Colonial Colonial AmericaAmerica

European SettlementEuropean Settlement

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Pre-Historic SettlementPre-Historic Settlement

First inhabitants of North America First inhabitants of North America migrated from Asia, probably across migrated from Asia, probably across a land bridge between Siberia and a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska during the last Alaska during the last Ice AgeIce Age

These societies developed; some These societies developed; some even established sophisticated even established sophisticated civilizations; some were nomadic civilizations; some were nomadic hunter gatherershunter gatherers

Bering Strait Land Bridge

First Europeans ArriveFirst Europeans Arrive

1515thth and 16 and 16thth Centuries saw Centuries saw Europeans establishing colonies.Europeans establishing colonies.

ColoniesColonies – territories established by – territories established by the government in a foreign land.the government in a foreign land.

The three countries that had the The three countries that had the most impact were most impact were Spain, France, and Spain, France, and Great Britain.Great Britain.

Spain New World EmpireSpain New World Empire

The Spanish were the first to arrive The Spanish were the first to arrive and establish strong colonies.and establish strong colonies.

They dominated much of South They dominated much of South America, modern-day Mexico, and America, modern-day Mexico, and what eventually becomes the U.S. what eventually becomes the U.S. Southwest, Florida, and parts of Southwest, Florida, and parts of Georgia.Georgia.

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France Goes Hunting!France Goes Hunting!

France took advantage of the inland France took advantage of the inland waterways and rivers to control parts waterways and rivers to control parts of the of the interiorinterior..

France focused on the France focused on the fur trading fur trading businessbusiness through trapping themselves through trapping themselves and trading with the Native Americans.and trading with the Native Americans.

Native Americans and French Trappers Native Americans and French Trappers came to rely on one another for came to rely on one another for commercecommerce

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QuebecQuebec

France’s first successful colony in France’s first successful colony in North America established in 1608.North America established in 1608.

The colony rested high on the banks The colony rested high on the banks of the St. Lawrence River; excellent of the St. Lawrence River; excellent location for carrying out fur trading location for carrying out fur trading and establishing more colonies.and establishing more colonies.

Good Military positionGood Military position

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Jamestown, VirginiaJamestown, Virginia

First successful British Colony in First successful British Colony in North America founded in North America founded in 16071607

A joint-stock company, the A joint-stock company, the Virginia Virginia CompanyCompany sponsored the colony to sponsored the colony to make money off raw materials and make money off raw materials and products.products.

New settlers came to get rich and New settlers came to get rich and obtain land.obtain land.

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Jamestown, VirginiaJamestown, Virginia

Colonists were not use to Colonists were not use to manual labormanual labor that that was needed to build a colony.was needed to build a colony.

Most wanted to search for gold to Most wanted to search for gold to get rich get rich quickquick, instead of raising crops to support , instead of raising crops to support colony.colony.

Jamestown was built in a Jamestown was built in a swampy areaswampy area – prone – prone to infectious diseases, not good for agriculture.to infectious diseases, not good for agriculture.

Many died from sickness, starvation, and cold Many died from sickness, starvation, and cold winters.winters.

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Jamestown, VirginiaJamestown, Virginia

John Rolfe saved the colony by introducing a John Rolfe saved the colony by introducing a new crop: new crop: tobacco!tobacco!

England was not happy about the crop England was not happy about the crop because of its association with corrupt because of its association with corrupt behaviorbehavior

Crop proved to be very profitable for growersCrop proved to be very profitable for growers To attract more settlers, Virginia instituted To attract more settlers, Virginia instituted

the the headrightheadright system. system. This promised 50 acres of land to those who This promised 50 acres of land to those who

settled in the colony.settled in the colony.

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Virginians and Native Virginians and Native AmericansAmericans

Most Native Americans lived under a tribal Most Native Americans lived under a tribal confederation (loose alliance)confederation (loose alliance) led by led by Chief Chief Powhatan.Powhatan.

Hostility broke out when 200 Natives Hostility broke out when 200 Natives attacked the settlement; colonists repelled attacked the settlement; colonists repelled the attack and negotiated a peace.the attack and negotiated a peace.

Powhatan kept a close eye on settlers, Powhatan kept a close eye on settlers, hoping to establish trade with them, but hoping to establish trade with them, but weary of their true intentions.weary of their true intentions.

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Virginians and Native Virginians and Native AmericansAmericans

The colony would not have The colony would not have survivedsurvived its first its first winter had Natives not given them food.winter had Natives not given them food.

Relations were tenseRelations were tense; Native Americans ; Native Americans attacked Jamestown in 1622 killing 300 attacked Jamestown in 1622 killing 300 colonists – Colonist responded by killing as colonists – Colonist responded by killing as many Natives in their own attack.many Natives in their own attack.

1644 – Indian leader, Opechancanough, 1644 – Indian leader, Opechancanough, attacked but he was killed – colonists were attacked but he was killed – colonists were now in firm control of the colony.now in firm control of the colony.

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Virginia’s Social StructureVirginia’s Social Structure

Most colonial Americans accepted Most colonial Americans accepted class distinctions.class distinctions.

