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COLLECTION
OFSTANDARD
SYMBOLS
General equipments:
Equipment Name Symbol Use
Conveyor A conveyor is a common
mechanical handling
equipment that movesmaterials from one location
to another.
Screw Conveyor They are used in bulk
handling industries as an
efficient way to move semi-
solid materials, including food
waste, wood chips,
aggregates, cereal grains,
animal feed, boiler ash, meat
and bone meal, municipal
solid waste, and many others. Scraper Conveyor A scraper conveyor is a
material transportation
device utilizing a continuous,
driven chain circuit equipped
with regularly spaced cross
members.
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Overhead Conveyor Overhead Conveyors can be
used to moves materials from
one location to another.
When factory floor space is at
a premium thus giving you
the freedom and flexibility tohave other machinery or
production processes on the
ground floor.
Feeder They are used in pneumatic
conveying systems, dust
control equipment, and as
volumetric feed-controls. Star Feeder It can be applied for the
uniform feeding of powder in
various industries. Screw Feeder They are used in various
industries for the metering of
material into a production
process. Weighing Feeder Weigh belt feeders are
heavily used in the food
industry for high-feed rates
and to handle a wide range of
materials, including fragile
materials that might be
damaged by a screw feeder . Beaker It a simple container for
stirring, mixing and heating
liquids commonly used in
many laboratories. Crusher Crushers may be used to
reduce the size, or change the
form, of waste materials so
they can be more easily
disposed of or recycled, or to
reduce the size of a solid mix
of raw materials (as in rock
ore), so that pieces of
different composition can be
differentiated. Roll Crusher Roll crushers are machines
equipped with teeth and
wheels that crush material up
to one fifth its original sizes.
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Hammer Crusher Hammer crusher can be used
to crush various semi hard
and fragile materials, such as
limestone, coal, salt, gypsum,
alum, bricks, tiles, and coal
gangue, and so on. It cancrush materials of different
sizes into small particles of
relatively equal sizes. Ball Mill A ball mill is a type of grinder
used to grind materials into
extremely fine powder for use
in mineral dressing processes,
paints, pyrotechnics, and
ceramics. Mixer Mixers are used in a wide
range of industries tocombine different materials
together to form one final
product from the mixing
process. The mixed materials
can be mixed from low to
high viscosity, high to low
viscosity, or mixed at a
constant viscosity. Kneader Kneader are large volume,
low shear, processing units
that combine the intensive
mixing and kneading
necessary to process highly
viscous, pasty, crust-forming
materials, or materials that
change phases. Blender A blender is a laboratory
appliance used to mix or
emulsify substances. Double Blender The Double Cone Blender is
an efficient and versatile
machine for mixing dry powder and granules
homogeneously. It can be
used for Pharmaceutical,
Food, Chemical and Cosmetic
products etc.
Fluid Separator It is used in removing
particulates from an air, gas
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or liquid stream, without the
use of filters, through vortex
separation. Sand Filter Sand filters are used
extensively in the water
industry for water purification.
Dust Collector A Dust Collector is used to
enhance the quality of air
released from industrial and
commercial processes by
collecting dust and other
impurities from air or gas. Liquid-Liquid Separator Liquid-Liquid Separator can
separate any two immiscible
liquids. We can separate fuel
and water, or, oil and water, so
efficiently that the effluent can
contain 1 PPM or less of the
unwanted liquid.
Filter Filter may refer to a device to
separate mixtures in
chemistry, engineering, or
household usage. Rotary Filter Rotary vacuum filter drum
consists of a drum rotating in
a tub of liquid to be filtered.
The technique is well suited
to high solids liquids that would blind or block other
forms of filter.
Screen It helps in the identifying or
selecting members of a
population based on one or
more selection criteria. Electro-magnet They can be used for the
separation of magnetic ore
particles and non magnetic
gangue particles during the
extraction of metals.
Cyclone A high speed rotating (air)
flow is established within a
cylindrical or conical
container called a cyclone.
They can be used for
removing particulates from
an air, gas or liquid stream,
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without the use of filters,
through vortex separation.
