Coleridge - Specimens of the Table Talk

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Specimens of the Table Talk of S.T.Coleridge

Coleridge

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Title2 Specimens of the Table Talk of S.T.Coleridge

3uthor2 Coleridge

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8The Greek transliterations throughout this file are either missing or "er suspect.;

8&llustration2 *. *inden sculp. >ondon% 4ohn Durra% 3lbernarle St. /9=7;

8autographed2ear Sir%'our obliged ser"ant.S. T. Coleridge;

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&t is nearl fifteen ears since & !as% for the first time% enabled tobecome a freFuent and attenti"e "isitor in Dr. Coleridges domesticsociet. is e,hibition of intellectual po!er in li"ing discourse struck meat once as uniFue and transcendantH and upon m return home% on the "erfirst e"ening !hich & spent !ith him after m bohood% & committed to!riting% as !ell as & could% the principal topics of his con"ersation inhis o!n !ords. & had no settled design at that time of continuing the !ork%but simpl made the note in something like a spirit of "e,ation that such astrain of music as & had just heard% should not last fore"er. )hat & didonce% & !as easil induced b the same feeling to do againH and !hen% after

man ears of affectionate communion bet!een us% the painful e,istence of m re"ered relati"e on earth !as at length finished in peace% m occasionalnotes of !hat he had said in m presence had gro!n to a mass% of !hich this"olume contains onl such parts as seem fit for present publication. &kno!% better than an one can tell me% ho! inadeFuatel these specimensrepresent the peculiar splendour and indi"idualit of Dr. Coleridgescon"ersation. o! should it be other!iseI )ho could al!as follo! to theturningJpoint his long arro!Jflights of thoughtI )ho could fi, thoseejaculations of light% those tones of a prophet% !hich at times ha"e mademe bend before him as before an inspired manI Such acts of spirit as these!ere too subtle to be fettered do!n on paperH the li"eJJif the can li"ean !hereJJin the memories alone of those !ho !itnessed them. 'et & !ould

fain hope that these pages !ill pro"e that all is not lostHJJthat somethingof the !isdom% the learning% and the eloFuence of a great mans socialcon"erse has been snatched from forgetfulness% and endo!ed !ith a permanentshape for general use. 3nd although% in the judgment of man persons% & ma



incur a serious responsibilit b this publicationH & am% upon the !hole%!illing to abide the result% in confidence that the fame of the lo"ed andlamented speaker !ill lose nothing hereb% and that the cause of Truth andof Goodness !ill be e"er !a a gainer. This sprig% though slight andimmature% ma et become its place% in the Poets !reath of honour% amongflo!ers of gra"er hue.

&f the fa"our sho!n to se"eral modern instances of !orks nominall of thesame description as the present !ere alone to be considered% it might seemthat the old ma,im% that nothing ought to be said of the dead but !hat isgood% is in a fair !a of being dilated into an understanding that e"erthing is good that has been said b the dead. The follo!ing pages do not% &trust% stand in need of so much indulgence. Their contents ma not% ine"er particular passage% be of great intrinsic importanceH but the canhardl be !ithout some% and% & hope% a !orth% interest% as coming from thelips of one at least of the most e,traordinar men of the ageH !hilst tothe best of m kno!ledge and intention% no li"ing persons name isintroduced% !hether for praise or for blame% e,cept on literar or political grounds of common notoriet. @pon the justice of the remarks here

published% it !ould be out of place in me to sa an thingH and acommentar of that kind is the less needed% as% in almost e"er instance%the principles upon !hich the speaker founded his obser"ations aree,pressl stated% and ma be satisfactoril e,amined b themsel"es. But%for the purpose of general elucidation% it seemed not improper to add a fe!notes% and to make some Fuotations from Dr. Coleridges o!n !orksH and indoing so% & !as in addition actuated b an earnest !ish to call theattention of reflecting minds in general to the "ie!s of political% moral%and religious philosoph contained in those !orks% !hich% through ane,tensi"e% but no! decreasing% prejudice% ha"e hitherto been depri"ed of that acceptance !ith the public !hich their great preponderating meritsdeser"e% and !ill% as & belie"e% finall obtain. 3nd & can trul sa% that

if% in the course of the perusal of this little !ork% an one of itsreaders shall gain a clearer insight into the deep and pregnant principles%in the light of !hich Dr. Coleridge !as accustomed to regard God and the)orld%JJ& shall look upon the publication as fortunate% and consider mself abundantl re!arded for !hate"er trouble it has cost me.

3 cursor inspection !ill sho! that this "olume las no claim to be ranked!ith those of Bos!ell in point of dramatic interest. Coleridge differednot more from 4ohnson in e"er characteristic of intellect% than in thehabits and circumstances of his life% during the greatest part of the timein !hich & !as intimatel con"ersant !ith him. e !as naturall "er fondof societ% and continued to be so to the lastH but the almost unceasing

ill health !ith !hich he !as afflicted% after fift% confined him for manmonths in e"er ear to his o!n room% and% most commonl% to his bed. e!as then rarel seen e,cept b single "isitersH and fe! of them !ould feelan disposition upon such occasions to interrupt him% !hate"er might ha"ebeen the length or mood of his discourse. 3nd indeed% although & ha"e beenpresent in mi,ed compan% !here Dr. Coleridge has been Fuestioned andopposed% and the scene has been amusing for the momentJJ& o!n that it !asal!as much more delightful to me to let the ri"er !ander at its o!n s!eet!ill% unruffled b aught but a certain breeKe of emotion !hich the streamitself produced. &f the course it took !as not the shortest% it !asgenerall the most beautifulH and !hat ou sa! b the !a !as as !orth of note as the ultimate object to !hich ou !ere journeing. &t is possible%

indeed% that Coleridge did not% in fact% possess the precise gladiatorialpo!er of 4ohnsonH et he understood a s!ordJpla of his o!nH and & ha"e%upon se"eral occasions% seen him e,hibit brilliant proofs of itseffecti"eness upon disputants of considerable pretensions in their



particular lines. But he had a genuine dislike of the practice in himself or others% and no slight pro"ocation could mo"e him to an such e,ertion.e !as% indeed% to m obser"ation% more distinguished from other great menof letters b his moral thirst after the TruthJJthe ideal truthJJin hiso!n mind% than b his merel intellectual Fualifications. To lea"e thee"erda circle of societ% in !hich the literar and scientific rarelJJthe rest ne"erJJbreak through the spell of personalitHJJ!here 3necdote

reigns e"erlastingl paramount and e,clusi"e% and the mildest attempt togeneraliKe the Babel of facts% and to control temporar and indi"idualphenomena b the application of eternal and o"erruling principles% isunintelligible to man% and disagreeable to moreHJJto lea"e this speciesof con"erseJJif con"erse it deser"es to be calledJJand pass an entire da!ith Coleridge% !as a mar"ellous change indeed. &t !as a Sabbath paste,pression deep% and tranFuil% and serene. 'ou came to a man !ho hadtra"elled in man countries and in critical timesH !ho had seen and feltthe !orld in most of its ranks and in man of its "icissitudes and!eaknessesH one to !hom all literature and genial art !ere absolutelsubject% and to !hom% !ith a reasonable allo!ance as to technical details%all science !as in a most e,traordinar degree familiar. Throughout a

longJdra!n summers da !ould this man talk to ou in lo!% eFuable% butclear and musical% tones% concerning things human and di"ineH marshallingall histor% harmoniKing all e,periment% probing the depths of our consciousness% and re"ealing "isions of glor and of terror to theimaginationH but pouring !ithal such floods of light upon the mind% thatou might% for a season% like Paul% become blind in the "er act of con"ersion. 3nd this he !ould do% !ithout so much as one allusion tohimself% !ithout a !ord of reflection on others% sa"e !hen an gi"en actfell naturall in the !a of his discourse%JJ!ithout one anecdote that !asnot proof and illustration of a pre"ious positionHJJgratifing no passion%indulging no caprice% but% !ith a calm master o"er our soul% leading ouon!ard and on!ard for e"er through a thousand !indings% et !ith no pause%

to some magnificent point in !hich% as in a focus% all the partJcolouredras of his discourse should con"erge in light. &n all this he !as% intruth% our teacher and guideH but in a little !hile ou might forget thathe !as other than a fello! student and the companion of our !a%JJsoplaful !as his manner% so simple his language% so affectionate the glanceof his pleasant ee1

There !ere% indeed% some !hom Coleridge tired% and some !hom he sentasleep. &t !ould occasionall so happen% !hen the abstruser mood !as strongupon him% and the "isiter !as narro! and ungenial. & ha"e seen him at times!hen ou could not incarnate him%JJ!hen he shook aside our pett Fuestionsor doubts% and burst !ith some impatience through the obstacles of common

con"ersation. Then% escaped from the flesh% he !ould soar up!ards into anatmosphere almost too rare to breathe% but !hich seemed proper to him%and there he !ould float at ease. >ike enough% !hat Coleridge then said%his subtlest listener !ould not understand as a man understands ane!spaperH but upon such a listener there !ould steal an influence% and animpression% and a smpathH there !ould be a gradual attempering of hisbod and spirit% till his total being "ibrated !ith one pulse alone% andthought became merged in contemplationHJJ

3nd so% his senses graduall !rapt &n a half sleep% hed dream of better !orlds% 3nd dreaming hear thee still% ? singing lark%

That sangest like an angel in the clouds1

But it !ould be a great mistake to suppose that the general character of Dr. Coleridges con"ersation !as abstruse or rhapsodical. The contents of



the follo!ing pages ma% & think% be taken as prett strong presumpti"ee"idence that his ordinar manner !as plain and direct enoughH and e"en!hen% as sometimes happened% he seemed to ramble from the road% and tolose himself in a !ilderness of digressions% the truth !as% that at that"er time he !as !orking out his foreJkno!n conclusion through an almostmiraculous logic% the difficult of !hich consisted precisel in the "erfact of its minuteness and uni"ersalit. e took so large a scope% that%

if he !as interrupted before he got to the end% he appeared to ha"e beentalking !ithout an objectH although% perhaps% a fe! steps more !ould ha"ebrought ou to a point% a retrospect from !hich !ould sho! ou thepertinence of all he had been saing. & ha"e heard persons complain thatthe could get no ans!er to a Fuestion from Coleridge. The truth is% heans!ered% or meant to ans!er% so full that the Fuerist should ha"e nosecond Fuestion to ask. &n nine cases out of ten he sa! the Fuestion !asshort or misdirectedH and kne! that a mere es or no ans!er could notembrace the truthJJthat is% the !hole truthJJand might% "er probabl% bimplication% con"e error. ence that e,hausti"e% cclical mode of discoursing in !hich he freFuentl indulgedH unfit% indeed% for a dinnerJtable% and too longJbreathed for the patience of a chance "isiter%JJbut

!hich% to those !ho kne! for !hat the came% !as the object of their profoundest admiration% as it !as the source of their most "aluableinstruction. Dr. Coleridges affectionate disciples learned their lessonsof philosoph and criticism from his o!n mouth. e !as to them as an oldmaster of the 3cadem or >ceum. The more time he took% the better pleased!ere such "isitersH for the came e,pressl to listen% and had ample proof ho! trul he had declared% that !hate"er difficulties he might feel% !ithpen in hand% in the e,pression of his meaning% he ne"er found the smallesthitch or impediment in the utterance of his most subtle reasonings b !ordof mouth. o! man a time and oft ha"e & felt his abtrusest thoughts stealrhthmicall on m soul% !hen chanted forth b him1 Aa% ho! often ha"e &fancied & heard rise up in ans!er to his gentle touch% an interpreting

music of m o!n% as from the passi"e strings of some !indJsmitten lre1

Dr. Coleridges con"ersation at all times reFuired attention% because !hathe said !as so indi"idual and une,pected. But !hen he !as dealing deepl!ith a Fuestion% the demand upon the intellect of the hearer !as "ergreatH not so much for an hardness of language% for his diction !as al!assimple and easH nor for the abstruseness of the thoughts% for thegenerall e,plained% or appeared to e,plain% themsel"esH but preeminentlon account of the seeming remoteness of his associations% and the e,ceedingsubtlet of his transitional links. @pon this point it is "er happil%though% according to m obser"ation% too generall% remarked% b one !hosepo!ers and opportunities of judging !ere so eminent that the obliFuit of

his testimon in other respects is the more unpardonableHJJ$Coleridge% toman peopleJJand often & ha"e heard the complaintJJseemed to !anderH and heseemed then to !ander the most% !hen% in fact% his resistance to the!andering instinct !as greatest%JJ"iK. !hen the compass and huge circuit%b !hich his illustrations mo"ed% tra"elled farthest into remote regions%before the began to re"ol"e. >ong before this coming round commenced% mostpeople had lost him% and naturall enough supposed that he had losthimself. The continued to admire the separate beaut of the thoughts% butdid not see their relations to the dominant theme. ( ( ( ( o!e"er% & canassert% upon m long and intimate kno!ledge of Coleridges mind% that logicthe most se"ere !as as inalienable from his modes of thinking% as grammar from his language.$ 8*ootnote2 Taits Dag. Sept. /9=:% p. /:.; True2 his

mind !as a logicJ"iceH let him fasten it on the tiniest flourish of anerror% he ne"er slacked his hold% till he had crushed bod and tail todust. e !as al!as ratiocinating in his o!n mind% and thereforesometimes seemed incoherent to the partial obser"er. &t happened to him as



to Pindar% !ho in modern das has been called a rambling rhapsodist%because the connections of his parts% though ne"er arbitrar% are so finethat the "ulgar reader sees them not at all. But the are therene"ertheless% and ma all be so distinctl sho!n% that no one can doubttheir e,istenceH and a little stud !ill also pro"e that the points of contact are those !hich the true genius of lric "erse naturall e"ol"ed%and that the entire Pindaric ode% instead of being the loose and la!less

outJburst !hich so man ha"e fancied% is% !ithout an e,ception% the mostartificial and highl !rought composition !hich Time has spared to us fromthe !reck of the Greek Duse. So & can !ell remember occasions% in !hich%after listening to Dr. Coleridge for se"eral delightful hours% & ha"e gonea!a !ith di"ers splendid masses of reasoning in m head% the separatebeaut and coherenc of !hich & deepl felt% but ho! the had produced% or ho! the bore upon% each other% & could not then percei"e. &n such cases &ha"e mused sometimes e"en for das after!ards upon the !ords% till atlength% spontaneousl as it seemed% $the fire !ould kindle%$ and theassociation% !hich had escaped m utmost efforts of comprehension before%flash itself all at once upon m mind !ith the clearness of noonJda light.

&t ma !ell be imagined that a stle of con"ersation so continuous anddiffused as that !hich & ha"e just attempted to describe% presentedremarkable difficulties to a mere reporter b memor. &t is eas topreser"e the pith remark% the brilliant retort% or the pointed anecdoteHthese stick of themsel"es% and their retention reFuires no effort of mind.But !here the salient angles are comparati"el fe!% and the object of attention is a longJdra!n subtle discoursing% ou can ne"er recollect%e,cept b ourself thinking the argument o"er again. &n so doing% the order and the characteristic e,pressions !ill for the most part spontaneouslariseH and it is scarcel credible !ith !hat degree of accurac languagema thus be preser"ed% !here practice has gi"en some de,terit% and longfamiliarit !ith the speaker has enabled% or almost forced% ou to catch

the outlines of his manner. 'et !ith all this% so peculiar !ere the flo!and breadth of Dr. Coleridges con"ersation% that & am "er sensible ho!much those !ho can best judge !ill ha"e to complain of m representation of it. The follo!ing specimens !ill% & fear% seem too fragmentar% andtherefore deficient in one of the most distinguishing properties of that!hich the are designed to representH and this is true. 'et the reader !illin most instances ha"e little difficult in understanding the course !hichthe con"ersation took% although m recollections of it are thro!n intoseparate paragraphs for the sake of superior precision. 3s & ne"er attempted to gi"e dialogueJJindeed% there !as seldom much dialogue to gi"eJJthe great point !ith me !as to condense !hat & could remember on eachparticular topic into intelligible !holes !ith as little injur to the

li"ing manner and diction as !as possible. )ith this e,planation% & mustlea"e it to those !ho still ha"e the tones of $that old man eloFuent$ringing in their ears% to sa ho! far & ha"e succeeded in this delicateenterprise of stamping his !inged !ords !ith perpetuit.

&n re"ie!ing the contents of the follo!ing pages% & can clearl see that &ha"e admitted some passages !hich !ill be pronounced illiberal b those!ho% in the present da% emphaticall call themsel"es liberalJJthe liberal. & allude of course to Dr. Coleridges remarks on the -eform Billand the Dalthusian economists. The omission of such passages !ould probablha"e rendered this publication more generall agreeable% and m dispositiondoes not lead me to gi"e gratuitous offence to an one. But the opinions of

Dr. Coleridge on these subjects% ho!e"er imperfectl e,pressed b me% !eredeliberatel entertained b himH and to ha"e omitted% in so miscellaneous acollection as this% !hat he !as !ell kno!n to ha"e said% !ould ha"e arguedin me a disapprobation or a fear% !hich & disclaim. 3 fe! !ords% ho!e"er%



!ere little more than feelers% pioneers% disciplinants for the last andcomplete e,position of them. ?f the art of making hooks he kne! little% andcared lessH but had he been as much an adept in it as a modern no"elist% hene"er could ha"e succeeded in rendering popular or e"en tolerable% atfirst% his attempt to push >ocke and Pale from their common throne inEngland. 3 little more !orking in the trenches might ha"e brought himcloser to the !alls !ith less personal damageH but it is better for

Christian philosoph as it is% though the assailant !as sacrificed in thebold and artless attack. Dr. Coleridges prose !orks had so "er limited asale% that although published in a technical sense% the could scarcel besaid to ha"e e"er become publici juris. e did not think them suchhimself% !ith the e,ception% perhaps% of the $3ids to -eflection%$ andgenerall made a particular remark if he met an person !ho professed or sho!ed that he had read the $*riend$ or an of his other books. 3nd & ha"eno doubt that had he li"ed to complete his great !ork on $Philosophreconciled !ith Christian -eligion%$ he !ould !ithout scruple ha"e used inthat !ork an part or parts of his preliminar treatises% as their intrinsic fitness reFuired. ence in e"er one of his prose !ritings thereare repetitions% either literal or substantial% of passages to be found in

some others of those !ritingsH and there are se"eral particular positionsand reasonings% !hich he considered of "ital importance% reiterated in the$*riend%$ the $>iterar >ife%$ the $>a Sermons%$ the $3ids to -eflection%$and the $Church and State.$ e !as al!as deepening and !idening thefoundation% and cared not ho! often he used the same stone. &n thinkingpassionatel of the principle% he forgot the authorshipJJand so!ed besideman !aters% if perad"enture some chance seedling might take root and bear fruit to the glor of God and the spiritualiKation of Dan.

is mere reading !as immense% and the Fualit and direction of much of it!ell considered% almost uniFue in this age of the !orld. e had gonethrough most of the *athers% and% & belie"e% all the Schoolmen of an

eminenceH !hilst his familiarit !ith all the more common departments of literature in e"er language is notorious. The earl age at !hich some of these acFuisitions !ere made% and his ardent selfJabandonment in thestrange pursuit% might% according to a common notion% ha"e seemed ad"erseto increase and maturit of po!er in after life2 et it !as not soH helost% indeed% for e"er the chance of being a popular !riterH but >ambs inspired charitJbo of t!el"e ears of age continued to his ding da%!hen si,tJt!o% the eloFuent centre of all companies% and the standard of intellectual greatness to hundreds of affectionate disciples far and near.ad Coleridge been master of his genius% and not% alas1 mastered b itHJJhad he less romanticall fought a singleJhanded fight against the !holeprejudices of his age% nor so mercilessl racked his fine po!ers on the

problem of a uni"ersal Christian philosoph%JJhe might ha"e easil !on allthat a reading public can gi"e to a fa"ourite% and ha"e left a nameJJnotgreater nor more enduring indeedJJbutJJbetter kno!n% and more priKed% thanno! it is% amongst the !ise% the gentle% and the good% throughout all ranksof societ. Ae"ertheless% desultor as his labours% fragmentar as hisproductions at present ma seem to the cursor obser"erJJm undoubtingbelief is% that in the end it !ill be found that Coleridge did% in his"ocation% the das !ork of a giant. e has been melted into the "er heartof the rising literatures of England and 3mericaH and the principles he hastaught are the masterJlight of the moral and intellectual being of men%!ho% if the shall fail to sa"e% !ill assuredl illustrate and condemn% theage in !hich the li"e. 3s it is% the bide their time.

Coleridge himselfJJblessings on his gentle memor1JJColeridge !as a frailmortal. e had indeed his peculiar !eaknesses as !ell as his uniFue po!ersHsensibilities that an a"erted look !ould rack% a heart !hich !ould ha"e



beaten calml in the tremblings of an earthFuake. e shrank from mereuneasiness like a child% and bore the preparator agonies of his deathJattack like a martr. Sinned against a thousand times more than sinning% hehimself suffered an almost lifeJlong punishment for his errors% !hilst the!orld at large has the un!ithering fruits of his labours% his genius% andhis sacrifice. Aecesse est tanFuam immaturam mortem ejus defleamH si tamenfas est aut flere% aut omnino mortem "ocare% Fua tanti "iri mortalitas

magis finita Fuam "ita est. +i"it enim% "i"etFue semper% atFue etiam latiusin memoria hominum et sermone "ersabitur% postFuam ab oculis recessit.

( ( ( ( (

Samuel Talor Coleridge !as the oungest child of the -e"erend 4ohnColeridge% +icar of the Parish of ?tter St. Dar% in the count of e"on%and master of enr the Eighths *ree Grammar School in that to!n. ismothers maiden name !as 3nn Bo!don. e !as born at ?tter on the 5/st of ?ctober% /775% $about ele"en oclock in the forenoon%$ as his father the"icar has% !ith rather a curious particularit% entered it in the register.

e died on the 5th of 4ul% /9=:% in Dr. Gillmans house% in the Gro"e%ighgate% and is buried in the old churchJard% b the road side.

8Greek2 JJJJ;

. A. C.

C?ATEATS

( ( ( ( (

Character of ?thelloSchillers -obbersShakspeareScotch Ao"els>ord Bron4ohn embleDathe!sParliamentar Pri"ilegePermanenc and Progression of Aationsants -aces of Dankind

DaterialismGhostsCharacter of the 3ge for >ogicPlato and LenophonGreek ramaotKebueBurkeSt. 4ohns GospelChristianitEpistle to the ebre!sThe >ogos-eason and @nderstanding

eanSir 4ames DackintoshSir . a"-obert Smith



CanningAational ebtPoor >a!sConduct of the )higs-eform of the ouse of CommonsChurch of -omeMenda"esta

Pantheism and &dolatrifference bet!een Stories of reams and GhostsPhantom Portrait)itch of Endor SocinianismPlato and Lenophon-eligions of the GreeksEgptian 3ntiFuitiesDilton+irgilGran"ille Penn and the eluge-ainbo!

English and Greek ancingGreek 3coustics>ord Brons +ersification and on 4uanParental Control in DarriageDarriage of Cousinsifferences of Character Blumenbach and ants -aces&apetic and Semiticebre!Solomon4e!ish istorSpinoKistic and ebre! Schemes

-oman CatholicsEnerg of Dan and other 3nimalsShakspeare in minimis Paul SarpiBartrams Tra"elsThe @nderstandingParts of SpeechGrammar DagnetismElectricitGal"anismSpenser

Character of ?thelloamletPoloniusPrinciples and Da,ims>o"eDeasure for DeasureBen 4onsonBeaumont and *letcher +ersion of the BibleCraniologSpurKheimBull and )aterland

The TrinitScale of 3nimal BeingPopedomScanderbeg



Thomas a BecketPure 3ges of Greek% &talian% and English>uther Ba,ter 3lgernon Sidnes Stle 3riosto and TassoProse and Poetr

The *athers-henferd4acob BehmenAonJperception of Colours-estoration-eformation)illiam &&&.BerkeleSpinosaGeniusEn">o"e

4erem Talor ooker &deasno!ledgePaintingProphecies of the ?ld TestamentDessiah4e!sThe TrinitCon"ersion of the 4e!s4e!s in PolandDosaic Diracles

PantheismPoetic PromiseAominalists and -ealistsBritish SchoolmenSpinosa*all of DanDadnessBro!n and ar!inAitrous ?,idePlants&nsectsDen

og 3nt and BeeBlack% Colonelolland and the utch-eligion GentiliKes)omen and DenBiblical Commentators)alkerite Creedorne Tookei"ersions of PurleGender of the Sun in Germanorne Tooke

4acobinsPersian and 3rabic PoetrDilesian TalesSir T. Donro



Sir S. -afflesCanningShakspeareDiltonomer -eason and @nderstanding)ords and Aames of Things

The Trinit&r"ing 3braham&saac4acob?rigin of 3cts>o"e>ord Eldons octrine as to Grammar SchoolsemocracThe EucharistSt. 4ohn% ,i,. //.i"init of Christ

Genuineness of Books of DosesDosaic PropheciesTalent and GeniusDoti"es and &mpulsesConstitutional and functional >ifesteriadroJcarbonic GasBitters and TonicsSpecific DedicinesEpistles to the Ephesians and Colossians?aths*logging

EloFuence of 3buseThe 3mericansBook of 4obTranslation of the Psalms 3ncient Dariner @ndineDartinPilgrims ProgressPraer ChurchJsingingooker reams

4erem Talor English -eformationCatholicitGnosisTertullianSt. 4ohnPrinciples of a -e"ie!Part SpiritSouthes >ife of Bunan>audPuritans and Ca"aliersPresbterians% &ndependents% and Bishops

Stud of the Bible-abelaisS!iftBentle



BurnetGiottoPaintingSenecaPlato 3ristotleuke of )ellington

Donied &nterestCanningBourrienne4e!sThe Papac and the -eformation>eo L.Thel!allS!iftStella&niFuitous >egislationSpurKheim and Craniolog*rench -e"olution% /9=6

Captain B. all and the 3mericansEnglish -eformationemocrac&dea of a StateChurchGo"ernment*rench GendarmeriePhilosoph of oung Den at the present aThucdides and TacitusPoetrDodern Detre>ogic

+arroSocratesGreek PhilosophPlotinusTertullianScotch and English >akes>o"e and *riendship opposedDarriageCharacterlessness of )omenDental 3narchEar and Taste for Dusic differentEnglish >iturg

Belgian -e"olutionGalileo% Ae!ton% epler% BaconThe -eformationouse of CommonsGo"ernmentEarl GreGo"ernmentPopular -epresentationAapier BuonaparteSouthePatronage of the *ine 3rts

?ld )omenPicturesChilling!orthSuperstition of Daltese% Sicilians% and &talians



3sgillThe *renchThe Good and the True-omish -eligionEngland and olland&ronGal"anism

eatAational Colonial Character% and Aa"al isciplineEnglandolland and BelgiumGreatest appiness PrincipleobbismThe T!o Dodes of Political 3ctionTruths and Da,imsraton and anielDr. Coleridges Sstem of Philosopheenness and Subtletuties and Aeeds of an 3d"ocate

3bolition of the *rench ereditar PeerageConduct of Dinisters on the -eform Bill-eligion@nion !ith &reland&rish Church 3 StatePersons and ThingsistorBeautGeniusChurchState

issentersGracefulness of Childrenogs&deal Tor and )higThe ChurchDinisters and the -eform BillisfranchisementGenius femininePirates 3strolog 3lchem-eform Bill

Crisis4ohn% Chap. &&&. +er. :.ictation and &nspirationGnosisAe! Testament Canon@nitarianismJJDoral PhilosophDoral >a! of PolaritEpidemic iseaseuarantinearmon&ntellectual -e"olutionsDodern Stle

Genius of the Spanish and &talians+icoSpinosaColours



estruction of 4erusalemEpic Poem+o, Populi +o, eiBlack 3sgill and efoeorne Tooke*o, and Pitt

orner 3diaphoriCitiKens and ChristiansProfessor ParkEnglish ConstitutionemocracDilton and Sidnee +i Dinimorumahnemann>uther Smpath of old Greek and >atin !ith English-oman Dind

)ar Charm for CrampGreekual% neuter pleural (sic(% and "erb singular ThetaTalentedomer +alcknaer Principles and *actsSchmidtPuritans and 4acobins)ords!orth

*rench -e"olution&nfant SchoolsDr. Coleridges PhilosophSublimitSolomonDadnessC. >amb*aith and Belief obriKhoffer Scotch and EnglishCriterion of Geniusrden and Pope

Diltons disregard of PaintingBaptismal Ser"ice4e!s i"ision of the ScriptureSanskritesiod+irgilGenius Detaphsicalon ui,oteSteinmetKeatsChrists ospitalBo!er

St. Pauls DelitaEnglish and GermanBest State of SocietGreat Dinds 3ndrognous



Philosophers ?rdinar >anguage4uriesBarristers and Phsicians *eesuacksCaesarean ?peration&nherited iseaseDasons Poetr

Aorthern and Southern States of the 3merican @nion 3ll and the )holeAinth 3rticleSin and Sins?ld i"inesPreaching e,temporeChurch of England@nion !ith &reland*austDichael Scott% Goethe% Schiller% and )ords!orthBeaumont and *letcher Ben 4onson

Dassinger ouse of Commons appointing the officers of the 3rm and Aa"Penal Code in &relandChurchmenCoronation ?athsi"initProfessions and TradesDodern Political EconomAational ebtPropert Ta,ut of >andholdersDassinger

Shakspeareieronimo>o"es >abour >ostGiffords Dassinger ShakspeareThe ?ld ramatistsStatesmenBurkeProspect of Donarch or emocracThe -eformed ouse of Commons@nited States of 3mericaCaptain B. all

Aorthern and Southern Statesemocrac !ith Sla"eruakers>and and DoneDethods of &n"estigationChurch of -omeCelibac of the Clerg-oman ConFuest of &tal)edded >o"e in Shakspeare and his Contemporar ramatistsTennsons Poems-abelais and >uther )it and Dadness

ColoniKationDachinerCapital-oman ConFuest



ConstantinePapac and the SchoolmenCi"il )ar of the Se"enteenth Centurampdens Speech-eformed ouse of Commons*oodDedicine

Poison?bstruction)ilsonShakspeares Sonnets)ickliffe>o"e>uther -e"erence for &deal Truths4ohnson the )hig 3sgill4ames &.Sir P. Sidne

Things are finding their >e"elGermanGoetheGods Pro"idenceDans *reedomom Diguel and om Pedro)orking to better ones conditionAegro Emancipation*o, and Pitt-e"olution+irtue and >ibertEpistle to the -omans

Erasmus>uther Aegro Emancipationacketts >ife of 3rchbishop )illiamsCharles &.Danners under Ed!ard &&&. -ichard &&. and enr +&&&.pothesisSuffictionTheor>ells GeologGothic 3rchitectureGerards ou!s $Schoolmaster$ and Titians $+enus$

Sir 4. ScarlettDande"illes *able of the BeesBestial TheorCharacter of BertramBeaumont and *letchers ramas 3eschlus% Sophocles% EuripidesDiltonStleCa"alier Slang4uniusProse and +erse&mitation and Cop

r. 4ohnsonBos!ellBurkeAe!ton



DiltonPaintingDusicPoetrPublic SchoolsScott and ColeridgeAer"ous )eakness

ooker and Bull*aithuakersPhilanthropists4e!sSallustThucdideserodotusGibbone to the ecline of the -oman Empirer. 4ohnsons Political PamphletsTa,ation

irect -epresentation@ni"ersal Suffrage-ight of )omen to "oteorne TookeEtmolog of the final &"e $The >ord$ in the English +ersion of the Psalms% etc.Scotch irk and &r"ingDiltons EgotismClaudianSterneumour and GeniusGreat Poets good Den

iction of the ?ld and Ae! Testament +ersionebre!+o!els and ConsonantsGreek 3ccent and uantitConsolation in istressDock E"angelicals 3utumn a-osetti on ante>aughter2 *arce and TragedBaron +on umboldtDodern iplomatistsDan cannot be stationar

*atalism and Pro"idenceCharacteristic Temperament of AationsGreek Particles>atin CompoundsPropertiusTibullus>ucanStatius+alerius *laccusClaudianPersiusPrudentius

ermesiana,estruction of 4erusalemEpic PoemGerman and English



Paradise >ostDodern Tra"elsThe Trinit&ncarnation-edemptionEducationEleg

>a"acrum PalladosGreek and >atin Pentameter Diltons >atin PoemsPoetical *ilter Gra and Cottonomeric eroes in Shakspearerdenr. 4ohnsonScotts Ao"elsScope of ChristianitTimes of Charles &.Dessenger of the Co"enant

Prophec>ogic of &deas and of Sllogisms). S. >anders PoetrBeautChronological 3rrangement of )orksTolerationAor!egians 3rticles of *aithDodern uakerisme"otional SpiritSectarianism?rigen

Some Den like Dusical GlassesSublime and Aonsense 3theistProof of E,istence of Godants attemptPluralit of )orlds 3 -easoner Shakspeares &ntellectual 3ctionCrabbe and SouthePeter Simple and Tom Cringles >ogChaucer Shakspeare

Ben 4onsonBeaumont and *letcher anielDassinger >ord Bron and . )alpoles $Dsterious Dother$>e!iss 4amaica 4ournalSicilDaltaSir 3le,ander BallCambridge Petition to admit issentersCorn >a!sChristian Sabbath

igh PriKes and -e"enues of the ChurchSir Charles )etherells SpeechAational Churchissenters



Papac@ni"ersitiesSchillers +ersificationGerman Blank +erse-oman Catholic Emancipationuke of )ellingtonCoronation ?ath

Corn >a!sDodern Political EconomSocinianism@nitarianism*anc and &maginationDr. Coleridges SstemBiographia >iterariaissenters>ord BrookeBarro! and rdenPeter )ilkins and Stothard*ielding and -ichardson

Bishop Sandford-oman Catholic -eligionEuthanasia-ecollections% b Dr. 4ustice Coleridge 3ddress to a GodJchild

T3B>E T3>

ecember 50% /955

C3-3CTE- ?* ?TE>>?JJSC&>>E-S -?BBE-SJS3SPE3-EJJSC?TC A?+E>SJJ>?- B'-?AJJ4?A EDDB>EJJD3TE)S

?thello must not be concei"ed as a negro% but a high and chi"alrous Doorishchief. Shakspeare learned the sprit of the character from the Spanishpoetr% !hich !as pre"alent in England in his time.8/;

4elous does not strike me as the point in his passionH & take it to berather an agon that the creature% !hom he had belie"ed angelic% !ith !homhe had garnered up his heart% and !hom he could not help still lo"ing%

should be pro"ed impure and !orthless. &t !as the struggle not tolo"e her. &t !as a moral indignation and regret that "irture should sofall2JJ$But et the pit of it% &ago1JJ? &ago1 the pit of it%&ago1$ &n addition to this% his hourour !as concerned2 &ago !ould not ha"esucceeded but b hinting that this honour !as compromised. There is noferocit in ?thelloH his mind is majestic and composed. e deliberateldetermines to dieH and speaks his last speech !ith a "ie! of sho!ing hisattachment to the +enetian state% though it had superseded him.

8*ootnote /2 Caballaeros Granadinos% 3unFue Doros% hijos dalgoJJE.;

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Schiller has the material SublimeH to produce an effect he sets ou a



!hole to!n on fire% and thro!s infants !ith their mothers into the flames%or locks up a father in an old to!er.8/; But Shakspeare drops ahandkerchief% and the same or greater effects follo!.

8*ootnote /2This e,pressionJJ$material sublime$JJlike a hundred others!hich ha"e slipped into general use% came originall from Dr. Coleridege%

and !as b him% in the first instatnce% applied to Schillers -obbersJJSee 3ct i"% sc. .JJE.;

>ear is the most tremendous effort of Shakspeare as a poetH amlet as aphilosopher or meditaterH and ?thello is the union of the t!o. There issomething gigantic and unformed in the former t!oH but in the latter% e"erthing assumes its due place and proportion% and the !hole mature po!ers of his mind are displaed in admirable eFuilibrium.

& think ?ld Dortalit and Gu Dannering the best of the Scotch no"els.

&t seems% to m ear% that there is a sad !ant of harmon in >ord Brons"erses. &s it not unnatural to be al!as connecting "er great intellectualpo!er !ith utter depra"itI oes such a combination often reall e,ist inrerum naturaeI

& al!as had a great likingJJ& ma sa% a sort of nondescript re"erenceJJfor 4ohn emble. )hat a Fuaint creature he !as1 & remember a part% in!hich he !as discoursing in his measured manner after dinner% !hen theser"ant announced his carriage. e nodded% and !ent on. The announcementtook place t!ice after!ardsH emble each time nodding his head a littlemore impatientl% but still going on. 3t last% and for the fourth time% theser"ant entered% and said%JJ$Drs. emble sas% sir% she has the

rheumatise% and cannot sta.$ $3ddism1$ dropped 4ohn% in aparenthesis% and proceeded Fuietl in his harangue.

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emble !ould correct an bod% at an time% and in an place. ear CharlesDathe!sJJa true genius in his line% in m judgmentJJtold me he !as onceperforming pri"atel before the ing. The ing !as much pleased !ith theimitation of emble% and said%JJ$& liked emble "er much. e !as one of mearliest friends. & remember once he !as talking% and found himself out of snuff. & offered him m bo,. e declined taking anJJhe% a poor actor%could not put his fingers into a roal bo,. & said% Take some% praH ou

!ill obleege me. @pon !hich emble replied%JJ&t !ould become our roalmouth better to sa% oblige meH and took a pinch.$

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&t is not eas to put me out of countenance% or interrupt the feeling of the time b mere e,ternal noise or circumstanceH et once & !as thoroughl done up% as ou !ould sa. & !as reciting% at a particular house% the$-emorseH$ and !as in the midst of 3lhadras description of the death of her husband% 8/; !hen a scrubb bo% !ith a shining face set in dirt% burstopen the door and cried out%JJ$Please% maam% master sas% )ill ou haH or !ill ou not ha% the pinJroundI$

8*ootnote /2

$3>3-3. This night our chieftain armd himself%



3nd hurried from me. But & follo!d him 3t distance% till & sa! him enter there1

A3?D&. The ca"ernI

3>3-3. 'es% the mouth of onder ca"ern. 3fter a !hile & sa! the son of +aldeK

-ush b !ith flaring torch2 he like!ise enterd.There !as another and a longer pauseH 3nd once% methought% & heard the clash of s!ords1 3nd soon the son of +aldeK reJappeard2e flung his torch to!ards the moon in sport% 3nd seemd as he !ere mirthful1 & stood listening%&mpatient for the footsteps of m husband.

A3?D&. Thou calledst himI

3>3-3. & crept into the ca"ernJJT!as dark and "er silent. )hat saidst thouI

Ao1 Ao1 & did not dare call &sidore%>est & should hear no ans!er1 3 brief !hile%Belike% & lost all thought and memor?f that for !hich & came1 3fter that pause%? ea"en1 & heard a groan% and follo!d itH 3nd et another groan% !hich guided me&nto a strange recessJJand there !as light% 3 hideous light1 his torch la on the groundH&ts flame burnt diml oer a chasms brink2& spakeH and !hilst & spake% a feeble groanCame from that chasm1 it !as his lastJJhis deathJgroan1

A3?D&. Comfort her% 3llah1

3>3-3. & stood in unimaginable trance 3nd agon that cannot be rememberd%>istening !ith horrid hope to hear a groan1But & had heard his lastHJJm husbands deathJgroan1

A3?D&. aste1 let us on!ard1

3>3-3. & lookd far do!n the pitJJD sight !as bounded b a jutting fragmentH 3nd it !as staind !ith blood. Then first & shriekdH

D eeballs burnt% m brain gre! hot as fire% 3nd all the hanging drops of the !et roof Turnd into bloodJJ& sa! them turn to blood1 3nd & !as leaping !ildl do!n the chasm%)hen on the further brink & sa! his s!ord% 3nd it said% +engeance1JJCurses on m tongue1The moon hath mo"ed in hea"en% and & am here% 3nd he hath not had "engeance1JJ&sidore1Spirit of &sidore% th murderer li"es1 3!a% a!a1$JJ3ct i". sc. =.;

4anuar /. /95=.