Wealthy landowners exercised most Wealthy landowners exercised most of the power in each colony.of the power in each colony.

In Virginia, society eventually In Virginia, society eventually became divided between large became divided between large landowners, poor farmers, landowners, poor farmers, indentured servants and slaves.indentured servants and slaves.

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Indentured ServantsIndentured Servants

People who could not afford to come People who could not afford to come to North America on their own.to North America on their own.

They agreed to work for a landowner They agreed to work for a landowner for up to seven years in exchange for for up to seven years in exchange for the landowner paying for their trip.the landowner paying for their trip.

Once the indentured servants served Once the indentured servants served their seven years, they became small their seven years, they became small landowners.landowners.

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Virginia’s Social StructureVirginia’s Social Structure

As the population of small landowners As the population of small landowners increased, settlement pushed farther increased, settlement pushed farther west.west.

Poor farmers in western Virginia Poor farmers in western Virginia experienced conflicts with the Nativesexperienced conflicts with the Natives

They became impatient with the They became impatient with the Governor in Jamestown, who favored Governor in Jamestown, who favored the rich and did not do enough to the rich and did not do enough to protect western Virginians.protect western Virginians.

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Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion In 1676, this tension led to In 1676, this tension led to

an armed conflict known as an armed conflict known as Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion..

Nathaniel BaconNathaniel Bacon, a Virginia , a Virginia Planter and wealth Planter and wealth aristocrat, rallied forces to aristocrat, rallied forces to fight Native Americans on fight Native Americans on the Virginia frontier.the Virginia frontier.

The Governor condemned The Governor condemned his actions, so Bacon turned his actions, so Bacon turned his forces on Jamestown.his forces on Jamestown.

The governor was forced to The governor was forced to flee and Bacon’s men flee and Bacon’s men burned Jamestown to the burned Jamestown to the ground.ground.

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Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

Bacon suddenly died – ending his rebellionBacon suddenly died – ending his rebellion Uprising showed that colonists expected a Uprising showed that colonists expected a

government that government that served everyoneserved everyone.. Wealthy realized the discontent among Wealthy realized the discontent among

the poor farmers – planters turned away the poor farmers – planters turned away from indentured servants as labor.from indentured servants as labor.

Planters turned to another source of labor Planters turned to another source of labor – – slavery!slavery!

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Slavery in VirginiaSlavery in Virginia

Slavery is a system in which people are Slavery is a system in which people are owed as property.owed as property.

It became essential to the colony’s economy It became essential to the colony’s economy as indentured servitude decreased.as indentured servitude decreased.

First African slaves arrived in Jamestown in First African slaves arrived in Jamestown in 1619.1619.

Originally came as indentured servants with Originally came as indentured servants with the same rights as white indentured the same rights as white indentured servants.servants.

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Slavery in VirginiaSlavery in Virginia

The institution of slavery helped to The institution of slavery helped to establish the plantation system in establish the plantation system in Virginia and throughout the Virginia and throughout the southern colonies.southern colonies.

PlantationsPlantations were huge farms were huge farms owned by wealthy landowners owned by wealthy landowners who raised cash cropswho raised cash crops

Cash cropsCash crops are crops grown for are crops grown for trade or profit.trade or profit.

By the late 1600s, slavery was By the late 1600s, slavery was firmly rooted in the southern firmly rooted in the southern colonies.colonies.

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Virginia’s GovernmentVirginia’s Government

Due to the colonies’ great distance Due to the colonies’ great distance from England, the British adopted a from England, the British adopted a policy known as policy known as salutary neglectsalutary neglect..

Except for limited efforts by the Except for limited efforts by the crown to assert its control in the mid-crown to assert its control in the mid-1600s, the English government let 1600s, the English government let the colonists govern themselves.the colonists govern themselves.

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Virginia’s GovernmentVirginia’s Government

The colonies established The colonies established representative representative governmentsgovernments (governments in which (governments in which the people elected their own officials the people elected their own officials and had a voice.)and had a voice.)

Colonial governors appointed by the Colonial governors appointed by the crown were in charge, colonial crown were in charge, colonial legislatures consisting of local residents legislatures consisting of local residents came to possess most of the power.came to possess most of the power.

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House of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

1619, Virginians elected the first 1619, Virginians elected the first legislative body.legislative body.

Members were selected directly by the Members were selected directly by the people and along with the governor people and along with the governor comprised Virginia’s government.comprised Virginia’s government.

Upper class generally served in the Upper class generally served in the government.government.

It helped to lay a foundation for the ideas It helped to lay a foundation for the ideas about representative government that about representative government that would develop in other colonies.would develop in other colonies.

The ColoniesThe Colonies

Some colonies were established as Some colonies were established as royal royal coloniescolonies, governed by the King through an , governed by the King through an appointed royal governor.appointed royal governor.