Rotational effects and gravity
are used to separate mixtures
of solids and fluids. The
method can also be used to
separate fine droplets of
liquid from a gaseous stream. Centrifuge A centrifuge is a piece of
equipment, generally driven
by an electric motor (some
older models were spun by
hand), that puts an object in
rotation around. It is used to
separate substances of
greater and lesser density. Briquetting Machine Briquetting machine has been
designed to produce a block
of flammable matter used as
fuel to start and maintain a
fire( briquette) from a variety
of granular or powdered
material. such as: charcoal,
coal, coke, iron oxide, iron
concentrate, metal powder,
iron powder, dried sewage
sludge, steelwork dust, etc. Prill Tower Reactor used for producing
prill agglomerates (From
Latin means “to wind into a
ball”). Dryer It is widely used in food,
forage, chemical engineer,
medicine, and mining
industries. It is employed to
reduce or minimize the liquid
moisture content of the
material. Skip Hoist A basket, bucket, or open car
mounted vertically or on an
incline on wheels, rails, or
shafts and hoisted by a cable;
used to raise materials. Also
known as skip. Hoist Any apparatus or device for
hoisting (To move or lift
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something by a rope-and-
pulley device).
Heat exchangers:
Air Blown Cooler Air blown cooler is a heat
exchanger. But, unlike a
water heat exchanger which
uses water as the cooling
medium, an air blast cooler
uses free ambient air as its
cooling medium. A rise in the
temperature controlled in
order to optimize the
performance of your system. Plate Type Cooler One is composed of multiple,
thin, slightly-separated plates
that have very large surface
areas and fluid flow passages
for heat transfer . Finned Tube Cooler The two primary cooler
designs are tube-and-fin style
coolers. One can extract the
heat through the tubes to the
external fins where it is
absorbed by the air flowing
through the cooler.
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Double-pipe heat exchanger
has high performance and
comprising an inner pipe and
an outer pipe which
constitute a double pipe. Oil Burner An oil burner is a mechanical
device that combines fuel oil
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with proper amounts of air
before delivering the mixture
to the point of ignition in a
combustion chamber. They
are typically used in steamers,ovens etc.
Boiler A boiler is a closed vessel in
which water or other fluid is
heated. Used to generate
steam to drive turbines to
generate electricity.
Fixed Heater They are used in industry
heating large scale industrial
processes.
Tube Bundle They are used in steam
engine locomotives. Heat Exchanger Heat exchangers are widely
used in industry both for
cooling and heating large
scale industrial processes. The
type and size of heat
exchanger used can be
tailored to suit a process
depending on the type of
fluid, its phase, temperature,
density, viscosity, pressures,
chemical composition and
various other thermodynamic
properties.
Shell and Tube heat exchanger In large power plants. Shell
and tube bundle heat
exchanger are used to
condense the exhaust steam. Condenser A condenser is a device or
unit used to condense a
substance from its gaseous to
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its liquid state, typically by
cooling it. In so doing, the
latent heat is given up by the
substance, and will transfer
to the condenser coolant.Condensers are typically heat
exchangers. Automatic Stoker A device that supplies fuel to
a boiler furnace by
mechanical means. Also
known as mechanical stoker.
Refrigerator Refrigeration is a process in
which work is done to move
heat from one location toanother. This work is
traditionally done by
mechanical work, but can
also be done by magnetism,
laser or other means.
Refrigeration is used to liquify
gases - oxygen, nitrogen,
propane and methane. In oil
refineries, chemical plants,and petrochemical plants,
refrigeration is used to
maintain certain processes at
their needed low
temperatures. Evaporation Condenser Evaporative cooling is a
common form of cooling
buildings for thermal comfort.
It s only efficient when therelative humidity is low,
restricting its effective use to
dry climates.
Oil Separators A means of controlling an oil
level in the separator , which
usually includes a liquid-level
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controller and a diaphragm
motor valve on the gas outlet.
It utilizes the difference in
density between oil or
petroleum products and fluidto separate the oil from the
fluid. They are utilized
thoroughly in industry, typical
industrial applications
include: food processing
equipment, heavy
manufacturing, wastewater
treatment, marine, water
drainage and engine fuel systems.