P3->&3DEAT3-' P-&+&>EGE.JJJPE-D3AEAC' 3A P-?G-ESS&?A ?* A3T&?AS.JJ3ATS



-3CES ?* D3A&A.

Pri"ilege is a substitution for >a!% !here% from the nature of thecircumstances% a la! cannot act !ithout clashing !ith greater and moregeneral principles. The ouse of Commons must% of course% ha"e the po!er of taking cogniKance of offences against its o!n rights. Sir *rancis Burdettmight ha"e been properl sent to the To!er for the speech he made in the

ouse 8/;H but !hen after!ards he published it in Cobbett% and the tookcogniKance of it as a breach of pri"ilege% the "iolated the plaindistinction bet!een pri"ilege and la!.

3s a speech in the ouse% the ouse could alone animad"ert upon it%consistentl !ith the effecti"e preser"ation of its most necessarprerogati"e of freedom of debateH but !hen that speech became a book% thenthe la! !as to look to itH and there being a la! of libel% commensurate!ith e"er possible object of attack in the state% pri"ilege% !hich acts%or ought to act% onl as a substitute for other la!s% could ha"e nothing todo !ith it. & ha"e heard that one distinguished indi"idual said%JJ$That he%for one% !ould not shrink from affirming% that if the ouse of Commons

chose to burn one of their o!n members in Palace 'ard% it had an inherentpo!er and right b the constitution to do so.$ This !as said% if at all% ba moderateJminded manH and ma sho! to !hat atrocious trann some personsma ad"ance in theor% under shado! of this !ord pri"ilege.

8*ootnote /2Darch /5. /9/6. Sir *rancis Burdett made a motion in the ouse of Commons for the discharge of Dr. Gale 4ones% !ho had been committed toAe!gate b a resolution of the ouse on the 5/st of *ebruar preceding.Sir *rancis after!ards published% in Cobbetts Political -egister% of the5:th of the same month of Darch% a $>etter to his Constituents% deningthe po!er of the ouse of Commons to imprison the people of England%$

and he accompanied the letter !ith an argument in support of his position.?n the 57th of Darch a complaint of breach of pri"ilege% founded on thispublication% !as made in the ouse b Dr. Nno! Sir ThomasO >ethbridge%and after se"eral long debates% a motion that Sir *rancis Burdett shouldbe committed to the To!er !as made on the th of 3pril% /9/6% b Sir -obert Salisbur% and carried b a majorit of =9.JJE.;

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There are t!o principles in e"er European and Christian state2Permanenc and Progression.8/;

&n the ci"il !ars of the se"enteenth centur in England% !hich are as ne!and fresh no! as the !ere a hundred and si,t ears ago% and !ill be sofor e"er to us% these t!o principles came to a struggle. &t !as naturalthat the great and the good of the nation should he found in the ranks of either side. &n the Dohammedan states% there is no principle of permanenceHand% therefore% the sink directl. The e,isted% and could onl e,ist% intheir efforts at progressionH !hen the ceased to conFuer% the fell inpieces. Turke !ould long since ha"e fallen% had it not been supported bthe ri"al and conflicting interests of Christian Europe. The Turks ha"e nochurchH religion and state are oneH hence there is no counterpoise% nomutual support. This is the "er essence of their @nitarianism. The ha"eno pastH the are not an historical peopleH the e,ist onl in the present.

China is an instance of a permanenc !ithout progression. The Persians area superior race2 the ha"e a histor and a literatureH the !ere al!asconsidered b the Greeks as Fuite distinct from the other barbarians. The 3fghans are a remarkable people. The ha"e a sort of republic. Europeans



and ?rientalists ma be !ell represented b t!o figures standing back toback2 the latter looking to the east% that is% back!ardsH the former looking !est!ard% or for!ards.

8*ootnote /2See this position stated and illustrated in detail in Dr. Coleridges !ork%$?n the Constitution of the Church and State% according to the &dea of

each%$ p. 5/. 5d edit. /9=6. )ell acFuainted as & am !ith the fact f thecomparati"el small acceptation !hich Dr. Coleridges prose !orks ha"e e"er found in the literar !orld% and !ith the reasons% and% !hat is more% !iththe causes% of it% & still !onder that this particular treatise has notbeen more noticed2 first% because it is a little bookH secondl% because itis% or at least nineteenJt!entieths of it are% !ritten in a popular stleHand thirdl% because it is the onl !ork% that & kno! or ha"e e"er heardmentioned% that e"en attempts a solution of the difficult in !hich aningenious enem of the church of England ma easil in"ol"e most of itsmodern defenders in Parliament% or through the press% upon their o!nprinciples and admissions. Dr. Coleridge himself priKed this little !orkhighl% although he admitted its incompleteness as a composition2JJ$But &

dont care a rush about it%$ he said to me% $as an author. The sa"ingdistinctions are plainl stated in it% and & am sure nothing is !anted tomake them tell% but that some kind friend should steal them from their obscure hidingJplace% and just tumble them do!n before the public as hiso!n.$JJE.;

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ant assigns three great races of mankind. &f t!o indi"iduals of distinctraces cross% a third% or tertium aliFuid% is in"ariabl produced%different from either% as a !hite and a negro produce a mulatto. But !hendifferent "arieties of the same race cross% the offspring is according to

!hat !e call chanceH it is no! like one% no! like the other parent. Aotethis% !hen ou see the children of an couple of distinct Europeancomple,ions%JJas English and Spanish% German and &talian% -ussian andPortuguese% and so on.

4anuar =. /95=.

D3TE-&3>&SD.JJG?STS.

Either !e ha"e an immortal soul% or !e ha"e not. &f !e ha"e not% !e arebeastsH the first and !isest of beasts% it ma beH but still true beasts.8/; )e shall onl differ in degree% and not in kindH just as the elephantdiffers from the slug. But b the concession of all the materialists of allthe schools% or almost all% !e are not of the same kind as beastsJJand thisalso !e sa from our o!n consciousness. Therefore% methinks% it must be thepossession of a soul !ithin us that makes the difference.

8*ootnote /2$Tr to concei"e a man !ithout the ideas of God% eternit% freedom% !ill%absolute truthH of the good% the true% the beautiful% the infinite. 3n animal endo!ed !ith a memor of appearances and facts might remain. But

the man !ill ha"e "anished% and ou ha"e instead a creature more subtlethan an beast of the field% but like!ise cursed abo"e e"er beast of thefieldH upon the bell must it go% and dust must it eat all the das of itslife.$JJChurch and State% p. :. n.;



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-ead the first chapter of Genesis !ithout prejudice% and ou !ill becon"inced at once. 3fter the narrati"e of the creation of the earth andbrute animals% Doses seems to pause% and sas2JJ$3nd God said% >et us makeman in our image% after our likeness.$ 3nd in the ne,t chapter% he

repeats the narrati"e2JJ$3nd the >ord God formed man of the dust of theground% and breathed into his nostrils the breath of lifeH$ and then headds these !ords%JJ$and man became a li"ing soul.$ Daterialism !ill ne"er e,plain those last !ords.

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efine a "ulgar ghost !ith reference to all that is called ghostJlike. &tis "isibilit !ithout tangibilitH !hich is also the definition of ashado!. Therefore% a "ulgar ghost and a shado! !ould be the sameH becauset!o different things cannot properl ha"e the same definition. 3 "isiblesubstance !ithout susceptibilit of impact% & maintain to be an absurdit.

@nless there be an e,ternal substance% the bodil ee cannot see itHtherefore% in all such cases% that !hich is supposed to be seen is% infact% not seen% but is an image of the brain. E,ternal objects naturallproduce sensationH but here% in truth% sensation produces% as it !ere% thee,ternal object. &n certain states of the ner"es% ho!e"er% & do belie"ethat the ee% although not consciousl so directed% ma% b a slightcon"ulsion% see a portion of the bod% as if opposite to it. The partactuall seen !ill b common association seem the !holeH and the !hole bod!ill then constitute an e,ternal object% !hich e,plains man stories of

persons seeing themsel"es ling dead. Bishop Berkele once e,periencedthis. e had the presence of mind to ring the bell% and feel his pulseHkeeping his ee still fi,ed on his o!n figure right opposite to him. e !asin a high fe"er% and the brain image died a!a as the door opened. &obser"ed something "er like it once at GrasmereH and !as so conscious of the cause% that & told a person !hat & !as e,periencing% !hilst the imagestill remained.

?f course% if the "ulgar ghost be reall a shado!% there must be somesubstance of !hich it is the shado!. These "isible and intangible shado!s%!ithout substances to cause them% are absurd.

4anuar :. /959.

C3-3CTE- ?* TE 3GE *?- >?G&C.JJP>3T? 3A LEA?P?A.JJJJG-EE [email protected]@-E.JJP>3G&3-&STS.

This is not a logical age. 3 friend latel ga"e me some political pamphletsof the times of Charles &. and the Crom!ellate. &n them the premisses arefreFuentl !rong% but the deductions are almost al!as legitimateH !hereas%in the !ritings of the present da% the premisses are commonl sound% but

the conclusions false. & think a great deal of commendation is due to the@ni"ersit of ?,ford for preser"ing the stud of logic in the schools. &tis a great mistake to suppose geometr an substitute for it.



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Aegati"el% there ma be more of the philosoph of Socrates in theDemorabilia of Lenophon than in Plato2 that is% there is less of !hat doesnot belong to SocratesH but the general spirit of% and impression left b%Plato% are more Socratic.8/;

8*ootnote /2See p. 5<. Dr. Coleridge meant in both these passages% that Lenophon hadpreser"ed the most of the man SocratesH that he !as the best Bos!ellH andthat Socrates% as a persona dialogi% !as little more than a poeticalphantom in Platos hands. ?n the other hand% he sas that Plato is more Socratic% that is% more of a philosopher in the Socratic mode of reasoning NCicero calls the Platonic !ritings generall% SocraticilibriOH and Dr. C. also sas% that in the metaphsical disFuisitions Platois Pthagorean% meaning% that he !orked on the supposed ideal or transcendental principles of the e,traordinar founder of the &talianschool.;

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&n 3Eschlus religion appears terrible% malignant% and persecuting2Sophocles is the mildest of the three tragedians% but the persecutingaspect is still maintained2 Euripides is like a modern *renchman% ne"er sohapp as !hen gi"ing a slap at the gods altogether.

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otKebue represents the pett kings of the islands in the Pacific ?ceane,actl as so man omeric chiefs. -iches command uni"ersal influence% andall the kings are supposed to be descended from the gods.

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& confess & doubt the omeric genuineness of 8Greek2 dakruoen gelaschsa;.8/; &t sounds to me much more like a prettiness of Bion or Doschus.

8*ootnote /28Greek2 hos eipon% alochoio thilaes en chersin ethaeke paid eon hae d aramin chaeodei de,ato cholpo% dachruoen gelasasa.;JJ&lliad. M. "i. :95;

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The "er greatest !riters !rite best !hen calm% and e,erting themsel"esupon subjects unconnected !ith part. Burke rarel sho!s all his po!ers%unless !here he is in a passion. The *rench -e"olution !as alone a subjectfit for him. )e are not et a!are of all the conseFuences of that e"ent. )eare too near it.

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Goldsmith did e"er thing happil.

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'ou abuse snuff1 Perhaps it is the final cause of the human nose.

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3 rogue is a roundabout foolH a fool in circumbendibus.

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?mne ignotum pro magnifico. 3 dunghill at a distance sometimes smellslike musk% and a dead dog like elderJflo!ers.

( ( ( ( (

Plagiarists are al!as suspicious of being stolen from%JJas pickpockets areobser"ed commonl to !alk !ith their hands in their breeches pockets.

4anuar <. /95=.

ST. 4?AS G?SPE>.JJC-&ST&3A&T'JJEP&ST>E T? TE EB-E)S.JJTE >?G?S.JJ-E3S?A 3A @AE-ST3A&AG.

St. 4ohn had a t!ofold object in his Gospel and his Epistles%JJto pro"e thedi"init% and also the actual human nature and bodil suffering% of 4esusChrist%JJthat he !as God and Dan. The notion that the effusion of blood and!ater from the Sa"iours side !as intended to pro"e the real death of thesufferer originated% & belie"e% !ith some modern Germans% and seems to meridiculous2 there is% indeed% a "er small Fuantit of !ater occasionallin the praecordia2 but in the pleura% !here !ounds are not generall mortal%there is a great deal. St. 4ohn did not mean% & apprehend% to insinuatethat the spearJthrust made the death% merel as such% certain or e"ident%but that the effusion sho!ed the human nature. $& sa! it%$ he !ould sa%

$!ith m o!n ees. &t !as real blood% composed of lmph and crassamentum%and not a mere celestial ichor% as the Phantasmists allege.$

( ( ( ( (

& think the "erse of the three !itnesses N/ 4ohn% ". 7.O spurious% not onlbecause the balance of e,ternal authorit is against it% as Porson seems toha"e sho!nH but also% because% in m !a of looking at it% it spoils thereasoning.

( ( ( ( (

St. 4ohns logic is ?riental% and consists chiefl in position andparallelH !hilst St. Paul displas all the intricacies of the Greek sstem.

( ( ( ( (

)hate"er ma be thought of the genuineness or authorit of an part of thebook of aniel% it makes no difference in m belief in ChristianitH for Christianit is !ithin a man% e"en as he is a being gifted !ith reasonH itis associated !ith our mothers chair% and !ith the firstJremembered tonesof her blessed "oice.

( ( ( ( (

& do not belie"e St. Paul to be the author of the Epistle to the ebre!s.>uthers conjecture is "er probable% that it !as b 3pollos% an 3le,andrian 4e!. The plan is too studiousl regular for St. Paul. &t !as



e"identl !ritten during the et e,isting glories of the Temple. *or threehundred ears the church did not affi, St. Pauls name to itH but itsapostolical or catholic character% independentl of its genuineness as toSt. Paul% !as ne"er much doubted.

( ( ( ( (

The first three Gospels sho! the histor% that is% the fulfilment of theprophecies in the facts. St. 4ohn declares e,plicitl the doctrine%oracularl% and !ithout comment% because% being pure reason% it can onl bepro"ed b itself. *or Christianit pro"es itself% as the sun is seen b itso!n light. &ts e"idence is in"ol"ed in its e,istence. St. Paul !rites moreparticularl for the dialectic understandingH and pro"es those doctrines%!hich !ere capable of such proof% b common logic.

( ( ( ( (

St. 4ohn used the term 8Greek2 ho >ogos; technicall. PhiloJ4udaeus had soused it se"eral ears before the probable date of the composition of this

GospelH and it !as commonl understood amongst the 4e!ish -abbis at thattime% and after!ards% of the manifested God.

( ( ( ( (

?ur translators% unfortunatel% as & think% render the clause 8Greek2 proston Theos; $!ith GodH$ that !ould be right% if the Greek !ere 8Greek2 snto Theo;.8/;

B the preposition 8Greek2 pros; in this place% is meant the utmostpossible pro,imit% !ithout confusionH likeness% !ithout sameness. The4e!ish Church understood the Dessiah to be a di"ine person. Philo e,pressl

cautions against an ones supposing the >ogos to be a merepersonification% or smbol. e sas% the >ogos is a substantial% selfJe,istent Being. The Gnostics% as the !ere after!ards called% !ere a kindof 3riansH and thought the >ogos !as an afterJbirth. The placed 8Greek2 3bssos; and 8Greek2 Sigae; Nthe 3bss and SilenceO before him. Thereforeit !as that St. 4ohn said% !ith emphasis% 8Greek2 en archae aen ho >ogos;JJ$&n the beginning !as the )ord.$ e !as begotten in the firstsimultaneous burst of Godhead% if such an e,pression ma be pardoned% inspeaking of eternal e,istence.

8*ootnote /2 4ohn% ch. i. ". /% 5.;

( ( ( ( (

The @nderstanding suggests the materials of reasoning2 the -eason decidesupon them. The first can onl sa%JJThis is% or ought to be so. Thelast sas%JJ&t must be so.8/;

8*ootnote /2& ha"e preser"ed this% and se"eral other eFui"alent remarks% out of adutiful !ish to populariKe% b all the honest means in m po!er% thisfundamental distinctionH a thorough master of !hich Dr. Coleridgeconsidered necessar to an sound sstem of pschologH and in the denialor neglect of !hich% he delighted to point out the source of most of the

"ulgar errors in philosoph and religion. The distinction itself isimplied throughout almost all Dr. C.s !orks% !hether in "erse or proseHbut it ma be found minutel argued in the $3ids to -eflection%$ p. 56<%c. 5d edit. /9=/.JJE.;



3pril 57. /95=.

E3A.JJS&- 43DES D3C&AT?S.JJS&- . 3+'.JJ-?BE-T SD&T.JJC3AA&AG.JJA3T&?A3> EBT.JJP??- >3)S.

ean is originalH but he copies from himself. is rapid descents from thehperJtragic to the infraJcolloFuial% though sometimes producti"e of greateffect% are often unreasonable. To see him act% is like reading Shakspeareb flashes of lightning. & do not think him thoroughJbred gentleman enoughto pla ?thello.

( ( ( ( (

Sir 4ames Dackintosh is the king of the men of talent. e is a most elegantcon"erger. o! !ell & remember his gi"ing breakfast to me and Sir umphr

a"% at that time an unkno!n oung man% and our ha"ing a "er spiritedtalk about >ocke and Ae!ton% and so forth1 )hen a" !as gone% Dackintoshsaid to me% $Thats a "er e,traordinar oung manH but he is gone !rong onsome points.$ But a" !as% at that time at least% a man of geniusH and &doubt if Dackintosh e"er heartil appreciated an eminentl original man. eis uncommonl po!erful in his o!n lineH but it is not the line of a firstJrate man. 3fter all his fluenc and brilliant erudition% ou can rarelcarr off an thing !orth preser"ing. 'ou might not improperl !rite on hisforehead% $)arehouse to let1$ e al!as dealt too much in generalities for a la!er. e is deficient in po!er in appling his principles to the pointsin debate. & remember -obert Smith had much more logical abilitH but Smithaimed at conFuest b an gladiatorial shiftH !hereas Dackintosh !as

uniforml candid in argument. & am speaking no! from old recollections.

( ( ( ( (

Canning is "er irritable% surprisingl so for a !it !ho is al!as gi"ingsuch hard knocks. e should ha"e put on an asss skin before he !ent intoparliament. >ord >i"erpool is the single sta of this ministrH but he isnot a man of a directing mind. e cannot ride on the !hirl!ind. e ser"esas the isthmus to connect one half of the cabinet !ith the other. e al!asgi"es ou the common sense of the matter% and in that it is that hisstrength in debate lies.

( ( ( ( (

The national debt has% in fact% made more men rich than ha"e a right to beso% or% rather% an ultimate po!er% in case of a struggle% of actualiKingtheir riches. &t is% in effect% like an ordinar% !here three hundredtickets ha"e been distributed% but !here there is% in truth% room onl for one hundred. So long as ou can amuse the compan !ith an thing else% or make them come in successi"el% all is !ell% and the !hole three hundredfanc themsel"es sure of a dinnerH but if an suspicion of a hoa, shouldarise% and the !ere all to rush into the room at once% there !ould be t!ohundred !ithout a potato for their moneH and the table !ould be occupiedb the landholders% !ho li"e on the spot.

( ( ( ( (

PoorJla!s are the ine"itable accompaniments of an e,tensi"e commerce and a



manufacturing sstem. &n Scotland% the did !ithout them% till Glasgo! andPaisle became great manufacturing places% and then people said% $)e mustsubscribe for the poor% or else !e shall ha"e poorJla!s.$ That is to sa%the enacted for themsel"es a poorJla! in order to a"oid ha"ing a poorJla!enacted for them. &t is absurd to talk of ueen EliKabeths act as creatingthe poorJla!s of this countr. The poorJrates are the consideration paidb% or on behalf of% capitalists for ha"ing labour at demand. &t is the

price% and nothing else. The hardship consists in the agricultural interestha"ing to pa an undue proportion of the ratesH for although% perhaps% inthe end% the land becomes more "aluable% et% at the first% the lando!nersha"e to bear all the brunt. & think there ought to be a fi,ed re"ol"ingperiod for the eFualiKation of rates.

3pril 59. /95=.

C?A@CT ?* TE )&GS.JJ-E*?-D ?* TE ?@SE ?* C?DD?AS.

The conduct of the )higs is e,tra"agantl inconsistent. &t originated inthe fatal error !hich *o, committed% in persisting% after the first threeears of the *rench -e"olution% !hen e"er shado! of freedom in *rance had"anished% in eulogiKing the men and measures of that shallo!Jheartedpeople. So he !ent on graduall% further and further departing from all theprinciples of English polic and !isdom% till at length he became thepanegrist% through thick and thin% of a militar frenK% under theinfluence of !hich the "er name of libert !as detested. 3nd thus it !asthat% in course of time% *o,s part became the absolute abettors of theBuonapartean in"asion of Spain% and did all in their po!er to th!art thegenerous efforts of this countr to resist it. Ao!% !hen the in"asion is b

a Bourbon% and the cause of the Spanish nation neither united nor% indeed%sound in man respects% the )higs !ould precipitate this countr into acrusade to fight up the cause of a faction.

& ha"e the honour of being slightl kno!n to m lord arnle. &n /969J0% &met him accidentall% !hen% after a fe! !ords of salutation% he said to me%$3re ou mad% Dr. ColeridgeI$JJ$Aot that & kno!% m lord%$ & repliedH $!hatha"e & done !hich argues an derangement of mindI$JJ$)h% & mean%$ said he%$those letters of ours in the Courier% ?n the opes and *ears of a Peoplein"aded b foreign 3rmies. The Spaniards are absolutel conFueredH it isabsurd to talk of their chance of resisting.$JJ$+er !ell% m lord%$ &said% $!e shall see. But !ill our lordship permit me% in the course of a

ear or t!o% to retort our Fuestion upon ou% if & should ha"e grounds for so doingI$JJ$Certainl1$ said heH $that is fair1$ T!o ears after!ards%!hen affairs !ere altered in Spain% & met >ord arnle again% and% after some con"ersation% "entured to sa to him% $oes our lordship recollectgi"ing me lea"e to retort a certain Fuestion upon ou about the SpaniardsI)ho is mad no!I$JJ$+er true% "er true% Dr. Coleridge%$ cried he2 $ou areright. &t is "er e,traordinar. &t !as a "er happ and hold guess.$ @pon!hich & remarked% $& think guess is hardl a fair term. *or% has anthing happened that has happened% from an other causes% or under an other conditions% than such as & laid do!n BeforehandI$ >ord arnle% !ho !asal!as "er courteous to me% took this !ith a pleasant nod of his head.

( ( ( ( (

Dan "otes are gi"en for reform in the ouse of Commons% !hich are nothonest. )hilst it is !ell kno!n that the measure !ill not he carried in



parliament% it is as !ell to purchase some popularit b "oting for it.)hen unt and his associates% before the Si, 3cts% created a panic% theministers la on their oars for three or four months% until the generalcr% e"en from the opposition% !as% $)h dont the ministers come for!ard!ith some protecti"e measureI$ The present Dinistr e,ists on the !eaknessand desperate character of the ?pposition. The sober part of the nation areafraid of the latter getting into po!er% lest the should redeem some of

their pledges.

( ( ( ( (

3pril 50. /95=.

C@-C ?* -?DE.

The present adherents of the church of -ome are not% in m judgment%

Catholics. )e are the Catholics. )e can pro"e that !e hold the doctrines of the primiti"e church for the first three hundred ears. The council of Trent made the Papists !hat the are. 8/; 3 foreign -omish bishop hasdeclared% that the Protestants of his acFuaintance !ere more like !hat heconcei"ed the enlightened Catholics to ha"e been before the council of Trent% than the best of the latter in his das. Perhaps ou !ill sa% thisbishop !as not a good Catholic.85; & cannot ans!er for that. The courseof Christianit and the Christian church ma not unaptl be likened to amight ri"er% !hich filled a !ide channel% and bore along !ith its !atersmud% and gra"el% and !eeds% till it met a great rock in the middle of itsstream. B some means or other% the !ater flo!s purel% and separated fromthe filth% in a deeper and narro!er course on one side of the rock% and the

refuse of the dirt and troubled !ater goes off on the other in a broader current% and then cries out% $)e are the ri"er1$

8*ootnote /2 See 3ids to -eflection% p. /96. note.;

8*ootnote 52 Dr. Coleridge named him% but the name !as strange to me% and &ha"e been unable to reco"er itJJE.; ( ( ( ( (

3 person said to me latel% $But ou !ill% for ci"ilits sake% call them Catholics% !ill ou notI$ & ans!ered% that & !ould notH for & !ould nottell a lie upon an% much less upon so solemn an occasion. $The adherents

of the church of -ome% & repeat% are not Catholic Christians. &f theare% then it follo!s that !e Protestants are heretics and schismatics% as%indeed% the Papists "er logicall% from their o!n premisses% call us. 3nd-oman Catholics makes no difference. Catholicism is not capable of degrees or local apportionments. There can be but one bod of Catholics% e, "i termini. To talk strictl of &rish or Scotch -oman Catholics isa mere absurdit.$

( ( ( ( (

&t is common to hear it said% that% if the legal disabilities are remo"ed%the -omish church !ill lose ground in this countr. & think the re"erse2

the -omish religion is% or% in certain hands% is capable of being made% soflattering to the passions and selfJdelusion of men% that it is impossibleto sa ho! far it !ould spread% amongst the higher orders of societespeciall% if the secular disad"antages no! attending its profession !ere



remo"ed.8/;

8*ootnote /2ere% at least% the prophec has been fulfilled. The !isdom of our ancestors% in the reign of ing )illiam &&&.% !ould ha"e been jealous of the dail increase in the numbers of the -omish church in England% of !hiche"er attenti"e obser"er must be a!are. See Sancti ominici Pallium% in

"ol. ii. p. 96. of Dr. Coleridges Poems.JEd.;

3pril =6. /95=.

MEA3+EST3.JJP3ATE&SD 3A &?>3T-'.

The Menda"esta must% & think% ha"e been copied in parts from the !ritingsof Doses. &n the description of the creation% the first chapter of Genesisis taken almost literall% e,cept that the sun is created before the

light% and then the herbs and the plants after the sunH !hich are preciselthe t!o points the did not understand% and therefore altered as errors.8/;

There are onl t!o acts of creation% properl so called% in the Dosaicaccount%JJthe material uni"erse and man. The intermediate acts seem more asthe results of secondar causes% or% at an rate% of a modification of prepared materials.

8*ootnote /2The Mend% or Menda"esta% is the sacred book ascribed to Moroaster% or Merdusht% the founder or reformer of the Dagian religion. The modernedition or paraphrase of this !ork% called the Sadda% !ritten in the

Persian of the da% !as% & belie"e% composed about three hundred ears agoJJEd.;

( ( ( ( (

Pantheism and idolatr naturall end in each otherH for all e,tremes meet.The 4udaic religion is the e,act medium% the true compromise.

Da /. /95=.

&**E-EACE BET)EEA ST?-&ES ?* -E3DS 3A G?STS.JJP3AT?D P?-T-3&T.JJ)&TC?* EA?-.JJS?C&A&3A&SD.

There is a great difference in the credibilit to be attached to stories of dreams and stories of ghosts. reams ha"e nothing in them !hich are absurdand nonsensicalH and% though most of the coincidences ma be readile,plained b the diseased sstem of the dreamer% and the great andsurprising po!er of association% et it is impossible to sa !hether aninner sense does not reall e,ist in the mind% seldom de"eloped% indeed%

but !hich ma ha"e a po!er of presentiment. 8/;

3ll the e,ternal senses ha"e their correspondents in the mindH the ee cansee an object before it is distinctl apprehendedHJJ!h ma there not be a



corresponding po!er in the soulI The po!er of prophec might ha"e beenmerel a spiritual e,citation of this dormant facult. ence ou !illobser"e that the ebre! seers sometimes seem to ha"e reFuired music% as inthe instance of Elisha before 4ehoram2JJ$But no! bring me a minstrel. 3ndit came to pass% !hen the minstrel plaed% that the hand of the >ord cameupon him.$ 85; E"er thing in nature has a tendenc to mo"e in cclesH andit !ould be a miracle if% out of such mriads of ccles mo"ing

concurrentl% some coincidences did not take place. Ao doubt% man suchtake place in the datimeH but then our senses dri"e out the remembrance of them% and render the impression hardl feltH but !hen !e sleep% the mindacts !ithout interruption. Terror and the heated imagination !ill% e"en inthe datime% create all sorts of features% shapes% and colours out of asimple object possessing none of them in realit.

But ghost stories are absurd. )hene"er a real ghost appears%JJb !hich &mean some man or !oman dressed up to frighten another%JJif the supernaturalcharacter of the apparition has been for a moment belie"ed% the effects onthe spectator ha"e al!as been most terrible%JJcon"ulsion% idioc% madness%or e"en death on the spot. Consider the a!ful descriptions in the ?ld

Testament of the effects of a spiritual presence on the prophets and seersof the ebre!sH the terror% the e,ceeding great dread% the utter loss of all animal po!er. But in our common ghost stories% ou al!as find that theseer% after a most appalling apparition% as ou are to belie"e% is Fuite!ell the ne,t da. Perhaps% he ma ha"e a headachH but that is the outsideof the effect produced. 3lston% a man of genius% and the best painter etproduced b 3merica% !hen he !as in England told me an anecdote !hichconfirms !hat & ha"e been saing. &t !as% & think% in the uni"ersit of Cambridge% near Boston% that a certain outh took it into his !ise head toendea"our to con"ert a TomJPainish companion of his b appearing as a ghostbefore him. e accordingl dressed himself up in the usual !a% ha"ingpre"iousl e,tracted the ball from the pistol !hich al!as la near the

head of his friends bed. @pon first a!aking% and seeing the apparition%the outh !ho !as to be frightened% 3.% "er cooll looked his companionthe ghost in the face% and said% $& kno! ou. This is a good jokeH but ousee & am not frightened. Ao! ou ma "anish1$ The ghost stood still.$Come%$ said 3.% $that is enough. & shall get angr. 3!a1$ Still the ghostmo"ed not. $B JJJJ%$ ejaculated 3.% $if ou do not in three minutes goa!a% &ll shoot ou.$ e !aited the time% deliberatel le"elled thepistol% fired% and% !ith a scream at the immobilit of the figure% becamecon"ulsed% and after!ards died. The "er instant he belie"ed it to be aghost% his human nature fell before it.

8*ootnote /2

See this point suggested and reasoned !ith e,traordinar subtlet in thethird essa Nmarked CO% in the 3ppendi, to the Statesmans Danual% ?r first>a Sermon% p. /0% c. ?ne beautiful paragraph & !ill "enture to Fuote2JJ$Aot onl ma !e e,pect that men of strong religious feelings% but littlereligious kno!ledge% !ill occasionall be tempted to regard suchoccurrences as supernatural "isitationsH but it ought not to surprise us if such dreams should sometimes be confirmed b the e"ent% as though the hadactuall possessed a character of di"ination. *or !ho shall decide ho! far a perfect reminiscence of past e,periences Nof man% perhaps% that hadescaped our refle, consciousness at the timeOJJ!ho shall determine to !hate,tent this reproducti"e imagination% unsophisticated b the !ill% andundistracted b intrusions from the senses% ma or ma not be concentred

and sublimed into foresight and presentimentI There !ould be nothing hereineither to foster superstition on the one hand% or to justif contemptuousdisbelief on the other. &ncredulit is but Credulit seen from behind%bo!ing and nodding assent to the abitual and the *ashionable$JE.;



8*ootnote 52 5 ings% iii. /.% and see / Sam. ,. .JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

8)hat follo!s in the te,t !ithin commas !as !ritten about this time% andcommunicated to me b Dr. 4ustice Coleridge.JJE.;

$>ast Thursda m uncle% S. T. C.% dined !ith us% and se"eral men came tomeet him. & ha"e heard him more brilliant% but he !as "er fine% anddelighted e"er one "er much. &t is impossible to carr off% or commit topaper% his long trains of argumentH indeed% it is not al!as possible tounderstand them% he las the foundation so deep% and "ie!s e"er Fuestionin so original a manner. Aothing can be finer than the principles !hich helas do!n in morals and religion. is deep stud of Scripture is "erastonishingH the rest of the part !ere but as children in his hands% not

merel in general "ie!s of theolog% but in nice "erbal criticism. ethinks it clear that St. Paul did not !rite the Epistle to the ebre!s% butthat it must ha"e been the !ork of some 3le,andrian Greek% and he thinks 3pollos. &t seemed to him a desirable thing for Christianit that it shouldha"e been !ritten b some other person than St. PaulH because% itsinspiration being unFuestioned% it added another independent teacher ande,pounder of the faith.

$)e fell upon ghosts% and he e,posed man of the stories phsicall andmetaphsicall. e seemed to think it impossible that ou should reall see!ith the bodil ee !hat !as impalpable% unless it !ere a shado!H and if !hat ou fancied ou sa! !ith the bodil ee !as in fact onl an impression

on the imagination% then ou !ere seeing something out of our senses%and our testimon !as full of uncertaint. e obser"ed ho! uniforml% inall the bestJattested stories of spectres% the appearance might beaccounted for from the disturbed state of the mind or bod of the seer% asin the instances of ion and Brutus. @pon some ones saing that he !ished to belie"e these stories true% thinking that the constituted auseful subsidiar testimon of another state of e,istence% Dr. C. differed%and said% he thought it a dangerous testimon% and one not !anted2 it !asSaul% !ith the Scriptures and the Prophet before him% calling upon the!itch of Endor to certif him of the truth1 e e,plained "er ingeniousl%et "er naturall% !hat has often startled people in ghost storiesJJsuchas >ord >tteltonsJJnamel% that !hen a real person has appeared% habited

like the phantom% the ghostJseer has immediatel seen t!o% the real man andthe phantom. e said that such must be the case. The man under the morbiddelusion sees !ith the ee of the imagination% and sees !ith the bodil eetooH if no one !ere reall present% he !ould see the spectre !ith one% andthe bedJcurtains !ith the other. )hen% therefore% a real person comes% hesees the real man as he !ould ha"e seen an one else in the same place% andhe sees the spectre not a !hit the less2 being perceptible b differentpo!ers of "ision% so to sa% the appearances do not interfere !ith eachother.

$e told us the follo!ing stor of the Phantom Portrait 8/;2JJ

$3 stranger came recommended to a merchants house at >ubeck. e !ashospitabl recei"edH but% the house being full% he !as lodged at night inan apartment handsomel furnished% but not often used. There !as nothingthat struck him particularl in the room !hen left alone% till he happened



to cast his ees on a picture% !hich immediatel arrested his attention. &t!as a single headH but there !as something so uncommon% so frightful andunearthl% in its e,pression% though b no means ugl% that he foundhimself irresistibl attracted to look at it. &n fact% he could not tear himself from the fascination of this portrait% till his imagination !asfilled b it% and his rest broken. e retired to bed% dreamed% and a!okefrom time to time !ith the head glaring on him. &n the morning% his host

sa! b his looks that he had slept ill% and inFuired the cause% !hich !astold. The master of the house !as much "e,ed% and said that the pictureought to ha"e been remo"ed% that it !as an o"ersight% and that it al!as!as remo"ed !hen the chamber !as used. The picture% he said% !as% indeed%terrible to e"er oneH but it !as so fine% and had come into the famil inso curious a !a% that he could not make up his mind to part !ith it% or todestro it. The stor of it !as this2JJD father% said he% !as atamburgh on business% and% !hilst dining at a coffeeJhouse% he obser"ed aoung man of a remarkable appearance enter% seat himself alone in a corner%and commence a solitar meal. is countenance bespoke the e,treme of mentaldistress% and e"er no! and then he turned his head Fuickl round% as if heheard something% then shudder% gro! pale% and go on !ith his meal after an

effort as before. D father sa! this same man at the same place for t!o or three successi"e dasH and at length became so much interested about him%that he spoke to him. The address !as not repulsed% and the stranger seemedto find some comfort in the tone of smpath and kindness !hich m father used. e !as an &talian% !ell informed% poor but not destitute% and li"ingeconomicall upon the profits of his art as a painter. Their intimacincreasedH and at length the &talian% seeing m fathers in"oluntaremotion at his con"ulsi"e turnings and shuddering% !hich continued asformerl% interrupting their con"ersation from time to time% told him hisstor. e !as a nati"e of -ome% and had li"ed in some familiarit !ith% andbeen much patroniKed b% a oung noblemanH but upon some slight occasionthe had fallen out% and his patron% besides using man reproachful

e,pressions% had struck him. The painter brooded o"er the disgrace of theblo!. e could not challenge the nobleman% on account of his rankH hetherefore !atched for an opportunit% and assassinated him. ?f course hefled from his countr% and finall had reached amburgh. e had not%ho!e"er% passed man !eeks from the night of the murder% before% one da%in the cro!ded street% he heard his name called b a "oice familiar to him2he turned short round% and sa! the face of his "ictim looking at him !ith afi,ed ee. *rom that moment he had no peace2 at all hours% in all places%and amidst all companies% ho!e"er engaged he might be% he heard the "oice%and could ne"er help looking roundH and% !hene"er he so looked round% heal!as encountered the same face staring close upon him. 3t last% in a moodof desperation% he had fi,ed himself face to face% and ee to ee% and

deliberatel dra!n the phantom "isage as it glared upon himH and this !asthe picture so dra!n. The &talian said he had struggled long% but life !asa burden !hich he could no! no longer bearH and he !as resol"ed% !hen hehad made mone enough to return to -ome% to surrender himself to justice%and e,piate his crime on the scaffold. e ga"e the finished picture to mfather% in return for the kindness !hich he had sho!n to him.$

8*ootnote /2This is the stor !hich Dr. )ashington &r"ing has dressed up "er prettilin the first "olume of his $Tales of a Tra"eller%$ pp. 9:J//0.H professingin his preface that he could not remember !hence he had deri"ed theanecdote.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

& ha"e no doubt that the 4e!s belie"ed generall in a future state%



independentl of the Dosaic la!. The stor of the !itch of Endor is a proof of it. )hat !e translate $!itch%$ or $familiar spirit%$ is% in theebre!% ?b% that is% a bottle or bladder% and means a person !hose bell iss!elled like a leathern bottle b di"ine inflation. &n the Greek it is8Greek2 engastrimuthos;% a "entriloFuist. The te,t N/ Sam. ch. ,,"iii.O isa simple record of the facts% the solution of !hich the sacred historianlea"es to the reader. & take it to ha"e been a trick of "entriloFuism% got

up b the courtiers and friends of Saul% to pre"ent him% if possible% fromhaKarding an engagement !ith an arm despondent and oppressed !ith bodingsof defeat. Saul is not said to ha"e seen SamuelH the !oman onl pretends tosee him. 3nd then !hat does this Samuel doI e merel repeats the propheckno!n to all &srael% !hich the true Samuel had uttered some ears before.-ead Captain >ons account of the scene in the cabin !ith the EsFuimau,bladder% or conjurerH it is impossible not to be reminded of the !itch of Endor. & recommend ou also to look at )ebsters admirable treatise on)itchcraft.

( ( ( ( (

The pet te,ts of a Socinian are Fuite enough for his confutation !ith acutethinkers. &f Christ had been a mere man% it !ould ha"e been ridiculous in him to call himself $the Son of manH$ but being God and man% it thenbecame% in his o!n assumption of it% a peculiar and msterious title. So%if Christ had been a mere man% his saing% $D *ather is greater than &%$N4ohn% ,". 59.O !ould ha"e been as unmeaning. &t !ould be laughable enough%for e,ample% to hear me sa% $D -emorse succeeded% indeed% butShakspeare is a greater dramatist than &.$ But ho! immeasurabl morefoolish% more monstrous% !ould it not be for a man% ho!e"er honest% good%or !ise% to sa% $But 4eho"ah is greater than &1$

Da 9. /95:.

P>3T? 3A LEA?P?A.JJ-E>&G&?AS ?* TE G-EES.JJEG'PT&3A 3AT&@&T&ES.JJD&>T?A.JJ+&-G&>.