Some colonies were proprietary or charter Some colonies were proprietary or charter coloniescolonies

Proprietary coloniesProprietary colonies were granted to a were granted to a group of private owners for development -group of private owners for development -PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Charter coloniesCharter colonies were granted a charter by were granted a charter by the King for the purpose of establishing a the King for the purpose of establishing a government. - government. - GeorgiaGeorgia

Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies

MarylandMaryland VirginiaVirginia North CarolinaNorth Carolina South CarolinaSouth Carolina GeorgiaGeorgia

Southern Colonial SocietySouthern Colonial Society

Southerners generally accepted class Southerners generally accepted class distinctions and the idea that the wealthy, distinctions and the idea that the wealthy, upper classupper class (known as the (known as the gentrygentry) is ) is superior to the lower, poorer classsuperior to the lower, poorer class

Public educationPublic education did not exists in the did not exists in the Southern Colonies; poor were educated at Southern Colonies; poor were educated at home; wealthy educated at home with home; wealthy educated at home with private tutors or sent off to school in private tutors or sent off to school in Europe.Europe.

Southern Colonial SocietySouthern Colonial Society

Great Britain established the southern colonies Great Britain established the southern colonies for for economic reasonseconomic reasons rather that religious. rather that religious.

MarylandMaryland was started as a refuge for was started as a refuge for CatholicsCatholics.. The The GentryGentry remained a part of the remained a part of the Church of Church of

EnglandEngland because it was in their economic and because it was in their economic and political interestpolitical interest

MethodistMethodist and and BaptistBaptist over time became over time became common among the poorer southerners.common among the poorer southerners.

Southern Colonial EconomySouthern Colonial Economy

TobaccoTobacco became very popular in became very popular in Europe and became an important Europe and became an important cash crop for Virginia, North Carolina, cash crop for Virginia, North Carolina, and Maryland.and Maryland.

South Carolina and Georgia made South Carolina and Georgia made rice and indigorice and indigo important cash crops. important cash crops.

Southern colonies also produced tar, Southern colonies also produced tar, pitch, and turpentine from the pitch, and turpentine from the abundant pine forest.abundant pine forest.

Southern Colonial EconomySouthern Colonial Economy

The South’s reliance on The South’s reliance on staple cropsstaple crops (crops that are in large demand and (crops that are in large demand and provide an income) gave rise to the provide an income) gave rise to the plantation systemplantation system and a reliance on and a reliance on slavery.slavery.

Plantation owners often had direct Plantation owners often had direct access to shipping, so large cities did access to shipping, so large cities did not develop across the South.not develop across the South.

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New England ColoniesNew England Colonies

MassachusettsMassachusetts New HampshireNew Hampshire Rhode IslandRhode Island ConnecticutConnecticut

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New England ColoniesNew England Colonies

In addition to wealth, there were other reasons In addition to wealth, there were other reasons people came to North America.people came to North America.

Religious dissentReligious dissent (disagreement with the (disagreement with the Church of England) was one of the most Church of England) was one of the most common.common.

English leaders viewed any protest of refusal English leaders viewed any protest of refusal to follow Anglican church leaders as a betrayal.to follow Anglican church leaders as a betrayal.

Those with different views saw North America Those with different views saw North America as a place to escape as a place to escape religious persecutionreligious persecution..

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PuritansPuritans

Puritans wanted to build a community built Puritans wanted to build a community built solely on solely on “pure Biblical teaching”“pure Biblical teaching” rather rather than Anglican traditions.than Anglican traditions.

1620, Puritans established the 1620, Puritans established the Plymouth, Plymouth, Massachusetts Colony.Massachusetts Colony.

These Puritans became known as the These Puritans became known as the Pilgrims and celebrated the first Pilgrims and celebrated the first ThanksgivingThanksgiving in 1621 in 1621

Another group settled further north and Another group settled further north and established the established the Massachusetts Bay ColonyMassachusetts Bay Colony

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New England Colonial New England Colonial EconomyEconomy

NE Colonies relied heavily on the Atlantic NE Colonies relied heavily on the Atlantic Ocean.Ocean.

Shipbuilding, trade, and fishingShipbuilding, trade, and fishing became leading became leading industries in the region.industries in the region.

New Englanders traded English Goods for West New Englanders traded English Goods for West Indian products, slaves, etc.Indian products, slaves, etc.

Boston, MassachusettsBoston, Massachusetts became a booming became a booming urban center for shipping and commerce.urban center for shipping and commerce.

Farming in New England was for Farming in New England was for self-sufficiencyself-sufficiency

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New England EducationNew England Education

Puritans believed that everyone should be able to Puritans believed that everyone should be able to read the Bibleread the Bible

They were the first to promote public education.They were the first to promote public education. 1647, Massachusetts required all towns with 50+ 1647, Massachusetts required all towns with 50+

families to have a public school.families to have a public school. Grammar schools were required to prepare young Grammar schools were required to prepare young

men for Collegemen for College Women were trained in “womanly duties” at Women were trained in “womanly duties” at

home.home. Harvard (1636)Harvard (1636) and and Yale (1701)Yale (1701) were founded to were founded to

train ministers.train ministers.