Chilling Evaporator They are often used in the
plastic industry in injection
and blow molding, metal
working cutting oils, welding
equipment, die-casting and
machine tooling, chemical
processing, pharmaceutical
formulation, food and
beverage processing, paper
and cement processing,
vacuum systems, X-ray
diffraction, power supplies
and power generation
stations, analytical
equipment, semiconductors,
compressed air and gas
cooling. They are also used to
cool high-heat specialized
items such as MRI machines
and lasers, and in hospitals,
hotels and campuses.
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Cooling Towers:Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere.
Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the
working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or in the case of closed circuit dry cooling
towers rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature. Common
applications include cooling the circulating water used in oil refineries, chemical plants, power
stations and building cooling
Air Cooling Evaporator These heat exchangers are
generally applied to control
environmental conditions in
holding freezer, dynamic blast
freezers, stationary blast cells, refrigerated docks as
well as other low temperature
conditioned space found in
food manufacturing and
distribution facilities.
Extractor Hood An extractor hood is a device
containing a mechanical fan
that hangs above the stove or
cook top. It is used to removeairborne grease, combustion
products, smoke, odors, heat,
and steam from the air by a
combination of filtration and
evacuation of the air. Fan Blades A fan blade will often rotate
when exposed to an air
stream; often have designs
similar to that of a fan. Theirtypical applications include
climate control, vehicle and
machinery cooling systems,
ventilation, fume extraction,
removing dust, drying and to
provide draft for a fire.
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Following are the different cooling towers on the basis of their construction but all of them serve
the same purpose
Induced Draft Cross Flow
Cooling Tower Induced draft cooling towers
are constructed such that the
incoming circulating water isdispersed throughout the
cooling tower via a spray
header. These towers make
use of the forced and the
induced draft fans. Forced Draft Counter Flow
Cooling Tower Forced draft cooling towers
are very similar to induced
draft cooling towers. The
primary difference is that theair is blown in at the bottom of
the tower and exits at the top.
Forced draft cooling towers
are usually used for high
resistance air due to
centrifugal blower fan. Water
distribution problems and
recirculation difficulties
discourage the use of forceddraft cooling towers.
Hyperbolic Chimney Tower
Cooling Tower
These cooling towers make use
of the difference in
temperature between the
ambient air and hotter air
inside the tower.
Natural Draft Counter Flow
Cooling Tower Natural draft cooling towers
are particularly attractive as a
cost-saving solution for larger power stations and industrial
plants requiring greater
quantities of cooling water . As
this type of cooling tower
operates without fans. The
required cooling air is not
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conveyed through the tower by
natural draft thus fans nor is
fan power required. Pumps:A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids, gases or slurries.
A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action. Pumps fall into three major groups:
direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps. Their names describe the method for moving a fluid.
In line pump A pump supported directly by
the system piping (i.e., the
piping carries the weight of
the pump); usually mounted
vertically to save floor space,
with its weight centered over
the piping.
Positive displacement pump A positive displacement pump
is one in which a definite
volume of liquid is delivered
for each cycle of pump
operation. This volume is
constant regardless of the
resistance to flow offered by
the system the pump is in. The
positive displacement pump
differs from centrifugal
pumps, which deliver a
continuous flow for any given
pump speed and discharge
resistance. Centrifugal pump
Vertical Centrifugal Pump
Horizontal Centrifugal Pump
A centrifugal pump is a rot
dynamic pump that uses a
rotating impeller to create
flow by the addition of energy
to a fluid. Centrifugal pumps
are commonly used to move
liquids through piping.
Centrifugal pumps are used for large discharge through
smaller heads.
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Rotary pump A rotary pump is a positive-
displacement pump that
consists of vanes mounted to a
rotor that rotates inside of a
cavity. Common uses include
high pressure hydraulic pumps
and automotive uses including,
supercharging, power steering
and automatic transmission
pumps. They are also often
used as vacuum pumps for
providing braking assistance in
large trucks and diesel
powered passenger cars
(whose engines do not
generate intake vacuum)
through a braking booster, and
in most light aircraft to drivegyroscopic flight instruments,
the attitude indicator and
heading indicator .