Platos !orks are logical e,ercises for the mind. >ittle that is positi"eis ad"anced in them. Socrates ma be fairl represented b Plato in themore moral partsH but in all the metaphsical disFuisitions it isPthagoras. Lenophons representation of his master is Fuite different.8/;

8*ootnote /2 See p. 0. n.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

?bser"e the remarkable contrast bet!een the religion of the tragic andother poets of Greece. The former are al!as opposed in heart to thepopular di"inities. &n fact% there are the popular% the sacerdotal% and themsterious religions of Greece% represented roughl b omer% Pindar% and 3Eschlus. The ancients had no notion of a fall of man% though the had of his gradual degenerac. Prometheus% in the old mthus% and for the mostpart in 3Eschlus% is the -edeemer and the e"il jumbled together.

( ( ( ( (

& cannot sa & e,pect much from mere Egptian antiFuities. 3lmost e"erthing reall% that is% intellectuall% great in that countr seems to me of



Grecian origin.

( ( ( ( (

& think nothing can be added to Diltons definition or rule of poetr%JJthat it ought to be simple% sensuous% and impassionedH that is to sa%single in conception% abounding in sensible images% and informing them all

!ith the spirit of the mind.

Diltons >atin stle is% & think% better and easier than his English. isstle% in prose% is Fuite as characteristic of him as a philosophicrepublican% as Co!les is of him as a firstJrate gentleman.

&f ou take from +irgil his diction and metre% !hat do ou lea"e himI

( ( ( ( (

4une 5. /95:.

C-3A+&>>E PEAA 3A TE E>@GE.JJ-3&AB?).

& confess & ha"e small patience !ith Dr. Gran"ille Penns book againstProfessor Buckland. Science !ill be superseded% if e"er phenomenon is tobe referred in this manner to an actual miracle. & think it absurd toattribute so much to the eluge. 3n inundation% !hich left an oli"eJtreestanding% and bore up the ark peacefull on its bosom% could scarcel ha"ebeen the sole cause of the rents and dislocations obser"able on the face of the earth. o! could the tropical animals% !hich ha"e been disco"ered inEngland and in -ussia in a perfectl natural state% ha"e been transported

thither b such a floodI Those animals must e"identl ha"e been nati"es of the countries in !hich the ha"e been found. The climates must ha"e beenaltered. 3ssume a sudden e"aporation upon the retiring of the eluge toha"e caused an intense cold% the solar heat might not be sufficientafter!ards to o"ercome it. & do not think that the polar cold is adeFuatele,plained b mere comparati"e distance from the sun.

( ( ( ( (

'ou !ill obser"e% that there is no mention of rain pre"iousl to theeluge. ence it ma be inferred% that the rainbo! !as e,hibited for thefirst time after Gods co"enant !ith Aoah. o!e"er% & onl suggest this.

( ( ( ( (

The Earth !ith its scarred face is the smbol of the PastH the 3ir andea"en% of *uturit.

4une . /95:.

EAG>&S 3A G-EE 3AC&AG.JJG-EE 3C?@ST&CS.

The fondness for dancing in English !omen is the reaction of their reser"edmanners. &t is the onl !a in !hich the can thro! themsel"es forth innatural libert. )e ha"e no adeFuate conception of the perfection of theancient tragic dance. The pleasure !hich the Greeks recei"ed from it had



for its basis ifference and the more unfit the "ehicle% the more li"el!as the curiosit and intense the delight at seeing the difficulto"ercome.

( ( ( ( (

The ancients certainl seem to ha"e understood some principles in acoustics

!hich !e ha"e lost% or% at least% the applied them better. The contri"edto con"e the "oice distinctl in their huge theatres b means of pipes%!hich created no echo or confusion. ?ur theatresJJrur >ane and Co"entGardenJJare fit for nothing2 the are too large for acting% and too smallfor a bullJfight.

( ( ( ( (

4une 7. /95:.

>?- B'-?AS +E-S&*&C3T&?A% 3A ?A 4@3A.

o! lamentabl the art of "ersification is neglected b most of thepoets of the present da1JJb >ord Bron% as it strikes me% in particular%among those of eminence for other Fualities. @pon the !hole% & think thepart of on 4uan in !hich >ambros return to his home% and >ambro himself%are described% is the best% that is% the most indi"idual% thing in all &kno! of >ord B.s !orks. The festal abandonment puts one in mind of Aicholas Poussins pictures.8/;

8*ootnote /2Dr. Coleridge particularl noticed% for its classical air% the =5d stanKaof this Canto Nthe thirdO2JJ

$3 band of children% round a sno!J!hite ram% There !reathe his "enerable horns !ith flo!ers%)hile% peaceful as if still an un!eand lamb% The patriarch of the flock all gentl co!ersis sober head% majesticall tame% ?r eats from out the palm% or plaful lo!ersis bro!% as if in act to butt% and then'ielding to their small hands% dra!s back again.$

But Dr. C. said that then% and again% made no rhme to his ear. )hshould not the old form agen be la!ful in "erseI )e !ilfull abridgeoursel"es of the libert !hich our great poets achie"ed and sanctioned for

us in innumerable instances.JJE.;

4une /6. /95:.

P3-EAT3> C?AT-?> &A D3--&3GE.JJD3--&3GE ?*C?@S&AS.JJ&**E-EACE ?* C3-3CTE-.

@p to t!entJone% & hold a father to ha"e po!er o"er his children as tomarriageH after that age% authorit and influence onl. Sho! me one coupleunhapp merel on account of their limited circumstances% and & !ill sho!

ou ten that are !retched from other causes.

( ( ( ( (



&f the matter !ere Fuite open% & should incline to disappro"e theintermarriage of first cousinsH but the church has decided other!ise on theauthorit of 3ugustine% and that seems enough upon such a point.

( ( ( ( (

'ou ma depend upon it% that a slight contrast of character is "er

material to happiness in marriage.

*ebruar 5:. /957.

B>@DEAB3C 3A 3ATS -3CES.JJ&3PET&C 3A SED&T&C.JJEB-E).JJS?>?D?A.

Blumenbach makes fi"e racesH ant% three. Blumenbachs scale of dignit mabe thus figured2JJ

/. Caucasian or European.

5. Dala QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ 5. 3merican

=. Aegro QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ =. Dongolian% 3siatic

There !as% & concei"e% one great &apetic original of language% under !hichGreek% >atin% and other European dialects% and% perhaps% Sanscrit% range asspecies. The &apetic race% 8Greek2 &aones;H separated into t!o branchesHone% !ith a tendenc to migrate southJ!est%JJGreeks% &talians% c.H and theother northJ!est%JJGoths% Germans% S!edes% c. The ebre! is Semitic.

( ( ( ( (

ebre!% in point of force and purit% seems at its height in &saiah. &t ismost corrupt in aniel% and not much less so in EcclesiastesH !hich &cannot belie"e to ha"e been actuall composed b Solomon% but rather suppose to ha"e been so attributed b the 4e!s% in their passion for ascribing all !orks of that sort to their grand monurFue.

Darch /6. /957.

4E)&S &ST?-'.JJSP&A?M&ST&C 3A EB-E) SCEDES.

The people of all other nations% but the 4e!ish% seem to look back!ards andalso to e,ist for the presentH but in the 4e!ish scheme e"er thing isprospecti"e and preparatorH nothing% ho!e"er trifling% is done for itself alone% but all is tpical of something et to come.

( ( ( ( (

& !ould rather call the book of Pro"erbs Solomonian than as actuall a !orkof Solomons. So & apprehend man of the Psalms to be a"idical onl% nota"ids o!n compositions.

( ( ( ( (

'ou ma state the Pantheism of Spinosa% in contrast !ith the ebre! or Christian scheme% shortl% as thus2JJ



Colbrand the giant% that same might manI&s it Sir -oberts son that ou seek soI

>3' *. Sir -oberts son1 3% thou unre"erend bo%Sir -oberts son2 !h scornst thou at Sir -obertIe is Sir -oberts sonH and so art thou.

B3ST. 4ames Gurne% !ilt thou gi"e us lea"e a !hileI

G@-. Good lea"e% good Philip.

B3ST. PhilipIJJSparro!1 4ames%Theres tos abroadH anon &ll tell thee more.

8E,it G@-AE'.$

The "er e,it Gurne is a stroke of 4amess character.JJE.;;

( ( ( ( (

The latest book of tra"els & kno!% !ritten in the spirit of the oldtra"ellers% is Bartrams account of his tour in the *loridas. &t is a !orkof high merit e"er !a.8/;

8*ootnote /2$Tra"els through Aorth and South Carolina% Georgia% East and )est *lorida%the Cherokee Countr% the e,tensi"e territories of the Duscogulges% or Creek Confederac% and the Countr of the Chacta!s% c. B )illiamBartram.$ Philadelphia% /70/. >ondon% /705. 9"o. The e,pedition !as made atthe reFuest of r. *othergill% the uaker phsician% in /77=% and !asparticularl directed to botanical disco"eries.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

Darch /=. /957.

TE @AE-ST3A&AG.

3 pun !ill sometimes facilitate e,planation% as thusHJJthe @nderstanding isthat !hich stands under the phenomenon% and gi"es it objecti"it. 'oukno! !hat a thing is b it. &t is also !orth of remark% that the ebre!!ord for the understanding% Bineh% comes from a root meaning bet!een or

distinguishing.

( ( ( ( (

Darch /9. /957.

P3-TS ?* SPEEC.JJG-3DD3-.

There are se"en parts of speech% and the agree !ith the fi"e grand anduni"ersal di"isions into !hich all things finite% b !hich & mean to

e,clude the idea of God% !ill be found to fallH that is% as ou !ill oftensee it stated in m !ritings% especiall in the 3ids to -eflection8/;2JJ

Prothesis.



/. Thesis. Desothesis. 3ntithesis. 5. :. =. Snthesis. .

Concei"e it thus2JJ

/. Prothesis% the nounJ"erb% or "erbJsubstanti"e% & am% !hich is thepre"ious form% and implies identit of being and act.

5. Thesis% the noun.

=. 3ntithesis% the "erb.

Aote% each of these ma be con"ertedH that is% the are onl opposed toeach other.

:. Desothesis% the infiniti"e mood% or the indifference of the "erb and

noun% it being either the one or the other% or both at the same time% indifferent relations.

. Snthesis% the participle% or the communit of "erb and nounH being andacting at once.

Ao!% modif the noun b the "erb% that is% b an act% and ou ha"eJJ

<. The adnoun% or adjecti"e.

Dodif the "erb b the noun% that is% b being% and ou ha"eJJ

7. The ad"erb.

&nterjections are parts of sound% not of speech. Conjunctions are the sameas prepositionsH but the are prefi,ed to a sentence% or to a member of asentence% instead of to a single !ord.

The inflections of nouns are modifications as to placeH the inflections of "erbs% as to time.

The geniti"e case denotes dependenceH the dati"e% transmission. &t isabsurd to talk of "erbs go"erning. &n Thucdides% & belie"e% e"er case hasbeen found absolute.85;

ati"e2JJ8Greek2 JJJJ;Thuc.+&&&. 5:. This is the >atin usage.

3ccusati"e.JJ& do not remember an instance of the proper accusati"eabsolute in ThucdidesH but it seems not uncommon in other authors28Greek2 JJJJ;

'et all such instances ma be nominati"esH for & cannot find an e,ample of the accusati"e absolute in the masculine or feminine gender% !here thedifference of infle,ion !ould sho! the case.JJE.;

The inflections of the tenses of a "erb are formed b adjuncts of the "erbsubstanti"e. &n Greek it is ob"ious. The E is the prefi, significati"e of apast time.



8*ootnote /2 P. /76. 5d edition.;

8*ootnote 52Aominati"e absolute2JJ8Greek2 theon de phoKos ae anthropon nomos% oudeisapeirge% to men krinontes en homoio kai seKein kai maeJJton dehamartaematon.;JJThuc. &&. =.;

4une /. /957.

D3GAET&SD.JJE>ECT-&C&T'.JJG3>+3A&SD.

Perhaps the attribution or analog ma seem fanciful at first sight% but &am in the habit of realiKing to mself Dagnetism as lengthH Electricit asbreadth or surfaceH and Gal"anism as depth.

4une 5:. /957.

SPEASE-.JJC3-3CTE- ?f ?TE>>?.JJ3D>ET.JJP?>?A&@S.JJP-&AC&P>ES 3AD3L&DS.JJ>?+E.JJDE3S@-E *?- [email protected] 4?AS?A.JJBE3@D?AT 3A*>ETCE-.JJ+E-S&?A ?* TE B&B>E.JJSP@-ME&D.JJC-3A&?>?G'.

Spensers Epithalamion is trul sublimeH and pra mark the s!anJlikemo"ement of his e,Fuisite Prothalamion. 8/; is attention to metre andrhthm is sometimes so e,tremel minute as to be painful e"en to m ear%and ou kno! ho! highl & priKe good "ersification.

8*ootnote /2o! !ell & remember this DidsummerJda1 & shall ne"er pass such another.The sun !as setting behind Caen )ood% and the calm of the e"ening !as soe,ceedingl deep that it arrested Dr. Coleridges attention. )e !ere alonetogether in Dr. Gillmans dra!ingJroom% and Dr. C. left off talking% andfell into an almost tranceJlike state for ten minutes !hilst contemplatingthe beautiful prospect before us. is ees s!am in tears% his head inclineda little for!ard% and there !as a slight uplifting of the fingers% !hichseemed to tell me that he !as in praer. & !as a!estricken% and remainedabsorbed in looking at the man% in forgetfulness of e,ternal nature% !henhe reco"ered himself% and after a !ord or t!o fell b some secret link of

association upon Spensers poetr. @pon m telling him that & did not "er!ell recollect the Prothalamion2 $Then & must read ou a bit of it%$ saidheH and% fetching the book from the ne,t room% he recited the !hole of itin his finest and most musical manner. & particularl bear in mind thesensible di"ersit of tone and rhthm !ith !hich he ga"e2JJ

$S!eet Thames1 run softl till & end m song%$

the concluding line of each of the ten strophes of the poem.

)hen & look upon the scant memorial% !hich & ha"e alone preser"ed of thisafternoons con"erse% & am tempted to burn these pages in despair. Dr.

Coleridge talked a "olume of criticism that da% !hich% printed "erbatim ashe spoke it% !ould ha"e made the reputation of an other person buthimself. e !as% indeed% particularl brilliant and enchantingH and & lefthim at night so thoroughl magnetiKed% that & could not for t!o or three



das after!ards reflect enough to put an thing on paper%JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

& ha"e often told ou that & do not think there is an jealous% properlso called% in the character of ?thello. There is no predisposition tosuspicion% !hich & take to be an essential term in the definition of the

!ord. esdemona "er trul told Emilia that he !as not jealous% that is% of a jealous habit% and he sas so as trul of himself. &agos suggestions%ou see% are Fuite ne! to himH the do not correspond !ith an thing of alike nature pre"iousl in his mind. &f esdemona had% in fact% been guilt%no one !ould ha"e thought of calling ?thellos conduct that of a jealousman. e could not act other!ise than he did !ith the lights he hadH !hereas jealous can ne"er be strictl right. See ho! utterl unlike ?thello is to>eontes% in the )inters Tale% or e"en to >eonatus% in Cmbeline1 The jealous of the first proceeds from an e"ident trifle% and something likehatred is mingled !ith itH and the conduct of >eonatus in accepting the!ager% and e,posing his !ife to the trial% denotes a jealous temper alreadformed.

( ( ( ( (

amlets character is the pre"alence of the abstracting and generaliKinghabit o"er the practical. e does not !ant courage% skill% !ill% or opportunitH but e"er incident sets him thinkingH and it is curious% andat the same time strictl natural% that amlet% !ho all the pla seemsreason itself% should he impelled% at last% b mere accident to effect hisobject. & ha"e a smack of amlet mself% if & ma sa so.

( ( ( ( (

3 Da,im is a conclusion upon obser"ation of matters of fact% and is merelretrospecti"e2 an &dea% or% if ou like% a Principle% carries kno!ledge!ithin itself% and is prospecti"e. Polonius is a man of ma,ims. )hilst heis descanting on matters of past e,perience% as in that e,cellent speech to>aertes before he sets out on his tra"els% he is admirableH but !hen hecomes to ad"ise or project% he is a mere dotard. 8/; 'ou see amlet% as theman of ideas% despises him.

8*ootnote /2 3ct i. sc. =;

( ( ( ( (

3 man of ma,ims onl is like a Cclops !ith one ee% and that ee placed inthe back of his head.

( ( ( ( (

&n the scene !ith ?phelia% in the third act%8/; amlet is beginning !ithgreat and unfeigned tendernessH but% percei"ing her reser"e and coness%fancies there are some listeners% and then% to sustain his part% breaks outinto all that coarseness.

>o"e is the admiration and cherishing of the amiable Fualities of the

belo"ed person% upon the condition of ourself being the object of their action. The Fualities of the se,es correspond. The mans courage is lo"edb the !oman% !hose fortitude again is co"eted b the man. is "igorousintellect is ans!ered b her infallible tact. Can it be true% !hat is so



constantl affirmed% that there is no se, in soulsIJJ& doubt it% & doubt ite,ceedingl. 85;

8*ootnote /2 Sc. /.;

8*ootnote 52 Dr. Coleridge !as a great master in the art of lo"e% but hehad not studied in ?"ids school. ear his account of the matter2JJ

$>o"e% trul such% is itself not the most common thing in the !orld% andmutual lo"e still less so. But that enduring personal attachment% sobeautifull delineated b Erins s!eet melodist% and still more touchingl%perhaps% in the !ellJkno!n ballad% 4ohn 3nderson% m 4o% 4ohn% inaddition to a depth and constanc of character of no e"erJda occurrence%supposes a peculiar sensibilit and tenderness of natureH a constitutionalcommunicati"eness and utteranc of heart and soulH a delight in the detailof smpath% in the out!ard and "isible signs of the sacrament !ithin%JJtocount% as it !ere% the pulses of the life of lo"e. But% abo"e all% itsupposes a soul !hich% e"en in the pride and summerJtide of life% e"en inthe lustihood of health and strength% had felt oftenest and priKed highest

that !hich age cannot take a!a% and !hich in all our lo"ings is the lo"eH & mean% that !illing sense of the unsufficingness of the self for itself% !hich predisposes a generous nature to see% in the total being of another% the supplement and completion of its o!nH that Fuiet perpetualseeking !hich the presence of the belo"ed object modulates% not suspends%!here the heart momentl finds% and% finding again% seeks onH lastl% !henlifes changeful orb has passed the full% a confirmed faith in thenobleness of humanit% thus brought home and pressed% as it !ere% to the"er bosom of hourl e,perienceH it supposes% & sa% a heartfelt re"erencefor !orth% not the less deep because di"ested of its solemnit b habit% bfamiliarit% b mutual infirmities% and e"en b a feeling of modest !hich!ill arise in delicate minds% !hen the are conscious of possessing the

same% or the correspondent% e,cellence in their o!n characters. &n short%there must be a mind% !hich% !hile it feels the beautiful and the e,cellentin the belo"ed as its o!n% and b right of lo"e appropriates it% can callgoodness its plafello!H and dares make sport of time and infirmit% !hile%in the person of a thousandJfoldl endeared partner% !e feel for aged"irtue the caressing fondness that belongs to the innocence of childhood%and repeat the same attentions and tender courtesies !hich had beendictated b the same affection to the same object !hen attired in femininelo"eliness or in manl beaut.$ NPoetical )orks% "ol. ii. p. /56.OJJE.;

Deasure for Deasure is the single e,ception to the delightfulness of Shakspeares plas. &t is a hateful !ork% although Shakspearian throughout.

?ur feelings of justice are grossl !ounded in 3ngelos escape. &sabellaherself contri"es to be unamiable% and Claudio is detestable.

( ( ( ( (

& am inclined to consider The *o, as the greatest of Ben 4onsons !orks.But his smaller !orks are full of poetr.

( ( ( ( (

Donsieur Thomas and the little *rench >a!er are great fa"ourites of mineamongst Beaumont and *letchers plas. o! those plas o"erflo! !ith !it1

3nd et & scarcel kno! a more deepl tragic scene an !here than that in-ollo% in !hich Edith pleads for her fathers life% and then% !hen shecannot pre"ail% rises up and imprecates "engeance on his murderer. 8/;



8*ootnote /2 3ct iii. sc. /.2JJ

$-?>>?. e! off her hands1

3D?A. >ad% hold off1

E&T. Ao1 he! emH

e! off m innocent hands% as he commands ou1Thell hang the faster on for deaths con"ulsion.JJThou seed of rocks% !ill nothing mo"e thee% thenI 3re all m tears lost% all m righteous praersro!nd in th drunken !rathI & stand up thus% then%Thou boldl blood trant% 3nd to th face% in hea"ns high name def thee1 3nd ma s!eet merc% !hen th soul sighs for it%JJ)hen under th black mischiefs th flesh trembles%JJ)hen neither strength% nor outh% nor friends% nor gold%Can sta one hourH !hen th most !retched conscience%)aked from her dream of death% like fire shall melt thee%JJ

)hen all th mothers tears% th brothers !ounds%Th peoples fears% and curses% and m loss%D aged fathers loss% shall stand before theeJJ

-?>>?. Sa"e him% & saH run% sa"e him% sa"e her fatherH*l and redeem his head1

E&T. Da then that pit%$ c.;

( ( ( ( (

?ur "ersion of the Bible is to be lo"ed and priKed for this% as for a

thousand other things%JJthat it has preser"ed a purit of meaning to manterms of natural objects. )ithout this holdfast% our "itiated imaginations!ould refine a!a language to mere abstractions. ence the *rench ha"e losttheir poetical languageH and Dr. Blanco )hite sas the same thing hashappened to the Spanish.

( ( ( ( (

& ha"e the perception of indi"idual images "er strong% but a dim one of the relation of place. & remember the man or the tree% but !here & sa! them& mostl forget.8/;

8*ootnote /2There !as no man !hose opinion in morals% or e"en in a matter of generalconduct in life% if ou furnished the pertinent circumstances% & !ould ha"esooner adopted than Dr. ColeridgesH but & !ould not take him as a guidethrough streets or fields or earthl roads. e had much of the geometricianabout himH but he could not find his !a. &n this% as in man other peculiarities of more importance% he inherited strongl from his learnedand e,cellent father% !ho deser"es% and !ill% & trust% obtain% a separatenotice for himself !hen his greater sons life comes to be !ritten. &belie"e the beginning of Dr. C.s liking for r. SpurKheim !as the heartgood humour !ith !hich the octor bore the laughter of a part% in thepresence of !hich he% unkno!ing of his man% denied an &dealit% and

a!arded an unusual share of >ocalit% to the majestic sil"erJhaired headof m dear uncle and fatherJinJla!. But Dr. Coleridge immediatel shieldedthe craniologist under the distinction preser"ed in the te,t% and perhaps%since that time% there ma be a couple of organs assigned to the latter



facult.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

Craniolog is !orth some consideration% although it is merel in itsrudiments and guesses et. But all the coincidences !hich ha"e beenobser"ed could scarcel be b accident. The confusion and absurdit%

ho!e"er% !ill be endless until some names or proper terms are disco"eredfor the organs% !hich are not taken from their mental application or significanc. The forepart of the head is generall gi"en up to the higher intellectual po!ersH the hinder part to the sensual emotions.

( ( ( ( (

Silence does not al!as mark !isdom. & !as at dinner% some time ago% incompan !ith a man% !ho listened to me and said nothing for a long timeHbut he nodded his head% and & thought him intelligent. 3t length% to!ardsthe end of the dinner% some apple dumplings !ere placed on the table% andm man had no sooner seen them% than he burst forth !ithJJ$Thems the

jockies for me1$ & !ish SpurKheim could ha"e e,amined the fello!s head.

( ( ( ( (

Some folks appl epithets as bos do in making >atin "erses. )hen & firstlooked upon the *alls of the Clde% & !as unable to find a !ord to e,pressm feelings. 3t last% a man% a stranger to me% !ho arri"ed about the sametime% said2JJ$o! majestic1$JJN&t !as the precise term% and & turned roundand !as saingJJ$Thank ou% Sir1 that is the e,act !ord for it$JJ!hen headded% eodem flatuOJJ$'es1 ho! "er prett1$

( ( ( ( (

4ul 9. /957.

B@>> 3A )3TE->3A.JJTE T-&A&T'.

Bull and )aterland are the classical !riters on the Trinit.8/;

&n the Trinit there is% /. &pseit. 5. 3lterit. =. Communit. 'ou mae,press the formula thus2JJ

God% the absolute )ill or &dentit% Q Prothesis. The *ather Q Thesis. The

Son Q 3ntithesis. The Spirit Q Snthesis.

8*ootnote /2Dr. Coleridges admiration of Bull and )aterland as high theologians !as"er great. Bull he used to read in the >atin efensio *idei Aicaenae%using the 4esuit Molas edition of /79:% !hich% & think% he bought at -ome.e told me once% that !hen he !as reading a Protestant English Bishops!ork on the Trinit% in a cop edited b an &talian 4esuit in &tal% hefelt proud of the church of England% and in good humour !ith the church of -ome.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

The author of the 3thanasian Creed is unkno!n. &t is% in m judgment%heretical in the omission% or implicit denial% of the *ilial subordinationin the Godhead% !hich is the doctrine of the Aicene Creed% and for !hich



Bull and )aterland ha"e so fer"entl and triumphantl contendedH and b notholding to !hich% Sherlock staggered to and fro bet!een Tritheism andSabellianism. This creed is also tautological% and% if not persecuting%!hich & !ill not discuss% certainl containing harsh and illJconcei"edlanguage.

( ( ( ( (

o! much & regret that so man religious persons of the present da thinkit necessar to adopt a certain cant of manner and phraseolog as a tokento each other. The must impro"e this and that te,t% and the must do soand so in a praerful !aH and so on. )h not use common languageI 3oung lad the other da urged upon me that such and such feelings !ere the marro! of all religionH upon !hich & recommended her to tr to !alk to>ondon upon her marro!Jbones onl.

( ( ( ( (

4ul 0. /957.

SC3>E ?* 3A&D3> BE&AG.

&n the "er lo!est link in the "ast and msterious chain of Being% there isan effort% although scarcel apparent% at indi"idualiKationH but it isalmost lost in the mere nature. 3 little higher up% the indi"idual isapparent and separate% but subordinate to an thing in man. 3t length% theanimal rises to be on a par !ith the lo!est po!er of the human nature.There are some of our natural desires !hich onl remain in our most perfectstate on earth as means of the higher po!ers acting.8/;

8*ootnote /2These remarks seem to call for a citation of that !onderful passage%transcendant alike in eloFuence and philosophic depth% !hich the readers of the 3ids to -eflection ha"e long since laid up in cedar2JJ

$E"er rank of creatures% as it ascends in the scale of creation% lea"esdeath behind it or under it. The metal at its height of being seems a muteprophec of the coming "egetation% into a mimic semblance of !hich itcrstalliKes. The blossom and flo!er% the acme of "egetable life% di"idesinto correspondent organs !ith reciprocal functions% and b instincti"emotions and appro,imations seems impatient of that fi,ture% b !hich it isdifferenced in kind from the flo!erJshaped Psche that flutters !ith free

!ing abo"e it. 3nd !onderfull in the insect realm doth the irritabilit%the proper seat of instinct% !hile et the nascent sensibilit issubordinate thereto%JJmost !onderfull% & sa% doth the muscular life inthe insect% and the musculoJarterial in the bird% imitate and tpicallrehearse the adapti"e understanding% ea% and the moral affections andcharities of man. >et us carr oursel"es back% in spirit% to the msterious!eek% the teeming !orkJdas of the Creator% as the rose in "ision beforethe ee of the inspired historian $of the generations of the hea"en andearth% in the das that the >ord God made the earth and the hea"ens.$ 3nd!ho that hath !atched their !as !ith an understanding heart% could% as the"ision e"ol"ing still ad"anced to!ards him% contemplate the filial andloal beeH the home building% !edded% and di"orceless s!allo!H and% abo"e

all% the manifoldl intelligent ant tribes% !ith their common!ealth andconfederacies% their !arriors and miners% the husbandJfolk% that fold intheir tin flocks on the honied leaf% and the "irgin sisters !ith the holinstincts of maternal lo"e% detached and in selfless purit% and not sa to



himself% Behold the shado! of approaching umanit% the sun rising frombehind% in the kindling morn of creation1 Thus all lo!er natures find their highest good in semblances and seekings of that !hich is higher and better. 3ll things stri"e to ascend% and ascend in their stri"ing. 3nd shall manalone stoopI Shall his pursuits and desires% the reflections of his in!ardlife% be like the reflected image of a tree on the edge of a pool% thatgro!s do!n!ard% and seeks a mock hea"en in the unstable element beneath it%

in neighbourhood !ith the slim !aterJ!eeds and ooK bottomJgrass that areet better than itself and more noble% in as far as substances that appear as shado!s are preferable to shado!s mistaken for substanceI Ao1 it must bea higher good to make ou happ. )hile ou labour for an thing belo! our proper humanit% ou seek a happ life in the region of death. )ell saiththe moral poet2JJ

@nless abo"e himself he can Erect himself% ho! mean a thing is man1$

P. /6. 5d ed.JJE.;

4ul /5. /957.

P?PE?D.JJSC3AE-BEG.JJT?D3S 3 BECET.JJP@-E 3GES ?* G-EE% &T3>&3A% 3AEAG>&S.JJ>@TE-.JJB3LTE-.JJ3>GE-A?A S&AE'S ST'>E.JJ3-&?ST? 3A T3SS?.JJP-?SE 3A P?ET-'.JJTE *3TE-S.JJ-EA*E-.JJ43C?B BEDEA.

)hat a grand subject for a histor the Popedom is1 The Pope ought ne"er toha"e affected temporal s!a% but to ha"e li"ed retired !ithin St. 3ngelo%

and to ha"e trusted to the superstitious a!e inspired b his character andoffice. e spoiled his chance !hen he meddled in the pett &talianpolitics.

( ( ( ( (

Scanderbeg !ould be a "er fine subject for )alter ScottH and so !ouldThomas a Becket% if it is not rather too much for him. &t in"ol"es inessence the conflict bet!een arms% or force% and the men of letters.

( ( ( ( (

?bser"e the superior truth of language% in Greek% to Theocritusinclusi"elH in >atin% to the 3ugustan age e,clusi"elH in &talian% toTasso e,clusi"elH and in English% to Talor and Barro! inclusi"el.

( ( ( ( (

>uther is% in parts% the most e"angelical !riter & kno!% after the apostlesand apostolic men.

( ( ( ( (

Pra read !ith great attention Ba,ters >ife of himself. &t is an

inestimable !ork. 8/; & ma not unfreFuentl doubt Ba,ters memor% or e"enhis competence% in conseFuence of his particular modes of thinkingH but &could almost as soon doubt the Gospel "erit as his "eracit.



8*ootnote /2This% a "er thick folio of the old sort% !as one of Dr. Coleridges te,tbooks for English church histor. e used to sa that there !as no substitute for it in a course of stud for a clergman or public man% andthat the modern political issenters% !ho affected to glor in Ba,ter as aleader% !ould read a bitter lecture on themsel"es in e"er page of it. &n amarginal note & find Dr. C. !riting thus2 $3las1 in ho! man respects does

m lot resemble Ba,ters1 But ho! much less ha"e m bodil e"ils been% andet ho! "er much greater an impediment ha"e & suffered them to be1 But"eril Ba,ters labours seem miracles of supporting grace.$JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

& am not enough read in Puritan di"init to kno! the particular objectionsto the surplice% o"er and abo"e the general prejudice against the retenta of Poper. Perhaps that !as the onl ground%JJa foolish one enough.

&n m judgment Bolingbrokes stle is not in an respect eFual to that of Co!le or rden. -ead 3lgernon SidneH his stle reminds ou as little of books as of blackguards. )hat a gentleman he !as1

( ( ( ( (

Burkes Essa on the Sublime and Beautiful seems to me a poor thingH and!hat he sas upon Taste is neither profound nor accurate.

( ( ( ( (

)ell1 & am for 3riosto against TassoH though & !ould rather praise 3ristos

poetr than his poem.

( ( ( ( (

& !ish our cle"er oung poets !ould remember m homel definitions of proseand poetrH that is% prose Q !ords in their best orderHJJpoetr Q the best !ords in the best order.

( ( ( ( (

& concei"e ?rigen% 4erome% and 3ugustine to be the three great fathers inrespect of theolog% and Basil% Gregor AaKianKen% and Chrsostom in

respect of rhetoric.

( ( ( ( (

-henferd possessed the immense learning and robust sense of Selden% !iththe acuteness and !it of 4ortin.

( ( ( ( (

4acob Behmen remarked% that it !as not !onderful that there !ere separatelanguages for England% *rance% German% c.H but rather that there !as nota different language for e"er degree of latitude. &n confirmation of

!hich% see the infinite "ariet of languages amongst the barbarous tribesof South 3merica.



4ul 56. /957.

A?AJPE-CEPT&?A ?* C?>?@-S.

)hat is said of some persons not being able to distinguish colours% &belie"e. &t ma proceed from general !eakness% !hich !ill render thedifferences imperceptible% just as the dusk or t!ilight makes all coloursone. This defect is most usual in the blue ra% the negati"e pole.

( ( ( ( (

& conjecture that !hen finer e,periments ha"e been applied% the red%ello!% and orange ras !ill be found as capable of communicating magneticaction as the other ras% though% perhaps% under different circumstances.-emember this% if ou are ali"e t!ent ears hence% and think of me.

4ul 5/. /957.

-EST?-3T&?A.JJ-E*?-D3T&?A.

The elements had been !ell shaken together during the ci"il !ars andinterregnum under the >ong Parliament and ProtectorateH and nothing but theco!ardliness and impolic of the Aonconformists% at the -estoration% couldha"e pre"ented a real reformation on a !ider basis. But the truth is% b

going o"er to Breda !ith their stiff flatteries to the hollo!Jhearted ing%the put Sheldon and the bishops on the side of the constitution.

( ( ( ( (

The -eformation in the si,teenth centur narro!ed -eform. 3s soon as menbegan to call themsel"es names% all hope of further amendment !as lost.

4ul 5=. /957.

)&>>&3D &&&.JJBE-E>E'.JJSP&A?S3.JJGEA&@S.JJEA+'.JJ>?+E.

)illiam the Third !as a greater and much honester man than an of hisministers. & belie"e e"er one of them% e,cept Shre!sbur% has no! beendetected in correspondence !ith 4ames.

( ( ( ( (

Berkele can onl be confuted% or ans!ered% b one sentence. So it is !ithSpinosa. is premiss granted% the deduction is a chain of adamant.

( ( ( ( (

Genius ma coJe,ist !ith !ildness% idleness% foll% e"en !ith crimeH but



not long% belie"e me% !ith selfishness% and the indulgence of an en"iousdisposition. En" is (8Greek2 kakistos kai dikaiotatos theos;% as & oncesa! it e,pressed some!here in a page of Stobaeus2 it d!arfs and !ithers its!orshippers.

( ( ( ( (

The mans desire is for the !omanH but the !omans desire is rarel other than for the desire of the man.8/;

8*ootnote /2$3 !omans friendship%$ & find !ritten b Dr. C. on a page ded red !ith animprisoned roseJleaf% $a !omans friendship borders more closel on lo"ethan mans. Den affect each other in the reflection of noble or friendlactsH !hilst !omen ask fe!er proofs% and more signs and e,pressions of attachment.$JJE.;

3ugust 50. /957.

4E-ED' T3'>?-.JJ??E-.JJ&E3S.JJA?)>EGE.

4erem Talor is an e,cellent author for a oung man to stud% for thepurpose of imbibing noble principles% and at the same time of learning toe,ercise caution and thought in detecting his numerous errors.

( ( ( ( (

& must ackno!ledge% !ith some hesitation% that & think ooker has been alittle o"erJcredited for his judgment.

Take as an instance of an idea the continuit and coincident distinctnessof natureH or this%JJ"egetable life is al!as stri"ing to be something thatit is notH animal life to be itself.8/; ence% in a plant the parts% as theroot% the stem% the branches% lea"es% c. remain after the ha"e eachproduced or contributed to produce a different status of the !hole plant2in an animal nothing of the pre"ious states remains distinct% but isincorporated into% and constitutes progressi"el% the "er self.

8*ootnote /2

The reader !ho has ne"er studied Plato% Bacon% ant% or Coleridge in their philosophic !orks% !ill need to be told that the !ord &dea is not used inthis passage in the sense adopted b $r. olofernes% !ho in a lecture onmetaphsics% deli"ered at one of the Dechanics &nstitutions% e,plodes all ideas but those of sensationH !hilst his friend% deput Costard% has no idea of a betterJfla"oured haunch of "enison% than he dined off at the>ondon Ta"ern last !eek. e admits Nfor the deput has tra"elledO that the*rench ha"e an e,cellent idea of cooking in generalH but holds that their most accomplished maitres de cuisine ha"e no more idea of dressing aturtle% than the Parisian gourmands themsel"es ha"e an real idea of thetrue taste and colour of the fat.$ Church and State% p. 79. Ao1 !hatDr. Coleridge meant b an idea in this place ma be e,pressed in "arious

!as out of his o!n !orks. & subjoin a sufficient definition from theChurch and State% p. <. $That !hich% contemplated objecti"el% Nthat is%as e,isting e,ternall to the mind%O !e call a la!H the same contemplated subjecti"el% Nthat is% as e,isting in a subject or mind%O is an idea.



ence Plato often names &deas% >a!sH and >ord Bacon% the British Plato%describes the la!s of the material uni"erse as the ideas in nature. $uodin natura naturata >e,% in natura naturante &dea dicitur.$ 3 moresubtle limitation of the !ord ma be found in the last paragraph of EssaNEO in the 3ppendi, to the Statesmans Danual.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

To kno! an thing for certain is to ha"e a clear insight into theinseparabilit of the predicate from the subject Nthe matter from theformO% and "ice "ersa. This is a "erbal definition%JJa real definitionof a thing absolutel kno!n is impossible. & kno! a circle% !hen &percei"e that the eFualit of all possible radii from the centre to thecircumference is inseparable from the idea of a circle.

3ugust =6. /957.

P3&AT&AG.

Painting is the intermediate some!hat bet!een a thought and a thing.

3pril /=. /9=6.

P-?PEC&ES ?* TE ?> TEST3DEAT.JJDESS&3.JJ4E)S.JJTE T-&A&T'.

&f the prophecies of the ?ld Testament are not rightl interpreted of 4esus

our Christ% then there is no prediction !hate"er contained in it of thatstupendous e"entJJthe rise and establishment of ChristianitJJin comparison!ith !hich all the preceding 4e!ish histor is as nothing. )ith thee,ception of the book of aniel% !hich the 4e!s themsel"es ne"er classedamong the prophecies% and an obscure te,t of 4eremiah% there is not apassage in all the ?ld Testament !hich fa"ours the notion of a temporalDessiah. )hat moral object !as there% for !hich such a Dessiah should comeI)hat could he ha"e been but a sort of "irtuous Sesostris or BuonaparteI

( ( ( ( (

& kno! that some e,cellent menJJ&sraelites !ithout guileJJdo not% in fact%

e,pect the ad"ent of an DessiahH but belie"e% or suggest% that it mapossibl ha"e been Gods !ill and meaning% that the 4e!s should remain aFuiet light among the nations for the purpose of pointing at the doctrineof the unit of God. To !hich & sa% that this truth of the essential unitof God has been preser"ed% and gloriousl preached% b Christianit alone.The -omans ne"er shut up their temples% nor ceased to !orship a hundred or a thousand gods and goddesses% at the bidding of the 4e!sH the Persians%the indus% the Chinese% learned nothing of this great truth from the 4e!s.But from Christians the did learn it in "arious degrees% and are stilllearning it. The religion of the 4e!s is% indeed% a lightH but it is as thelight of the glo!J!orm% !hich gi"es no heat% and illumines nothing butitself.