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New England GovernmentNew England Government

The First Efforts at self-government The First Efforts at self-government were defined in the were defined in the Mayflower Mayflower Compact.(1620)Compact.(1620)

It established an It established an elected legislatureelected legislature and and asserted that the government derived asserted that the government derived its power from the people of the colony.its power from the people of the colony.

It also implied that the colonists desire It also implied that the colonists desire to be ruled by a to be ruled by a local governmentlocal government, , rather than England.rather than England.

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Town MeetingsTown Meetings

The belief in representative government The belief in representative government often took the form of often took the form of town meetingstown meetings..

Local, tax-paying citizens, (usually Local, tax-paying citizens, (usually property owners) met together to discuss property owners) met together to discuss and vote on issues.and vote on issues.

Despite advocating Despite advocating representative representative governmentgovernment, The Puritans still believed , The Puritans still believed that government should seek to enforce that government should seek to enforce the the will of Godwill of God..

Power tended to rest in the hands of Power tended to rest in the hands of church leaderschurch leaders; often very authoritative.; often very authoritative.

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Religion and DissentReligion and Dissent

The Puritan Church was a central The Puritan Church was a central part of life in New England.part of life in New England.

Every settler in Massachusetts had to Every settler in Massachusetts had to attend and support the Puritan attend and support the Puritan Church.Church.

Dissenters were often banished from Dissenters were often banished from the colony.the colony.

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Roger WilliamsRoger Williams

Disagreed with Puritan Church Disagreed with Puritan Church leadersleaders

Proponent of separation of Church Proponent of separation of Church and State; that every individual and State; that every individual should be free to follow his own should be free to follow his own convictions in religious matters convictions in religious matters

Founded Rhode Island ColonyFounded Rhode Island Colony Advocating fair treatment of Indians.Advocating fair treatment of Indians. Founded the first Baptist ChurchFounded the first Baptist Church

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Anne HutchinsonAnne Hutchinson

Disagreed with Puritan leaders; Disagreed with Puritan leaders; felt that women could discern felt that women could discern the will of God.the will of God.

Banished from colony for Banished from colony for teaching a Bible study to men teaching a Bible study to men and women.and women.

Resettled in Rhode Island and Resettled in Rhode Island and New York.New York.

She and her family were killed She and her family were killed by Native Americans.by Native Americans.

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Thomas HookerThomas Hooker

Hooker maintained that any adult male who Hooker maintained that any adult male who owned property should be able to vote and owned property should be able to vote and participate in civil government, regardless participate in civil government, regardless of church membership. of church membership.

Left Massachusetts to found the new Left Massachusetts to found the new English settlement at Hartford, Connecticut. English settlement at Hartford, Connecticut.

He is also remembered for his role in He is also remembered for his role in creating the "creating the "Fundamental Orders of ConnecticutFundamental Orders of Connecticut". This ". This document is one of the modern world's first document is one of the modern world's first written constitutions and an influence upon written constitutions and an influence upon the current American Constitution.the current American Constitution.

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Religion and DissentReligion and Dissent

Unrest in Massachusetts took its toll.Unrest in Massachusetts took its toll. The colony lost its charter in 1684The colony lost its charter in 1684 Massachusetts was made a Massachusetts was made a Royal Royal

ColonyColony in 1691; established a in 1691; established a representative legislaturerepresentative legislature

Abolished the requirement that every Abolished the requirement that every member must be a member of the member must be a member of the Church.Church.

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The Half-Way CovenantThe Half-Way Covenant

Original settlers in New England shared Original settlers in New England shared deep religious convictionsdeep religious convictions; as new ; as new generations took their place, leaders generations took their place, leaders feared their offspring would not share feared their offspring would not share the same the same “conversion experiences”.“conversion experiences”. (coming to faith in Jesus Christ)(coming to faith in Jesus Christ)

This was necessary to obtain Puritan This was necessary to obtain Puritan Church membership.Church membership.

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The Half-Way CovenantThe Half-Way Covenant

This threatened the very core of New England This threatened the very core of New England Society.Society.

To fix the problem, the church adopted the To fix the problem, the church adopted the Half-Half-way covenant.way covenant.

It established It established partial membershippartial membership for children of for children of full members regardless of conversion experience.full members regardless of conversion experience.

So long as they were So long as they were baptizedbaptized, they were , they were considered church members but considered church members but without voting without voting privileges.privileges.

Church leaders hoped that younger Puritans would Church leaders hoped that younger Puritans would reject the non-religious world in favor of Puritan reject the non-religious world in favor of Puritan teachingsteachings

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Salem Witch TrialsSalem Witch Trials

1692, the commitment to Puritan faith 1692, the commitment to Puritan faith resulted in a dark episode in American resulted in a dark episode in American history – the Salem Witch Trials.history – the Salem Witch Trials.

Claiming to have been possessed by the Claiming to have been possessed by the devil, several young girls accused devil, several young girls accused townspeople of being witches.townspeople of being witches.

14 Women & 5 men were hanged; one was 14 Women & 5 men were hanged; one was crushed to death for refusing to plead; crushed to death for refusing to plead; others died in prison.others died in prison.