Furthermore, rotary pumps
can be used in low-pressure
gas applications such as
secondary air injection for
auto exhaust emission control,
and in vacuum applications
including evacuating
refrigerant lines in airconditioners, and laboratory
freeze dryers, extensively in
semiconductor low pressure
chemical vapor deposition
systems, and vacuum
experiments in physics. Reciprocating Pump A reciprocating pump is a
positive plunger pump. It is
often used where relatively
small quantity of liquid is to be
handled and where delivery
pressure is quite large. Ejector/injector An ejector/injector is a pump-
like device that uses the
Venturi effect of a converging-
diverging nozzle to convert the
pressure energy of a motive
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fluid to velocity energy which
creates a low pressure zone
that draws in and entrains a
suction fluid. It is used for
delivering water to a steam
locomotive boiler takes
advantage of the release of
the energy contained within
the latent heat of evaporation
to increase the pressure to
above that within the boiler. Sump pump A sump pump is a pump used
to remove water that has
accumulated in a water
collecting sump pit , commonly
found in the basement of
homes. Progressive cavity A progressive cavity pump
transfer’s fluid by means of
the progress, through the
pump, of a sequence of small,
fixed shape, discrete cavities,
as its rotor is turned.
Screw pump Screw pump is a machine
historically used for
transferring water from a low-
lying body of water into
irrigation ditches. Gear Pump A gear pump uses the
meshing of gears to pump
fluid by displacement. They
are one of the most common
types of pumps for hydraulic
fluid power applications.
Gear pumps are also widely
used in chemical installations
to pump fluid with a certain
viscosity. Vessels:
Vessel A vessel is a closed container
designed to hold gases or
liquids at a pressure
substantially different from the
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ambient pressure. Vessels are
used in a variety of
applications in both industry
and the private sector. They
appear in these sectors asindustrial compressed air
receivers and domestic hot
water storage tanks. Fluid Contacting Column In chemical engineering, such
vessel are used when we have
make two different fluids in
contact for a short period for
time for different purposes
Reaction Vessel In chemical engineering,reaction vessels are such
container which is designed to
contain chemical reactions.
Clarifier Clarifiers, the inclined parallel
plate design used as part of a
wastewater treatment system
for solids settling.
Closed Tank Closed Tank is a type of
pressure vessel designed tohold gases or liquids at a
pressure substantially different
from the ambient pressure.
Gas Holder A gas holder is a large
container where natural gas or
town gas is stored near
atmospheric pressure at
ambient temperatures.
Barrel A barrel or cask is a hollowcylindrical container
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Gas Cylinder A gas cylinder or tank is a
pressure vessel used to store
gases at above atmospheric
pressure. High pressure gas
cylinders are also calledbottled gases.
Tray Column Tray column is an essential
item used in the distillation of
liquid mixtures so as to
separate the mixture into its
component parts, or fractions,
based on the differences in
their volatilities. Fractionating
columns are used in small scalelaboratory distillations as well
as for large-scale industrial
distillations.
Storage Symbols:
Bin Bin is a pallet size box used for
storage and shipping of bulk
quantities. Storage Tank A storage tank is a container,
usually used for holding liquids,
sometimes for compressed
gases (gas tank). The term can
be used for reservoirs (artificial
lakes and ponds), and for
manufactured containers.
Dome Roof Tank Dome roof tanks are meant for
tanks having slightly higher
storage pressure fluids. The
dome roof tank comes in a
single and double wall type.
The single wall type is used to
store heavy and light oil, etc.
The double wall type is used
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for low temperature liquids.
Open Top Tank A tank is a container, usually
for holding fluid . Open Tank is
usually used to easier
withstand hydraulichydrostatically induced
pressure of contained liquid .
Cone Roof Tank Cone roof tank is designed for
combustible products which
have less tendency of
evaporation.
Double Wall Tank Double Wall Tanks are
approved and designed for
management of waste oil,generator fuel, transmission
fluids, motor oil and other
hazardous liquids.
Internal Float Tank Floating roof tanks either
internal or external is designed
for very volatile products and
flammable.