( ( ( ( (



&t has been objected to me% that the "ulgar notions of the Trinit are at"ariance !ith this doctrineH and it !as added% !hether as flatter or sarcasm matters not% that fe! belie"ers in the Trinit thought of it as &did. To !hich again humbl% et confidentl% & repl% that m superior light% if superior% consists in nothing more than this%JJthat & moreclearl see that the doctrine of Trinal @nit is an absolute truthtranscending m human means of understanding it% or demonstrating it. & ma

or ma not be able to utter the formula of m faith in this mster in morelogical terms than some othersH but this & sa% Go and ask the mostordinar man% a professed belie"er in this doctrine% !hether he belie"es inand !orships a pluralit of Gods% and he !ill start !ith horror at the baresuggestion. e ma not be able to e,plain his creed in e,act termsH but he!ill tell ou that he does belie"e in one God% and in one God onl%JJreason about it as ou ma.

( ( ( ( (

)hat all the churches of the East and )est% !hat -omanist and Protestantbelie"e in common% that & call Christianit. &n no proper sense of the !ord

can & call @nitarians and Socinians belie"ers in ChristH at least% not inthe onl Christ of !hom & ha"e read or kno! an thing.

3pril /:% /9=6.

C?A+E-S&?A ?* TE 4E)S.JJ4E)S &A P?>3A.

There is no hope of con"erting the 4e!s in the !a and !ith the spiritunhappil adopted b our churchH and% indeed% b all other modern churches.&n the first age% the 4e!ish Christians undoubtedl considered themsel"esas the seed of 3braham% to !hom the promise had been madeH and% as such% a

superior order. )itness the account of St. Peters conduct in the 3cts 8/;%and the Epistle to the Galatians.85; St. Paul protested against this% sofar as it !ent to make 4e!ish obser"ances compulsor on Christians !ho !erenot of 4e!ish blood% and so far as it in an !a led to bottom the religionon the Dosaic co"enant of !orksH but he ne"er denied the birthright of thechosen seed2 on the contrar% he himself e"identl belie"ed that the 4e!s!ould ultimatel be restoredH and he sas%JJ&f the Gentiles ha"e been soblest b the rejection of the 4e!s% ho! much rather shall the be blest bthe con"ersion and restoration of &srael1 )h do !e e,pect the 4e!s toabandon their national customs and distinctionsI The 3bssinian church saidthat the claimed a descent from 3brahamH and that% in "irtue of suchancestr% the obser"ed circumcision2 but declaring !ithal% that the

rejected the co"enant of !orks% and rested on the promise fulfilled in4esus Christ. &n conseFuence of this appeal% the 3bssinians !ere permittedto retain their customs.

&f -henferds Essas !ere translatedJJif the 4e!s !ere made acFuainted !iththe real argumentJJif the !ere addressed kindl% and !ere not reFuired toabandon their distincti"e customs and national tpe% but !ere in"ited tobecome Christians as of the seed of 3brahamJJ& belie"e there !ould be aChristian snagogue in a ears time. 3s it is% the 4e!s of the lo!er orders are the "er lo!est of mankindH the ha"e not a principle of honestin themH to grasp and be getting mone for e"er is their single ande,clusi"e occupation. 3 learned 4e! once said to me% upon this subject2JJ$?

Sir1 make the inhabitants of oll!ell Street and ukes Place &sraelitesfirst% and then !e ma debate about making them Christians.$8=;

&n Poland% the 4e!s are great landholders% and are the !orst of trants.



The ha"e no kind of smpath !ith their labourers and dependants. Thene"er meet them in common !orship. >and% in the hand of a large number of 4e!s% instead of being% !hat it ought to be% the organ of permanence% !ouldbecome the organ of rigidit% in a nationH b their intermarriages !ithintheir o!n pale% it !ould be in fact perpetuall entailed. Then% again% if apopular tumult !ere to take place in Poland% !ho can doubt that the 4e!s!ould be the first objects of murder and spoliationI

8*ootnote /2 Chap. ,".;

8*ootnote 5 2 Chap. ii.;

8*ootnote =2Dr. Coleridge had a "er friendl acFuaintance !ith se"eral learned 4e!s inthis countr% and he told me that% !hene"er he had fallen in !ith a 4e! of thorough education and literar habits% he had al!as found him possessedof a strong natural capacit for metaphsical disFuisitions. & ma mentionhere the best kno!n of his 4e!ish friends% one !hom he deepl respected%man ur!itK.JJE.;

3pril /7. /9=6.

D?S3&C D&-3C>ES.JJP3ATE&SD.

&n the miracles of Doses% there is a remarkable intermingling of acts%!hich !e should no!JaJdas call simpl pro"idential% !ith such as !e shouldstill call miraculous. The passing of the 4ordan% in the =d chapter of thebook of 4oshua% is perhaps the purest and sheerest miracle recorded in theBibleH it seems to ha"e been !rought for the miracles sake% and so therebto sho! to the 4e!sJJthe descendants of those !ho had come out of EgptJJ

that the same God !ho had appeared to their fathers% and !ho had bmiracles% in man respects pro"idential onl% preser"ed them in the!ilderness% !as their God also. The manna and Fuails !ere ordinarpro"isions of Pro"idence% rendered miraculous b certain la!s and Fualitiesanne,ed to them in the particular instance. The passage of the -ed Sea !aseffected b a strong !ind% !hich% !e are told% dro"e hack the !atersH andso on. But then% again% the death of the firstJborn !as purel miraculous.ence% then% both 4e!s and Egptians might take occasion to learn% that it!as one and the same God !ho interfered speciall% and !ho go"erned allgenerall.

( ( ( ( (

Take a!a the first "erse of the hook of Genesis% and then !hat immediatelfollo!s is an e,act histor or sketch of Pantheism. Pantheism !as taught inthe msteries of GreeceH of !hich the Samothracian or Cabeiric !ereprobabl the purest and the most ancient.

3pril /9. /9=6.

P?ET&C P-?D&SE.

&n the present age it is ne,t to impossible to predict from specimens%ho!e"er fa"ourable% that a oung man !ill turn out a great poet% or rather



a poet at all. Poetic taste% de,terit in composition% and ingeniousimitation% often produce poems that are "er promising in appearance. Butgenius% or the po!er of doing something ne!% is another thing. Dr.Tennsons sonnets% such as & ha"e seen% ha"e man of the characteristice,cellencies of those of )ords!orth and Southe.

3pril /0. /9=6.

&t is a small thing that the patient kno!s of his o!n stateH et somethings he does kno! better than his phsician.

( ( ( ( (

& ne"er had% and ne"er could feel% an horror at death% simpl as death.

( ( ( ( (

Good and bad men are each less so than the seem.

3pril =6. /9=6.

A?D&A3>&STS 3A -E3>&STS.JJB-&T&S SC??>DEA.JJSP&A?S3.

The result of m sstem !ill be% to sho!% that% so far from the !orld being

a goddess in petticoats% it is rather the e"il in a strait !aistcoat.

( ( ( ( (

The contro"ers of the Aominalists and -ealists !as one of the greatest andmost important that e"er occupied the human mind. The !ere both right% andboth !rong. The each maintained opposite poles of the same truthH !hichtruth neither of them sa!% for !ant of a higher premiss. uns Scotus !asthe head of the -ealistsH ?ckham%8/; his o!n disciple% of the Aominalists.?ckham% though certainl "er proli,% is a most e,traordinar !riter.

8*ootnote /2

4ohn uns Scotus !as born in /57:% at unstone in the parish of Emildune%near 3ln!ick. e !as a fello! of Derton College% and Professor of i"initat ?,ford. 3fter acFuiring an uncommon reputation at his o!n uni"ersit% he!ent to Paris% and thence to Cologne% and there died in /=69% at the earlage of thirtJfour ears. e !as called the Subtle octor% and found timeto compose !orks !hich no! fill t!el"e "olumes in folio. See the >onsedition% b >uke )adding% in /<=0.

)illiam ?ckham !as an Englishman% and died about /=:7H but the place andear of his birth are not clearl ascertained. e !as stled the &n"incibleoctor% and !rote bitterl against Pope 4ohn LL&&. )e all remember Butlersaccount of these !orthies2JJ

$e kne! !hats !hat% and thats as high 3s metaphsic !it can flH &n school di"init as able



3s he that hight &rrefragable% 3 second Thomas% or at once To name them all% another unseH Profound in all the Aominal 3nd -eal !as beond them allH *or he a rope of sand could t!ist 3s tough as learned Sorbonist.$

@&B-3S. Part &. Canto &. ". /:0.

The &rrefragable octor !as 3le,ander ales% a nati"e of Gloucestershire%!ho died in /5:. 3mongst his pupils at Paris% !as *idanKa% better kno!n bthe name of Bona"entura% the Seraphic octor. The contro"ers of the-ealists and the Aominalists cannot he e,plained in a noteH but insubstance the original point of dispute ma be thus stated. The -ealistsheld generall !ith 3ristotle% that there !ere uni"ersal ideas or essences impressed upon matter% and co"eal !ith% and inherent in% their objects. Plato held that these uni"ersal forms e,isted as e,emplars in thedi"ine mind pre"iousl to% and independentl of% matterH but bothmaintained% under one shape or other% the real e,istence of uni"ersal

forms. ?n the other hand% Meno and the old Stoics denied the e,istence of these uni"ersals% and contended that the !ere no more than mere tenms andnominal representati"es of their particular objects. The Aominalists !erethe follo!ers of Meno% and held that uni"ersal forms are merel modes of conception% and e,ist solel in and for the mind. &t does not reFuire muchreflection to see ho! great an influence these different sstems might ha"eupon the enunciation of the higher doctrines of Christianit.JJE.;

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&t is remarkable% that t!o thirds of the eminent schoolmen !ere of Britishbirth. &t !as the schoolmen !ho made the languages of Europe !hat the no!

are. )e laugh at the Fuiddities of those !riters no!% but% in truth% theseFuiddities are just the parts of their language !hich !e ha"e rejectedH!hilst !e ne"er think of the mass !hich !e ha"e adopted% and ha"e in dailuse.

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?ne of the scholastic definitions of God is this%JJeus est% cui omne Fuodest est esse omne Fuod est2 as long a sentence made up of as fe! !ords%and those as oligosllabic% as an & remember. B the b% that oligosllabic is a !ord happil illustrati"e of its o!n meaning% e,

opposito.

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Spinosa% at the "er end of his life% seems to ha"e gained a glimpse of thetruth. &n the last letter published in his !orks% it appears that he beganto suspect his premiss. is unica substantia is% in fact% a mere notion%JJa subject of the mind% and no object at all.

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Platos !orks are preparator e,ercises for the mind. e leads ou to see%

that propositions in"ol"ing in themsel"es contradictor conceptions% arene"ertheless trueH and !hich% therefore% must belong to a higher logicJJthat of ideas. The are contradictor onl in the 3ristotelian logic% !hichis the instrument of the understanding. & ha"e read most of the !orks of



Plato se"eral times !ith profound attention% but not all his !ritings. &nfact% & soon found that & had read Plato b anticipation. e !as aconsummate genius.8/;

8*ootnote /2$This is the test and character of a truth so affirmed NJJa truth of thereason% an &deaOJJthat in its o!n proper form it is inconcei"able. *or to

concei"e% is a function of the understanding% !hich can he e,ercised onlon subjects subordinate thereto. 3nd et to the forms of the understandingall truth must be reduced% that is to be fi,ed as an object of reflection%and to be rendered e,pressible. 3nd here !e ha"e a second test and signof a truth so affirmed% that it can come forth out of the moulds of theunderstanding onl in the disguise of t!o contradictor conceptions% eachof !hich is partiall true% and the conjunction of both conceptions becomesthe representati"e or e,pression NJJthe e,ponentO of a truth beondconception and ine,pressible. E,amples2 before 3braham )3S% & 3D. God isa circle% the centre of !hich is e"er !here% and the circumference no!here. The soul is all in e"er part.$ 3ids to -eflection% n. 55:.n. Seealso Church and State% p. /5.JJE.;

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D mind is in a state of philosophical doubt as to animal magnetism. +onSpi,% the eminent naturalist% makes no doubt of the matter% and talkscooll of gi"ing doses of it. The torpedo affects a third or e,ternalobject% b an e,ertion of its o!n !ill2 such a po!er is not properlelectricalH for electricit acts in"ariabl under the same circumstances. 3stead gaKe !ill make man persons of fair comple,ions blush deepl. 3ccount for that. 8/;

8*ootnote /2

& find the follo!ing remarkable passage in p. =6/. "ol. i. of the richlannotated cop of Dr. Southes >ife of )esle% !hich Dr. C. beFueathed ashis $darling book and the fa"ourite of his librar$ to its great andhonoured author and donor2JJ

$The coincidence throughout of all these Dethodist cases !ith those of theDagnetists makes me !ish for a solution that !ould appl to all. Ao! thissense or appearance of a sense of the distant% both in time and space% iscommon to almost all the magnetic patients in enmark% German% *rance%and Aorth &tal% to man of !hom the same or a similar solution could notappl. >ike!ise% man cases ha"e been recorded at the same time% indifferent countries% b men !ho had ne"er heard of each others names% and

!here the simultaneit of publication pro"es the independence of thetestimon. 3nd among the Dagnetisers and 3ttesters are to be found names of men% !hose competence in respect of integrit and incapabilit of intentional falsehood is full eFual to that of )esle% and their competence in respect of phsioJ and pschological insight and attainmentsincomparabl greater. )ho !ould dream% indeed% of comparing )esle !ith aCu"ier% ufeland% Blumenbach% Eschenmeer% -eil% c.I )ere & asked% !hat & think% m ans!er !ould be%JJthat the e"idence enforces scepticism and a non liFuetHJJtoo strong and consentaneous for a candid mind to besatisfied of its falsehood% or its sol"ibilit on the supposition of imposture or casual coincidenceHJJtoo fugacious and unfi,able to supportan theor that supposes the al!as potential% and% under certain

conditions and circumstances% occasionall acti"e% e,istence of acorrespondent facult in the human soul. 3nd nothing less than such anhpothesis !ould be adeFuate to the satisfactor e,planation of thefactsHJJthough that of a metastasis of specific functions of the ner"ous



energ% taken in conjunction !ith e,treme ner"ous e,citement% plus somedelusion% plus some illusion% plus some imposition% plus some chanceand accidental coincidence% might determine the direction in !hich thescepticism should "ibrate. Aine ears has the subject of MooJmagnetism beenbefore me. & ha"e traced it historicall% collected a mass of documents in*rench% German% &talian% and the >atinists of the si,teenth centur% ha"ene"er neglected an opportunit of Fuestioning eeJ!itnesses% e,. gr.

Tieck% Tre"iranus% e Prati% Deer% and others of literar or medicalcelebrit% and & remain !here & !as% and !here the first perusal of lugs!ork had left me% !ithout ha"ing mo"ed an inch back!ard or for!ard. Therepl of Tre"iranus% the famous botanist% to me% !hen he !as in >ondon% is!orth recording2JJ&ch habe gesehen !as Nich !eiss dasO ich nicht !uerdegeglaubt haben auf ihren erKaehlung% c. & ha"e seen !hat & am certain &!ould not ha"e belie"ed on our tellingH and in all reason% therefore% &can neither e,pect nor !ish that ou should belie"e on mine.$JJE.;

Da /. /9=6.

*3>> ?* D3A.JJD3AESS.JJB-?)A 3A 3-)&A.JJA&T-?@S ?L&E.

3 *all of some sort or otherJJthe creation% as it !ere% of the nonJabsoluteJJis the fundamental postulate of the moral histor of man. )ithoutthis hpothesis% man is unintelligibleH !ith it% e"er phenomenon ise,plicable. The mster itself is too profound for human insight.

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Dadness is not simpl a bodil disease. &t is the sleep of the spirit !ithcertain conditions of !akefulnessH that is to sa% lucid inter"als. uringthis sleep% or recession of the spirit% the lo!er or bestial states of liferise up into action and prominence. &t is an a!ful thing to be eternalltempted b the per"erted senses. The reason ma resistJJit does resistJJfor a long timeH but too often% at length% it ields for a moment% and the manis mad for e"er. 3n act of the !ill is% in man instances% precedent tocomplete insanit. & think it !as Bishop Butler !ho said% that he !as $allhis life struggling against the de"ilish suggestions of his senses%$ !hich!ould ha"e maddened him% if he had rela,ed the stern !akefulness of his

reason for a single moment.

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Bro!ns and ar!ins theories are both ingeniousH but the first !ill notaccount for sleep% and the last !ill not account for death2 considerabledefects% ou must allo!.

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&t is said that e"er e,citation is follo!ed b a commensurate e,haustion.That is not so. The e,citation caused b inhaling nitrous o,ide is an

e,ception at leastH it lea"es no e,haustion on the bursting of the bubble.The operation of this gas is to pre"ent the decarbonating of the bloodHand% conseFuentl% if taken e,cessi"el% it !ould produce apople,. Theblood becomes black as ink. The "oluptuous sensation attending the



inhalation is produced b the compression and resistance.

Da 5. /9=6.

P>3ATS.JJ&ASECTS.JJDEA.JJ?G.JJ3AT 3A BEE.

Plants e,ist in themsel"es. &nsects b% or b means of% themsel"es.Den% for themsel"es. The perfection of irrational animals is that !hichis best for themH the perfection of man is that !hich is absolutel best.There is gro!th onl in plantsH but there is irritabilit% or% a better !ord% instincti"it% in insects.

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'ou ma understand b insect% life in sectionsJJdiffused generall o"er

all the parts.

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The dog alone% of all brute animals% has a 8(Greek2 storgae;% or affection up!ards to man.

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The ant and the bee are% & think% much nearer man in the understanding or facult of adapting means to pro,imate ends than the elephant.8/;

8*ootnote /2& remember Dr. C. !as accustomed to consider the ant% as the mostintellectual% and the dog as the most affectionate% of the irrationalcreatures% so far as our present acFuaintance !ith the facts of naturalhistor enables us to judge.JJE.;

Da =. /9=6.

B>3C C?>?AE>.

)hat an e,cellent character is the black Colonel in Drs. Bennetts $Beggar Girl1$8/;

&f an inscription be put upon m tomb% it ma be that & !as an enthusiasticlo"er of the churchH and as enthusiastic a hater of those !ho ha"e betraedit% be the !ho the ma.85;

8*ootnote /2This character !as freFuentl a subject of pleasant description andenlargement !ith Dr. Coleridge% and he generall passed from it to a highcommendation of Diss 3ustens no"els% as being in their !a perfectl



genuine and indi"idual productions.JJE.;

8*ootnote 52This !as a strong !a of e,pressing a deepJrooted feeling. 3 better and atruer character !ould be% that Coleridge !as a lo"er of the church% and adefender of the faith1 This last e,pression is the utterance of acon"iction so profound that it can patientl !ait for time to pro"e its

truth.JJE.;

Da :. /9=6.

?>>3A 3A TE @TC.

olland and the Aetherlands ought to be seen once% because no other countris like them. E"er thing is artificial. 'ou !ill be struck !ith thecombinations of "i"id greener% and !ater% and buildingH but e"er thing is

so distinct and rememberable% that ou !ould not impro"e our conception b"isiting the countr a hundred times o"er. &t is interesting to see acountr and a nature made% as it !ere% b man% and to compare it !ithGods nature.8/;

&f ou go% remark% Nindeed ou !ill be forced to do so in spite of ourself%O remark% & sa% the identit Nfor it is more than pro,imitO of adisgusting dirtiness in all that concerns the dignit of% and re"erencefor% the human personH and a persecuting painted cleanliness in e"er thingconnected !ith propert. 'ou must not !alk in their gardensH na% ou musthardl look into them.

8*ootnote /2&n the summer of /959% Dr. Coleridge made an e,cursion !ith Dr. )ords!orthin olland% *landers% and up the -hine% as far as Bergen. e came backdelighted% especiall !ith his sta near Bonn% but !ith an abiding disgustat the filth habits of the people. @pon Cologne% in particular% he a"engedhimself in t!o epigrams. See Poet. )orks% "ol. ii. p. /::.JJE.;

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The utch seem "er happ and comfortable% certainlH but it is thehappiness of animals. &n "ain do ou look for the s!eet breath of hopeand ad"ancement among them. 8/;&n fact% as to their "illas and gardens%

the are not to be compared to an ordinar >ondon merchants bo,.

8*ootnote /2 $*or e"er gift of noble origin &s breathed upon b opes perpetual breath.$ )ords!orth.;

Da . /9=6.

-E>&G&?A GEAT&>&MES.JJ)?DEA 3A DEA.JJB&B>&C3> C?DDEAT3T?-S.JJ)3>E-&TEC-EE.



'ou ma depend upon it% religion is% in its essence% the most gentlemanlthing in the !orld. &t !ill alone gentiliKe% if unmi,ed !ith cantH and &kno! nothing else that !ill% alone. Certainl not the arm% !hich isthought to be the grand embellisher of manners.

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3 !omans head is usuall o"er ears in her heart. Dan seems to ha"e beendesigned for the superior being of the t!oH but as things are% & think!omen are generall better creatures than men. The ha"e% takenuni"ersall% !eaker appetites and !eaker intellects% but the ha"e muchstronger affections. 3 man !ith a bad heart has been sometimes sa"ed b astrong headH but a corrupt !oman is lost for e"er.

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& ne"er could get much information out of the biblical commentators.Cocceius has told me the mostH but he% and all of them% ha"e a notabletrick of passing siccissimis pedibus o"er the parts !hich puKKle a man of

reflection.

The )alkerite creed% or doctrine of the Ae! Church% as it is called%appears to be a miscellan of Cal"inism and uakerismH but it is hard tounderstand it.

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Da 7% /9=6.

?-AE T??E.JJJJ&+E-S&?AS ?* P@->E'.JJJJGEAE- ?* TE S@A &A GE-D3A.

orne Tooke !as preJeminentl a readJ!itted man. e had that clearness!hich is founded on shallo!ness. e doubted nothingH and% therefore% ga"eou all that he himself kne!% or meant% !ith great completeness. is "oice!as "er fine% and his tones e,Fuisitel discriminating. is mind had noprogression or de"elopement. 3ll that is !orth an thing Nand that is butlittleO in the i"ersions of Purle is contained in a short pamphletJletter !hich he addressed to Dr. unningH then it !as enlarged to an octa"o% hutthere !as not a foot of progression beond the pamphletH at last% a Fuarto"olume% / belie"e% came outH and et% "eril% e,cepting ne!spaper lampoons

and political insinuations% there !as no addition to the argument of thepamphlet% &t sho!s a base and unpoetical mind to con"ert so beautiful% sodi"ine% a subject as language into the "ehicle or makeJ!eight of politicalsFuibs. 3ll that is true in orne Tookes book is taken from >ennep% !hoga"e it for so much as it !as !orth% and ne"er pretended to make a sstemof it. Tooke affects to e,plain the origin and !hole philosoph of languageb !hat is% in fact% onl a mere accident of the histor of one language%or one or t!o languages. is abuse of arris is most shallo! and unfair.arris% in the ermes% !as dealingJJnot "er profoundl% it is true%JJ!iththe philosoph of language% the moral% phsical% and metaphsical causesand conditions of it% c. orne Tooke% in !riting about the formation of !ords onl% thought he !as e,plaining the philosoph of language% !hich is

a "er different thing. &n point of fact% he !as "er shallo! in the Gothicdialects. & must sa% all that decantata fabula about the genders of thesun and moon in German seems to me great stuff. ?riginall% & apprehend% inthe PlattJeutsch of the north of German there !ere onl t!o definite



articlesJJdie for masculine and feminine% and das for neuter. Then it!as die sonne% in a masculine sense% as !e sa !ith the same !ord asarticle% the sun. >uther% in constructing the ochJeutsch Nfor reallhis miraculous and pro"idential translation of the Bible !as thefundamental act of construction of the literar GermanO% took for hisdistinct masculine article the der of the ?berJeutsch% and thusconstituted the three articles of the present igh German% der% die% das.

Aaturall% therefore% it !ould then ha"e been% der sonneH but here theanalog of the Greek grammar pre"ailed% and as sonne had the arbitrarfeminine termination of the Greek% it !as left !ith its old article die%!hich% originall including masculine and feminine both% had gro!n todesignate the feminine onl. To the best of m recollection% theDinnesingers and all the old poets al!as use the sun as masculineH and%since >uthers time% the poets feel the a!k!ardness of the classical gender affi,ed to the sun so much% that the more commonl introduce Phoebus or some other snonme instead. & must ackno!ledge m doubts% !hether% uponmore accurate in"estigation% it can be sho!n that there e"er !as a nationthat considered the sun in itself% and apart from language% as the femininepo!er. The moon does not so clearl demand a feminine as the sun does a

masculine se,2 it might be considered negati"el or neuterHJJet if thereception of its light from the sun !ere kno!n% that !ould ha"e been a goodreason for making her feminine% as being the recipient bod.

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3s our the !as the German die% so & belie"e our that stood for das%and !as used as a neuter definite article.

The PlattJeutsch !as a compact language like the English% not admittingmuch agglutination. The ?berJeutsch !as fuller and fonder of agglutinating !ords together% although it !as not so soft in its sounds.

Da 9. /9=6.

?-AE T??E.JJ43C?B&AS.

orne Tooke said that his friends might% if the pleased% go as far asSlough%JJhe should go no farther than ounslo!H but that !as no reason !hhe should not keep them compan so far as their roads !ere the same. Theans!er is eas. Suppose ou kno!% or suspect% that a man is about to commit

a robber at Slough% though ou do not mean to be his accomplice% ha"e oua moral right to !alk arm in arm !ith him to ounslo!% and% b thus gi"inghim our countenance% pre"ent his being taken upI The histor of all the!orld tells us% that immoral means !ill e"er intercept good ends.

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Enlist the interests of stern moralit and religious enthusiasm in thecause of political libert% as in the time of the old Puritans% and it !illbe irresistibleH but the 4acobins plaed the !hole game of religion% andmorals% and domestic happiness into the hands of the aristocrats. ThankGod1 that the did so. England !as sa"ed from ci"il !ar b their enormous%

their pro"idential% blundering.

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Can a politician% a statesman% slight the feelings and the con"ictions of the !hole matronage of his countrI The !omen are as influential upon suchnational interests as the men.

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orne Tooke !as al!as making a butt of Dr. God!inH !ho% ne"ertheless% had

that in him !hich Tooke could ne"er ha"e understood. & sa! a good deal of Tooke at one time2 he left upon me the impression of his being a keen% ironman.

Da 0. /9=6.

PE-S&3A 3A 3-3B&C P?ET-'.JJD&>ES&3A T3>ES.

& must ackno!ledge & ne"er could see much merit in the Persian poetr%!hich & ha"e read in translation. There is not a ra of imagination in it%and but a glimmering of fanc. &t is% in fact% so far as & kno!% deficientin truth. Poetr is certainl something more than good sense% but it mustbe good sense% at all e"entsH just as a palace is more than a house% butit must be a house% at least. The 3rabian Aights Tales are a differentthing JJthe are delightful% but & cannot help surmising that there is agood deal of Greek fanc in them. Ao doubt !e ha"e had a great loss in theDilesian Tales.8/; The book of 4ob is pure 3rab poetr of the highest andmost antiFue cast.

Think of the sublimit% & should rather sa the profundit% of that

passage in EKekiel% 85;$Son of man% can these bones li"eI 3nd & ans!ered%? >ord God% thou kno!est.$ & kno! nothing like it.

8*ootnote /2The Dilesiacs !ere so called% because !ritten or composed b 3ristides of Diletus% and also because the scene of all or most of them !as placed inthat rich and lu,urious cit. arpocration cites the si,th book of thiscollection. Aothing% & belie"e% is no! kno!n of the age or histor of this 3ristides% e,cept !hat ma be inferred from the fact that >ucius CorneliusSisenna translated the tales into >atin% as !e learn from ?"id2JJ

4un,it 3ristides Dilesia crimina secumJJ

and after!ards%

+ertit 3ristidem Sisenna% nec obfuit illi istoriae turpes inseruisse jocos2JJ

*asti% ii. :/5J::.

and also from the incident mentioned in the Plutarchian life of Crassus%that after the defeat at Carrhae% a cop of the Dilesiacs of 3ristides !asfound in the baggage of a -oman officer% and that Surena N!ho% b the b%

if histor has not done him injustice% !as not a man to be o"er scrupulousin such a case%O caused the book to be brought into the senate house of Seleucia% and a portion of it read aloud% for the purpose of insulting the-omans% !ho% e"en during !ar% he said% could not abstain from the perusal



of such infamous compositions%JJc. =5. The immoral character of thesetales% therefore% ma be considered prett clearl establishedH the !erethe ecameron and eptameron of antiFuit.JJE.;

8*ootnote 52 Chap. ,,,"ii. ". =.;

Da //. /9=6.

S&- T. D?A-?.JJS&- S. -3**>ES.JJC3AA&AG.

Sir Thomas Donro and Sir Stamford -affles !ere both great menH but &recognise more genius in the latter% though% & belie"e% the !orld sasother!ise.

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& ne"er found !hat & call an idea in an speech or !riting of JJJJs.Those enormousl proli, harangues are a proof of !eakness in the higher intellectual grasp. Canning had a sense of the beautiful and the goodH JJJrarel speaks but to abuse% detract% and degrade. & confine mself toinstitutions% of course% and do not mean personal detraction. &n m judgment% no man can rightl apprehend an abuse till he has first masteredthe idea of the use of an institution. o! fine% for e,ample% is the ideaof the unhired magistrac of England% taking in and linking together theduke to the countr gentleman in the primar distribution of justice% or in the preser"ation of order and e,ecution of la! at least throughout thecountr1 'et some men ne"er seem to ha"e thought of it for one moment% butas connected !ith bre!ers% and barristers% and trannical SFuire )esterns1

*rom !hat & sa! of omer% & thought him a superior man% in realintellectual greatness.

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Canning flashed such a light around the constitution% that it !as difficultto see the ruins of the fabric through it.

Da /5. /9=6.

S3SPE3-E.JJD&>T?A.JJ?DE-.

Shakspeare is the Spinosistic deitJJan omnipresent creati"eness. Dilton isthe deit of prescienceH he stands ab e,tra% and dri"es a fier chariotand four% making the horses feel the iron curb !hich holds them in.Shakspeares poetr is characterlessH that is% it does not reflect theindi"idual ShakspeareH but 4ohn Dilton himself is in e"er line of theParadise >ost. Shakspeares rhmed "erses are e,cessi"el condensed%JJepigrams !ith the point e"er !hereH but in his blank dramatic "erse he is

diffused% !ith a linked s!eetness long dra!n out. Ao one can understandShakspeares superiorit full until he has ascertained% b comparison% allthat !hich he possessed in common !ith se"eral other great dramatists of his age% and has then calculated the surplus !hich is entirel Shakspeares



o!n. is rhthm is so perfect% that ou ma be almost sure that ou do notunderstand the real force of a line% if it does not run !ell as ou readit. The necessar mental pause after e"er hemistich or imperfect line isal!as eFual to the time that !ould ha"e been taken in reading the complete"erse.

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& ha"e no doubt !hate"er that omer is a mere concrete name for therhapsodies of the &liad.8/; ?f course there !as a omer% and t!ent

besides. & !ill engage to compile t!el"e books !ith characters just asdistinct and consistent as those in the &liad% from the metrical ballads%and other chronicles of England% about 3rthur and the nights of the -oundTable. & sa nothing about moral dignit% but the mere consistenc of character. The different Fualities !ere traditional. Tristram is al!ascourteous% >ancelot in"incible% and so on. The same might be done !ith theSpanish romances of the Cid. There is no subjecti"it !hate"er in theomeric poetr. There is a subjecti"it of the poet% as of Dilton% !ho is

himself before himself in e"erthing he !ritesH and there is a subjecti"itof the persona% or dramatic character% as in all Shakspeares greatcreations% amlet% >ear% c.

8*ootnote /2Dr. Coleridge !as a decided )olfian in the omeric FuestionH but he hadne"er read a !ord of the famous Prolegomena% and kne! nothing of )olfsreasoning% but !hat & told him of it in con"ersation. Dr. C. informed me%that he adopted the conclusion contained in the te,t upon the first perusalof +icos ScienKa Auo"aH $not%$ he said% $that +ico has reasoned it out!ith such learning and accurac as ou report of )olf% but +ico struck outall the leading hints% and & soon filled up the rest out of m o!n head.$JJ

E.;

Da /:. /9=6.

-E3S?A 3A @AE-ST3A&AG.JJ)?-S 3A A3DES ?* T&AGS.

@ntil ou ha"e mastered the fundamental difference% in kind% bet!een thereason and the understanding as faculties of the human mind% ou cannotescape a thousand difficulties in philosoph. &t is preJeminentl the

Gradus ad Philosophiam.

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The general harmon bet!een the operations of the mind and heart% and the!ords !hich e,press them in almost all languages% is !onderfulH !hilst theendless discrepancies bet!een the names of things is "er !ell deser"ingnotice. There are nearl a hundred names in the different German dialectsfor the alderJtree. & belie"e man more remarkable instances are to befound in 3rabic. &ndeed% ou ma take a "er pregnant and usefuldistinction bet!een !ords and mere arbitrar names of things.

Da /. /9=6.

TE T-&A&T'.JJ&-+&AG.



The Trinit is% /. the )illH 5. the -eason% or )ordH =. the >o"e% or >ife. 3s !e distinguish these three% so !e must unite them in one God. The unionmust be as transcendant as the distinction.

Dr. &r"ings notion is tritheism%JJna% rather in terms% triJdaemonism. is

opinion about the sinfulness of the humanit of our >ord is absurd% if considered in one point of "ie!H for bod is not carcass. o! can there bea sinful carcassI But !hat he sas is capable of a sounder interpretation.&r"ing caught man things from meH but he !ould ne"er attend to an thing!hich he thought he could not use in the pulpit. & told him the certainconseFuence !ould be% that he !ould fall into grie"ous errors. Sometimes hehas fi"e or si, pages together of the purest eloFuence% and then anoutbreak of almost madmans babble.8/;

8*ootnote /2The admiration and smpath !hich Dr. Coleridge felt and e,pressed to!ardsthe late Dr. &r"ing% at his first appearance in >ondon% !ere great and

sincereH and his grief at the deplorable change !hich follo!ed !as inproportion. But% long after the tongues shall ha"e failed and beenforgotten% &r"ings name !ill li"e in the splendid eulogies of his friend.See Church and State% p. /96. n.JJE.;

Da /<. /9=6.

3B-33D.JJ&S33C.JJ43C?B.

o! !onderfull beautiful is the delineation of the characters of the threepatriarchs in Genesis1 To be sure% if e"er man could% !ithout impropriet%be called% or supposed to be% $the friend of God%$ 3braham !as that man. )eare not surprised that 3bimelech and Ephron seem to re"erence him soprofoundl. e !as peaceful% because of his conscious relation to GodH inother respects% he takes fire% like an 3rah sheikh% at the injuriessuffered b >ot% and goes to !ar !ith the combined kinglings immediatel.

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&saac is% as it !ere% a faint shado! of his father 3braham. Born in

possession of the po!er and !ealth !hich his father had acFuired% he isal!as peaceful and meditati"eH and it is curious to obser"e his timid andalmost childish imitation of 3brahams stratagem about his !ife. 8/; &saacdoes it beforeJhand% and !ithout an apparent necessit.

8*ootnote /2 Gen. ,,"i. <.;

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4acob is a regular 4e!% and practises all sorts of tricks and !iles% !hich%according to our modern notions of honour% !e cannot appro"e. But ou !illobser"e that all these tricks are confined to matters of prudential

arrangement% to !orldl success and prosperit Nfor such% in fact% !as theessence of the birthrightOH and & think !e must not e,act from men of animperfectl ci"iliKed age the same conduct as to mere temporal and bodilabstinence !hich !e ha"e a right to demand from Christians. 4acob is al!as



careful not to commit an "iolenceH he shudders at bloodshed. See hisdemeanour after the "engeance taken on the Schechemites. 8/; e is thee,act compound of the timidit and gentleness of &saac% and of theunderhand craftiness of his mother -ebecca. Ao man could be a bad man !holo"ed as he lo"ed -achel. & dare sa >aban thought none the !orse of 4acobfor his plan of making the e!es bring forth ringJstreaked lambs.

8*ootnote /2 Gen. ,,,i".;

Da /7. /9=6.

?-&G&A ?* 3CTS.JJ>?+E.

&f a mans conduct cannot be ascribed to the angelic% nor to the bestial!ithin him% !hat is there left for us to refer to it% but the fiendishIPassion !ithout an appetite is fiendish.

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The best !a to bring a cle"er oung man% !ho has become sceptical andunsettled% to reason% is to make him feel something in an !a. >o"e% if sincere and un!orldl% !ill% in nine instances out of ten% bring him to asense and assurance of something real and actualH and that sense alone !illmake him think to a sound purpose% instead of dreaming that he isthinking.

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$Ae"er marr but for lo"e%$ sas )illiam Penn in his -efle,ions and Da,imsH$but see that thou lo"est !hat is lo"el.$

Da /9. /9=6.

>?- E>?AS ?CT-&AE 3S T? G-3DD3- SC??>S.JJED?C-3C'.

>ord Eldons doctrine% that grammar schools% in the sense of the reign of Ed!ard +&. and ueen EliKabeth% must necessaril mean schools for teaching

>atin and Greek% is% & think% founded on an insufficient kno!ledge of thehistor and literature of the si,teenth centur. Ben 4onson uses the term$grammar$ !ithout an reference to the learned languages.

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&t is intolerable !hen men% !ho ha"e no other kno!ledge% ha"e not e"en acompetent understanding of that !orld in !hich the are al!as li"ing% andto !hich the refer e"er thing.

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3lthough contemporar e"ents obscure past e"ents in a li"ing mans life%et as soon as he is dead% and his !hole life is a matter of histor% oneaction stands out as conspicuousl as another.



3 democrac% according to the prescript of pure reason% !ould% in fact% bea church. There !ould he focal points in it% but no superior.

Da 56. /9=6.

TE E@C3-&ST.JJST. 4?A% ,i,. //.JJGEA@&AEAESS ?* B??S ?* D?SES.JJ&+&A&T' ?* C-&ST.JJD?S3&C P-?PEC&ES.

Ao doubt% Chrsostom% and the other rhetorical fathers% contributed a gooddeal% b their rash use of figurati"e language% to ad"ance thesuperstitious notion of the eucharistH but the beginning had been muchearlier. 8/; &n Clement% indeed% the mster is treated as it !as treatedb Saint 4ohn and Saint PaulH but in ermas !e see the seeds of the error%and more clearl in &renaeusH and so it !ent on till the idea !as changedinto an idol.

8*ootnote /2Dr. Coleridge made these remarks upon m Fuoting Seldens !ellJkno!n saingNTable TalkO% $that transubstantiation !as nothing but rhetoric turned intologic.$JJE.;

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The errors of the Sacramentaries% on the one hand% and of the -omanists onthe other% are eFuall great. The first ha"e "olatiliKed the eucharist intoa metaphorH the last ha"e condensed it into an idol.

4erem Talor% in his Keal against transubstantiation% contends that the

latter part of the si,th chapter of St. 4ohns Gospel has no reference tothe eucharist. &f so% St. 4ohn !holl passes o"er this sacred msterH for he does not include it in his notice of the last supper. )ould not a totalsilence of this great apostle and e"angelist upon this mster be strangeI 3 mster% & saH for it is a msterH it is the onl mster in our religious !orship. )hen man of the disciples left our >ord% and apparentlon the "er ground that this saing !as hard% he does not attempt to detainthem b an e,planation% but simpl adds the comment% that his !ords !erespirit. &f he had reall meant that the eucharist should he a merecommemorati"e celebration of his death% is it concei"able that he !ould letthese disciples go a!a from him upon such a gross misunderstandingI )ouldhe not ha"e said% $'ou need not make a difficultH & onl mean so and soI$

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3rnauld% and the other learned -omanists% are irresistible against the lo!sacramentar doctrine.

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The sacrament of baptism applies itself% and has reference to the faith or con"iction% and is% therefore% onl to be performed onceHJJit is the lightof man. The sacrament of the eucharist is a smbol of all our religionHJJit is the life of man. &t is commensurate !ith our !ill% and !e must%

therefore% !ant it continuall.