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New Englanders and New Englanders and Native AmericansNative Americans

Relations were peaceful at first; Natives Relations were peaceful at first; Natives taught the Pilgrims how to grow corn that taught the Pilgrims how to grow corn that helped them survive the harsh winters.helped them survive the harsh winters.

A series of wars broke out that pushed the A series of wars broke out that pushed the Natives off lands they had lived on for Natives off lands they had lived on for generations.generations.

1675, King Phillip ( Native American name 1675, King Phillip ( Native American name was Metacom) united the tribes to fight was Metacom) united the tribes to fight the settlers.the settlers.

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King Phillip’s WarKing Phillip’s War

Despite killing nearly 2,000 settlers, Despite killing nearly 2,000 settlers, Metacom’s forces retreated when the Metacom’s forces retreated when the settlers fought back.settlers fought back.

Colonial soldiers killed Metacom in a Colonial soldiers killed Metacom in a Rhode Island cave.Rhode Island cave.

The confrontation became known as The confrontation became known as King Phillip’s WarKing Phillip’s War and resulted in the and resulted in the English gaining firmer control over English gaining firmer control over New England.New England.

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Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies

New YorkNew York New JerseyNew Jersey PennsylvaniaPennsylvania DelawareDelaware

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Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies

Located between New England and Located between New England and the Southern Colonies.the Southern Colonies.

The middle colonies were more The middle colonies were more culturally diverseculturally diverse because of their because of their location, the degree of religious location, the degree of religious tolerance, and the fact that other tolerance, and the fact that other countries (Sweden, Dutch) had countries (Sweden, Dutch) had originally settled them before England.originally settled them before England.

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Mid-Colonial EconomyMid-Colonial Economy

Middle Colonies depended on both farming Middle Colonies depended on both farming and commerce.and commerce.

Farmers raised staple crops like wheat, Farmers raised staple crops like wheat, barley, and rye.barley, and rye.

Large cities like Philadelphia and New York Large cities like Philadelphia and New York were home to a diverse group of people.were home to a diverse group of people.

Slaves were not as numerousSlaves were not as numerous Good waterways gave access to wooded Good waterways gave access to wooded

interior, fur trading, and an economic interior, fur trading, and an economic relationship with the Iroquois Indians.relationship with the Iroquois Indians.

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Diversity in the Middle Diversity in the Middle ColoniesColonies

William Penn founded Pennsylvania as a William Penn founded Pennsylvania as a homeland for the Quakers.homeland for the Quakers.

Quakers did not recognize class differences, Quakers did not recognize class differences, promoted equality of the sexes, practiced promoted equality of the sexes, practiced pacifism (non-violence) and sought to deal pacifism (non-violence) and sought to deal fairly with Native Americans.fairly with Native Americans.

Pennsylvania was a place of religious Pennsylvania was a place of religious tolerance – attracting many different tolerance – attracting many different denominations.denominations.

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Diversity in the Middle Diversity in the Middle ColoniesColonies

New York was originally a Dutch New York was originally a Dutch colony, so its residents spoke other colony, so its residents spoke other languages.languages.

Jews, as well as, Christians made Jews, as well as, Christians made New York home – the colonies first New York home – the colonies first synagogue was located there.synagogue was located there.

Urban areas continued to grow and Urban areas continued to grow and develop and Philadelphia became the develop and Philadelphia became the largest city in the colonies.largest city in the colonies.

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Middle Colonies Social OrderMiddle Colonies Social Order

Merchants who dealt in foreign trade Merchants who dealt in foreign trade formed the Upper class “aristocracy” formed the Upper class “aristocracy”

Sailors, unskilled workers, and some Sailors, unskilled workers, and some artisans comprised the lower class.artisans comprised the lower class.

The middle class consisted of The middle class consisted of craftsmen, retailers, and craftsmen, retailers, and businessmen.businessmen.

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New Amsterdam to New New Amsterdam to New YorkYork

The area we know as New York was originally The area we know as New York was originally settled by the Dutch, which they named New settled by the Dutch, which they named New Netherland.Netherland.

1625, they established a trading post at the 1625, they established a trading post at the mouth of the Hudson River – New Amsterdammouth of the Hudson River – New Amsterdam

They traded furs, local goods, and They traded furs, local goods, and agricultural products with Europe and the agricultural products with Europe and the other colonies.other colonies.

New Amsterdam became a key port.New Amsterdam became a key port.

New Amsterdam to New New Amsterdam to New YorkYork

England took notice of the colony’s England took notice of the colony’s prosperity; King Charles declared the prosperity; King Charles declared the region under the rule of his brother, region under the rule of his brother, the Duke of York.the Duke of York.

New Amsterdam surrendered and New Amsterdam surrendered and was immediately renamed New York was immediately renamed New York in 1664in 1664

The entire colony quickly came under The entire colony quickly came under the control of the British.the control of the British.

Colonial Colonial CultureCulture

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The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade

The Atlantic Slave trade involved The Atlantic Slave trade involved shipping slaves from Africa to the shipping slaves from Africa to the Americas.Americas.