Onion Tank Onion tanks are used for
containing large volumes of
water. The advantage of these
tanks is they are totally
collapsible and can be easily
stored in its own storage bag.
It can be easily stored in a
truck or cargo hold in an
aircraft. Other applications are
Oil Spill, Fire Fighting, Water
Relay, Water Storage, Mixing
Tank, Hazardous Waste
Drum A drum is a cylindrical
container used for shipping
bulk cargo. They are also
generally used for the
transportation and storage of
liquids and powders.
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External Floating Roof Tank An external floating roof tank
is a storage tank commonly
used to store large quantities
of petroleum products such as
crude oil or condensate.External roof tanks are usually
installed for environmental or
economical reasons to limit
product loss and reduce the
emission of volatile organic
compounds (VOC), an air
pollutant.
Instruments:
Autoclave An autoclave is an instrument
used to sterilize equipment
and supplies by subjecting
them to high pressure
saturated steam at 121 °C for
around 15– 20 minutes
depending on the size of theload and the contents
Level Meter Level Meter can detect and
measure the level of
substances that flow,
including liquids, slurries,
granular materials, and
powders.
Pressure Gauges Typically, pressure gauges are
devices used for measuringthe pressure of a gas or liquid .
Flow meter A flow meter is an instrument
used to measure linear,
nonlinear, mass or volumetric
flow rate of a liquid or a gas.
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Rota meter A rota meter is a device that
measures the flow rate of
liquid or gas in a closed tube. Venturi meter Venturi meter is a device used
for measuring the flow rate of fluids in a pipe.
Capillary Tube Tube sufficiently fine so that
capillary attraction of a liquid
into the tube is significant.
Reactors
Reformer Reaction Vessel A reformer is a reaction vessel
based on steam reforming or
auto thermal reforming and is
used in chemical engineering,
for conversion of petroleum
refinery naphtha, typically
having low octane ratings, intohigh-octane liquid products
Hydro Desulphurization Rector Hydrodesulphurization (HDS)
is a catalytic chemical reaction
vessel widely used to remove
sulfur (S) from natural gas and
from refined petroleum
products such as gasoline or
petrol, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel
fuel, and fuel oils.
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Fluid Coking Reactor A reaction vessel designed for
carrying a thermal process
utilizing the fluidized solids
technique for continuous
conversion of heavy, low-
grade petroleum oils into
petroleum coke and lighter
hydrocarbon products.
Hydro cracking Reactor A reaction vessel designed for
Hydro cracking which is a
catalytic cracking process
assisted by the presence of an
elevated partial pressure of
hydrogen gas. Similar to the
hydrotreater, the function of
hydrogen is the purification of
the hydrocarbon stream from
sulfur and nitrogen hetero-
atoms. Fluid Catalytic Cracking Reactor It is designed for the
conversion of the high-boiling,
high-molecular weight
hydrocarbon fractions of
petroleum crude oils to more
valuable gasoline, olefin gases
and other products.
Mixing Reactor The Batch reactor is the
generic term for a type of
vessel widely used in the
process industries. Vessels of
this type are used for a variety
of process operations such as
solids dissolution, product
mixing, chemical reactions,
batch distillation,
crystallization, liquid/liquid
extraction and polymerization.
In some cases, they are not
referred to as reactors but
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Valves:
A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized
solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are
technically pipe fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. In an open valve, fluid
flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure.
Valves are used in a variety of contexts, including industrial, military, commercial, residential, and
transport. The industries in which the majority of valves are used are oil and gas, power generation,
mining, water reticulation, sewerage and chemical manufacturing
Valves play a vital role in industrial applications ranging from transportation of drinking water to
control of ignition in a rocket engine.
They are of different types which are discussed as follow
Gate Valve A gate valve, also known as a
sluice valve, is a valve that
opens by lifting a round or
rectangular gate/wedge out of
the path of the fluid. The
distinct feature of a gate valve
is the sealing surfaces
between the gate and seats
are planar, so gate valves are
often used when a straight-line
flow of fluid and minimum
restriction is desired.
Globe Valve A globe valve is a type of valve
used for regulating flow in a
pipeline, consisting of a
movable disk-type element
and a stationary ring seat in a
generally spherical body
have a name which reflects the
role they perform (such as
crystallizer, or bio reactor).