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The meaning of the e,pression% 8Greek2 ei me en soi didomenon anothen;%$e,cept it !ere gi"en thee from abo"e%$ in the /0th chapter of St. 4ohn%"er. //.% seems to me to ha"e been generall and grossl mistaken. &t iscommonl understood as importing that Pilate could ha"e no po!er to deli"er 4esus to the 4e!s% unless it had been gi"en him b God% !hich% no doubt%is trueH but if that is the meaning% !here is the force or connection of the follo!ing clause% 8Greek2 dia touto;% $therefore he that deli"ered me

unto thee hath the greater sinI$ &n !hat respect !ere the 4e!s more sinfulin deli"ering 4esus up% because Pilate could do nothing e,cept b Godslea"eI The e,planation of Erasmus and Clarke% and some others% is "er drJfooted. & concei"e the meaning of our >ord to ha"e been simpl this% thatPilate !ould ha"e had no po!er or jurisdictionJJ8Greek2 e,ousian;JJo"er him% if it had not been gi"en b the Sanhedrin% the 8Greek2 ano boule;%and therefore it !as that the 4e!s had the greater sin. There !as alsothis further peculiar baseness and malignit in the conduct of the 4e!s.The mere assumption of Dessiahship% as such% !as no crime in the ees of the 4e!sH the hated 4esus% because he !ould not be their sort of Dessiah2 on the other hand% the -omans cared not for his declaration thathe !as the Son of GodH the crime in their ees !as his assuming to be a

king. Ao!% here !ere the 4e!s accusing 4esus before the -oman go"ernor of that !hich% in the first place% the kne! that 4esus denied in the sensein !hich the urged it% and !hich% in the ne,t place% had the charge beentrue% !ould ha"e been so far from a crime in their ees% that the "ergospel histor itself% as !ell as all the histor to the destruction of 4erusalem% sho!s it !ould ha"e been popular !ith the !hole nation. The!ished to destro him% and for that purpose charge him falsel !ith a crime!hich et !as no crime in their o!n ees% if it had been trueH but onl soas against the -oman domination% !hich the hated !ith all their souls% andagainst !hich the !ere themsel"es continuall conspiring1

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?bser"e% & pra% the manner and sense in !hich the highJpriest understandsthe plain declaration of our >ord% that he !as the Son of God. 8*ootnote2Datt. ,,"i. ". <=. Dark% ,i". </.; $& adjure thee b the li"ing God% thatthou tell us !hether thou be the Christ% the Son of God%$ or $the Son of the Blessed%$ as it is in Dark. 4esus said% $& am%JJand hereafter e shallsee the Son of man Nor meO sitting on the right hand of po!er% and comingin the clouds of hea"en.$ oes Caiaphas take this e,plicit ans!er as if 4esus meant that he !as full of Gods spirit% or !as doing his commands% or !alking in his !as% in !hich sense Doses% the prophets% na% all good men%!ere and are the sons of GodI Ao% no1 e tears his robes in sunder% andcries out% $e hath spoken blasphem. )hat further need ha"e !e of

!itnessesI Behold% no! e ha"e heard his blasphem.$ )hat blasphem% &should like to kno!% unless the assuming to be the $Son of God$ !asassuming to be of the di"ine natureI

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?ne striking proof of the genuineness of the Dosaic books is this%JJthecontain precise prohibitionsJJb !a of predicting the conseFuences of disobedienceJJof all those things !hich a"id and Solomon actuall did% andgloried in doing%JJraising ca"alr% making a treat !ith Egpt% laing uptreasure% and polgamising. Ao!% !ould such prohibitions ha"e beenfabricated in those kings reigns% or after!ardsI &mpossible.

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The manner of the predictions of Doses is "er remarkable. e is like a man



standing on an eminence% and addressing people belo! him% and pointing tothings !hich he can% and the cannot% see. e does not sa% 'ou !ill act insuch and such a !a% and the conseFuences !ill be so and soH but% So and so!ill take place% because ou !ill act in such a !a1

Da 5/. /9=6.

T3>EAT 3A GEA&@S.JJD?T&+ES 3A &DP@>SES.

Talent% ling in the understanding% is often inheritedH genius% being theaction of reason and imagination% rarel or ne"er.

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Doti"es impl !eakness% and the e,istence of e"il and temptation. The

angelic nature !ould act from impulse alone. 3 due mean of moti"e andimpulse is the onl practicable object of our moral philosoph.

Da 5=. /9=6.

C?AST&T@T&?A3> 3A *@ACT&?A3> >&*E.JJ'STE-&3.JJ'-?JC3-B?A&C G3S.JJB&TTE-S 3A T?A&CS.JJSPEC&*&C DE&C&AES.

&t is a great error in phsiolog not to distinguish bet!een !hat ma becalled the general or fundamental lifeJJthe principium "itae% and thefunctional lifeJJthe life in the functions. ?rganiKation must presupposelife as anterior to it2 !ithout life% there could not be or remain anorganiKationH but then there is also a life in the organs% or functions%distinct from the other. Thus% a flute presupposes%JJdemands the e,istenceof a musician as anterior to it% !ithout !hom no flute could e"er ha"ee,istedH and et again% !ithout the instrument there can be no music.

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&t often happens that% on the one hand% the principium "itae% or constitutional life% ma be affected !ithout an% or the least imaginable%affection of the functionsH as in inoculation% !here one pustule onl hasappeared% and no other perceptible smptom% and et this has so enteredinto the constitution% as to indispose it to infection under the mostaccumulated and intense contagionH and% on the other hand% hsteria%hdrophobia% and gout !ill disorder the functions to the most dreadfuldegree% and et often lea"e the life untouched. &n hdrophobia% the mind isFuite soundH but the patient feels his muscular and cutaneous life forciblremo"ed from under the control of his !ill.

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steria ma be fitl called mimosa% from its counterfeiting so mandiseases%JJe"en death itself.



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droJcarbonic gas produces the most deathJlike e,haustion% !ithout anpre"ious e,citement. & think this gas should be inhaled b !a of e,periment in cases of hdrophobia.

There is a great difference bet!een bitters and tonics. )here !eaknessproceeds from e,cess of irritabilit% there bitters act beneficiallHbecause all bitters are poisons% and operate b stilling% and depressing%and lethargiKing the irritabilit. But !here !eakness proceeds from theopposite cause of rela,ation% there tonics are goodH because the brace upand tighten the loosened string. Bracing is a correct metaphor. Bark goesnear to be a combination of a bitter and a tonicH but no perfect medicalcombination of the t!o properties is et kno!n.

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The stud of specific medicines is too much disregarded no!. Ao doubt the

hunting after specifics is a mark of ignorance and !eakness in medicine%et the neglect of them is proof also of immaturitH for% in fact% allmedicines !ill be found specific in the perfection of the science.

Da 5. /9=6.

EP&ST>ES T? TE EPES&3AS 3A C?>?SS&3AS.JJ?3TS.

The Epistle to the Ephesians is e"identl a catholic epistle% addressed tothe !hole of !hat might be called St. Pauls diocese. &t is one of thedi"inest compositions of man. &t embraces e"er doctrine of ChristianitHJJfirst% those doctrines peculiar to Christianit% and then those preceptscommon to it !ith natural religion. The Epistle to the Colossians is theo"erflo!ing% as it !ere% of St. Pauls mind upon the same subject.

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The present sstem of taking oaths is horrible. &t is a!full absurd tomake a man in"oke Gods !rath upon himself% if he speaks falseH it is% inm judgment% a sin to do so. The 4e!s oath is an adjuration b the judge

to the !itness2 $&n the name of God% & ask ou.$ There is an e,pressinstance of it in the highJpriests adjuring or e,orcising Christ b theli"ing God% in the t!entJsi,th chapter of Datthe!% and ou !ill obser"ethat our >ord ans!ered the appeal.8/;

'ou ma depend upon it% the more oathJtaking% the more ling% generallamong the people.

8*ootnote /2See this instance cited% and the !hole histor and moral polic of thecommon sstem of judicial s!earing e,amined !ith clearness and goodfeeling% in Dr. Tlers late !ork on ?aths.JJE.;

Da 57. /9=6.



*>?GG&AG.JJE>?@EACE ?* 3B@SE.

& had one just flogging. )hen & !as about thirteen% & !ent to ashoemaker% and begged him to take me as his apprentice. e% being an honestman% immediatel brought me to Bo!er% !ho got into a great rage% knocked

me do!n% and e"en pushed Crispin rudel out of the room. Bo!er asked me!h & had made mself such a foolI to !hich & ans!ered% that & had a greatdesire to be a shoemaker% and that & hated the thought of being aclergman. $)h soI$ said he.JJ$Because% to tell ou the truth% sir%$ said&% $& am an infidel1$ *or this% !ithout more ado% Bo!er flogged me%JJ!isel% as & think%JJsoundl% as & kno!. 3n !hining or sermoniKing !ouldha"e gratified m "anit% and confirmed me in m absurditH as it !as% &!as laughed at% and got heartil ashamed of m foll.

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o! rich the 3ristophanic Greek is in the eloFuence of abuse1JJ

8Greek2? Bdelre% kanaischunte% kai tolmaere su%ai miare% kai pammiare% kai miarotate.;8/;

)e are not behindhand in English. *anc m calling ou% upon a fittingoccasion%JJ*ool% sot% sill% simpleton% dunce% blockhead% jolterhead%clumsJpate% dullard% ninn% nincompoop% lack!it% numpskull% ass% o!l%loggerhead% co,comb% monke% shallo!Jbrain% addleJhead% ton% Kan% fop%fopJdoodleH a maggotJpated% hareJbrained% muddleJpated% muddleJheaded%4ackanJapes1 )h & could go on for a minute more1

8*ootnote /2 &n The *rogs.JJE.;

Da 59. /9=6.

TE 3DE-&C3AS.

& deepl regret the antiJ3merican articles of some of the leading re"ie!s.The 3mericans regard !hat is said of them in England a thousand times morethan the do an thing said of them in an other countr. The 3mericans are

e,cessi"el pleased !ith an kind or fa"ourable e,pressions% and ne"er forgi"e or forget an slight or abuse. &t !ould be better for them if the!ere a trifle thickerJskinned.

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The last 3merican !ar !as to us onl something to talk or read aboutH butto the 3mericans it !as the cause of miser in their o!n homes.

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&% for one% do not call the sod under m feet m countr. But language%

religion% la!s% go"ernment% blood%JJidentit in these makes men of onecountr.



Da 50. /9=6.

B?? ?* 4?B.

The Book of 4ob is an 3rab poem% antecedent to the Dosaic dispensation. &trepresents the mind of a good man not enlightened b an actual re"elation%but seeking about for one. &n no other book is the desire and necessit for a Dediator so intensel e,pressed. The personalit of God% the & 3D of theebre!s% is most "i"idl impressed on the book% in opposition to pantheism.

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& no! think% after man doubts% that the passage% $& kno! that m -edeemer li"eth%$ c. ma fairl be taken as a burst of determination% a Fuasi prophec. 8/; $& kno! not ho! this can beH but in spite of all mdifficulties% this & do kno!% that & shall be recompensed.$

8*ootnote /2 Chap. ,i,. 5% 5<.;

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&t should be obser"ed% that all the imager in the speeches of the men istaken from the East% and is no more than a mere representation of the formsof material nature. But !hen God speaks% the tone is e,altedH and almostall the images are taken from Egpt% the crocodile% the !arJhorse% and soforth. Egpt !as then the first monarch that had a splendid court.

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Satan% in the prologue% does not mean the de"il% our iabolus. There is nocalumn in his !ords. e is rather the circuitor% the accusing spirit% adramatic attorneJgeneral. But after the prologue% !hich !as necessar tobring the imagination into a proper state for the dialogue% !e hear no moreof this Satan.

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)arburtons notion% that the Book of 4ob !as of so late a date as EKra% is!holl groundless. is onl reason is this appearance of Satan.

Da =6. /9=6.

T-3AS>3T&?A ?* TE PS3>DS.

& !ish the Psalms !ere translated afreshH or% rather% that the present"ersion !ere re"ised. Scores of passages are utterl incoherent as the no!stand. &f the primar "isual images had been oftener preser"ed% theconnection and force of the sentences !ould ha"e been better percei"ed.8/;

8*ootnote /2Dr. Coleridge% like so man of the elder di"ines of the Christian church%had an affectionate re"erence for the moral and e"angelical portion of the Book of Psalms. e told me that% after ha"ing studied e"er page of the



Bible !ith the deepest attention% he had found no other part of Scripturecome home so closel to his inmost earnings and necessities. uring manof his latter ears he used to read ten or t!el"e "erses e"er e"ening%ascertaining Nfor his kno!ledge of ebre! !as enough for thatO the e,act"isual image or first radical meaning of e"er noun substanti"eH and herepeatedl e,pressed to me his surprise and pleasure at finding that innine cases out of ten the bare primar sense% if literall rendered% thre!

great additional light on the te,t. e !as not disposed to allo! theprophetic or allusi"e character so largel as is done b orne and othersHbut he ackno!ledged it in some instances in the fullest manner. &nparticular% he rejected the local and temporar reference !hich has beengi"en to the //6th Psalm% and declared his belief in its deep msticalimport !ith regard to the Dessiah. Dr. C. once ga"e me the follo!ing noteupon the 55d Psalm !ritten b him% & belie"e% man ears pre"iousl% but!hich% he said% he appro"ed at that time. &t !ill find as appropriate aniche here as an !here else2JJ

$& am much delighted and instructed b the hpothesis% !hich & thinkprobable% that our >ord in repeating Eli% Eli% lama sabacthani% reall

recited the !hole or a large part of the 55d Psalm. &t is impossible toread that psalm !ithout the li"eliest feelings of lo"e% gratitude% andsmpath. &t is% indeed% a !onderful prophec% !hate"er might or might notha"e been a"ids notion !hen he composed it. )hether Christ did audiblrepeat the !hole or not% it is certain. & think% that he did it mentall%and said aloud !hat !as sufficient to enable his follo!ers to do the same.E"en at this da to repeat in the same manner but the first line of acommon hmn !ould be understood as a reference to the !hole. 3bo"e all% &am thankful for the thought !hich suggested itself to m mind% !hilst & !asreading this beautiful psalm% namel% that !e should not e,clusi"el thinkof Christ as the >ogos united to human nature% but like!ise as a perfectman united to the >ogos. This distinction is most important in order to

concei"e% much more% appropriatel to feel% the conduct and e,ertions of 4esus.$JJE.;

Da =/. /9=6.

3AC&EAT D3-&AE-.JJ@A&AE.JJD3-T&A.JJP&>G-&DS P-?G-ESS.

Drs. Barbauld once told me that she admired the 3ncient Dariner "er much%but that there !ere t!o faults in it%JJit !as improbable% and had no moral. 3s for the probabilit% & o!ned that that might admit some FuestionH but asto the !ant of a moral% & told her that in m o!n judgment the poem had toomuchH and that the onl% or chief fault% if & might sa so% !as theobtrusion of the moral sentiment so openl on the reader as a principle or cause of action in a !ork of such pure imagination. &t ought to ha"e had nomore moral than the 3rabian Aights tale of the merchants sitting do!n toeat dates b the side of a !ell% and thro!ing the shells aside% and lo1 agenie starts up% and sas he must kill the aforesaid merchant% because one of the date shells had% it seems% put out the ee of the geniesson.8/;

& took the thought of $grinning for jo%$ in that poem% from mcompanions remark to me% !hen !e had climbed to the top of Plinlimmon% and!ere nearl dead !ith thirst. )e could not speak from the constriction%



till !e found a little puddle under a stone. e said to me%JJ$'ou grinnedlike an idiot1$ e had done the same.

8*ootnote /2$There he found% at the foot of a great !alnutJtree% a fountain of a "erclear running !ater% and alighting% tied his horse to a branch of a tree%and sitting clo!n b the fountain% took some biscuits and dates out of his

portmanteau% and% as he ate his dates% thre! the shells about on both sidesof him. )hen he had done eating% being a good Dussulman% he !ashed hishands% his face% and his feet% and said his praers. e had not made anend% but !as still on his knees% !hen he sa! a genie appear% all !hite !ithage% and of a monstrous bulkH !ho% ad"ancing to!ards him !ith a cimetar inhis hand% spoke to him in a terrible "oice thus2JJ-ise up% that & ma killthee !ith this cimetar as ou ha"e killed m son1 and accompanied these!ords !ith a frightful cr. The merchant being as much frightened at thehideous shape of the monster as at these threatening !ords% ans!ered himtrembling2JJ3las1 m good lord% of !hat crime can & be guilt to!ards outhat ou should take a!a m lifeIJJ& !ill% replies the genie% killthee% as thou hast killed m son1JJ? hea"en1 sas the merchant% ho!

should & kill our sonI & did not kno! him% nor e"er sa! him.JJid notou sit do!n !hen ou came hitherI replies the genie. id not ou takedates out of our portmanteau% and% as ou ate them% did not ou thro! theshells about on both sidesIJJ& did all that ou sa% ans!ers themerchant% & cannot den it.JJ&f it be so% replied the genie% & tellthee that thou hast killed m sonH and the !a !as thus2 !hen ou thre! thenutshells about% m son !as passing b% and ou thre! one of them into hisee% !hich killed him% therefore & must kill thee.JJ3h1 m good lord%pardon me1 cried the merchant.JJAo pardon% ans!ers the genie% no merc1&s it not just to kill him that has killed anotherIJJ& agree to it% sasthe merchant% but certainl & ne"er killed our son% and if & ha"e% it !asunkno!n to me% and & did it innocentlH therefore & beg ou to pardon me%

and suffer me to li"e.JJAo% no% sas the genie% persisting in hisresolution% & must kill thee% since thou hast killed m sonH and thentaking the merchant b the arm% thre! him !ith his face upon the ground%and lifted up his cimetar to cut off his head1$JJThe Derchant and theGenie. *irst night.JJEd.;

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@ndine is a most e,Fuisite !ork. &t sho!s the general !ant of an sense for the fine and the subtle in the public taste% that this romance made no deepimpression. @ndines character% before she recei"es a soul% is mar"ellousl

beautiful.8/;

8*ootnote /2Dr. Coleridges admiration of this little romance !as unbounded. e read itse"eral times in German% and once in the English translation% made in 3merica% & belie"eH the latter he thought inadeFuatel done. Dr. C. saidthat there !as something in @ndine e"en beond Scott%JJthat Scotts bestcharacters and conceptions !ere composedH b !hich & understood him tomean that Baillie Aicol 4ar"ie% for e,ample% !as made up of oldparticulars% and recei"ed its indi"idualit from the authors po!er of fusion% being in the result an admirable product% as Corinthian brass !assaid to be the conflu, of the spoils of a cit. But @ndine% he said% !as

one and single in projection% and had presented to his imagination% !hatScott had ne"er done% an absolutel ne! ideaJJE.;

( ( ( ( (



&t seems to me% that Dartin ne"er looks at nature e,cept through bits of stained glass. e is ne"er satisfied !ith an appearance that is notprodigious. e should endea"our to school his imagination into theapprehension of the true idea of the Beautiful.8/;

The !oodJcut of SlaJgood85; is admirable% to be sureH but this ne! edition

of the Pilgrims Progress is too fine a book for it. &t should be muchlarger% and on si,penn coarse paper.

The Pilgrims Progress is composed in the lo!est stle of English% !ithoutslang or false grammar. &f ou !ere to polish it% ou !ould at once destrothe realit of the "ision. *or !orks of imagination should be !ritten in"er plain languageH the more purel imaginati"e the are the morenecessar it is to be plain.

This !onderful !ork is one of the fe! books !hich ma be read o"er repeatedl at different times% and each time !ith a ne! and a differentpleasure. & read it once as a theologianJJand let me assure ou% that there

is great theological acumen in the !orkJJonce !ith de"otional feelingsJJandonce as a poet. & could not ha"e belie"ed beforehand that Cal"inism couldbe painted in such e,Fuisitel delightful colours.8=;

8*ootnote /2Dr. Coleridge said this% after looking at the engra"ings of Dr. Dartinst!o pictures of the +alle of the Shado! of eath% and the Celestial Cit%published in the beautiful edition of the Pilgrims Progress b Dessrs.Durra and Dajor% in /9=6. & !ish Dr. Dartin could ha"e heard the poetslecture2 he !ould ha"e been flattered% and at the same time% & belie"e%instructedH for in the philosoph of painting Coleridge !as a master.JJE.;

8*ootnote 52P. =6.% b S. Dosses from a design b Dr. ). ar"e. $)hen the came tothe place !here he !as% the found him !ith one *eebleJmind in his hand%!hom his ser"ants had brought unto him% ha"ing taken him in the !a. Ao!the giant !as rifling him% !ith a purpose% after that% to pick his bonesHfor he !as of the nature of flesh eaters.$JJE.;

8*ootnote =2& find !ritten on a blank leaf of m cop of this edition of the P.s P.the follo!ing note b Dr. C.2JJ$& kno! of no book% the Bible e,cepted asabo"e all comparison% !hich &% according to m judgment and e,perience%could so safel recommend as teaching and enforcing the !hole sa"ing truth

according to the mind that !as in Christ 4esus% as the Pilgrims Progress.&t is% in m con"iction% incomparabl the best summa theologiaee"angalicae e"er produced b a !riter not miraculousl inspired.$ 4une /:./9=6.JJE.;

4une /. /9=6.

P-3'E-.JJC@-CJS&AG&AG.JJ??E-.JJ-E3DS.

There are three sorts of praer2JJ/. PublicH 5. omesticH =. Solitar. Eachhas its peculiar uses and character. & think the church ought to publishand authorise a director of forms for the latter t!o. 'et & fear thee,ecution !ould be inadeFuate. There is a great deca of de"otional unction



in the numerous books of praers put out no!JaJdas. & reall think theha!ker !as "er happ% !ho blundered Ae! *orm of Praer into Ae! former Praers.8/;

& e,ceedingl regret that our church pas so little attention to thesubject of congregational singing. See ho! it is1 &n that particular partof the public !orship in !hich% more than in all the rest% the common

people might% and ought to% join%JJ!hich% b its association !ith music% ismeant to gi"e a fitting "ent and e,pression to the emotions%JJin that part!e all sing as 4e!sH or% at best% as mere men% in the abstract% !ithout aSa"iour. 'ou kno! m "eneration for the Book of Psalms% or most of itH but!ith some half doKen e,ceptions% the Psalms are surel not adeFuate"ehicles of Christian thanksgi"ing and jo1 @pon this deficienc in our ser"ice% )esle and )hitfield seiKedH and ou kno! it is the heartcongregational singing of Christian hmns !hich keeps the humbler Dethodists together. >uther did as much for the -eformation b his hmns asb his translation of the Bible. &n German% the hmns are kno!n b heartb e"er peasant2 the ad"ise% the argue from the hmns% and e"er soul inthe church praises God% like a Christian% !ith !ords !hich are natural and

et sacred to his mind. Ao doubt this defect in our ser"ice proceeded fromthe dread !hich the English -eformers had of being charged !ith introducingan thing into the !orship of God but the te,t of Scripture.

8*ootnote /2$& !ill add% at the risk of appearing to d!ell too long on religioustopics% that on this m first introduction to Coleridge he re"erted !ithstrong compunction to a sentiment !hich he had e,pressed in earlier dasupon praer. &n one of his outhful poems% speaking of God% he had saidJJ

JJ?f !hose allJseeing ee 3ught to demand !ere impotence of mind.

This sentiment he no! so utterl condemned% that% on the contrar% he toldme% as his o!n peculiar opinion% that the act of praing !as the "erhighest energ of !hich the human heart !as capable% praing% that is% !iththe total concentration of the facultiesH and the great mass of !orldl menand of learned men he pronounced absolutel incapable of praer.$JJTaitsDagaKine% September% /9=:% p. /.

Dr. Coleridge !ithin t!o ears of his death "er solemnl declared to mehis con"iction upon the same subject. & !as sitting b his bedside oneafternoon% and he fell% an unusual thing for him% into a long account of man passages of his past life% lamenting some things% condemning others%

but complaining !ithal% though "er gentl% of the !a in !hich man of hismost innocent acts had been cruell misrepresented. $But & ha"e nodifficult%$ said he% $in forgi"enessH indeed% & kno! not ho! to sa !ithsincerit the clause in the >ords Praer% !hich asks forgi"eness as !eforgi"e. & feel nothing ans!ering to it in m heart. Aeither do & find% or reckon% the most solemn faith in God as a real object% the most arduous actof the reason and !ill. ? no% m dear% it is to pra% to pra as God!ould ha"e usH this is !hat at times makes me turn cold to m soul. Belie"eme% to pra !ith all our heart and strength% !ith the reason and the !ill%to belie"e "i"idl that God !ill listen to our "oice through Christ% and"eril do the thing he pleaseth thereuponJJthis is the last% the greatestachie"ement of the Christians !arfare upon earth. Teach us to pra% ?

>ord1$ 3nd then he burst into a flood of tears% and begged me to pra for him. ? !hat a sight !as there1JJE.;

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ooker said%JJThat b looking for that in the Bible !hich it is impossiblethat an book can ha"e% !e lose the benefits !hich !e might reap from itsbeing the best of all books.

( ( ( ( (

'ou !ill obser"e% that e"en in dreams nothing is fancied !ithout anantecedent Fuasi cause. &t could not be other!ise.

4une :. /9=6.

4E-ED' T3'>?-.JJEAG>&S -E*?-D3T&?A.

Talors !as a great and lo"el mindH et ho! much and injuriousl !as itper"erted b his being a fa"ourite and follo!er of >aud% and b hisintensel popish feelings of church authorit. 8/; is >ibert of Prophesing is a !ork of !onderful eloFuence and skillH but if !e belie"ethe argument% !hat do !e come toI )h to nothing more or less than this%thatJJso much can be said for e"er opinion and sect%JJso impossible is itto settle an thing b reasoning or authorit of Scripture%JJ!e must appealto some positi"e jurisdiction on earth% ut sit finis contro"ersiarum. &nfact% the !hole book is the precise argument used b the Papists to inducemen to admit the necessit of a supreme and infallible head of the churchon earth. &t is one of the !orks !hich preeminentl gi"es countenance tothe saing of Charles or 4ames &&.% & forget !hich2JJ$)hen ou of the

Church of England contend !ith the Catholics% ou use the arguments of thePuritansH !hen ou contend !ith the Puritans% ou immediatel adopt all the!eapons of the Catholics.$ Talor ne"er speaks !ith the slightest smptomof affection or respect of >uther% Cal"in% or an other of the greatreformersJJat least% not in an of his learned !orksH but he saints e"ertrumper monk and friar% do!n to the "er latest canoniKations b themodern popes. & fear ou !ill think me harsh% !hen & sa that & belie"eTalor !as% perhaps unconsciousl% half a Socinian in heart. Such a strangeinconsistenc !ould not be impossible. The -omish church has produced mansuch de"out Socinians. The cross of Christ is diml seen in Talors !orks.Compare him in this particular !ith onne% and ou !ill feel the differencein a moment. )h are not onnes "olumes of sermons reprinted at ?,fordI85;

8*ootnote /2Dr. Coleridge placed 4erem Talor amongst the four great geniuses of oldEnglish literature. & think he used to reckon Shakspeare and Bacon% Diltonand Talor% fourJsFuare% each against each. &n mere eloFuence% he thoughtthe Bishop !ithout an fello!. e called him Chrsostom. *urther% he lo"edthe man% and !as an,ious to find e,cuses for some !eak parts in hischaracter. But Dr. Coleridges assent to Talors "ie!s of man of thefundamental positions of Christianit !as "er limitedH and% indeed% heconsidered him as the least sound in point of doctrine of an of the olddi"ines% comprehending% !ithin that designation% the !riters to the middleof Charles &&.s reign. e speaks of Talor in $The *riend$ in the

follo!ing terms2JJ$3mong the numerous e,amples !ith !hich & might enforcethis !arning% & refer% not !ithout reluctance% to the most eloFuent% andone of the most learned% of our di"inesH a rigorist% indeed% concerning theauthorit of the church% but a latitudinarian in the articles of its faithH



!ho stretched the latter almost to the ad"anced posts of Socinianism% andstrained the former to a haKardous conformit !ith the assumptions of the-oman hierarch.$ +ol. ii. p. /69.JJE.;

8*ootnote 52)h not% indeed1 &t is reall Fuite unaccountable that the sermonsof this great di"ine of the English church should be so little kno!n as

the are% e"en to "er literar clergmen of the present da. &t mightha"e been e,pected% that the sermons of the greatest preacher of his age%the admired of Ben 4onson% Selden% and all that splendid band of poetsand scholars% !ould e"en as curiosities ha"e been reprinted% !hen !orks%!hich are curious for nothing% are e"er ear sent forth afresh under themost authoritati"e auspices. r. onne !as educated at both uni"ersities%at art all% ?,ford% first% and after!ards at Cambridge% but at!hat college )alton does not mentionJJE.;

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&n the reign of Ed!ard +&.% the -eformers feared to admit almost an thing

on human authorit alone. The had seen and felt the abuses conseFuent onthe popish theor of ChristianitH and & doubt not the !ished and intendedto reconstruct the religion and the church% as far as !as possible% uponthe plan of the primiti"e agesI But the Puritans pushed this bias to anabsolute bibliolatr. The !ould not put on a cornJplaster !ithout scrapinga te,t o"er it. Den of learning% ho!e"er% soon felt that this !as !rong inthe other e,treme% and indeed united itself to the "er abuse it seemed toshun. The sa! that a kno!ledge of the *athers% and of earl tradition% !asabsolutel necessarH and unhappil% in man instances% the e,cess of thePuritans dro"e the men of learning into the old popish e,treme of deningthe Scriptures to be capable of affording a rule of faith !ithout thedogmas of the church. Talor is a striking instance ho! far a Protestant

might be dri"en in this direction.

4une <. /9=6.

C3T?>&C&T'.JJGA?S&S.JJTE-T@>>&3A.JJST. 4?A.

&n the first centur% catholicit !as the test of a book or epistleJJ!hether it !ere of the E"angelicon or 3postoliconJJbeing canonical. This

catholic spirit !as opposed to the gnostic or peculiar spirit%JJthe humour of fantastical interpretation of the old Scriptures into Christianmeanings. &t is this gnosis% or kno!ingness% !hich the 3postle saspuffeth up%JJnot kno!ledge% as !e translate it. The Epistle of Barnabas%of the genuineness of !hich & ha"e no sort of doubt% is an e,ample of thisgnostic spirit. The Epistle to the ebre!s is the onl instance of gnosisin the canon2 it !as !ritten e"identl b some apostolical man before thedestruction of the Temple% and probabl at 3le,andria. *or three hundredears% and more% it !as not admitted into the canon% especiall not b the>atin church% on account of this difference in it from the other Scriptures. But its merit !as so great% and the gnosis in it is so kept!ithin due bounds% that its admirers at last succeeded% especiall b

affi,ing St. Pauls name to it% to ha"e it included in the canonH !hich !asfirst done% & think% b the council of >aodicea in the middle of the fourthcentur. *ortunatel for us it !as so.



( ( ( ( (

& beg Tertullians pardonH but amongst his man bra"uras% he sassomething about St. Pauls autograph. ?rigen e,pressl declares there"erse.

( ( ( ( (

&t is delightful to think% that the belo"ed apostle !as born a Plato. Tohim !as left the almost oracular utterance of the msteries of theChristian religion !hile to St. Paul !as committed the task of e,planation%defence% and assertion of all the doctrines% and especiall of thosemetaphsical ones touching the !ill and graceH8/; for !hich purpose hisacti"e mind% his learned education% and his Greek logic% made himpreJeminentl fit.

8*ootnote /2$The imperati"e and oracular form of the inspired Scripture is the form of reason itself% in all things purel rational and moral.$JJStatesmans

Danual% p. 55.;

4une 7. /9=6.

P-&AC&P>ES ?* 3 -E+&E).JJP3-T'JSP&-&T.

Aot!ithstanding !hat ou sa% & am persuaded that a re"ie! !ould amplsucceed e"en no!% !hich should be started upon a published code of

principles% critical% moral% political% and religiousH !hich shouldannounce !hat sort of books it !ould re"ie!% namel% !orks of literature ascontradistinguished from all that offspring of the press% !hich in thepresent age supplies food for the cra"ing caused b the e,tended abilit of reading !ithout an correspondent education of the mind% and !hich formerl!as done b con"ersation% and !hich should reall gi"e a fair account of !hat the author intended to do% and in his o!n !ords% if possible% and inaddition% afford one or t!o fair specimens of the e,ecution%JJitself ne"er descending for one moment to an personalit. &t should also be pro"idedbefore the commencement !ith a doKen po!erful articles upon fundamentaltopics to appear in succession. 'ou see the great re"ie!ers are no! ashamedof re"ie!ing !orks in the old stle% and ha"e taken up essa !riting

instead. ence arose such publications as the >iterar GaKette and others%!hich are set up for the purposeJJnot a useless oneJJof ad"ertiKing ne!books of all sorts for the circulating libraries. 3 mean bet!een the t!oe,tremes still remains to be taken.

( ( ( ( (

Part men al!as hate a slightl differing friend more than a do!nrightenem. & Fuite calculate on m being one da or other holden in !orserepute b man Christians than the @nitarians and open infidels. &t must beundergone b e"er one !ho lo"es the truth for its o!n sake beond allother things.

( ( ( ( (

Truth is a good dogH but be!are of barking too close to the heels of an



error% lest ou get our brains kicked out.

4une /6. /9=6.

S?@TE'S >&*E ?* B@A'3A.JJ>[email protected]@-&T3AS 3A C3+3>&E-S.JJP-ESB'TE-&3AS%

&AEPEAEATS% 3A B&S?PS.

Southes >ife of Bunan is beautiful. & !ish he had illustrated that moodof mind !hich e,aggerates% and still more% mistakes% the in!arddepra"ation% as in Bunan% Aelson% and others% b e,tracts from Ba,ters>ife of himself. )hat genuine superstition is e,emplified in that bandingof te,ts and half te,ts% and demiJsemiJte,ts% just as memor happened tosuggest them% or chance brought them before Bunans mind1 is tract%entitled% $Grace abounding to the Chief of Sinners$8/; is a stud for aphilosopher.

8*ootnote /2

$Grace abounding to the Chief of Sinners% in a faithful 3ccount of the >ifeand eath of 4ohn Bunan% c.$ &s it not% ho!e"er% an historical error tocall the Puritans dissentersI Before St. Bartholome!s da% the !ereessentiall a part of the church% and had as determined opinions in fa"our of a church establishment as the bishops themsel"es.

( ( ( ( (

>aud !as not e,actl a Papist to be sureH but he !as on the road !ith thechurch !ith him to a point% !here declared poper !ould ha"e beenine"itable. 3 !ise and "igorous Papist king !ould "er soon% and "er justifiabl too% in that case% ha"e effected a reconciliation bet!een the

churches of -ome and England% !hen the line of demarcation had become so"er faint.

( ( ( ( (

The faults of the Puritans !ere manH but surel their moralit !ill% ingeneral% bear comparison !ith that of the Ca"aliers after the -estoration.

( ( ( ( (

The Presbterians hated the &ndependents much more than the did thebishops% !hich induced them to cooperate in effecting the -estoration.

( ( ( ( (

The conduct of the bishops to!ards Charles% !hilst at Breda% !as !ise andconstitutional. The kne!% ho!e"er% that !hen the forms of the constitution!ere once restored% all their po!er !ould re"i"e again as of course.

4une /:. /9=6.

ST@' ?* TE B&B>E.

&ntense stud of the Bible !ill keep an !riter from being "ulgar% inpoint of stle.



4une /. /9=6.

-3BE>3&S.JJS)&*T.JJBEAT>E'.JJS@BAET.

-abelais is a most !onderful !riter. Pantagruel is the -easonH Panurge the@nderstanding%JJthe pollarded man% the man !ith e"er facult e,cept thereason. & scarcel kno! an e,ample more illustrati"e of the distinctionbet!een the t!o. -abelais had no mode of speaking the truth in those dasbut in such a form as thisH as it !as% he !as indebted to the ingsprotection for his life. Some of the commentators talk about his book beingall politicalH there are contemporar politics in it% of course% but thereal scope is much higher and more philosophical. &t is in "ain to lookabout for a hidden meaning in all that he has !rittenH ou !ill obser"ethat% after an particularl deep thrust% as the Papimania8/; for e,ample%-abelais% as if to break the blo!% and to appear unconscious of !hat he has

done% !rites a chapter or t!o of pure buffooner.

e% e"er no! and then% flashes ou a glimpse of a real face from his magiclantern% and then buries the !hole scene in mist. The moralit of the !orkis of the most refined and e,alted kindH as for the manners% to be sure% &cannot sa much.

S!ift !as anima -abelaisii habitans in sicco%JJthe soul of -abelaisd!elling in a dr place.

'et S!ift !as rare. Can an thing beat his remark on ing )illiams motto%JJ-ecepit% non rapuit%JJ$that the recei"er !as as bad as the thiefI$

8*ootnote /2B. i". c. :9. $Comment Pantagruel descendit en l&sle de Papimanes.$ Seethe fi"e follo!ing chapters% especiall c. 6.H and note also c. 0. of thefifth bookH $Comment nous fut monstre Papegaut a grande difficulte.$JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

The effect of the Tor !its attacking Bentle !ith such acrimon has beento make them appear a set of shallo! and incompetent scholars. Aeither Bentle nor Burnet suffered from the hostilit of the !its. Burnets$istor of his o!n Times$ is a trul "aluable book. is credulit is

great% but his simplicit is eFuall greatH and he ne"er decei"es ou for amoment.

4une 5. /9=6.

G&?TT?.JJP3&AT&AG.

The fresco paintings b Giotto8/; and others% in the cemeter at Pisa%are most noble. Giotto !as a contemporar of ante2 and it is a curious

Fuestion% !hether the painters borro!ed from the poet% or "ice "ersa.Certainl D. 3ngelo and -affael fed their imaginations highl !ith thesegrand dra!ings% especiall D. 3ngelo% !ho took from them his bold etgraceful lines.



8*ootnote /2Giotto% or 3ngiolottos birth is fi,ed b +asari in /57<% but there issome reason to think that he !as born a little earlier. ante% !ho !ashis friend% !as born in /5<. Giotto !as the pupil of Cimabue% !hom heentirel eclipsed% as ante testifies in the !ellJkno!n lines inthe Purgatorio2JJ

$? "ana gloria dellumane posse1 Com poco "erde in su la cima dura% Se non e giunta dall etati grosse1 Credette Cirnabue nella pintura Tener lo campo2 ed ora ha Giotto il grido% Si che la fama di colui oscura.$JJC. ,i. ". 0/.

is si, great frescos in the cemeter at Pisa are upon the sufferings andpatience of 4ob.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

People ma sa !hat the please about the gradual impro"ement of the 3rts.&t is not true of the substance. The 3rts and the Duses both spring forthin the outh of nations% like Diner"a from the front of 4upiter% all armed2manual de,terit ma% indeed% he impro"ed b practice.

( ( ( ( (

Painting !ent on in po!er till% in -affael% it attained the Kenith% and inhim too it sho!ed signs of a tendenc do!n!ards b another path. Thepainter began to think of o"ercoming difficulties. 3fter this the descent

!as rapid% till sculptors began to !ork in"eterate likenesses of perri!igsin marble%JJas see 3lgarottis tomb in the cemeter at Pisa%JJand paintersdid nothing but cop% as !ell as the could% the e,ternal face of nature.Ao!% in this age% !e ha"e a sort of re"i"iscence%JJnot% & fear% of thepo!er% but of a taste for the po!er% of the earl times.

4une 5<. /9=6.

SEAEC3.

'ou ma get a motto for e"er sect in religion% or line of thought inmorals or philosoph% from SenecaH but nothing is e"er thought out bhim.

4ul 5. /9=6.

P>3T?.JJ3-&ST?T>E.