This trade grew from the fifteenth This trade grew from the fifteenth century to the nineteenth century – century to the nineteenth century – ending in the 1808ending in the 1808

The slave trade existed in Africa The slave trade existed in Africa before Europeans arrived.before Europeans arrived.

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The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade

American colonization and the plantation American colonization and the plantation system made the slave trade very system made the slave trade very profitable for European and African slave profitable for European and African slave traders.traders.

Slave ships carried millions of African Slave ships carried millions of African slaves to the Americas.slaves to the Americas.

By the 1700s, black slaves outnumbered By the 1700s, black slaves outnumbered white settlers in Latin America and in white settlers in Latin America and in South CarolinaSouth Carolina

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The Atlantic Slave TradeThe Atlantic Slave Trade

These slaves arrived by way of the These slaves arrived by way of the Middle PassageMiddle Passage

Middle Passage was the route taken Middle Passage was the route taken by ships carrying slaves from Africa by ships carrying slaves from Africa to North America.to North America.

It was called the “Middle Passage” It was called the “Middle Passage” because it was the middle leg of the because it was the middle leg of the “triangular trade route”“triangular trade route”

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Middle PassageMiddle Passage

Africans were forced to live in Africans were forced to live in cramped quarters aboard slave ships cramped quarters aboard slave ships and suffered inhumane treatment and suffered inhumane treatment

Due mostly to poor sanitation and Due mostly to poor sanitation and disease, many of them died before disease, many of them died before reaching America.reaching America.

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Colonial African American Colonial African American CultureCulture

Slaves came from many different cultures Slaves came from many different cultures within Africa.within Africa.

Slave populations on any particular plantation Slave populations on any particular plantation usually consisted of Africans from a usually consisted of Africans from a variety of variety of backgrounds; different languages, different backgrounds; different languages, different religions, religions,

Africans developed a tight knit community Africans developed a tight knit community over time; quickly adopted the over time; quickly adopted the English English languagelanguage; adopted ; adopted ChristianityChristianity to their to their African African beliefsbeliefs..

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Colonial African CultureColonial African Culture

Southern slaves worked on farms Southern slaves worked on farms harvesting cropsharvesting crops and and processing agricultural productsprocessing agricultural products

Northern slaves worked as Northern slaves worked as artisansartisans (barrel makers, (barrel makers, blacksmiths, carpenters) and blacksmiths, carpenters) and household servantshousehold servants..

Some worked for wages and bought their freedom.Some worked for wages and bought their freedom. Slaves in the British colonies became less mobile Slaves in the British colonies became less mobile

and their treatment more harsh.and their treatment more harsh. Southern slaves suffered as the economy came to Southern slaves suffered as the economy came to

rely on the institution of slavery for theirrely on the institution of slavery for their profits profits.. Some free blacks became slave owners themselves, Some free blacks became slave owners themselves,

but blacks saw the few rights they had decline over but blacks saw the few rights they had decline over time.time.

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Individualism and Social Individualism and Social MobilityMobility

Social Mobility ( the ability to move from one Social Mobility ( the ability to move from one social class to another) was limited in Europesocial class to another) was limited in Europe

If you were born into the Upper class, you If you were born into the Upper class, you had opportunities that the lower class did had opportunities that the lower class did not have.not have.

Owning land gave you access to better Owning land gave you access to better education, wealth, political office, serving in education, wealth, political office, serving in the military, etc….the military, etc….

Members of the lower class had little chance Members of the lower class had little chance of advancing.of advancing.

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Individualism and Social Individualism and Social MobilityMobility

In the colonies, it was different.In the colonies, it was different. Those who came as indentured Those who came as indentured

servants, eventually became land servants, eventually became land owners and obtained the right to owners and obtained the right to vote.vote.

Lower class people who came found Lower class people who came found that if they worked hard that they that if they worked hard that they could advance their economic status.could advance their economic status.

Individualism and Social Individualism and Social MobilityMobility

A belief in the ability of each individual to A belief in the ability of each individual to achieve success if they apply themselves achieve success if they apply themselves and work hard is called and work hard is called individualismindividualism..

This led to the idea of universal suffrage This led to the idea of universal suffrage and democracy.and democracy.

Universal suffrageUniversal suffrage – all white males were – all white males were allowed to vote – not just landowners.allowed to vote – not just landowners.

DemocracyDemocracy- people electing whomever - people electing whomever they wish to serve in public office; rather they wish to serve in public office; rather than just the ruling class.than just the ruling class.

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Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin

He was an inventor, scientist, He was an inventor, scientist, writer, ambassador, and writer, ambassador, and founding father of the United founding father of the United States.States.

He is also an example of He is also an example of individualismindividualism..

He was not born into the upper He was not born into the upper class.class.

His father made candles and His father made candles and soap for a living and his mother soap for a living and his mother was a daughter of a former was a daughter of a former indentured servant.indentured servant.

Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin

Benjamin quit school at the age of 10 Benjamin quit school at the age of 10 and became an apprentice to his and became an apprentice to his brother who was a printer and brother who was a printer and eventually made his way to England.eventually made his way to England.