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Screw Down Valve Non return valve (or Screw
Down Valve) can be stated as
one way root. No return back
to pump. In this case the fluid
coming from delivery of pump
presses the plate inside the
non return valve along with
screw. When the fluid
generates back pressure the
screw comes down and the
return way is blocked by the
plate
Check Valve A check valve, clack valve,
non-return valve or one-way
valve is a mechanical device, a
valve, which normally allows
fluid (liquid or gas) to flow
through it in only one
direction.
Stop Check Valve A stop-check valve is a check
valve with override control to
stop flow regardless of flow
direction or pressure. In
addition to closing in response
to backflow or insufficient
forward pressure (normal
check-valve behavior), it can
also be deliberately shut by an
external mechanism, thereby
preventing any flow regardless
of forward pressure.
Diaphragm Valve Diaphragm valves (or
membrane valves) consists of
a valve body with two or more
ports, a diaphragm, and a
"saddle" or seat upon which
the diaphragm closes the
valve. The valve is constructed
from either plastic or steel.
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Needle Valve A needle valve is a type of
valve having a small port and a
threaded, needle-shaped
plunger. It allows precise
regulation of flow, although itis generally only capable of
relatively low flow rates.
Relief Valve The relief valve (RV) is a type
of valve used to control or limit
the pressure in a system or
vessel which can build up by a
process upset, instrument or
equipment failure, or fire.
Angle Valve An angle valve is a flow controldevice that utilizes a piston
seated within a metal casing in
order to control the flow of
fluid or gas through a system.
Float Operated Valves Float Operated Valve is a valve
used to control the flow of
water into a cistern, the valve
being controlled by the level
of water in the cistern. Butterfly Valves A butterfly valve is a valve
which can be used for isolating
or regulating flow . The closing
mechanism takes the form of a
disk. Operation is similar to
that of a ball valve, which
allows for quick shut off.
Wedge Valve
Ball Valve
Motor/Hydraulic Ball Valve
A ball valve is a valve with a
spherical disc, the part of the
valve which controls the flow
through it . The sphere has a
hole, or port, through the
middle so that when the port
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is in line with both ends of the
valve, flow will occur.
Relief Angle Valve These are automatically
operated by system pressure.
Outside control or operator isnot required.
Reducing Valve Pressure Regulator (or
Pressure Reducing Valve) is a
valve that automatically cuts
off the flow of a liquid or gas
at a certain pressure.
Regulators are used to allow
high-pressure fluid supply lines
or tanks to be reduced to safeand/or usable pressures for
various applications. Thus
reduces pressure to a preset
level downstream of the valve.
Plug Valve
3-way Plug Valve
Plug valves are valves with
cylindrical or conically-tapered
"plugs" which can be rotated
inside the valve body to
control flow through the valve.The plugs in plug valves have
one or more hollow
passageways going sideways
through the plug, so that fluid
can flow through the plug
when the valve is open. Plug
valves are simple and often
economical.
Mixing Valve
A Mixing Valve (TMV) is avalve that blends hot water
with cold water to ensure
constant, safe outlet
temperatures preventing
scalding.
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Four Way Valve The four-way valve (or four-
way cock) is a fluid control
valve whose body has four
ports equally spaced round
the valve chamber and theplug has two passages to
connect adjacent ports. The
plug may be cylindrical or
tapered, or a ball.
Pinch Valve A pinch valve is a full bore or
fully ported type of control
valve which uses a pinching
effect to obstruct fluid flow .
There are a few types of pinchvalves based upon application.
Knife Valve Knife valve are similar to a
gate valve, but usually more
compact. They often used for
slurries or powders on/off
control.
Bleeder Valve A bleeder valve works by
releasing air, or gas through a
valve opening to reduce the
built up pressure inside a tank or remove excess air or gas in
a system. The bleeder valve
has a manually operated or
automatic valve opening that
serves as an exit point for air
in a heating system,
compressor or one of many
other types of systems.
