE FARMING
MOST SETTLERS CAME FROM ENGLAND
MAIN INDUSTRIES WERE LUMBERING, SHIPBUILDING, FISHING, IRON WORKS, AND WOOL PRODUCTION
MOST VILLAGES AND TOWNS WERE NEAR HARBORS
OVERVIEW OF THE NORTHERN COLONIES
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KING CHARLES II GAVE AWAY THE MIDDLE COLONIES AS GIFTS TO FAMILY AND FRIENDS
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KING CHARLES II GRANTED NEW YORK TO HIS BROTHER JAMES AND
NEW JERSEY TO 2 NOBLEMEN WHO NAMED
IT AFTER THE ISLE OF JERSEY IN THE ENGLISH
CHANNEL.
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PENNSYLVANIA (PART OF WHICH LATER BECAME DELAWARE) WAS GRANTED TO
WILLIAM PENN TO PAY A DEBT TO HIS FATHER
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NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE
ETHNICALLY DIVERSE, ESPECIALLY ALONG THE HUDSON RIVER
BUSY SHIPPING PORTS
LUSH FARMLAND LED TO GRAIN AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION LIKE WHEAT AND RYE, BEEF AND PORK
COTTAGE INDUSTRIES WERE WEAVING, SHOEMAKING, CABINET MAKING, AND OTHER ARTISAN CRAFTS
OVERVIEW OF THE MIDDLE COLONIES
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LARGE SCALE FARMING DOMINATED THE SOUTHERN COLONIES
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SOUTHERN PLANTATIONS
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EUROPEANS, IN THEIR PUSH FOR WEALTH, FORCED NATIVE AMERICANS TO WORK AS SLAVES IN MINES AND IN SUGAR CANE FIELDS
AS THE NATIVE POPULATION FLED AND DIED FROM DISEASES THE SPANIARDS LOOKED TO AFRICA AS A LABOR SOURCE
SLAVES WERE TAKEN FIRST TO THE CARIBBEAN AND SOUTH AMERICA
EVENTUALLY SLAVERY WAS BROUGHT TO NORTH AMERICA
AFRICANS WERE BROUGHT TO THE AMERICAS
TALLY SHEET FROM AN ACTUAL CARGO OF
SLAVES
MAP OF THE REGION IN AFRICA WHERE MOST PEOPLE WERE TAKEN
FROM
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AFRICANS CRAMMED
ONTO A SHIP FOR
TRANSPORT TO BECOME
SLAVES
The Middle Passage
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MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA
THE ECONOMY WAS BASED ON THE LARGE SCALE CASH CROPS OF TOBACCO, RICE, AND INDIGO
CLASS DIVISION BETWEEN VERY WEALTHY AND POOR
RELIANT ON SLAVE LABOR
OVERVIEW OF THE SOUTHERN COLONIES
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Took 125 years to found 13 colonies
• They existed primarily to benefit England• A lot of materials were exported to Europe
from the Colonies.
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