1726, he returned to Philadelphia 1726, he returned to Philadelphia and opened his own print shop.and opened his own print shop.

He was an autodidact, a self taught He was an autodidact, a self taught person.person.

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Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin

Because of his wit and ability to communicate Because of his wit and ability to communicate his ideas and opinions, Franklin made a his ideas and opinions, Franklin made a fortune as a writer, scientist and inventor.fortune as a writer, scientist and inventor.

He also created the first fire departmentHe also created the first fire department He used his natural abilities to climb the social He used his natural abilities to climb the social

ladder of the colonies.ladder of the colonies. The example of Franklin established the idea The example of Franklin established the idea

that success was open to all – and still is that success was open to all – and still is today!today!

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Religious ExpressionReligious Expression

Many Europeans fled to North America in Many Europeans fled to North America in search of search of religious freedomreligious freedom..

This did not mean that they were This did not mean that they were prepared to offer such freedom to those prepared to offer such freedom to those who believed different from them.who believed different from them.

Religious expressionReligious expression became more became more diverse over time but remained diverse over time but remained predominantly Christian and Protestant.predominantly Christian and Protestant.

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Religious ExpressionReligious Expression

In the 1730s, the colonies In the 1730s, the colonies experienced what was known experienced what was known as the as the First Great AwakeningFirst Great Awakening..

The “Awakening” was a The “Awakening” was a religious movement that religious movement that featured passionate preaching featured passionate preaching from evangelists like from evangelists like Jonathan Jonathan EdwardsEdwards and and George WhitfieldGeorge Whitfield

It encouraged people to seek a It encouraged people to seek a sincere relationship with Jesus sincere relationship with Jesus Christ instead of a ‘religion’Christ instead of a ‘religion’

Edwards

Whitfield

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Great AwakeningGreat Awakening

It encouraged colonists to think for It encouraged colonists to think for themselves on religious matters.themselves on religious matters.

Helped to ensure that principles like Helped to ensure that principles like freedom of religionfreedom of religion and and separation of separation of church and statechurch and state (the government not (the government not imposing a particular religion on its imposing a particular religion on its citizens, but allowing citizens to practice citizens, but allowing citizens to practice their own faith)their own faith) became valued colonial became valued colonial principles.principles.

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Why did nations establish Why did nations establish colonies?colonies?

Mercantilism Mercantilism – theory that countries – theory that countries grow wealthier and maintain their grow wealthier and maintain their national security by consistently national security by consistently exporting more than they import.exporting more than they import.

To do this nations needed colonies To do this nations needed colonies for additional resources and marketsfor additional resources and markets

American colonists began a American colonists began a profitable profitable trans-Atlantic tradetrans-Atlantic trade

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Trans-Atlantic TradeTrans-Atlantic Trade

Colonies shipped their products and raw Colonies shipped their products and raw materials to England and the West Indies.materials to England and the West Indies.

England passed the England passed the Navigation ActsNavigation Acts which which required the colonies to sell certain goods required the colonies to sell certain goods only to England.only to England.

Colonists could make more money by Colonists could make more money by selling directly to other countries, so they selling directly to other countries, so they broke the law and did just that.broke the law and did just that.

Strict enforcement of the Navigation Act Strict enforcement of the Navigation Act contributed to the call for revolution.contributed to the call for revolution.

Road to Road to RevolutionRevolution

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French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War

Known as the Known as the Seven Years WarSeven Years War in Europe in Europe British colonists began to move west and British colonists began to move west and

found themselves fighting French settlers found themselves fighting French settlers and the Native Americans.and the Native Americans.

In In 1754,1754, tensions resulted in tensions resulted in the French the French and Indian Warand Indian War – Britain fighting against – Britain fighting against the French and the Native American the French and the Native American allies.allies.

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French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War

After nine years of fighting, France, Great After nine years of fighting, France, Great Britain, and Spain ( a French ally) signed Britain, and Spain ( a French ally) signed the the Treaty of Paris in 1763Treaty of Paris in 1763

France gave up its claim to France gave up its claim to CanadaCanada, as , as well as, all lands well as, all lands east of the Mississippi east of the Mississippi RiverRiver..

Spain ceded Florida to the British.Spain ceded Florida to the British. Great Britain was now the only colonial Great Britain was now the only colonial

power in North America.power in North America.

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Tensions RiseTensions Rise

After the French and Indian War, relations After the French and Indian War, relations between England and its colonies deteriorated .between England and its colonies deteriorated .

Great Britain was heavily in Great Britain was heavily in debtdebt after the war after the war and felt that the colonies should help and felt that the colonies should help pay for pay for the expenses.the expenses.

Great Britain now possessed vast new territory Great Britain now possessed vast new territory and felt that it needed a way to control them.and felt that it needed a way to control them.

GB made some steps that angered the GB made some steps that angered the colonists.colonists.

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Proclamation Proclamation of 1763of 1763 Forbade colonists from Forbade colonists from

settling west of the settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.Appalachian Mountains.