Distillation Symbols :
Distillation column is a tall metal cylinder internally fitted with perforated horizontal plates used to
promote separation of miscible liquids ascending in the cylinder as vapor. They also function to
separate air into its various components, principally oxygen and nitrogen. For separating air in
distillation columns these are taken into their liquid form rather than gaseous state.
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Distillation columns are designed based on the boiling point properties of the components in the
mixtures being separated. Thus the sizes, particularly the height, of distillation columns are
determined by the vapors liquid equilibrium
Tray / Plate Type(Bubble Cap ,Sieve ,Valve) Distillation Tower This is also a tall, cylindrical
column. Inside, a series of
trays are placed, one above
the other. The trays are used
to bring the rising vapors and
falling liquid into intimate
contact. Tray towers do the
same job as packed towers but
they are very much moreefficient in the separation
process than packed towers
and, they are also more costly.
Packed Tower(Saddle , Ring)
Distillation Tower
As its name implies, the
packed tower is a vertical,
steel column which contains
'Beds' of packing material
which are used to bring the
rising vapors into intimatecontact with falling liquid
within the tower. The heat
added to the mixture before
entering the tower partially
vaporizes the mixture and the
vapors rise up the tower and
begin to cool.
Compressor:
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Centrifugal Compressor Centrifugal compressors
sometimes referred to as radial
compressors. They have find
their application in gas
turbines and auxiliary power units, In automotive engine
and diesel engine
turbochargers and
superchargers, In oil refineries,
natural gas processing,
petrochemical and chemical
plants, air-conditioning and
refrigeration and HVAC
Centrifugal compressors quiteoften supply the compression
in water chillers cycles etc Centrifugal Vacuum Blower or
Centrifugal BlowerA centrifugal blower is a
mechanical device for moving
air or other gases. They can
generate pressure increases in
the gas stream. Accordingly,
they are well-suited for
industrial processes and air pollution control systems. They
are also common in central
heating/cooling systems. Axial Compressor Axial compressors are rotating,
airfoil-based compressors in
which the working fluid
principally flows parallel to the
axis of rotation. They are
widely used in gas turbines,
such as jet engines, high speed
ship engines, and small scale
power stations. They are also
used in industrial applications
such as large volume air
separation plants, blast
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furnace air, fluid catalytic
cracking air, and propane
dehydrogenation. Axial
compressors, known as
superchargers, have also beenused to boost the power of
automotive reciprocating
engines by compressing the
intake air, though these are
very rare. Reciprocating Compressor A reciprocating compressor or
piston compressor is a positive-
displacement compressor that
uses pistons driven by acrankshaft to deliver gases at
high pressure. Applications
include oil refineries, gas
pipelines, chemical plants,
natural gas processing plants
and refrigeration plants. One
specialty application is the
blowing of plastic bottles made
of Polyethylene Terephthalate
(PET). Liquid Ring Vacuum A liquid ring pump is a rotating
positive displacement pump.
They are typically used as a
vacuum pump but can also be
used as a gas compressor.
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Rotary Compressor
Rotary Compressor along with
Silencer
Rotary Screw Compressor
A rotary compressor is a gas
compressor which uses a
rotary type positive
displacement mechanism. They
are commonly used to replace piston compressors where
large volumes of high pressure
air are needed, either for large
industrial applications or to
operate high-power air tools
such as jackhammers.
Drivers:
Motor
Diesel Motor
An electric motor converts
electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Motors are
found in applications as diverse
as industrial fans, blowers and
pumps, machine tools,
household appliances, power
tools, and disk drives. Agitator Or Mixer An agitator is a device or
mechanism to put something
into motion by shaking or
stirring
DC Motor DC motor is an electric motor
that runs on direct current (DC)
electricity. DC motors are
commonly used where precise
speed control is necessary, as incomputer disk drives or in video
cassette recorders, the spindles
within CD, CD-ROM (etc.) drives,
and mechanisms within office
products such as fans, laser
printers and photocopiers.
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AC Motor An AC motor is an electric motor
driven by an alternating current.
This type of motor is now used
for the vast majority of
commercial applications.Turbine
Turbines(Steam, Hydraulic, Gas
Motor)
A turbine is a rotary engine that
extracts energy from a fluid flow
and converts it into useful work .