E"er man is born an 3ristotelian% or a Platonist. & do not think itpossible that an one born an 3ristotelian can become a PlatonistH and & amsure no born Platonist can e"er change into an 3ristotelian. The are the



t!o classes of men% beside !hich it is ne,t to impossible to concei"e athird. The one considers reason a Fualit% or attributeH the other considers it a po!er. & belie"e that 3ristotle ne"er could get tounderstand !hat Plato meant b an idea. There is a passage% indeed% in theEudemian Ethics !hich looks like an e,ceptionH but & doubt not of its beingspurious% as that !hole !ork is supposed b some to be. )ith Plato ideasare constituti"e in themsel"es.8/;

3ristotle !as% and still is% the so"ereign lord of the understandingH thefacult judging b the senses. e !as a conceptualist% and ne"er couldraise himself into that higher state% !hich !as natural to Plato% and hasbeen so to others% in !hich the understanding is distinctl contemplated%and% as it !ere% looked do!n upon from the throne of actual ideas% or li"ing% inborn% essential truths.

'et !hat a mind !as 3ristotlesJJonl not the greatest that e"er animatedthe human form1JJthe parent of science% properl so called% the master of criticism% and the founder or editor of logic1 But he confounded science!ith philosoph% !hich is an error. Philosoph is the middle state bet!een

science% or kno!ledge% and sophia% or !isdom.

8*ootnote /2Dr. Coleridge said the Eudemian EthicsH but & half suspect he must ha"emeant the Detaphsics% although & do not kno! that all the fourteen booksunder that title ha"e been considered nonJgenuine. The 8Greek2 3ethichaEusaemeia; are not 3ristotles. To !hat passage in particular allusion ishere made% & cannot e,actl saH man might be alleged% but not one seemsto e,press the true Platonic idea% as Dr. Coleridge used to understand itHand as% & belie"e% he ultimatel considered ideas in his o!n philosoph.*ourteen or fifteen ears pre"iousl% he seems to ha"e been undecided uponthis point. $)hether%$ he sas% $ideas are regulati"e onl% according to

3ristotle and ant% or like!ise constituti"e% and one !ith the po!er andlife of nature% according to Plato and Plotinus 8Greek2JJeg logo Koae aeg%chai ae Koae aeg to phos tog agth!pog; is the highest problem of philosoph% and not part of its nomenclature.$ Essa NEO in the 3ppendi, tothe Statesmans Danual% /9/<.JJE.;

4ul :. /9=6.

@E ?* )E>>&AGT?A.JJD?AE'E &ATE-EST.JJC3AA&AG.

& sometimes fear the uke of )ellington is too much disposed to imaginethat he can go"ern a great nation b !ord of command% in the same !a in!hich he go"erned a highl disciplined arm. e seems to be unaccustomedto% and to despise% the inconsistencies% the !eaknesses% the bursts of heroism follo!ed b prostration and co!ardice% !hich in"ariablcharacterise all popular efforts. e forgets that% after all% it is fromsuch efforts that all the great and noble institutions of the !orld ha"ecomeH and that% on the other hand% the discipline and organiKation of armies ha"e been onl like the flight of the cannonJball% the object of !hich is destruction.8/;

8*ootnote /2 Straight for!ard goesThe lightnings path% and straight the fearful path?f the cannonJball. irect it flies and rapid%



Shattering that it ma reach% and shattering !hat it reaches.

)allenstein% Part &% act i% sc. :;

( ( ( ( (

The stockJjobbing and moneed interest is so strong in this countr% that

it has more than once pre"ailed in our foreign councils o"er nationalhonour and national justice. The countr gentlemen are not slo! to join inthis influence. Canning felt this "er keenl% and said he !as unable tocontend against the cit trainedJbands.

4ul <% /9=6.

B?@--&EAAE.

Bourienne is admirable. e is the *rench Peps%JJa man !ith right feelings%but al!as !ishing to participate in !hat is going on% be it !hat it ma.e has one remark% !hen comparing Buonaparte !ith Charlemagne% thesubstance of !hich & ha"e attempted to e,press in $The *riend$8/; but !hichBourrienne has condensed into a sentence !orth of Tacitus% or Dachia"el%or Bacon. &t is thisH that Charlemagne !as abo"e his age% !hilst Buonaparte!as onl abo"e his competitors% but under his age1 Bourrienne has done morethan an one else to sho! Buonaparte to the !orld as he reall !as%JJal!ascontemptible% e,cept !hen acting a part% and that part not his o!n.

8*ootnote /2 +ol. i. Essa /5. p. /==.;

4ul 9. /9=6.

4E)S.

The other da & !as !hat ou !ould call floored b a 4e!. e passed mese"eral times cring out for old clothes in the most nasal ande,traordinar tone & e"er heard. 3t last & !as so pro"oked% that & said tohim% $Pra% !h cant ou sa old clothes in a plain !a as & do no!I$

The 4e! stopped% and looking "er gra"el at me% said in a clear and e"enfine accent% $Sir% & can sa old clothes as !ell as ou canH but if ouhad to sa so ten times a minute% for an hour together% ou !ould sa ?ghClo as & do no!H$ and so he marched off. & !as so confounded !ith the justice of his retort% that & follo!ed and ga"e him a shilling% the onlone & had.

( ( ( ( (

& ha"e had a good deal to do !ith 4e!s in the course of m life% although &ne"er borro!ed an mone of them. ?nce & sat in a coach opposite a 4e!JJasmbol of old clothes bagsJJan &saiah of oll!ell Street. e !ould close

the !indo!H & opened it. e closed it againH upon !hich% in a "er solemntone% & said to him% $Son of 3braham1 thou smellestH son of &saac1 thou artoffensi"eH son of 4acob1 thou stinkest foull. See the man in the moon1 heis holding his nose at thee at that distanceH dost thou think that &%



sitting here% can endure it an longerI$ D 4e! !as astounded% opened the!indo! forth!ith himself% and said% $he !as sorr he did not kno! before &!as so great a gentleman.$

4ul 5:. /9=6.

TE P3P3C' 3A TE -E*?-D3T&?A.JJ>E? L.

uring the earl part of the middle ages% the papac !as nothing% in fact%but a confederation of the learned men in the !est of Europe against thebarbarism and ignorance of the times. The Pope !as chief of thisconfederacH and so long as he retained that character e,clusi"el% hispo!er !as just and irresistible. &t !as the principal mean of preser"ingfor us and for our posterit all that !e no! ha"e of the illumination of past ages. But as soon as the Pope made a separation bet!een his character as premier clerk in Christendom and as a secular princeH as soon as he

began to sFuabble for to!ns and castlesH then he at once broke the charm%and ga"e birth to a re"olution. *rom that moment% those !ho remained firmto the cause of truth and kno!ledge became necessar enemies to the -omanSee. The great British schoolmen led the !aH then )icliffe rose% uss%4erome% and othersHJJin short% e"er !here% but especiall throughout thenorth of Europe% the breach of feeling and smpath !ent on !idening%JJsothat all German% England% Scotland% and other countries started likegiants out of their sleep at the first blast of >uthers trumpet. &n*rance% one half of the peopleJJand that the most !ealth and enlightenedJJembraced the -eformation. The seeds of it !ere deepl and !idel spread inSpain and in &talH and as to the latter% if 4ames &. had been anEliKabeth% & ha"e no doubt at all that +enice !ould ha"e publicl declared

itself against -ome. &t is a profound Fuestion to ans!er% !h it is% thatsince the middle of the si,teenth centur the -eformation has not ad"ancedone step in Europe.

( ( ( ( (

&n the time of >eo L. atheism% or infidelit of some sort% !as almostuni"ersal in &tal amongst the high dignitaries of the -omish church.

4ul 57. /9=6.

TE>)3>>.JJS)&*T.JJSTE>>3.

4ohn Thel!all had something "er good about him. )e !ere once sitting in abeautiful recess in the uantocks% !hen & said to him% $CitiKen 4ohn% thisis a fine place to talk treason in1$JJ$Aa1 CitiKen Samuel%$ replied he%$it is rather a place to make a man forget that there is an necessit for treason1$

Thel!all thought it "er unfair to influence a childs mind b inculcatingan opinions before it should ha"e come to ears of discretion% and be able

to choose for itself. & sho!ed him m garden% and told him it !as mbotanical garden. $o! soI$ said he% $it is co"ered !ith !eeds.$JJ$?h%$ &replied% $that is onl because it has not et come to its age of discretion and choice. The !eeds% ou see% ha"e taken the libert to gro!%



and & thought it unfair in me to prejudice the soil to!ards roses andstra!berries.$

( ( ( ( (

& think S!ift adopted the name of Stella% !hich is a mans name% !ith afeminine termination% to denote the msterious epicene relation in !hich

poor Diss 4ohnston stood to him.

4ul 59. /9=6.

&A&@&T?@S >EG&S>3T&?A.

That legislation is iniFuitous !hich sets la! in conflict !ith the commonand unsophisticated feelings of our nature. &f & !ere a clergman in asmuggling to!n% & !ould not preach against smuggling. & !ould not be made

a sort of clerical re"enue officer. >et the go"ernment% !hich b absurdduties fosters smuggling% pre"ent it itself% if it can. o! could & sho! mhearers the immoralit of going t!ent miles in a boat% and honestl buing!ith their mone a keg of brand% e,cept b a long deduction !hich thecould not understandI But !ere & in a place !here !recking !ent on% see if & !ould preach on an thing else1

4ul 50. /9=6.

SP@-ME&D 3A C-3A&?>??'.

SpurKheim is a good man% and & like himH but he is dense% and the mostignorant German & e"er kne!. &f he had been content !ith stating certainremarkable coincidences bet!een the moral Fualities and the configurationof the skull% it !ould ha"e been !ellH but !hen he began to map out thecranium dogmaticall% he fell into infinite absurdities. 'ou kno! thate"er intellectual act% ho!e"er ou ma distinguish it b name in respectof the originating faculties% is trul the act of the entire manH thenotion of distinct material organs% therefore% in the brain itself% isplainl absurd. Pressed b this% SpurKheim has% at length% been guilt of some sheer FuackerH and "entures to sa that he has actuall disco"ered a

different material in the different parts or organs of the brain% so thathe can tell a piece of bene"olence from a bit of destructi"eness% and soforth. ?bser"e% also% that it is constantl found% that so far from therebeing a conca"it in the interior surface of the cranium ans!ering to thecon"e,it apparent on the e,teriorJJthe interior is con"e, too. r. Bailliethought there !as something in the sstem% because the notion of the brainbeing an e,tendible net helped to e,plain those cases !here the intellectremained after the solid substance of the brain !as dissol"ed in !ater.8/;

That a greater or less de"elopment of the forepart of the head is generallcoincidedent !ith more or less of reasoning po!er% is certain. The lineacross the forehead% also% denoting musical po!er% is "er common.

8*ootnote /2$The "er marked% positi"e as !ell as comparati"e% magnitude andprominence of the bump% entitled bene"olence Nsee SpurKheims map of the



human skullO on the head of the late Dr. 4ohn Thurtell% has !oefullunsettled the faith of man ardent phrenologists% and strengthened thepre"ious doubts of a still greater number into utter disbelief. ?n m mind this fact Nfor a fact it isO produced the directl contrar effectHand inclined me to suspect% for the first time% that there ma be sometruth in the SpurKheimian scheme. )hether future craniologists ma not seecause to ne!Jname this and one or t!o others of these con"e, gnomons% is

Fuite a different Fuestion. 3t present% and according to the present use of !ords% an such change !ould be prematureH and !e must be content to sa%that Dr. Thurtells bene"olence !as insufficientl modified b theunprotrusi"e and unindicated con"olutes of the brain% that secrete honestand common sense. The organ of destructi"eness !as indirectl potentiated b the absence or imperfect de"elopment of the glands of reason andconscience in this unfortunate gentleman.$JJ3ids to -eflection% p./:=. n.;

3ugust 56. /9=6.

*-EAC -E+?>@T&?A% /9=6.JJC3PT3&A -. 3A TE 3DE-&C3AS.

The *rench must ha"e greatl impro"ed under the influence of a free andregular go"ernment Nfor such it% in general% has been since therestorationO% to ha"e conducted themsel"es !ith so much moderation insuccess as the seem to ha"e done% and to be disposed to do.

( ( ( ( (

& must sa & cannot see much in Captain B. alls account of the 3mericans%but !eaknessesJJsome of !hich make me like the 'ankees all the better. o!

much more amiable is the 3merican fidgettiness and an,iet about theopinion of other nations% and especiall of the English% than thesentiments of the rest of the !orld.8/;

3s to !hat Captain all sas about the English loalt to the person of theingJJ& can onl sa% & feel none of it. & respect the man !hile% and onl!hile% the king is translucent through him2 & re"erence the glass case for the Saints sake !ithinH e,cept for that it is to me mere glaKiers !ork%JJputt% and glass% and !ood.

8*ootnote /2$There e,ists in England a gentlemanl character% a gentlemanl

feeling% "er different e"en from that !hich is most like it%JJthecharacter of a !ellJborn Spaniard% and une,ampled in the rest of Europe.This feeling originated in the fortunate circumstance% that the titles of our English nobilit follo! the la! of their propert% and are inherited bthe eldest sons onl. *rom this source% under the influences of our constitution and of our astonishing trade% it has diffused itself indifferent modifications through the !hole countr. The uniformit of our dress among all classes abo"e that of the da labourer% !hile it hasauthoriKed all ranks to assume the appearance of gentlemen% has at the sametime inspired the !ish to conform their manners% and still more their ordinar actions in social intercourse% to their notions of the gentlemanlthe most commonl recei"ed attribute of !hich character is a certain

generosit in trifles. ?n the other hand% the encroachments of the lo!er classes on the higher% occasioned and fa"oured b this resemblance ine,teriors% b this absence of an cogniKable marks of distinction% ha"erendered each class more reser"ed and jealous in their general communionH



and% far more than our climate or natural temper% ha"e caused thathaughtiness and reser"e in our out!ard demeanour% !hich is so generallcomplained of among foreigners. *ar be it from me to depreciate the "alueof this gentlemanl feeling2 & respect it under all its forms and"arieties% from the ouse of Commons ( to the gentleman in the oneJshillinggaller. &t is al!as the ornament of "irtue% and oftentimes a supportH butit is a !retched substitute for it. &ts !orth% as a moral good% is b no

means in proportion to its "alue as a social ad"antage. Theseobser"ations are not irrele"ant2 for to the !ant of reflection that thisdiffusion of gentlemanl feeling among us is not the gro!th of our morale,cellence% but the effect of "arious accidental ad"antages peculiar toEnglandH to our not considering that it is unreasonable and uncharitable toe,pect the same conseFuences% !here the same causes ha"e not e,isted toproduce themH and lastl% to our prorieness to regard the absence of thischaracter N!hich% as & ha"e before said% does% for the greater part% and inthe common apprehension% consist in a certain frankness and generosit inthe detail of actionO as decisi"e against the sum total of personal or national !orthH !e must% & am con"inced% attribute a large portion of thatconduct% !hich in man instances has left the inhabitants of countries

conFuered or appropriated b Great Britain doubtful !hether the "arioussolid ad"antages !hich the ha"e deri"ed from our protection and justgo"ernment !ere not bought dearl b the !ounds inflicted on their feelingsand prejudices% b the contemptuous and insolent demeanour of the English%as indi"iduals.$JJ*riend% "ol. iii. p% =55.

This !as !ritten long before the -eform 3ct.JJE.;

September 9. /9=6.

EAG>&S -E*?-D3T&?A.

The fatal error into !hich the peculiar character of the English-eformation thre! our Church% has borne bitter fruit e"er since%JJ& meanthat of its clinging to court and state% instead of culti"ating the people.The church ought to be a mediator bet!een the people and the go"ernment%bet!een the poor and the rich. 3s it is% & fear the Church has let thehearts of the common people be stolen from it. See ho! differentl theChurch of -omeJJ!iser in its generationJJhas al!as acted in thisparticular. *or a long time past the Church of England seems to me to ha"ebeen blighted !ith prudence% as it is called. & !ish !ith all m heart !e

had a little Kealous imprudence.

September /0. /9=6.

ED?C-3C'.JJJJ&E3 ?* 3 ST3TE.JJJJC@-C.

&t has ne"er et been seen% or clearl announced% that democrac% as such%is no proper element in the constitution of a state. The idea of a state isundoubtedl a go"ernment 8Greek2 ek ton aristou;JJan aristocrac. emocrac

is the healthful lifeJblood !hich circulates through the "eins andarteries% !hich supports the sstem% but !hich ought ne"er to appear e,ternall% and as the mere blood itself.



3 state% in idea% is the opposite of a church. 3 state regards classes% andnot indi"idualsH and it estimates classes% not b internal merit% bute,ternal accidents% as propert% birth% c. But a church does the re"erseof this% and disregards all e,ternal accidents% and looks at men asindi"idual persons% allo!ing no gradation of ranks% but such as greater or less !isdom% learning% and holiness ought to confer. 3 church is%therefore% in idea% the onl pure democrac. The church% so considered% and

the state% e,clusi"el of the church% constitute together the idea of astate in its largest sense.

September 56. /9=6.

G?+E-ADEAT.JJJJ*-EAC GEA3-DE-&E.

3ll temporal go"ernment must rest on a compromise of interests and abstract

rights. )ho !ould listen to the count of Bedford% if it !ere to declareitself disanne,ed from the British empire% and to set up for itselfI

( ( ( ( (

The most desirable thing that can happen to *rance% !ith her immense armof gensdarmes% is% that the ser"ice ma at first become "er irksome tothe men themsel"es% and ultimatel% b not being called into real ser"ice%fall into general ridicule% like our trained bands. The e"il in *rance% andthroughout Europe% seems no! especiall to be% the subordination of thelegislati"e po!er to the direct phsical force of the people. The *renchlegislature !as !eak enough before the late re"olutionH no! it is

absolutel po!erless% and manifestl depends e"en for its e,istence on the!ill of a popular commander of an irresistible arm. There is no! in *rancea dail tendenc to reduce the legislati"e bod to a mere deputation fromthe pro"inces and to!ns.

September 5/. /9=6.

P&>?S?P' ?* '?@AG DEA 3T TE P-ESEAT 3'.

& do not kno! !hether & decei"e mself% but it seems to me that the oungmen% !ho !ere m contemporaries% fi,ed certain principles in their minds%and follo!ed them out to their legitimate conseFuences% in a !a !hich &rarel !itness no!. Ao one seems to ha"e an distinct con"ictions% right or !rongH the mind is completel at sea% rolling and pitching on the !a"es of facts and personal e,periences. Dr. JJJJ is% & suppose% one of the risingoung men of the daH et he !ent on talking% the other e"ening% and makingremarks !ith great earnestness% some of !hich !ere palpabl irreconcilable!ith each other. e told me that facts ga"e birth to% and !ere the absoluteground of% principlesH to !hich & said% that unless he had a principle of selection% he !ould not ha"e taken notice of those facts upon !hich he

grounded his principle. 'ou must ha"e a lantern in our hand to gi"e light%other!ise all the materials in the !orld are useless% for ou cannot findthemH and if ou could% ou could not arrange them. $But then%$ said Dr.JJJJ% $that principle of selection came from facts1$JJ$To be sure1$ &



repliedH $but there must ha"e been again an antecedent light to see thoseantecedent facts. The relapse ma be carried in imagination back!ards for e"er%JJbut go back as ou ma% ou cannot come to a man !ithout a pre"iousaim or principle.$ e then asked me !hat & had to sa to Bacons induction2& told him & had a good deal to sa% if need !ereH but that it !as perhapsenough for the occasion to remark% that !hat he !as e"identl taking for the Baconian induction !as mere deductionJJa "er different thing.8/;

8*ootnote /2 3s far as & can judge% the most complete and masterl thing e"er done bDr. Coleridge in prose% is the analsis and reconcilement of the Platonicand Baconian methods of philosoph% contained in the third "olume of the*riend% from p. /7< to 5/<. Ao edition of the Ao"um ?rganum should e"er bepublished !ithout a transcript of it.JJE.;

September 55. /9=6.

T@C'&ES 3A T3C&[email protected]?ET-'.JJJJD?E-A DET-E.

The object of Thucdides !as to sho! the ills resulting to Greece from theseparation and conflict of the spirits or elements of democrac andoligarch. The object of Tacitus !as to demonstrate the desperateconseFuences of the loss of libert on the minds and hearts of men.

( ( ( ( (

3 poet ought not to pick natures pocket2 let him borro!% and so borro! asto repa b the "er act of borro!ing. E,amine nature accuratel% but !rite

from recollectionH and trust more to our imagination than to our memor.

( ( ( ( (

-eall the metre of some of the modern poems & ha"e read% bears about thesame relation to metre properl understood% that dumb bells do to musicHboth are for e,ercise% and prett se"ere too% & think.

( ( ( ( (

Aothing e"er left a stain on that gentle creatures mind% !hich looked uponthe degraded men and things around him like moonshine on a dunghill% !hich

shines and takes no pollution. 3ll things are shado!s to him% e,cept those!hich mo"e his affections.

September 5=. /9=6.

>?G&C.

There are t!o kinds of logic2 /. Sllogistic. 5. Criterional. o! an onecan b an spinning make out more than ten or a doKen pages about the

first% is inconcei"able to meH all those absurd forms of sllogisms are onehalf pure sophisms% and the other half mere forms of rhetoric.

3ll sllogistic logic isJJ/. SeclusionH 5. &nclusionH =. ConclusionH



!hich ans!er to the understanding% the e,perience% and the reason. Thefirst sas% this ought to beH the second adds% this isH and the lastpronounces% this must be so. The criterional logic% or logic of premisses%is% of course% much the most importantH and it has ne"er et been treated.

( ( ( ( (

The object of rhetoric is persuasion%JJof logic% con"iction%JJof grammar%significanc. 3 fourth term is !anting% the rhematic% or logic of sentences.

September 5:. /9=6.

+3--?.JJS?C-3TES.JJG-EE P&>?S?P'.JJP>?T&[email protected]@>>&3A.

)hat a loss !e ha"e had in +arros mthological and critical !orks1 &t is

said that the !orks of Epicurus are probabl amongst the erculaneanmanuscripts. & do not feel much interest about them% because% b theconsent of all antiFuit% >ucretius has preser"ed a complete "ie! of hissstem. But & regret the loss of the !orks of the old Stoics% Meno andothers% e,ceedingl.

( ( ( ( (

Socrates% as such% !as onl a poetical character to Plato% !ho !orked uponhis o!n ground. The se"eral disciples of Socrates caught some particular points from him% and made sstems of philosoph upon them according totheir o!n "ie!s. Socrates himself had no sstem.

( ( ( ( (

& hold all claims set up for Egpt ha"ing gi"en birth to the Greekphilosoph% to be groundless. &t sprang up in Greece itself% and began !ithphsics onl.

Then it took in the idea of a li"ing cause% and made pantheism out of thet!o. Socrates introduced ethics% and taught dutiesH and then% finall%Plato asserted or reJasserted the idea of a God the maker of the !orld. Themeasure of human philosoph !as thus full% !hen Christianit came to add!hat before !as !antingJJassurance. 3fter this again% the AeoJPlatonists

joined theurg !ith philosoph% !hich ultimatel degenerated into magic andmere msticism.

Plotinus !as a man of !onderful abilit% and some of the sublimest passages& e"er read are in his !orks.

& !as amused the other da !ith reading in Tertullian% that spirits or demons dilate and contract themsel"es% and !riggle about like !ormsJJlumbrici, similes.

September 5<. /9=6.

SC?TC 3A EAG>&S >3ES.



The fi"e finest things in Scotland areJJ/. EdinburghH 5. The antechamber of the *all of *oersH =. The "ie! of >och >omond from &nch Ta"annach% thehighest of the islandsH :. The TrosachsH . The "ie! of the ebrides from apoint% the name of !hich & forget. But the inter"als bet!een the finethings in Scotland are "er drearHJJ!hereas in Cumberland and )estmoreland

there is a cabinet of beauties%JJeach thing being beautiful in itself% andthe "er passage from one lake% mountain% or "alle% to another% is itself a beautiful thing again. The Scotch lakes are so like one another% fromtheir great siKe% that in a picture ou are obliged to read their namesHbut the English lakes% especiall er!ent )ater% or rather the !hole "aleof es!ick% is so rememberable% that% after ha"ing been once seen% no onee"er reFuires to be told !hat it is !hen dra!n. This "ale is about as largea basin as >och >omondH the latter is co"ered !ith !aterH but in the former instance% !e ha"e t!o lakes !ith a charming ri"er to connect them% andlo"el "illages at the foot of the mountain% and other habitations% !hichgi"e an air of life and cheerfulness to the !hole place.

( ( ( ( (

The land imager of the north of e"on is most delightful.

September 57. /9=6.

>?+E 3A *-&EAS&P ?PP?SE.JJD3--&3GE.JJC3-3CTE->ESSAESS ?* )?DEA.

3 person once said to me% that he could make nothing of lo"e% e,cept thatit !as friendship accidentall combined !ith desire. )hence & concluded

that he had ne"er been in lo"e. *or !hat shall !e sa of the feeling !hicha man of sensibilit has to!ards his !ife !ith her bab at her breast1 o!pure from sensual desire1 et ho! different from friendship1

Smpath constitutes friendshipH but in lo"e there is a sort of antipath%or opposing passion. Each stri"es to be the other% and both together makeup one !hole.

>uther has sketched the most beautiful picture of the nature% and ends% andduties of the !edded life & e"er read. St. Paul sas it is a great smbol%not mster% as !e translate it.8/;

8*ootnote /2Greek2 JJJJ ;

( ( ( ( (

$Dost !omen ha"e no character at all%$ said Pope8/; and meant it for satire. Shakspeare% !ho kne! man and !oman much better% sa! that it% infact% !as the perfection of !oman to be characterless.

E"er one !ishes a esdemona or ?phelia for a !ife%JJcreatures !ho% thoughthe ma not al!as understand ou% do al!as feel ou% and feel !ith ou.

8*ootnote /2 $Aothing so true as !hat ou once let fallJJ Dost !omen ha"e no character at all%JJ Datter too soft a lasting mark to bear%



3nd best distinguishd b black% bro!n% and fair.$ Epist. to a >ad% ". &.;%

September 59. /9=6.

DEAT3> 3A3-C'.

)h need !e talk of a fier hellI &f the !ill% !hich is the la! of our nature% !ere !ithdra!n from our memor% fanc% understanding% and reason%no other hell could eFual% for a spiritual being% !hat !e should then feel%from the anarch of our po!ers. &t !ould be conscious madnessJJa horridthought1

?ctober . /9=6.

E3- 3A T3STE *?- D@S&C &**E-EAT.JJJJEAG>&S >&T@-G'.JJJJBE>G&3A-E+?>@T&?A.

&n politics% !hat begins in fear usuall ends in foll.

( ( ( ( (

3n ear for music is a "er different thing from a taste for music. & ha"eno ear !hate"erH & could not sing an air to sa"e m lifeH but & ha"e the

intensest delight in music% and can detect good from bad. Aaldi% a goodfello!% remarked to me once at a concert% that & did not seem muchinterested !ith a piece of -ossinis !hich had just been performed. & said%it sounded to me like nonsense "erses. But & could scarcel contain mself !hen a thing of Beetho"ens follo!ed.

( ( ( ( (

& ne"er distinctl felt the hea"enl superiorit of the praers in theEnglish liturg% till & had attended some kirks in the countr parts of Scotland% & call these strings of school bos or girls !hich !e meet near >ondonJJ!alking ad"ertisements.

( ( ( ( (

The Brussels riotJJ& cannot bring mself to dignif it !ith a higher nameJJis a !retched parod on the last *rench re"olution. )ere & ing )illiam%& !ould banish the Belgians% as Coriolanus banishes the -omans inShakspeare.8/;

&t is a !icked rebellion !ithout one just cause.

8*ootnote /2 $'ou common cr of curs1 !hose breath & hate

3s reek o the rotten fens% !hose lo"es & priKe 3s the dead carcasses of unburied men That do corrupt m air% & banish ouH 3nd here remain !ith our uncertaint1$



3ct iii. sc. =.;

?ctober 9. /9=6.

G3>&>E?% AE)T?A% EP>E-% B3C?A.

Galileo !as a great genius% and so !as Ae!tonH but it !ould take t!o or three Galileos and Ae!tons to make one epler.8/; &t is in the order of Pro"idence% that the in"enti"e% generati"e% constituti"e mindJJthe eplerJJshould come firstH and then that the patient and collecti"e mindJJtheAe!tonJJshould follo!% and elaborate the pregnant Fueries and illuminingguesses of the former. The la!s of the planetar sstem are% in fact% dueto epler. There is not a more glorious achie"ement of scientific geniusupon record% than eplers guesses% prophecies% and ultimate apprehensionof the la!85; of the mean distances of the planets as connected !ith theperiods of their re"olutions round the sun. Gra"itation% too% he had fullconcei"edH but% because it seemed inconsistent !ith some recei"ed

obser"ations on light% he ga"e it up% in allegiance% as he sas% to Aature.'et the idea "e,ed and haunted his mindH $+e,at me et lacessit%$ are his!ords% & belie"e.

)e praise Ae!tons clearness and steadiness. e !as clear and stead% nodoubt% !hilst !orking out% b the help of an admirable geometr% the ideabrought forth b another. Ae!ton had his ether% and could not rest inJJhecould not concei"eJJthe idea of a la!. e thought it a phsical thing after all. 3s for his chronolog% & belie"e% those !ho are most competent to judge% rel on it less and less e"er da. is lucubrations on aniel andthe -e"elations seem to me little less than mere ra"ing.

8*ootnote /2Galileo Galilei !as born at Pisa% on the /th of *ebruar% /<:. 4ohnepler !as born at )eil% in the duch of )irtemberg% on the 5lst of ecember% /7/.JJE.;

8*ootnote 52Aamel% that the sFuares of their times "ar as the cubes of their distances%JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

Personal e,periment is necessar% in order to correct our o!n obser"ation

of the e,periments !hich Aature herself makes for usJJ& mean% the phenomenaof the uni"erse. But then obser"ation is% in turn% !anted to direct andsubstantiate the course of e,periment. E,periments alone cannot ad"ancekno!ledge% !ithout obser"ationH the amuse for a time% and then pass off the scene and lea"e no trace behind them.

( ( ( ( (

Bacon% !hen like himselfJJfor no man !as e"er more inconsistentJJsas% $Prudens FiuestioJJdimidium scientiae est.$

?ctober 56. /9=6.



TE -E*?-D3T&?A.

3t the -eformation% the first reformers !ere beset !ith an almost morbidan,iet not to be considered heretical in point of doctrine. The kne! thatthe -omanists !ere on the !atch to fasten the brand of heres upon them!hene"er a fair prete,t could be foundH and & ha"e no doubt it !as the

e,cess of this fear !hich at once led to the burning of Ser"etus% and alsoto the thanks offered b all the Protestant churches% to Cal"in and theChurch of Gene"a% for burning him.

Ao"ember 5/. /9=6.

?@SE ?* C?DD?AS.

JJJJ ne"er makes a figure in Fuietude. e astounds the "ulgar !ith a

certain enormit of e,ertionH he takes an acre of can"ass% on !hich hescra!ls e"er thing. e thinks aloudH e"er thing in his mind% good% bad%or indifferent% out it comesH he is like the Ae!gate gutter% flo!ing !ithgarbage% dead dogs% and mud. e is preeminentl a man of man thoughts%!ith no ideas2 hence he is al!as so length% because he must go throughe"er thing to see an thing.

( ( ( ( (

&t is a melanchol thing to li"e !hen there is no "ision in the land. )here

are our statesmen to meet this emergencI & see no reformer !ho askshimself the Fuestion% )hat is it that & propose to mself to effect inthe resultI

&s the ouse of Commons to be reJconstructed on the principle of arepresentation of interests% or of a delegation of menI &f on the former%!e ma% perhaps% see our !aH if on the latter% ou can ne"er% in reason%stop short of uni"ersal suffrageH and in that case% & am sure that !omenha"e as good a right to "ote as men.8/;

8*ootnote /2&n Dr. Coleridges masterl analsis and confutation of the phsiocratic

sstem of the earl *rench re"olutionists% in the *riend% he has thefollo!ing passage in the nature of a reductio ad absurdum. $-ousseau%indeed% asserts that there is an inalienable so"ereignt inherent in e"erhuman being possessed of reasonH and from this the framers of theConstitution of /70/ deduce% that the people itself is its o!n solerightful legislator% and at most dare onl recede so far from its right asto delegate to chosen deputies the po!er of representing and declaring thegeneral !ill. But this is !holl !ithout proofH for it has been alreadfull sho!n% that% according to the principle out of !hich this conseFuenceis attempted to be dra!n% it is not the actual man% but the abstract reasonalone% that is the so"ereign and rightful la!gi"er. The confusion of t!othings so different is so gross an error% that the Constituent 3ssembl

could scarce proceed a step in their declaration of rights% !ithout someglaring inconsistenc. Children are e,cluded from all political po!erH arethe not human beings in !hom the facult of reason residesI 'es1 butRin them the facult is not et adeFuatel de"eloped. But are not gross



ignorance% in"eterate superstition% and the habitual trann of passion andsensualit% eFuall pre"enti"es of the de"elopement% eFuall impediments tothe rightful e,ercise% of the reason% as childhood and earl outhI )ho!ould not rel on the judgment of a !ellJeducated English lad% bred in a"irtuous and enlightened famil% in preference to that of a brutal -ussian%!ho belie"es that he can scourge his !ooden idol into good humour% or attributes to himself the merit of perpetual praer% !hen he has fastened

the petitions% !hich his priest has !ritten for him% on the !ings of a!indmillI 3gain2 !omen are like!ise e,cludedH a full half% and thatassuredl the most innocent% the most amiable half% of the !hole human raceis e,cluded% and this too b a Constitution !hich boasts to ha"e no other foundations but those of uni"ersal reason1 &s reason% then% an affair of se,I Ao1 but !omen are commonl in a state of dependence% and are notlikel to e,ercise their reason !ith freedom. )ell1 and does not thisground of e,clusion appl !ith eFual or greater force to the poor% to theinfirm% to men in embarrassed circumstances% to all% in short% !hosemaintenance% be it scant% or be it ample% depends on the !ill of othersIo! far are !e to goI )here must !e stopI )hat classes should !e admitI)hom must !e disfranchiseI The objects concerning !hom !e are to determine

these Fuestions% are all human beings% and differenced from each other b degrees onl% these degrees% too% oftentimes changing. 'et the principleon !hich the !hole sstem rests% is that reason is not susceptible of degree. Aothing% therefore% !hich subsists !holl in degrees% the changesof !hich do not obe an necessar la!% can be the object of pure science%or determinate b mere reason%$JJ+ol. i. p. =:/% E.;

Darch 56. /9=/.

G?+E-ADEAT.JJE3-> G-E'.

Go"ernment is not founded on propert% taken merel as such% in theabstractH it is founded on uneFual propertH the ineFualit is anessential term in the position. The phrasesJJhigher% middle% and lo!er classes% !ith reference to this point of representationJJare delusi"eH nosuch di"isions as classes actuall e,ist in societ. There is anindissoluble blending and interfusion of persons from top to bottomH and noman can trace a line of separation through them% e,cept such a confessedlunmeaning and unjustifiable line of political empiricism as /6l.householders. & cannot disco"er a ra of principle in the go"ernment plan%JJnot a hint of the effect of the change upon the balance of the estates of

the realm%JJnot a remark on the nature of the constitution of England% andthe character of the propert of so man millions of its inhabitants. alf the !ealth of this countr is purel artificial%JJe,isting onl in and onthe credit gi"en to it b the integrit and honest of the nation. Thispropert appears% in man instances% a hea" burthen to the numericalmajorit of the people% and the belie"e that it causes all their distress2and the are no! to ha"e the maintenance of this propert committed totheir good faithJJthe lamb to the !ol"es1

Aecker% ou remember% asked the people to come and help him against thearistocrac. The people came fast enough at his biddingH but% someho! or other% the !ould not go a!a again !hen the had done their !ork. & hope

>ord Gre !ill not see himself or his friends in the !oeful case of theconjuror% !ho% !ith infinite Keal and pains% called up the de"ils to dosomething for him. The came at the !ord% thronging about him% grinning%and ho!ling% and dancing% and !hisking their long tails in diabolic gleeH



but !hen the asked him !hat he !anted of them% the poor !retch% frightenedout his of !its% could onl stammer forth%JJ$& pra ou% m friends% begone do!n again1$ 3t !hich the de"ils% !ith one "oice% replied%JJ

$'es1 es1 !ell go do!n1 !ell go do!n1JJ But !ell take ou !ith us to s!im or to dro!n1$8/;

8*ootnote /2Dr. Coleridge must ha"e been thinking of that $"er pith and profitable$ballad b the >aureate% !herein is sho!n ho! a oung man $!ould readunla!ful books% and ho! he !as punished2$JJ

$The oung man% he began to read e kne! not !hat% but he !ould proceed% )hen there !as heard a sound at the door% )hich as he read on gre! more and more.

$3nd more and more the knocking gre!% The oung man kne! not !hat to do2

But trembling in fear he sat !ithin% Till the door !as broke% and the de"il came in.

$)hat !ouldst thou !ith meI the !icked one criedH But not a !ord the oung man repliedH E"er hair on his head !as standing upright% 3nd his limbs like a pals shook !ith affright.

$)hat !ouldst thou !ith meI cried the author of illH But the !retched oung man !as silent still%$ c.

The catastrophe is "er terrible% and the moral% though addressed b the

poet to oung men onl% is Fuite as applicable to old men% as the timessho!.

$enceforth let all oung men take heed o! in a conjurors books the read1$ Southes Dinor Poems% "ol. iii. p. 05.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

4une 5. /9=/.

G?+E-ADEAT.JJP?P@>3- -EP-ESEAT3T&?A.

The three great ends !hich a statesman ought to propose to himself in thego"ernment of a nation% are%JJ/. Securit to possessorsH 5. *acilit toacFuirersH andH =. ope to all.

( ( ( ( (

3 nation is the unit of a people. ing and parliament are the unit made"isible. The king and the peers are as integral portions of this manifestedunit as the commons.8/;

&n that imperfect state of societ in !hich our sstem of representationbegan% the interests of the countr !ere prett e,actl commensurate !ithits municipal di"isions. The counties% the to!ns% and the seaports%



accuratel enough represented the onl interests then e,istingH that issa%JJthe landed% the shopJkeeping or manufacturing% and the mercantile.But for a centur past% at least% this di"ision has become notoriouslimperfect% some of the most "ital interests of the empire being no! totallunconnected !ith an English localities. 'et no!% !hen the e"il and the!ant are kno!n% !e are to abandon the accommodations !hich the necessit of the case had !orked out for itself% and begin again !ith a rigidl

territorial plan of representation1 The miserable tendenc of all is todestro our nationalit% !hich consists% in a principal degree% in our representati"e go"ernment% and to con"ert it into a degrading delegation of the populace. There is no unit for a people but in a representation of national interestsH a delegation from the passions or !ishes of theindi"iduals themsel"es is a rope of sand. @ndoubtedl it is a great e"il%that there should be such an e"ident discrepanc bet!een the la! and thepractice of the constitution in the matter of the representation. Such adirect% et clandestine% contra"ention of solemn resolutions andestablished la!s is immoral% and greatl injurious to the cause of legalloalt and general subordination in the minds of the people. But then astatesman should consider that these "er contra"entions of la! in practice

point out to him the places in the bod politic !hich need a remodelling of the la!. 'ou ackno!ledge a certain necessit for indirect representation inthe present da% and that such representation has been instincti"elobtained b means contrar to la!H !h then do ou not appro,imate theuseless la! to the useful practice% instead of abandoning both la! andpractice for a completel ne! sstem of our o!nI

8*ootnote /2Dr. Coleridge !as "er fond of Fuoting George )itherss fine lines2JJ

$>et not our king and parliament in one% Duch less apart% mistake themsel"es for that

)hich is most !orth to be thought upon2 Aor think the are% essentiall% The ST3TE. >et them not fanc that th authorit 3nd pri"ileges upon them besto!n% Conferrd are to set up a majest% 3 po!er% or a glor% of their o!n1 But let them kno!% t !as for a deeper life% )hich the but representJJ That theres on earth a et auguster thing% +eild though it be% than parliament and king1$JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

The malignant duplicit and unprincipled tergi"ersations of the specific)hig ne!spapers are to me detestable. & prefer the open endea"ours of thosepublications !hich seek to destro the church% and introduce a republic ineffect2 there is a sort of honest in that !hich & appro"e% though &!ould !ith jo la do!n m life to sa"e m countr from the consummation!hich is so e"identl desired b that section of the periodical press.