Put the territory under Put the territory under British Military control.British Military control.

Also was an attempt to Also was an attempt to ensure peace with the ensure peace with the Native Americans.Native Americans.

Colonists resented the Colonists resented the restrictions and most restrictions and most ignored it.ignored it.

King George III

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Stamp ActStamp Act

British government taxed nearly all printed British government taxed nearly all printed materials by requiring a government materials by requiring a government stamp.stamp.

Colonists met in what came to be called Colonists met in what came to be called the Stamp Act Congress; they declared the Stamp Act Congress; they declared “No Taxation without representation’“No Taxation without representation’

Colonists responded with a boycott of Colonists responded with a boycott of British goods; refused to buy products of British goods; refused to buy products of English businesses.English businesses.

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Sons & Daughters of LibertySons & Daughters of Liberty

Group formed to support and enforce Group formed to support and enforce the boycott.the boycott.

Sons often used violence to Sons often used violence to intimidate any merchant or royal intimidate any merchant or royal official who might use the stamps.official who might use the stamps.

Daughters used their skills to weave Daughters used their skills to weave fabric called ‘homespun’ that were fabric called ‘homespun’ that were usually imported from Great Britain.usually imported from Great Britain.

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Stamp ActStamp Act

Georgia was the only colony to issue Georgia was the only colony to issue any of the stamps, prompting angry any of the stamps, prompting angry South Carolinians to threaten an South Carolinians to threaten an invasion of Savannah.invasion of Savannah.

The boycott and other protest led The boycott and other protest led England to repel (cancel) the law.England to repel (cancel) the law.

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Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act

On the same day that they repelled the On the same day that they repelled the Stamp Act, parliament passed the Stamp Act, parliament passed the Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act..

This act stated that Parliament had the This act stated that Parliament had the authority to impose lawsauthority to impose laws on the colonies. on the colonies.

In effect, England was saying that it In effect, England was saying that it expected them to comply with British law expected them to comply with British law whether they felt represented or not.whether they felt represented or not.

Committees of Committees of CorrespondenceCorrespondence

Thomas Jefferson proposed that the Thomas Jefferson proposed that the colonies form groups dedicated to colonies form groups dedicated to organizing resistance to British laws.organizing resistance to British laws.

These groups made sure that These groups made sure that colonists remained discontent with colonists remained discontent with British rule.British rule.

Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party

British laws had given an unfair British laws had given an unfair advantage to the advantage to the British East India British East India companycompany in the selling of tea (favorite in the selling of tea (favorite drink of colonists)drink of colonists)

December December 17731773, Massachusetts , Massachusetts committee of correspondence led a group committee of correspondence led a group of radicals dressed as of radicals dressed as Mohawk Indians-Mohawk Indians- marched to Boston Harbor- raided ships marched to Boston Harbor- raided ships and dumped crates of tea into the harbor.and dumped crates of tea into the harbor.

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Coercive ActsCoercive Acts

Parliament passed the Parliament passed the Coercive ActsCoercive Acts to punish the colony of to punish the colony of Massachusetts.Massachusetts. Closed Boston Harbor; placed a military Closed Boston Harbor; placed a military

governor over Massachusetts; expanded governor over Massachusetts; expanded the Canadian borderthe Canadian border

Because of the severity of the act the Because of the severity of the act the colonists called it the colonists called it the Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts

The Revolution BeginsThe Revolution Begins

To deal with the crisis, representatives To deal with the crisis, representatives from all colonies except Georgia from all colonies except Georgia gathered for the gathered for the First Continental First Continental CongressCongress in 1774. in 1774.

It sent a letter to King George III saying It sent a letter to King George III saying that the colonists had a right to be that the colonists had a right to be represented in Parliamentrepresented in Parliament, since they , since they were not that they had a right to were not that they had a right to govern govern themselves.themselves.

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Lexington and ConcordLexington and Concord

April 1775, British troops were on their April 1775, British troops were on their way to seize arms and ammunition stored way to seize arms and ammunition stored by colonists in Concorde, Massachusetts.by colonists in Concorde, Massachusetts.

Colonial Militia, known as the Colonial Militia, known as the Minute MenMinute Men, , met the met the Redcoats (RegularsRedcoats (Regulars) in Lexington) in Lexington

Someone fired the Someone fired the “shot heard round the “shot heard round the world”world” that started the American that started the American Revolution.Revolution.

One month later, the colonists met in the One month later, the colonists met in the Second Continental CongressSecond Continental Congress to discuss to discuss the situation.the situation.

Thomas Paine (1737-1809)Thomas Paine (1737-1809)

January 1776, Paine publishes his famous January 1776, Paine publishes his famous pamphlet, pamphlet, Common SenseCommon Sense..

In it, he made a compelling case for In it, he made a compelling case for independence that won many to the independence that won many to the cause. cause.

Due to his influence and that of others, the Due to his influence and that of others, the Second Continental Congress stopped Second Continental Congress stopped seeking resolution with England and chose seeking resolution with England and chose to declare independence.to declare independence.