4une 5<. /9=/.

A3P&E-.JJB@?A3P3-TE.JJS?@TE'.



& ha"e been e,ceedingl impressed !ith the e"il precedent of ColonelAapiers istor of the Peninsular )ar. &t is a specimen of the true *renchmilitar schoolH not a thought for the justice of the !ar%JJnot aconsideration of the damnable and damning iniFuit of the *rench in"asion. 3ll is looked at as a mere game of e,Fuisite skill% and the praise isregularl a!arded to the most successful plaer. o! perfectl ridiculousis the prostration of Aapiers mind% apparentl a po!erful one% before the

name of Buonaparte1 & declare & kno! no book more likel to undermine thenational sense of right and !rong in matters of foreign interference thanthis !ork of Aapiers.

&f 3. has a hundred means of doing a certain thing% and B. has onl one or t!o% is it "er !onderful% or does it argue "er transcendant superiorit%if 3. surpasses B.I Buonaparte !as the child of circumstances% !hich heneither originated nor controlled. e had no chance of preser"ing his po!er but b continual !arfare. Ao thought of a !ise tranFuilliKation of theshaken elements of *rance seems e"er to ha"e passed through his mindH and &belie"e that at no part of his reign could be ha"e sur"i"ed one earscontinued peace. e ne"er had but one obstacle to contend !ithJJphsical

forceH commonl the least difficult enem a general% subject to courtsJmartial and courts of conscience% has to o"ercome.

( ( ( ( (

Southes istor8/; is on the right side% and starts from the right pointHbut he is personall fond of the Spaniards% and in bringing for!ard their nationalit in the prominent manner it deser"es% he does not% in m judgment% state !ith sufficient clearness the truth% that the nationalitof the Spaniards !as not founded on an just ground of good go"ernment or !ise la!s% but !as% in fact% "er little more than a rooted antipath to

all strangers as such.

&n this sense e"er thing is national in Spain. E"en their so calledCatholic religion is e,clusi"el national in a genuine Spaniards mindH hedoes not regard the religious professions of the *renchman or &talian atall in the same light !ith his o!n.

8*ootnote /2Dr. Coleridge said that the conclusion of this great !ork !as the finestspecimen of historic eulog he had e"er read in EnglishHJJthat it !as morethan a campaign to the dukes fame.JJE.;

4ul 7. /9=/.

P3T-?A3GE ?* TE *&AE 3-TS.JJ?> )?DEA.

The darkest despotisms on the Continent ha"e done more for the gro!th andele"ation of the fine arts than the English go"ernment. 3 great musicalcomposer in German and &tal is a great man in societ% and a real dignitand rank are uni"ersall conceded to him. So it is !ith a sculptor% or painter% or architect. )ithout this sort of encouragement and patronage

such arts as music and painting !ill ne"er come into great eminence. &nthis countr there is no general re"erence for the fine artsH and thesordid spirit of a moneJamassing philosoph !ould meet an proposition for the fostering of art% in a genial and e,tended sense% !ith the commercial



ma,im%JJ>aisseK faire. Paganini% indeed% !ill make a fortune% because hecan actuall sell the tones of his fiddle at so much a scrapeH but DoKarthimself might ha"e languished in a garret for an thing that !ould ha"ebeen done for him here.

( ( ( ( (

There are three classes into !hich all the !omen past se"ent that e"er &kne! !ere to be di"ided2JJ/. That dear old soulH 5. That old !omanH =. Thatold !itch.

4ul 5:. /9=/.

P&[email protected]/;

?bser"e the remarkable difference bet!een Claude and Teniers in their po!er of painting "acant space. Claude makes his !hole landscape a plenum2 theair is Fuite as substantial as an other part of the scene. ence there areno true distances% and e"er thing presses at once and eFuall upon theee. There is something close and almost suffocating in the atmosphere of some of Claudes sunsets. Ae"er did an one paint air% the thin air% theabsolutel apparent "acanc bet!een object and object% so admirabl asTeniers. That picture of the 3rchers85; e,emplifies this e,cellence. Seethe distances bet!een those ugl louts1 ho! perfectl true to the fact1

But oh1 !hat a !onderful picture is that Triumph of Silenus18=; &t is the"er re"elr of hell. E"er e"il passion is there that could in an !a be

forced into ju,taposition !ith joance. Dark the lust% and% hard b% thehate. E"er part is pregnant !ith libidinous nature !ithout one spark of the grace of ea"en. The animal is triumphingJJnot o"er% butJJin theabsence% in the nonJe,istence% of the spiritual part of man. & could fancthat -ubens had seen in a "isionJJ

3ll the souls that damned be >eap up at once in anarch% Clap their hands% and dance for glee1

That landscape8:; on the other side is onl less magnificent than dear Sir George Beaumonts% no! in the Aational Galler. &t has the same charm.

-ubens does not take for his subjects grand or no"el conformations of objectsH he has% ou see% no precipices% no forests% no fro!ning castles%JJnothing that a poet !ould take at all times% and a painter take in thesetimes. AoH he gets some little ponds% old tumbleJdo!n cottages% thatruinous chateau% t!o or three peasants% a haJrick% and other such humbleimages% !hich looked at in and b themsel"es con"e no pleasure and e,citeno surpriseH but heJJand he Peter Paul -ubens aloneJJhandles these e"erJda ingredients of all common landscapes as the are handled in natureH hethro!s them into a "ast and magnificent !hole% consisting of hea"en andearth and all things therein. e e,tracts the latent poetr out of thesecommon objects%JJthat poetr and harmon !hich e"er man of geniuspercei"es in the face of nature% and !hich man men of no genius are taught

to percei"e and feel after e,amining such a picture as this. &n other landscape painters the scene is confined and as it !ere imprisonedHJJin-ubens the landscape dies a natural deathH it fades a!a into the apparentinfinit of space.



So long as -ubens confines himself to space and out!ard figureJJto the mereanimal man !ith animal passionsJJhe is% & ma sa% a god amongst painters.is satrs% Silenuses% lions% tigers% and dogs% are almost godlikeH but themoment he attempts an thing in"ol"ing or presuming the spiritual% his godsand goddesses% his nmphs and heroes% become beasts% absolute% unmitigatedbeasts.

8*ootnote /2 3ll the follo!ing remarks in this section !ere made at the e,hibition of ancient masters at the British Galler in Pall Dall. The recollection of those t!o hours has made the rooms of that &nstitution a melanchol placefor me. Dr. Coleridge !as in high spirits% and seemed to kindle in his mindat the contemplation of the splendid pictures before him. e did note,amine them all b the catalogue% but anchored himself before some threeor four great !orks% telling me that he sa! the rest of the Galler potentiall. & can et distinctl recall him% half leaning on his oldsimple stick% and his hat off in one hand% !hilst !ith the fingers of theother he !ent on% as !as his constant !ont% figuring in the air a

commentar of small diagrams% !here!ith% as he fancied% he could translateto the ee those relations of form and space !hich his !ords might fail tocon"e !ith clearness to the ear. is admiration for -ubens sho!ed itself in a sort of jo and brotherl fondnessH he looked as if he !ould shakehands !ith his pictures. )hat the compan% !hich b degrees formed itself round this sil"erJhaired% brightJeed% musicJbreathing% old man% took himfor% & cannot guessH there !as probabl not one there !ho kne! him to bethat 3ncient Dariner% !ho held people !ith his glittering ee% andconstrained them% like three ears children% to hear his tale. &n themidst of his speech% he turned to the right hand% !here stood a "er lo"eloung !oman% !hose attention he had in"oluntaril arrestedHJJto her%!ithout apparentl an consciousness of her being a stranger to him% he

addressed man remarks% although & must ackno!ledge the !ere couched in asome!hat softer tone% as if he !ere soliciting her smpath. e !as%"eril% a gentleJhearted man at all timesH but & ne"er !as in compan !ithhim in m life% !hen the entr of a !oman% it mattered not !ho% did notpro"oke a dim gush of emotion% !hich passed like an infants breath o"er the mirror of his intellect.JJE.;

8*ootnote 52$*igures shooting at a Target%$ belonging% & belie"e% to >ord Bandon.JJE.;

8*ootnote =2 This belongs to Sir -obert Peel.JJE.;

8*ootnote :2$>andscape !ith setting Sun%$JJ>ord *arnboroughs picture.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

The &talian masters differ from the utch in thisJJthat in their picturesages are perfectl ideal. The infant that -affaels Dadonna holds in her arms cannot be guessed of an particular ageH it is umanit in infanc.The babe in the manger in a utch painting is a facJsimile of some realne!Jborn bantlingH it is just like the little rabbits !e fathers ha"e allseen !ith some disma at first burst.

( ( ( ( (



Carlo olces representations of our Sa"iour are prett% to be sureH butthe are too smooth to please me. is Christs are al!as in sugarJcand.

( ( ( ( (

That is a "er odd and funn picture of the Connoisseurs

at -ome8/; b -enolds.

8*ootnote /2$Portraits of distinguished Connoisseurs painted at -ome%$JJbelonging to>ord Burlington.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

The more & see of modern pictures% the more & am con"inced that the ancientart of painting is gone% and something substituted for it%JJ"er pleasing%but different% and different in kind and not in degree onl. Portraits b

the old masters%JJtake for e,ample the pockJfritten lad b Cup8/;JJarepictures of men and !omen2 the fill% not merel occup% a spaceH therepresent indi"iduals% but indi"iduals as tpes of a species.

Dodern portraitsJJa fe! b 4ackson and ?!en% perhaps% e,ceptedJJgi"e ounot the man% not the in!ard humanit% but merel the e,ternal mark% that in!hich Tom is different from Bill. There is something affected andmeretricious in the Snake in the Grass85; and such pictures% b -enolds.

8*ootnote /2& almost forget% but ha"e some recollection that the allusion is to Dr.

eneage *inchs picture of a >ad !ith a *an.JJE.;

8*ootnote 52 Sir -obert Peels.JJE.;

4ul 5. /9=/.

C&>>&AG)?-T.JJS@PE-ST&T&?A ?* D3>TESE% S&C&>&3AS% 3A &T3>&3AS.

&t is no! t!ent ears since & read Chilling!orths book8/;H but certainl

it seemed to me that his main position% that the mere te,t of the Bible isthe sole and e,clusi"e ground of Christian faith and practice% is Fuiteuntenable against the -omanists. &t entirel destros the conditions of achurch% of an authorit residing in a religious communit% and all thathol sense of brotherhood !hich is so sublime and consolator to ameditati"e Christian. ad & been a Papist% & should not ha"e !ished for amore "anFuishable opponent in contro"ers. & certainl belie"eChilling!orth to ha"e been in some sense a Socinian. >ord *alkland% hisfriend% said so in substance. & do not den his skill in dialecticsH he !asmore than a match for nott85; to be sure.

& must be bold enough to sa% that & do not think that e"en ooker puts the

idea of a church on the true foundation.

8*ootnote /2$The -eligion of Protestants a safe )a to Sal"ationH or% an 3ns!er to a



Booke entitled Derc and TruthH or% Charit maintained b Catholicks%!hich pretends to pro"e the contrar.$;

8*ootnote 52Socinianism% or some inclination that !a% is an old and clinging chargeagainst Chilling!orth. ?n the one hand% it is !ell kno!n that he subscribedthe articles of the church of England% in the usual form% on the 56th of

4ul% /<=9H and on the other% it is eFuall certain that !ithin t!o earsimmediatel pre"ious% he !rote the letter to some unnamed correspondent%beginning $ear arr%$ and printed in all the >i"es of Chilling!orth% in!hich letter he sums up his arguments upon the 3rian doctrine in thispassage2JJ$&n a !ord% !hosoe"er shall freel and impartiall consider of this thing% and ho! on the other side the ancient fathers !eapons againstthe 3rrians are in a manner onl places of Scripture Nand these no! for themost part discarded as importunate and unconcludingO% and ho! in theargument dra!n from the authorit of the ancient fathers% the are almostal!as defendants% and scarse e"er opponents% he shall not choose butconfesses or at least be "er inclinable to belee"e% that the doctrine of 3rrius is ether a truth% or at least no damnable heres.$ The truth is%

ho!e"er% that the Socinianism of Chilling!orth% such as it ma ha"e been%had more reference to the doctrine of the redemption of man than of thebeing of God.

Ed!ard notts real name !as Datthias )ilson.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

The superstition of the peasantr and lo!er orders generall in Dalta%Sicil% and &tal e,ceeds common belief. &t is unlike the superstition of Spain% !hich is a jealous fanaticism% ha"ing reference to their

catholicism% and al!as glancing on heres. The popular superstition of &tal is the offspring of the climate% the old associations% the manners%and the "er names of the places. &t is pure paganism% undisturbed b anan,iet about orthodo,% or animosit against heretics. ence% it is muchmore goodJnatured and pleasing to a tra"ellers feelings% and certainl nota !hit less like the true religion of our dear >ord than the gloomidolatr of the Spaniards.

( ( ( ( (

& !ell remember% !hen in +aletta in /96% asking a bo !ho !aited on me%!hat a certain procession% then passing% !as% and his ans!ering !ith great

Fuickness% that it !as 4esus Christ% !ho li"es here Nsta di casa FuiO%and !hen he comes out% it is in the shape of a !afer. But% $EccelenKa%$said he% smiling and correcting himself% $non e Cristiano.$8/;

8*ootnote /2The follo!ing anecdote related b Dr. Coleridge% in 3pril% /9//% !aspreser"ed and communicated to me b Dr. 4ustice Coleridge2JJ$3s & !asdescending from Dount 3Etna !ith a "er li"el talkati"e guide% !e passedthrough a "illage N& think calledO AicoloKKi% !hen the host happened to bepassing through the street. E"er one !as prostrateH m guide became soHand% not to be singular% & !ent do!n also. 3fter resuming our journe% &obser"ed in m guide an unusual seriousness and long silence% !hich% after

man hums and hahs% !as interrupted b a lo! bo!% and lea"e reFuestedto ask a Fuestion. This !as of course granted% and the ensuing dialoguetook place. Guide. $Signor% are ou then a ChristianI$ Coleridge. $& hopeso.$ G. $)hat1 are all Englishmen ChristiansI$ C. $& hope and trust the



are.$ G. $)hat1 are ou not TurksI 3re ou not damned eternallI$ C. $&trust not% through Christ.$ G. $)hat1 ou belie"e in Christ thenI$ C.$Certainl.$ This ans!er produced another long silence. 3t length m guideagain spoke% still doubting the grand point of m Christianit. G. $&mthinking% Signor% !hat is the difference bet!een ou and us% that ou areto be certainl damnedI$ C. $Aothing "er materialH nothing that canpre"ent our both going to hea"en% & hope. )e belie"e in the *ather% the

Son% and the ol Ghost.$ G. Ninterrupting meO $?h those damned priests1!hat liars the are1 But NpausingO !e cant do !ithout themH !e cant go tohea"en !ithout them. But tell me% Signor% !hat are the differencesI$ C.$)h% for instance% !e do not !orship the +irgin.$ G. $3nd !h not%SignorI$ C. $Because% though hol and pure% !e think her still a !oman%and% therefore% do not pa her the honour due to God.$ G. $But do ou not!orship 4esus% !ho sits on the right hand of GodI$ C. $)e do.$ G. $Then !hnot !orship the +irgin% !ho sits on the leftI$ C. $& did not kno! she did.&f ou can sho! it me in the Scriptures% & shall readil agree to !orshipher.$ $?h%$ said m man% !ith uncommon triumph% and cracking his fingers%$sicuro% Signor1 sicuro% Signor1$$JJE.;

4ul =6. /9=/.

3SG&>>.JJTE *-EAC.

3sgill !as an e,traordinar man% and his pamphlet8/; is in"aluable. eundertook to pro"e that man is literall immortalH or% rather% that angi"en li"ing man might probabl ne"er die. e complains of the co!ardlpractice of ding. e !as e,pelled from t!o ouses of Commons for blasphemand atheism% as !as pretendedHJJreall & suspect because he !as a staunch

ano"erian. & e,pected to find the ra"ings of an enthusiast% or the sullensnarlings of an infidelH !hereas & found the "er soul of S!iftJJan intensehalf selfJdecei"ed humorism. & scarcel remember else!here such uncommonskill in logic% such la!erJlike acuteness% and et such a grasp of commonsense. Each of his paragraphs is in itself a !hole% and et a link bet!eenthe preceding and follo!ingH so that the entire series forms one argument%and et each is a diamond in itself.

8*ootnote /2$3n argument pro"ing% that% according to the co"enant of eternal life%re"ealed in the Scriptures% man ma be translated from hence% !ithoutpassing through death% although the human nature of Christ himself could

not be thus translated% till he had passed through death.$ 3sgill died inthe ear /7=9% in the ings Bench prison% !here he had been a prisoner for debt thirt ears.JJE.;

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)as there e"er such a miserable scene as that of the e,hibition of the 3ustrian standards in the *rench house of peers the other daI8/; E"erother nation but the *rench !ould see that it !as an e,hibition of their o!n falsehood and co!ardice. 3 man s!ears that the propert intrusted tohim is burnt% and then% !hen he is no longer afraid% produces it% andboasts of the atmosphere of $honour%$ through !hich the lie did not

transpire.

*renchmen are like grains of gunpo!der%JJeach b itself smutt andcontemptible% but mass them together and the are terrible indeed.



8*ootnote /2)hen the allies !ere in Paris in /9/% all the 3ustrian standards !erereclaimed. The ans!er !as that the had been burnt b the soldiers at theotel des &n"alides. This !as untrue. The DarFuis de Semon"ille confessed!ith pride that he% kno!ing of the fraud% had concealed these standards%taken from Dack at @lm in /96% in a "ault under the >u,emburg palace. $3n

in"iolable aslum%$ said the DarFuis in his speech to the peers% $formed inthe "ault of this hall has protected this treasure from e"er search.+ainl% during this long space of time% ha"e the most authoritati"eresearches endea"oured to penetrate the secret. &t !ould ha"e been culpableto re"eal it% as long as !e !ere liable to the demands of haughtforeigners. Ao one in this atmosphere of honour is capable of so great a!eakness%$ c.JJE.;

3ugust /. /9=/.

3s there is much beast and some de"il in manH so is there some angel andsome God in him. The beast and the de"il ma be conFuered% but in this lifene"er destroed.

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& !ill def an one to ans!er the arguments of a St. Simonist% e,cept onthe ground of ChristianitJJits precepts and its assurances.

3ugust <. /9=/.

TE G?? 3A TE [email protected]?D&S -E>&G&?A.

There is the lo"e of the good for the goods sake% and the lo"e of thetruth for the truths sake. & ha"e kno!n man% especiall !omen% lo"e thegood for the goods sakeH but "er fe!% indeed% and scarcel one !oman%lo"e the truth for the truths sake. 'etH !ithout the latter% the former ma become% as it has a thousand times been% the source of persecution of

the truth%JJthe prete,t and moti"e of inFuisitorial cruelt and partKealotr. To see clearl that the lo"e of the good and the true isultimatel identicalJJis gi"en onl to those !ho lo"e both sincerel and!ithout an foreign ends.

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>ook through the !hole histor of countries professing the -omish religion%and ou !ill uniforml find the lea"en of this besetting and accursedprinciple of actionJJthat the end !ill sanction an means.

3ugust 9. /9=/.



EAG>3A 3A ?>>3A.

The conduct of this countr to ing )illiam of olland has been% in m judgment% base and unprincipled beond an thing in our histor since thetimes of Charles the Second. Certainl% olland is one of the mostimportant allies that England hasH and !e are doing our utmost to subject

it% and Portugal% to *rench influence% or e"en dominion1 @pon m !ord% theEnglish people% at this moment% are like a man palsied in e"er part of hisbod but one% in !hich one part he is so morbidl sensiti"e that he cannotbear to ha"e it so much as breathed upon% !hilst ou ma pinch him !ith ahot forceps else!here !ithout his taking an notice of it.

3ugust 9. /9=/.

&-?A.JJG3>+3A&SD.JJE3T.

&ron is the most ductile of all hard metals% and the hardest of all ductilemetals. )ith the e,ception of nickel% in !hich it is diml seen% iron isthe onl metal in !hich the magnetic po!er is "isible. &ndeed% it is almostimpossible to purif nickel of iron.

( ( ( ( (

Gal"anism is the union of electricit and magnetism% and% b beingcontinuous% it e,hibits an image of lifeHJJ& sa% an image onl2 it islife in death.

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eat is the mesothesis or indifference of light and matter.

3ugust /:. /9=/.

A3T&?A3> C?>?A&3> C3-3CTE-% 3A A3+3> &SC&P>&AE.

The character of most nations in their colonial dependencies is in an

in"erse ratio of e,cellence to their character at home. The best people inthe motherJcountr !ill generall be the !orst in the coloniesH the !orstat home !ill be the best abroad. ?r% perhaps% & ma state it lessoffensi"el thus2JJThe colonists of a !ell go"ernedJcountr !illdegenerateH those of an illJgo"erned countr !ill impro"e. & am no!considering the natural tendenc of such colonists if left to themsel"esHof course% a direct act of the legislature of the motherJcountr !ill breakin upon this. )here this tendenc is e,emplified% the cause is ob"ious. &ncountries !ell go"erned and happil conditioned% none% or "er fe!% butthose !ho are desperate through "ice or foll% or !ho are mere tradingad"enturers% !ill be !illing to lea"e their homes and settle in another hemisphereH and of those !ho do go% the best and !orthiest are al!as

stri"ing to acFuire the means of lea"ing the colon% and of returning totheir nati"e land. &n illJgo"erned and illJconditioned countries% on thecontrar% the most respectable of the people are !illing and an,ious toemigrate for the chance of greater securit and enlarged freedomH and if



the succeed in obtaining these blessings in almost an degree% the ha"elittle inducement% on the a"erage% to !ish to abandon their second andbetter countr. ence% in the former case% the colonists consider themsel"es as mere strangers% sojourners% birds of passage% and shift toli"e from hand to mouth% !ith little regard to lasting impro"ement of theplace of their temporar commerceH !hilst% in the latter case% men feelattached to a communit to !hich the are indi"iduall indebted for

other!ise unattainable benefits% and for the most part learn to regard itas their abode% and to make themsel"es as happ and comfortable in it aspossible. & belie"e that the internal condition and character of theEnglish and *rench )est &ndia islands of the last centur ampl "erifiedthis distinctionH the utch colonists most certainl did% and ha"e al!asdone.

3nalogous to this% though not founded on precisel the same principle% isthe fact that the se"erest na"al discipline is al!as found in the ships of the freest nations% and the most la, discipline in the ships of the mostoppressed. ence% the na"al discipline of the 3mericans is the sharpestHthen that of the EnglishH8/; then that of the *rench N& speak as it used to

beOH and on board a Spanish ship% there is no discipline at all.

3t Genoa% the !ord $>ibert$ is% or used to be% engra"ed on the chains of the galleJsla"es% and the doors of the dungeons.

8*ootnote /2This e,pression needs e,planation. &t looks as if Dr. Coleridge rated thedegree of libert enjoed b the English% after that of the citiKens of the @nited StatesH but he meant no such thing. is meaning !as% that theform of go"ernment of the latter !as more democratic% and formall assignedmore po!er to each indi"idual. The 3mericans% as a nation% had no better friend in England than ColeridgeH he contemplated their gro!th !ith

interest% and prophesied highl of their destin% !hether under their present or other go"ernments. But he !ell kne! their besetting faults andtheir peculiar difficulties% and !as most deliberatel of opinion that theEnglish had% for /=6 ears last past% possessed a measure of indi"idualfreedom and social dignit !hich had ne"er been eFualled% much lesssurpassed% in an other countr ancient or modern. There is a passage inDr. Coleridges latest publication NChurch and State% !hich clearle,presses his opinion upon this subject2 $&t has been freFuentl and trulobser"ed that in England% !here the groundJplan% the skeleton% as it !ere%of the go"ernment is a monarch% at once buttressed and limited b thearistocrac Nthe assertions of its popular character finding a better support in the harangues and theories of popular men% than in state

documents% and the records of clear historO% afar greater degree of libert is% and long has been% enjoed% than e"er e,isted in% theostensibl freest% that is% most democratic% common!ealths of ancient or modern timesH greater% indeed% and !ith a more decisi"e predominance of thespirit of freedom% than the !isest and most philanthropic statesmen of antiFuit% or than the great common!ealths men%JJthe stars of that narro!interspace of blue sk bet!een the black clouds of the first and secondCharless reignsJJbelie"ed compatible% the one !ith the safet of thestate% the other !ith the interests of moralit. 'es1 for little less thana centur and a half% Englishmen ha"e% collecti"el and indi"iduall% li"edand acted !ith fe!er restraints on their freeJagenc% than the citiKens of an kno!n republic% past or present.$ Np. /56.O @pon !hich he subjoins the

follo!ing note2 $&t !ill be thought% perhaps% that the @nited States of Aorth 3merica should ha"e been e,cepted. But the identit of stock%language% customs% manners% and la!s scarcel allo!s us to consider this ane,ception% e"en though it !ere Fuite certain both that it is and that it



!ill continue such. &t !as at all e"ents a remark !orth remembering% !hich& once heard from a tra"eller Na prejudiced one% & must admitO% that !heree"er man ma take% liberties% there is little libert for an manH or%that !here e"er man takes liberties% no man can enjo an.$ Np. /5/.O Seealso a passage to the like effect in the *riend% "ol. i. p. /50JJE.;

3ugust /. /9=/.

EAG>3A.JJ?>>3A 3A BE>G&@D.

& cannot contain m indignation at the conduct of our go"ernment to!ardsolland. The ha"e undoubtedl forgotten the true and !ellJrecogniKedpolic of this countr in regard to Portugal in permitting the !ar factionin *rance to take possession of the Tagus% and to bull the Portugueseupon so flimsJJindeed% falseJJa prete,t8/; et% in this instance%something ma be said for them.

Diguel is such a !retch% that & ackno!ledge a sort of moralit in lea"inghim to be cuffed and insultedH though% of course% this is a poor ans!er toa statesman !ho alleges the interest and polic of the countr. But% as tothe utch and ing )illiam2 the first% as a nation% the most ancient all%the alter idem of England% the best deser"ing of the cause of freedomand religion and moralit of an people in EuropeH and the second% the"er best so"ereign no! in Christendom% !ith% perhaps% the singlee,ception of the e,cellent king of S!eden85;JJ!as e"er an thing so meanand co!ardl as the beha"iour of England1

The *i"e Po!ers ha"e% throughout this conference% been actuated e,clusi"el

b a selfish desire to preser"e peaceJJ& should rather sa% to smother !ar JJat the e,pense of a most "aluable but inferior po!er. The ha"e o"er ando"er again ackno!ledged the justice of the utch claims% and the absurditof the Belgian pretencesH but as the Belgians !ere also as impudent as the!ere iniFuitous%JJas the !ould not ield their point% !h thenJJthatpeace ma be preser"edJJthe utch must ield theirs1 3 foreign prince comesinto Belgium% pending these negotiations% and takes an unFualified oath tomaintain the Belgian demands2JJ!hat could ing )illiam or the utch do% if the e"er thereafter meant to call themsel"es independent% but resist andresent this outrage to the uttermostI &t !as a crisis in !hich e"erconsideration of state became inferior to the strong sense and dut of national honour. )hen% indeed% the *rench appear in the field% ing )illiam

retires. $& no! see%$ he ma sa% $that the po!ers of Europe are determinedto abet the Belgians. The justice of such a proceeding & lea"e to their conscience and the decision of histor. &t is no! no longer a Fuestion!hether & am tamel to submit to rebels and a usurperH it is no longer aFuarrel bet!een olland and Belgium2 it is an alliance of all Europeagainst olland%JJin !hich case & ield. & ha"e no desire to sacrifice mpeople.$

8*ootnote /2Deaning% principall% the !hipping% so richl deser"ed% inflicted on a*renchman called Bonhomme% for committing a disgusting breach of common decenc in the cathedral of Coimbra% during di"ine ser"ice in

Passion )eek.JJE.;H

8*ootnote 52$E"er thing that & ha"e heard or read of this so"ereign has contributed



to the impression on m mind% that he is a good and a !ise man% and !orthto be the king of a "irtuous people% the purest specimen of the Gothicrace.$JJChurch and State% p. /5. n.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

)hen >eopold said that he !as called to $reign o"er four millions of

noble Belgians%$ & thought the phrase !ould ha"e been more germane to thematter% if he had said that he !as called to $rein in four millionresti"e asses.$

3ugust 56. /9=/.

G-E3TEST 3PP&AESS P-&AC&P>E.JJJJ?BB&SD.

?. P. . in the Dorning Chronicle is a cle"er fello!. e is for the

greatest possible happiness for the greatest possible number% and for thelongest possible time1 So am &H so are ou% and e"er one of us% & !ill"enture to sa% round the teaJtable. *irst% ho!e"er% !hat does ?. P. .mean b the !ord happinessI and% secondl% ho! does he propose to makeother persons agree in his definition of the termI ont ou see theridiculous absurdit of setting up that as a principle or moti"e of action% !hich is% in fact% a necessar and essential instinct of our "ernatureJJan inborn and ine,tinguishable desireI o! can creaturessusceptible of pleasure and pain do other!ise than desire happinessI But% !hat happinessI That is the Fuestion. The 3merican sa"age% in scalpinghis fallen enem% pursues his happiness naturall and adeFuatel. 3Chickasa!% or Pa!nee Bentham% or ?. P. .% !ould necessaril hope for the

most freFuent opportunities possible of scalping the greatest possiblenumber of sa"ages% for the longest possible time. There is no escaping thisabsurdit% unless ou come back to a standard of reason and dut%imperati"e upon our merel pleasurable sensations. ?h1 but% sas ?. P. .%& am for the happiness of others1 ?f others1 3re ou% indeedI )ell% &happen to be one of those others% and% so far as & can judge from !hatou sho! me of our habits and "ie!s% & !ould rather be e,cused from our banFuet of happiness. 'our mode of happiness !ould make me miserable.To go about doing as much good as possible to as man men as possible%is% indeed% an e,cellent object for a man to propose to himselfH but then%in order that ou ma not sacrifice the real good and happiness of othersto our particular "ie!s% !hich ma be Fuite different from our

neighbours% ou must do that good to others !hich the reason% common toall% pronounces to be good for all. &n this sense our fine ma,im is so"er true as to be a mere truism.

( ( ( ( (

So ou object% !ith old obbes% that & do good actions for the pleasureof a good conscienceH and so% after all% & am onl a refined sensualist1ea"en bless ou% and mend our logic1 ont ou see that if conscience%!hich is in its nature a conseFuence% !ere thus anticipated and made anantecedentJJa part instead of a judgeJJit !ould dishonour our draft uponitJJit !ould not pa on demandI ont ou see that% in truth% the "er fact

of acting !ith this moti"e properl and logicall destros all claim uponconscience to gi"e ou an pleasure at allI



3ugust 55. /9=/.

TE T)? D?ES ?* P?>&T&C3> 3CT&?A.

There are man able and patriotic members in the ouse of CommonsJJSir

-obert &nglis% Sir -obert Peel% and some others. But & grie"e that thene"er ha"e the courage or the !isdomJJ& kno! not in !hich the failure isJJto take their stand upon dut% and to appeal to all men as men%JJto theGood and the True% !hich e,ist for all% and of !hich all ha"e anapprehension. The al!as set to !orkJJespeciall% his great eminenceconsidered% Sir -obert PeelJJb addressing themsel"es to indi"idualinterestsH the measure !ill be injurious to the linenJdrapers% or to thebricklaersH or this clause !ill bear hard on bobbinJnet or poplins% andso forth. )hereas their ad"ersariesJJthe demagoguesJJal!as !ork on theopposite principle2 the al!as appeal to men as menH and% as ou kno!%the most terrible con"ulsions in societ ha"e been !rought b such phrasesas -ights of Dan% So"ereignt of the People% c.% !hich no one

understands% !hich appl to no one in particular% but to all ingeneral.8/;

The de"il !orks precisel in the same !a. e is a "er cle"er fello!H &ha"e no acFuaintance !ith him% but & respect his e"ident talents.Consistent truth and goodness !ill assuredl in the end o"ercome e"erthingH but inconsistent good can ne"er be a match for consistent e"il. 3las1 & look in "ain for some !ise and "igorous man to sound the !ord utin the ears of this generation.

8*ootnote /2$&t is !ith nations as !ith indi"iduals. &n tranFuil moods and peaceable

times !e are Fuite practicalH facts onl% and cool common sense% are thenin fashion. But let the !inds of passion s!ell% and straight!a men beginto generaliKe% to connect b remotest analogies% to e,press the mostuni"ersal positions of reason in the most glo!ing figures of fancH inshort% to feel particular truths and mere facts as poor% cold% narro!% andincommensurate !ith their feelings.$JJStatesmans Danual% p. /9.

$&t seems a parado, onl to the unthinking% and it is a fact that none butthe unread in histor !ill den% that% in periods of popular tumult andinno"ation% the more abstract a notion is% the more readil has it beenfound to combine% the closer has appeared its affinit% !ith the feelingsof a people% and !ith all their immediate impulses to action. 3t the

commencement of the *rench -e"olution% in the remotest "illages e"ertongue !as emploed in echoing and enforcing the almost geometricalabstractions of the phsiocratic politicians and economists. The publicroads !ere cro!ded !ith armed enthusiasts% disputing on the inalienableso"ereignt of the people% the imprescriptible la!s of the pure reason% andthe uni"ersal constitution% !hich% as rising out of the nature and rightsof man as man% all nations alike !ere under the obligation of adopting.$JJ Statesmans Danual.;

3ugust 5:. /9=/.

T-@TS 3A D3L&DS.



The English public is not et ripe to comprehend the essential differencebet!een the reason and the understandingJJbet!een a principle and a ma,imJJan eternal truth and a mere conclusion generaliKed from a great number of facts. 3 man% ha"ing seen a million moss roses all red% concludes from hiso!n e,perience and that of others that all moss roses are red. That is ama,im !ith himJJthe greatest amount of his kno!ledge upon the subject.But it is onl true until some gardener has produced a !hite moss rose%JJ

after !hich the ma,im is good for nothing. 3gain% suppose 3dam !atching thesun sinking under the !estern horiKon for the first timeH he is seiKed !ithgloom and terror% relie"ed b scarce a ra of hope that he shall e"er seethe glorious light again. The ne,t e"ening% !hen it declines% his hopes arestronger% but still mi,ed !ith fearH and e"en at the end of a thousandears% all that a man can feel is a hope and an e,pectation so strong as topreclude an,iet. Ao! compare this in its highest degree !ith the assurance!hich ou ha"e that the t!o sides of an triangle are together greater thanthe third. This% demonstrated of one triangle% is seen to be eternall trueof all imaginable triangles. This is a truth percei"ed at once b theintuiti"e reason% independentl of e,perience. &t is and must e"er be so%multipl and "ar the shapes and siKes of triangles as ou ma.

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&t used to be said that four and fi"e make nine. >ocke sas% that four and fi"e are nine. Ao! & sa% that four and fi"e are not nine% but thatthe !ill make nine. )hen & see four objects !hich !ill form a sFuare%and fi"e !hich !ill form a pentagon% & see that the are t!o differentthingsH !hen combined% the !ill form a third different figure% !hich !ecall nine. )hen separate the are not it% but !ill make it.

September //. /9=/.

-3'T?A 3A 3A&E>.

raton is a s!eet poet% and Seldens notes to the earl part of thePololbion are !ell !orth our perusal. aniel is a superior manH hisdiction is preJeminentl pure%JJof that Fualit !hich & belie"e has al!ase,isted some!here in societ. &t is just such English% !ithout analteration% as )ords!orth or Sir George Beaumont might ha"e spoken or !ritten in the present da.

'et there are instances of sublimit in raton. )hen deploring the cuttingdo!n of some of our old forests% he sas% in language !hich reminds thereader of >ear% !ritten subseFuentl% and also of se"eral passages in Dr.)ords!orths poems2JJ

JJJJ$our trees so hackd abo"e the ground% That !here their loft tops the neighbouring countries cro!nd% Their trunks Nlike aged folksO no! bare and naked stand% 3s for re"enge to ea"en each held a !itherd hand.$ 8/;

That is "er fine.

8*ootnote /2 Polol +&&.



$e NratonO !as a poet b nature% and carefull impro"ed his talentH one!ho sedulousl laboured to deser"e the approbation of such as !ere capableof appreciating and cared nothing for the censures !hich others might passupon him.$ >ike me that list% he sas%

JJJJm honest rhmes Aor care for critics% nor regard the times.

3nd though he is not a poet "irum "olitarc per ora% nor one of those!hose better fortune it is to li"e in the hearts of their de"otedadmirers%JJet !hat he deemed his greatest !ork !ill be preser"ed b itssubjectH some of his minor poems ha"e merit enough in their e,ecution toensure their preser"ationH and no one !ho studies poetr as an art !illthink his time misspent in perusing the !hole% if he ha"e an real lo"e for the art he is pursuing. The outh !ho enters upon that pursuit !ithout afeeling of respect and gratitude for those elder poets% !ho b their labours ha"e prepared the !a for him% is not likel to produce an thinghimself that !ill be held in remembrance b posterit.$JThe octor% c.c. =<. P.&.

& heartil trust that the author or authors% as the case ma be% of thissingularl thoughtful and di"erting book !ill in due time continue it. >etsome people sa !hat the please% there has not been the fello! of itpublished for man a long da.JJE.;

September /5. /9=/.

D-. C?>E-&GES S'STED ?* P&>?S?P'.

D sstem% if & ma "enture to gi"e it so fine a name% is the onl attempt%& kno!% e"er made to reduce all kno!ledges into harmon. &t opposes noother sstem% but sho!s !hat !as true in eachH and ho! that !hich !as truein the particular% in each of them became error% because it !as onl half the truth. & ha"e endea"oured to unite the insulated fragments of truth%and there!ith to frame a perfect mirror. & sho! to each sstem that & fullunderstand and rightfull appreciate !hat that sstem meansH but then &lift up that sstem to a higher point of "ie!% from !hich & enable it tosee its former position% !here it !as% indeed% but under another light and!ith different relationsHJJso that the fragment of truth is not onl

ackno!ledged% but e,plained. Thus the old astronomers disco"ered andmaintained much that !as trueH but% because the !ere placed on a falseground% and looked from a !rong point of "ie!% the ne"er did% the ne"er could% disco"er the truthJJthat is% the !hole truth. 3s soon as the leftthe earth% their false centre% and took their stand in the sun% immediatelthe sa! the !hole sstem in its true light% and their former stationremaining% but remaining as a part of the prospect. & !ish% in short% toconnect b a moral copula natural histor !ith political historH or% inother !ords% to make histor scientific% and science historicalJJto takefrom histor its accidentalit% and from science its fatalism.

( ( ( ( (

& ne"er from a bo could% under an circumstances% feel the slightest dreadof death as such. &n all m illnesses & ha"e e"er had the most intensedesire to be released from this life% unchecked b an but one !ish%



namel% to be able to finish m !ork on Philosoph. Aot that & ha"e anauthors "anit on the subject2 God kno!s that & should be absolutel glad%if & could hear that the thing had alread been done before me.

( ( ( ( (

&llness ne"er in the smallest degree affects m intellectual po!ers. & can

think !ith all m ordinar "igour in the midst of painH but & am beset!ith the most !retched and unmanning reluctance and shrinking from action.& could not upon such occasions take the pen in hand to !rite do!n mthoughts for all the !ide !orld.

?ctober 5<. /9=/.

EEAAESS 3A S@BT>ET'.

*e! men of genius are keenH but almost e"er man of genius is subtle. &f ou ask me the difference bet!een keenness and subtlet% & ans!er that itis the difference bet!een a point and an edge. To split a hair is no proof of subtletH for subtlet acts in distinguishing differencesJJin sho!ingthat t!o things apparentl one are in fact t!oH !hereas% to split a hair isto cause di"ision% and not to ascertain difference.

?ctober 57. /9=/.

@T&ES 3A AEES ?* 3A 3+?C3TE.

There is undoubtedl a limit to the e,ertions of an ad"ocate for hisclient. e has a right% it is his bounden dut% to do e"er thing !hich hisclient might honestl do% and to do it !ith all the effect !hich ane,ercise of skill% talent% or kno!ledge of his o!n ma be able to produce.But the ad"ocate has no right% nor is it his dut% to do that for hisclient !hich his client in foro conscientiae has no right to do for himselfH as% for a gross e,ample% to put in e"idence a forged deed or !ill%kno!ing it to be so forged. 3s to mere confounding of !itnesses b skilfulcrossJe,amination% & o!n & am not disposed to be "er strict. The !holething is perfectl !ell understood on all hands% and it is little more in

general than a sort of cudgelJplaing bet!een the counsel and the !itness%in !hich% & speak !ith submission to ou% & think & ha"e seen the !itnessha"e the best of it as often as his assailant. &t is of the utmostimportance in the administration of justice that kno!ledge and intellectualpo!er should be as far as possible eFualiKed bet!een the cro!n and theprisoner% or plaintiff and defendant. ence especiall arises the necessitfor an order of ad"ocates%JJmen !hose dut it ought to be to kno! !hat thela! allo!s and disallo!sH but !hose interests should be !holl indifferentas to the persons or characters of their clients. &f a certain latitude ine,amining !itnesses is% as e,perience seems to ha"e sho!n% a necessar meanto!ards the e"isceration of the truth of matters of fact% & ha"e no doubt%as a moralist% in saing% that such latitude !ithin the bounds% no!

e,isting is justifiable. )e must be content !ith a certain Fuantum in thislife% especiall in matters of public cogniKanceH the necessities of societ demand itH !e must not be righteous o"ermuch% or !ise o"ermuchHand% as an old father sas% in !hat "ein ma there not be a plethora% !hen



the Scripture tells us that there ma under circumstances be too much of "irtue and of !isdomI

Still & think that% upon the !hole% the ad"ocate is placed in a positionunfa"ourable to his moral being% and% indeed% to his intellect also% in itshigher po!ers. Therefore & !ould recommend an ad"ocate to de"ote a part of his leisure time to some stud of the metaphsics of the mind% or

metaphsics of theologH something% & mean% !hich shall call forth all hispo!ers% and centre his !ishes in the in"estigation of truth alone% !ithoutreference to a side to be supported. Ao studies gi"e such a po!er of distinguishing as metaphsical% and in their natural and unper"ertedtendenc the are ennobling and e,alting. Some such studies are !anted tocounteract the operation of legal studies and practice% !hich sharpen%indeed% but% like a grindingJstone% narro! !hilst the sharpen.

Ao"ember /0. /9=/.

3B?>&T&?A ?* TE *-EAC E-E&T3-' PEE-3GE.

& cannot sa !hat the *rench peers !ill doH but & can tell ou !hat the ought to do. $So far%$ the might sa% $as our feelings and interests% asindi"iduals% are concerned in this matterJJif it reall be the pre"ailing!ish of our fello!Jcountrmen to destro the hereditar peerageJJ!e shall%!ithout regret% retire into the ranks of pri"ate citiKens2 but !e are boundb the pro"isions of the e,isting constitution to consider oursel"escollecti"el as essential to the !ellJbeing of *rance2 !e ha"e been placedhere to defend !hat *rance% a short time ago at least% thought a "ital part

of its go"ernmentH and% if !e did not defend it% !hat ans!er could !e makehereafter to *rance itself% if she should come to see% !hat !e think to bean error% in the light in !hich !e "ie! itI )e should be justl branded astraitors and co!ards% !ho had deserted the post !hich !e !ere speciallappointed to maintain. 3s a ouse of Peers% therefore%JJas one substanti"ebranch of the legislature% !e can ne"er% in honour or in conscience%consent to a measure of the impolic and dangerous conseFuences of !hich !eare con"inced.

$&f% therefore% this measure is demanded b the countr% let the king andthe deputies form themsel"es into a constituent assemblH and then%assuming to act in the name of the total nation% let them decree the

abolition. &n that case !e ield to a just% perhaps% but re"olutionar%act% in !hich !e do not participate% and against !hich !e are% upon thesupposition% Fuite po!erless. &f the deputies% ho!e"er% consider themsel"esso completel in the character of delegates as to be at present absolutelpledged to "ote !ithout freedom of deliberation% let a concise% butperspicuous% summar of the ablest arguments that can be adduced on either side be dra!n up% and printed% and circulated throughout the countrH andthen% after t!o months% let the deputies demand fresh instructions uponthis point. ?ne thing% as men of honour% !e declare beforehandJJthat% come!hat !ill% none of us !ho are no! peers !ill e"er accept a peerage created de no"o for life.$

Ao"ember 56. /9=/.



C?A@CT ?* D&A&STE-S ?A TE -E*?-D B&>>.JJTE D@>T&T@E.

The present ministers ha"e% in m judgment% been guilt of t!o thingspreeminentl !icked% sensu politico% in their conduct upon this -eformBill. *irst% the ha"e endea"oured to carr a fundamental change in thematerial and mode of action of the go"ernment of the countr b so

e,citing the passions% and plaing upon the necessar ignorance of thenumerical majorit of the nation% that all freedom and utilit of discussion% b competent heads% in the proper place% should be precluded.&n doing this the ha"e used% or sanctioned the use of% arguments !hichma he applied !ith eFual or e"en greater force to the carring of anmeasure !hate"er% no matter ho! atrocious in its character or destructi"ein its conseFuences. The ha"e appealed directl to the argument of thegreater number of "oices% no matter !hether the utterers !ere drunk or sober% competent or not competentH and the ha"e done the utmost in their po!er to rase out the sacred principle in politics of a representation of interests% and to introduce the mad and barbariKing scheme of a delegationof indi"iduals. 3nd the ha"e done all this !ithout one !ord of

thankfulness to God for the manifold blessings of !hich the constitutionas settled at the -e"olution% imperfect as it ma be% has been the sourceor "ehicle or condition to this great nation%JJ!ithout one honeststatement of the manner in !hich the anomalies in the practice gre! up% or an manl declaration of the ine"itable necessities of go"ernment !hichthose anomalies ha"e met. )ith no humilit% nor fear% nor re"erence% likeam the accursed% the ha"e beckoned% !ith grinning faces% to a "ulgar mob% to come and insult o"er the nakedness of a parentH !hen it had becomethem% if one spark of filial patriotism had burnt !ithin their breasts% toha"e marched !ith silent steps and a"erted faces to la their robes uponhis destitution1

Secondl% the ha"e made the king the prime mo"er in all this political!ickedness2 the ha"e made the king tell his people that the !eredepri"ed of their rights% and% b direct and necessar implication% thatthe and their ancestors for a centur past had been sla"es2 the ha"e madethe king "ilif the memor of his o!n brother and father. -ights1 There areno rights !hate"er !ithout corresponding duties. >ook at the histor of thegro!th of our constitution% and ou !ill see that our ancestors ne"er uponan occasion stated% as a ground for claiming an of their pri"ileges% anabstract right inherent in themsel"esH ou !ill no!here in our parliamentar records find the miserable sophism of the -ights of Dan. Ao1the !ere too !ise for that. The took good care to refer their claims tocustom and prescription% and boldlJJsometimes "er impudentlJJasserted

them upon traditionar and constitutional grounds. The Bill is bad enough%God kno!sH but the arguments of its ad"ocates% and the manner of their ad"ocac% are a thousand times !orse than the Bill itselfH and ou !illli"e to think so.

& am far% "er far% from !ishing to indulge in an "ulgar abuse of the"ulgar. & belie"e that the feeling of the multitude !ill% in most cases% bein fa"our of something goodH but this it is !hich & percei"e% that the areal!as under the domination of some one feeling or "ie!HJJ!hereas truth%and% abo"e all% practical !isdom% must be the result of a !idecomprehension of the more and the less% the balance and the counterJbalance.

ecember =. /9=/.



-E>&G&?A.

3 religion% that is% a true religion% must consist of ideas and facts bothHnot of ideas alone !ithout facts% for then it !ould be mere PhilosophHJJnor of facts alone !ithout ideas% of !hich those facts are the smbols% or

out of !hich the arise% or upon !hich the are grounded% for then it !ouldbe mere istor.

ecember /7. /9=/.

@A&?A )&T &-E>3A.JJ&-&S C@-C.

& am Fuite sure that no dangers are to be feared b England from thedisanne,ing and independence of &reland at all comparable !ith the e"ils

!hich ha"e been% and !ill et be% caused to England b the @nion. )e ha"ene"er recei"ed one particle of ad"antage from our association !ith &reland%!hilst !e ha"e in man most "ital particulars "iolated the principles of the British constitution solel for the purpose of conciliating the &rishagitators% and of endea"ouringJJa "ain endea"ourJJto find room for themunder the same go"ernment. Dr. Pitt has recei"ed great credit for effectingthe @nionH but & belie"e it !ill sooner or later be disco"ered that themanner in !hich% and the terms upon !hich% he effected it% made it the mostfatal blo! that e"er !as le"elled against the peace and prosperit of England. *rom it came the Catholic Bill. *rom the Catholic Bill has comethis -eform Bill1 3nd !hat ne,tI

( ( ( ( (

The case of the &rish Church is certainl anomalous% and full of practicaldifficulties. ?n the one hand% it is the onl church !hich the constitutioncan admitH on the other% such are the circumstances% it is a church thatcannot act as a church to!ards fi"e si,ths of the persons nominall andlegall !ithin its care.

ecember /9. /9=/.

3 ST3TE.JJPE-S?AS 3A T&AGS.JJ&ST?-'.

The difference bet!een an inorganic and an organic bod lies in this2JJ&nthe firstJJa sheaf of cornJJthe !hole is nothing more than a collection of the indi"idual parts or phenomena. &n the secondJJa manJJthe !hole is theeffect of% or results from% the partsH itJJthe !holeJJis e"er thing% andthe parts are nothing.

3 State is an idea intermediate bet!een the t!oJJthe !hole being a resultfrom% and not a mere total of% the parts% and et not so merging theconstituent parts in the result% but that the indi"idual e,ists integrall!ithin it. E,tremes% especiall in politics% meet. &n 3thens each

indi"idual 3thenian !as of no "alueH but taken altogether% as emus% the!ere e"er thing in such a sense that no indi"idual citiKen !as an thing.&n Turke there is the sign of unit put for unit. The Sultan seemshimself the StateH but it is an illusion2 there is in fact in Turke no



State at all2 the !hole consists of nothing but a "ast collection of neighbourhoods.

( ( ( ( (

)hen the go"ernment and the aristocrac of this countr had subordinated persons to things% and treated the one like the other%JJthe poor% !ith

some reason% and almost in selfJdefence% learned to set up rights abo"e duties. The code of a Christian societ is% ebeo% et tu debesJJof eathens or Barbarians% Teneo% teneto et tu% si potes.8/;

8*ootnote /2$3nd this% again% is e"ol"ed out of the et higher idea of person incontradistinction from thing% all social la! and justice being groundedon the principle that a person can ne"er% but b his o!n fault% become athing% or% !ithout grie"ous !rong% be treated as suchH and the distinctionconsisting in this% that a thing ma be used altogether% and merel as the means to an endH but the person must al!as be included in the endH hisinterest must al!as form a part of the object%JJa mean to !hich he% b

consent% that is% b his o!n act% makes himself. )e plant a tree% and !efell itH !e breed the sheep% and !e shear% or !e kill it%JJin both cases!holl as means to our ends2 for trees and animals are things. The!oodcutter and the hind are like!ise emploed as meansH but on agreement%and that too an agreement of reciprocal ad"antage% !hich includes them as!ell as their emploer in the endH for the are persons. 3nd thego"ernment under !hich the contrar takes place is not !orth to be calleda state% if% as in the kingdom of ahome% it be unprogressi"eH or onl banticipation% !here% as in -ussia% it is in ad"ance to a better and more man!orth order of things.$JJChurch and State% p. /6.;

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&f men could learn from histor% !hat lessons it might teach us1 Butpassion and part blind our ees% and the light !hich e,perience gi"es is alantern on the stern% !hich shines onl on the !a"es behind us1

ecember 57. /9=/.

BE3@T'.JJGEA&@S.

The old definition of beaut in the -oman school of painting !as% il piunell unoJJmultitude in unitH and there is no doubt that such is the

principle of beaut. 3nd as one of the most characteristic and infalliblecriteria of the different ranks of mens intellects% obser"e theinstincti"e habit !hich all superior minds ha"e of endea"ouring to bring%and of ne"er resting till the ha"e brought% into unit the scattered facts!hich occur in con"ersation% or in the statements of men of business. Toattempt to argue an great Fuestion upon facts onl% is absurdH ou cannotstate an fact before a mi,ed audience% !hich an opponent as cle"er asourself cannot !ith ease t!ist to!ards another bearing% or at least meetb a contrar fact% as it is called. & !onder !h facts !ere e"er calledstubborn things2 & am sure the ha"e been found pliable enough latel inthe ouse of Commons and else!here. *acts% ou kno!% are not truthsH theare not conclusionsH the are not e"en premisses% but in the nature and

parts of premisses. The truth depends on% and is onl arri"ed at% b alegitimate deduction from all the facts !hich are trul material.



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ecember 59. /9=/.

[email protected]&SSEATE-S.

E"en to a church%JJthe onl pure democrac% because in it persons are aloneconsidered% and one person a priori is eFual to another person%JJe"en toa church% discipline is an essential condition. But a state regardsclasses% and classes as the represent classified propertH and tointroduce a sstem of representation !hich must ine"itabl render alldiscipline impossible% !hat is it but madnessJthe madness of ignorant"anit% and reckless obstinacI

( ( ( ( (

& ha"e kno!n% and still kno!% man issenters% !ho profess to ha"e a Kealfor ChristianitH and & dare sa the ha"e. But & ha"e kno!n "er fe!

issenters indeed% !hose hatred to the Church of England !as not a muchmore acti"e principle of action !ith them than their lo"e for Christianit.The )esleans% in uncorrupted parts of the countr% are nearl the onle,ceptions. There ne"er !as an age since the das of the apostles% in !hichthe catholic spirit of religion !as so dead% and put aside for lo"e of sects and parties% as at present.

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4anuar /. /9=5.

G-3CE*@>AESS ?* C&>-EA.JJ?GS.

o! inimitabl graceful children are in general before the learn to dance1

( ( ( ( (

There seems a sort of smpath bet!een the more generous dogs and littlechildren. & belie"e an instance of a little child being attacked b a largedog is "er rare indeed.

4anuar 59. /9=5.

&E3> T?-' 3A )&G.

The ideal Tor and the ideal )hig Nand some such there ha"e reall beenOagreed in the necessit and benefit of an e,act balance of the threeestates2 but the Tor !as more jealous of the balance being deranged b thepeopleH the )hig% of its being deranged b the Cro!n. But this !as a habit%a jealous onlH the both agreed in the ultimate preser"ation of thebalanceH and accordingl the might each% under certain circumstances%!ithout the slightest inconsistenc% pass from one side to the other% asthe ultimate object reFuired it. This the Tories did at the -e"olution% but

remained Tories as before.

& ha"e half a mind to !rite a critical and philosophical essa on )higgism%from rdens 3chitophel NShaftesburO% the first )hig% Nfor% !ith r.



4ohnsons lea"e% the de"il is no such cattle%O do!n to JJJJ% !ho% & trust%in Gods merc to the interests of peace% union% and libert in thisnation% !ill be the last. &n it & !ould take the last ears of ueen 3nnesreign as the Kenith% or palm state% of )higgism in its di"inest a"atar of common sense% or of the understanding% "igorousl e,erted in the rightdirection on the right and proper objects of the understandingH and !ouldthen trace the rise% the occasion% the progress% and the necessar

degeneration of the )hig spirit of compromise% e"en do!n to the profoundineptitudes of their part in these das. 3 cle"er fello! might makesomething of this hint. o! 3sgill !ould ha"e done it1

*ebruar 55. /9=5.

TE C@-C.

The church is the last relic of our nationalit. )ould to God that the

bishops and the clerg in general could once full understand that theChristian church and the national church are as little to be confounded asdi"ided1 & think the fate of the -eform Bill% in itself% of comparati"elminor importanceH the fate of the national church occupies m mind !ithgreater intensit.

*ebruar 5:. /9=5.

D&A&STE-S 3A TE -E*?-D B&>>.

& could not help smiling% in reading the report of >ord Gres speech inthe ouse of >ords% the other night% !hen he asked >ord )icklo! !hether heseriousl belie"ed that he% >ord Gre% or an of the ministers% intended tosub"ert the institutions of the countr. ad & been in >ord )icklo!splace% & should ha"e been tempted to ans!er this Fuestion something in thefollo!ing !a2JJ$)ai"ing the charge in an offensi"e sense of personalconsciousness against the noble earl% and all but one or t!o of hiscolleagues% upon m honour% and in the presence of 3lmight God% & ans!er%'es1 'ou ha"e destroed the freedom of parliamentH ou ha"e done our bestto shut the door of the ouse of Commons to the propert% the birth% therank% the !isdom of the people% and ha"e flung it open to their passions

and their follies. 'ou ha"e disfranchised the gentr% and the realpatriotism of the nation2 ou ha"e agitated and e,asperated the mob% andthro!n the balance of political po!er into the hands of that class NtheshopkeepersO !hich% in all countries and in all ages% has been% is no!% ande"er !ill be% the least patriotic and the least conser"ati"e of an. 'ouare no! preparing to destro for e"er the constitutional independence of the ouse of >ordsH ou are for e"er displacing it from its supremac as acoJordinate estate of the realmH and !hether ou succeed in passing our bill b actuall s!amping our "otes b a batch of ne! peers% or bfrightening a sufficient number of us out of our opinions b the threat of one%JJeFuall ou !ill ha"e superseded the triple assent !hich theconstitution reFuires to the enactment of a "alid la!% and ha"e left the

king alone !ith the delegates of the populace1$



Darch =. /9=5.

&S*-3AC&SEDEAT.

& am afraid the Conser"ati"e part see but one half of the truth. The meree,tension of the franchise is not the e"ilH & should be glad to see it

greatl e,tendedHJJthere is no harm in that per seH the mischief is thatthe franchise is nominall e,tended% but to such classes% and in such amanner% that a practical disfranchisement of all abo"e% and a discontentingof all belo!% a fa"oured class are the una"oidable results.

Darch /7. /9=5.

GEA&@S *ED&A&AE.JJJJP&-3TES.

JJJJs face is almost the onl e,ception & kno! to the obser"ation% thatsomething feminineJJnot effeminate% mindJJis disco"erable in thecountenances of all men of genius. >ook at that face of old ampier% arough sailor% but a man of e,Fuisite mind. o! soft is the air of hiscountenance% ho! delicate the shape of his temples1

( ( ( ( (

& think it "er absurd and misplaced to call -aleigh and rake% and othersof our na"al heroes of EliKabeths age% pirates. Ao man is a pirate%unless his contemporaries agree to call him so. rake said%JJ$The subjectsof the king of Spain ha"e done their best to ruin m countr2 ergo% &

!ill tr to ruin the king of Spains countr.$ )ould it not be sill tocall the 3rgonauts pirates in our sense of the !ordI

Darch /9. /9=5.

3ST-?>?G'.JJ3>CED'.

&t is curious to mark ho! instincti"el the reason has al!as pointed outto men the ultimate end of the "arious sciences% and ho! immediatel

after!ards the ha"e set to !ork% like children% to realiKe that end binadeFuate means. Ao! the applied to their appetites% no! to their passions% no! to their fanc% no! to the understanding% and lastl% to theintuiti"e reason again. There is no doubt but that astrolog of some sortor other !ould be the last achie"ement of astronom2 there must he chemicalrelations bet!een the planetsH the difference of their magnitudes compared!ith that of their distances is not e,plicable other!iseH but this% though%as it !ere% blindl and unconsciousl seen% led immediatel to fortuneJtelling and other nonsense. So alchem is the theoretic end of chemistr2there must be a common la!% upon !hich all can become each and each allHbut then the idea !as turned to the coining of gold and sil"er.

Darch 56. /9=5.



-E*?-D B&>>.JJC-&S&S.

& ha"e heard but t!o arguments of an !eight adduced in fa"our of passingthis -eform Bill% and the are in substance these2JJ/. )e !ill blo! our brains out if ou dont pass it. 5. )e !ill drag ou through a horsepond if ou dont pass itH and there is a good deal of force in both.

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Talk to me of our pretended crisis1 Stuff1 3 "igorous go"ernment !ould inone month change all the data for our reasoning. )ould ou ha"e me belie"ethat the e"ents of this !orld are fastened to a re"ol"ing ccle !ith God atone end and the e"il at the other% and that the e"il is no! uppermost1 3re ou a Christian% and talk about a crisis in that fatalistic sense1

Darch =/. /9=5.

4?A% C3P. &&&. +E-. :.JJ&CT3T&?A 3A &ASP&-3T&?A.JJGA?S&SJJAE)TEST3DEAT C3A?A.

& certainl understand the 8Greek2 ti emoi kai soi gnai; in the secondchapter8/; of St. 4ohns Gospel% as ha"ing a liFuid increpationis in itJJa mild reproof from 4esus to Dar for interfering in his ministerial actsb reFuests on her o!n account.

& do not think that 8Greek2 gnai; !as e"er used b child to parent as acommon mode of address2 bet!een husband and !ife it !asH but & cannot thinkthat 8Greek2 meter; and 8Greek2 gnai; !ere eFui"alent terms in the mouth

of a son speaking to his mother. Ao part of the Christopaedia is found in4ohn or PaulH and after the baptism there is no recognition of an maternalauthorit in Dar. See the t!o passages !here she endea"ours to get accessto him !hen he is preaching2JJ$)hosoe"er shall do the !ill of God% thesame is m brother% and m sister% and m mother$85; and also therecommendation of her to the care of 4ohn at the crucifi,ion.

8*ootnote /2 +erse :.;

8*ootnote 52 Dark% ch. iii. "er. =.;

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There ma be dictation !ithout inspiration% and inspiration !ithoutdictationH the ha"e been and continue to be grie"ousl confounded. Balaamand his ass !ere the passi"e organs of dictationH but no one% & suppose%!ill "enture to call either of those !orthies inspired. &t is m profoundcon"iction that St. 4ohn and St. Paul !ere di"inel inspiredH but & totalldisbelie"e the dictation of an one !ord% sentence% or argument throughouttheir !ritings. ?bser"e% there !as re"elation. 3ll religion is re"ealedHJJ re"ealed religion is% in m judgment% a mere pleonasm. -e"elations of facts !ere undoubtedl made to the prophetsH re"elations of doctrines !ereas undoubtedl made to 4ohn and PaulHJJbut is it not a mere matter of our "er senses that 4ohn and Paul each dealt !ith those re"elations% e,pounded

them% insisted on them% just e,actl according to his o!n natural strengthof intellect% habit of reasoning% moral% and e"en phsical temperamentI )erecei"e the books ascribed to 4ohn and Paul as their books on the judgmentof men% for !hom no miraculous discernment is pretendedH na% !hom% in



their admission and rejection of other books% !e belie"e to ha"e erred.Shall !e gi"e less credence to 4ohn and Paul themsel"esI Surel the heartand soul of e"er Christian gi"e him sufficient assurance that% in allthings that concern him as a man% the !ords that he reads are spirit andtruth% and could onl proceed from im !ho made both heart and soul.JJ@nderstand the matter so% and all difficult "anishes2 ou read !ithoutfear% lest our faith meet !ith some shock from a passage here and there

!hich ou cannot reconcile !ith immediate dictation% b the ol Spirit of God% !ithout an absurd "iolence offered to the te,t. 'ou read the Bible asthe best of all books% but still as a bookH and make use of all the meansand appliances !hich learning and skill% under the blessing of God% canafford to!ards rightl apprehending the general sense of itJJnot solicitousto find out doctrine in mere epistolar familiarit% or facts in clear adhominem et pro tempore allusions to national traditions.

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Tertullian% & think% sas he had seen the autograph copies of some of theapostles !ritings. The truth is% the ancient Church !as not guided b the

mere fact of the genuineness of a !riting in pronouncing it canonicalHJJits catholicit !as the test applied to it. & ha"e not the smallest doubtthat the Epistle of Barnabas is genuineH but it is not catholicH it isfull of the 8Greek2 gnosis;% though of the most simple and pleasing sort.& think the same of ermas. The Church !ould ne"er admit either into thecanon% although the 3le,andrians al!as read the Epistle of Barnabas intheir churches for three hundred ears together. &t !as up!ards of threecenturies before the Epistle to the ebre!s !as admitted% and this onaccount of its 8Greek2 gnosis;H at length% b help of the "enerableprefi, of St. Pauls name% its admirers% happil for us% succeeded.

( ( ( ( (

So little did the earl bishops and preachers think their Christian faith!rapped up in% and solel to be learned from% the Ae! Testament%JJindeed%can it be said that there !as an such collection for three hundred earsIJJthat & remember a letter from JJJJ8/; to a friend of his% a bishop in theEast% in !hich he most e"identl speaks of the Christian Scriptures as of !orks of !hich the bishop kne! little or nothing.

8*ootnote /2 & ha"e lost the name !hich Dr. Coleridge mentioned.JJE.;

3pril :. /9=5.

@A&T3-&3A&SD.JJD?-3> P&>?S?P'.

& make the greatest difference bet!een ans and isms. & should dealinsincerel !ith ou% if & said that & thought @nitarianism !asChristianit. AoH as & belie"e and ha"e faith in the doctrine% it is notthe truth in 4esus ChristH but God forbid that & should doubt that ou% andman other @nitarians% as ou call oursel"es% are% in a practical sense%"er good Christians. )e do not !in hea"en b logic.

B the b% !hat do ou mean b e,clusi"el assuming the title of @nitariansI 3s if TriJ@nitarians !ere not necessaril @nitarians% as muchNpardon the illustrationO as an appleJpie must of course be a pie1 Theschoolmen !ould% perhaps% ha"e called ou @nicistsH but our proper name is



PsilanthropistsJJbelie"ers in the mere human nature of Christ.

@pon m !ord% if & ma sa so !ithout offence% & reall think man forms of Pantheistic 3theism more agreeable to an imaginati"e mind than @nitarianismas it is professed in terms2 in particular% & prefer the Spinosistic schemeinfinitel. The earl Socinians !ere% to be sure% most unaccountablelogiciansH but% !hen ou had s!allo!ed their bad reasoning% ou came to a

doctrine on !hich the heart% at least% might rest for some support. Theadored 4esus Christ. Both >aelius and *austus Socinus laid do!n theadorabilit of 4esus in strong terms. & ha"e nothing% ou kno!% to do !iththeir logic. But @nitarianism is% in effect% the !orst of one kind of 3theism% joined to the !orst of one kind of Cal"inism% like t!o asses tiedtail to tail. &t has no co"enant !ith GodH and looks upon praer as a sortof selfJmagnetiKingJJa getting of the bod and temper into a certain status% desirable per se% but ha"ing no co"enanted reference to theBeing to !hom the praer is addressed.

( ( ( ( (

The sum total of moral philosoph is found in this one Fuestion% &s Good a superfluous !ord%JJor mere laK snonme for the pleasurable% and itscausesHJJat most% a mere modification to e,press degree% and comparati"eduration of pleasureIJJ?r the Fuestion ma be more unans!erabl statedthus% &s good superfluous as a !ord e,ponent of a kindIJJ&f it be% thenmoral philosoph is but a subdi"ision of phsics. &f not% then the !ritingsof Pale and all his predecessors and disciples are false and most perniciousH and there is an emphatic propriet in the superlati"e% and in asense !hich of itself !ould suppl and e,emplif the difference bet!een most and "er.

3pril . /9=5.

D?-3> >3) ?* P?>3-&T'.

&t is curious to trace the operation of the moral la! of polarit in thehistor of politics% religion% c. )hen the ma,imum of one tendenc hasbeen attained% there is no gradual decrease% but a direct transition to itsminimum% till the opposite tendenc has attained its ma,imumH and then ousee another corresponding re"ulsion. )ith the -estoration came in all atonce the mechanicoJcorpuscular philosoph% !hich% !ith the increase of manufactures% trade% and arts% made e"er thing in philosoph% religion%

and poetr objecti"eH till% at length% attachment to mere e,ternal!orldliness and forms got to its ma,imum%JJ!hen out burst the *renchre"olutionH and !ith it e"er thing became immediatel subjecti"e% !ithoutan object at all. The -ights of Dan% the So"ereignt of the People% !eresubject and object both. )e are no!% & think% on the turning point again.This -eform seems the ne plus ultra of that tendenc of the public mind!hich substitutes its o!n undefined notions or passions for real objectsand historical actualities. There is not one of the ministersJJe,cept theone or t!o re"olutionists among themJJ!ho has e"er gi"en us a hint%throughout this long struggle% as to !hat he reall does belie"e !ill bethe product of the billH !hat sort of ouse of Commons it !ill make for thepurpose of go"erning this empire soberl and safel. AoH the ha"e

actualiKed for a moment a !ish% a fear% a passion% but not an idea.



3pril /. /9=5.

EP&ED&C &SE3SE.JJ@3-3AT&AE.

There are t!o grand di"isions under !hich all contagious diseases ma beclassed2JJ/. Those !hich spring from organiKed li"ing beings% and from the

life in them% and !hich enter% as it !ere% into the life of those in !homthe reproduce themsel"esJJsuch as smallJpo, and measles. These become sodomesticated !ith the habit and sstem% that the are rarel recei"edt!ice. 5. Those !hich spring from dead organiKed% or unorganiKed matter%and !hich ma be comprehended under the !ide term malaria.

'ou ma ha"e passed a stagnant pond a hundred times !ithout injur2 ouhappen to pass it again% in lo! spirits and chilled% precisel at themoment of the e,plosion of the gas2 the malaria strikes on the cutaneous or "enoJglandular sstem% and dri"es the blood from the surfaceH the shi"eringfit comes on% till the musculoJarterial irritabilit reJacts% and then thehot fit succeedsH and% unless bark or arsenicJJparticularl bark% because

it is a bitter as !ell as a tonicJJbe applied to strengthen the "enoJglandular% and to moderate the musculoJarterial% sstem% a man ma ha"e theague for thirt ears together.

But if% instead of being e,posed to the solitar malaria of a pond% a man%tra"elling through the Pontine Darshes% permits his animal energies toflag% and surrenders himself to the dro!siness !hich generall attacks him%then blast upon blast strikes upon the cutaneous sstem% and passes throughit to the musculoJarterial% and so completel o"erpo!ers the latter that itcannot reJact% and the man dies at once% instead of onl catching an ague.

There are three factors of the operation of an epidemic or atmospheric

disease. The first and principal one is the predisposed state of the bodHsecondl% the specific "irus in the atmosphereH and% thirdl% theaccidental circumstances of !eather% localit% food% occupation% c. 3gainst the second of these !e are po!erless2 its nature% causes% andsmpathies are too subtle for our senses to find data to go upon. 3gainstthe first% medicine ma act profitabl. 3gainst the third% a !ise andsagacious medical police ought to be adoptedH but% abo"e all% let e"er manact like a Christian% in all charit% and lo"e% and brotherl kindness% andsincere reliance on Gods merciful pro"idence.

uarantine cannot keep out an atmospheric diseaseH but it can% and doesal!as% increase the predisposing causes of its reception.

3pril /6. /9=5.

3-D?A'.

3ll harmon is founded on a relation to restJJon relati"e rest. Take ametallic plate% and stre! sand on itH sound an harmonic chord o"er thesand% and the grains !ill !hirl about in circles% and other geometricalfigures% all% as it !ere% depending on some point of sand relati"el at

rest. Sound a discord% and e"er grain !ill !hisk about !ithout an order at all% in no figures% and !ith no points of rest.

The cleris of a nation% that is% its learned men% !hether poets% or



philosophers% or scholars% are these points of relati"e rest. There couldbe no order% no harmon of the !hole% !ithout them.

3pril 5/. /9=5.

&ATE>>ECT@3> -E+?>@T&?AS.JJD?E-A ST'>E.

There ha"e been three silent re"olutions in England2JJfirst% !hen theprofessions fell off from the churchH secondl% !hen literature fell off from the professionsH and% thirdl% !hen the press fell off fromliterature.

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Common phrases are% as it !ere% so stereotped no! b con"entional use%that it is reall much easier to !rite on the ordinar politics of the da

in the common ne!spaper stle% than it is to make a good pair of shoes.

3n apprentice has as much to learn no! to be a shoemaker as e"er he hadHbut an ignorant co,comb% !ith a competent !ant of honest% ma "ereffecti"el !ield a pen in a ne!spaper office% !ith infinitel less painsand preparation than !ere necessar formerl.

3pril 5=. /9=5.

GEA&@S ?* TE SP3A&S 3A &T3>&3AS.JJ+&C?.JJSP&A?S3.

The genius of the Spanish people is e,Fuisitel subtle% !ithout being atall acuteH hence there is so much humour and so little !it in their literature. The genius of the &talians% on the contrar% is acute%profound% and sensual% but not subtleH hence !hat the think to be humorousis merel !itt.

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To estimate a man like +ico% or an great man !ho has made disco"eries andcommitted errors% ou ought to sa to ourselfJJ$e did so and so in theear /756% a Papist% at Aaples. Ao!% !hat !ould he not ha"e done if he had

li"ed no!% and could ha"e a"ailed himself of all our "ast acFuisitions inphsical scienceI$

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3fter the ScienKa Auo"a8/; read Spinosa% e Donarchia e, rationispraescripto85;.The differedJJ+ico in thinking that societ tended tomonarchH Spinosa in thinking it tended to democrac. Ao!% Spinosas idealdemocrac !as realiKed b a contemporarJJnot in a nation% for that isimpossible% but in a sectJJ& mean b George *o, and his uakers.8=;

8*ootnote /2

See Dichelets Principes de la Philosophie de listoire% c. Paris% /957. 3n admirable analsis of +ico.JJE.;

8*ootnote 52 Tractatus Politici% c. "i.;



8*ootnote =2 Spinosa died in /<77H *o, in /<9/.JJE.;

3pril 5:. /9=5.

C?>?@-S.

Colours ma best be e,pressed b a heptad% the largest possible formula for things finite% as the pentad is the smallest possible form. &ndeed% theheptad of things finite is in all cases reducible to the pentad. Theadorable tetracts% or tetrad% is the formula of GodH !hich% again% isreducible into% and is% in realit% the same !ith% the Trinit. Takecolours thus2JJ

Prothesis%

-ed% or Colour 8Greek2 kat e,ochen;. U/V U VDesothesis% or &ndifference of U V-ed and 'ello! Q ?range. :U V &ndigo% +iolet Q &ndifference USnthesisV of -ed and Blue. UJJ< V Thesis Q 'ello!. 5 = Blue Q 3ntithesis. VGreen indiJU VcomponiJ U Vble U

V U V U To !hich ou must add V7U !hich is spurious or artificial " snthesis of 'ello! and Blue.

Green% decomJ ponible

3pril 59. /9=5.

EST-@CT&?A ?* 4E-@S3>ED.JJEP&C P?ED.

The destruction of 4erusalem is the onl subject no! remaining for an epicpoemH a subject !hich% like Diltons *all of Dan% should interest allChristendom% as the omeric )ar of Tro interested all Greece. There !ouldbe difficulties% as there are in all subjectsH and the must he mitigatedand thro!n into the shade% as Dilton has done !ith the numerousdifficulties in the Paradise >ost. But there !ould be a greater assemblageof grandeur and splendour than can no! be found in an other theme. 3s for

the old mtholog% incredulus odiH and et there must be a mtholog% or a FuasiJmtholog% for an epic poem. ere there !ould be the completionof the propheciesJJthe termination of the first re"ealed national religionunder the "iolent assault of Paganism% itself the immediate forerunner and



condition of the spread of a re"ealed mundane religionH and then ou !ouldha"e the character of the -oman and the 4e!% and the a!fulness% thecompleteness% the justice. & schemed it at t!entJfi"eH but% alas1 "enturum e,pectat.

3pril 50. /9=5.

+?L P?P@>&% +?L E&.JJB>3C.

& ne"er said that the "o, populi !as of course the "o, ei. &t ma beHbut it ma be% and !ith eFual probabilit% a priori% "o, iaboli. Thatthe "oice of ten millions of men calling for the same thing is a spirit% &belie"eH but !hether that be a spirit of ea"en or ell% & can onl kno! btring the thing called for b the prescript of reason and Gods !ill.

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Black is the negation of colour in its greatest energ. )ithout lustre% itindicates or represents "acuit% as% for instance% in the dark mouth of aca"ernH add lustre% and it !ill represent the highest degree of solidit%as in a polished ebon bo,.

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&n finite forms there is no real and absolute identit. God alone isidentit. &n the former% the prothesis is a bastard prothesis% a Fuasi identit onl.

3pril =6. /9=5.

3SG&>> 3A E*?E.

& kno! no genuine Sa,on English superior to 3sgills. & think his andefoes iron often finer than S!ifts.

Da /. /9=5.

?-AE T??E.JJ*?L 3A P&TT

orne Tookes ad"ice to the *riends of the People !as profound2JJ$&f ou!ish to be po!erful% pretend to be po!erful.$

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*o, and Pitt constantl plaed into each others hands. Dr. Stuart% of theCourier% !ho !as "er kno!ing in the politics of the da% soon found out

the gross lies and impostures of that club as to its numbers% and told *o,so. 'et% instead of disclaiming them and e,posing the pretence% as he oughtto ha"e done% *o, absolutel e,aggerated their numbers and sinister intentionsH and Pitt% !ho also kne! the lie% took him at his !ord% and



argued against him triumphantl on his o!n premisses.

*o,s Gallicism% too% !as a treasur of !eapons to Pitt. e could ne"er concei"e the *rench right !ithout making the English !rong. 3h1 &rememberJJ

JJit "e,d m soul to see

So grand a cause% so proud a realm)ith Goose and Good at the helmH)ho long ago had falln asunder But for their ri"als baser blunder%The co!ard !hine and *renchifiedSla"er and slang of the other side1

Da 5. /9=5.

?-AE-.

& cannot sa that & thought Dr. orner a man of genius. e seemed to me tobe one of those men !ho ha"e not "er e,tended minds% but !ho kno! !hatthe kno! "er !ellJJshallo! streams% and clear because the are shallo!.There !as great goodness about him.

Da =. /9=5.

3&3P?-&.JJC&T&MEAS 3A C-&ST&3AS.

JJJJJJ is one of those men !ho go far to shake m faith in a future stateof e,istenceH & mean% on account of the difficult of kno!ing !here toplace him. & could not bear to roast himH he is not so bad as all thatcomes to2 but then% on the other hand% to ha"e to sit do!n !ith such afello! in the "er lo!est pothouse of hea"en is utterl inconsistent !iththe belief of that place being a place of happiness for me.

( ( ( ( (

&n t!o points of "ie! & re"erence manH first% as a citiKen% a part of% or in order to% a nationH and% secondl% as a Christian. &f men are neither

the one nor the other% but a mere aggregation of indi"idual bipeds% !hoackno!ledge no national unit% nor belie"e !ith me in Christ% & ha"e nomore personal smpath !ith them than !ith the dust beneath m feet.

Da 5/. /9=5.

P-?*ESS?- P3-.JJEAG>&S C?AST&T@T&?AJJED?C-3C'.JJD&>T?A 3A S&AE'.

Professor Park talks8/; about its being "er doubtful !hether the

constitution described b Blackstone e"er in fact e,isted. &n the samemanner% & suppose% it is doubtful !hether the moon is made of green cheese%or !hether the souls of )elchmen do% in point of fact% go to hea"en on thebacks of mites. Blackstones !as the age of shallo! la!. Donarch%



aristocrac% and democrac% as such% e,clude each the other2 but if theelements are to interpenetrate% ho! absurd to call a lump of sugar hdrogen% o,gen% and carbon1 na% to take three lumps% and call the firsthdrogenH the second% o,genH and the third% carbon1 ont ou see thateach is in all% and all in eachI

The democrac of England% before the -eform Bill% !as% !here it ought to

be% in the corporations% the "estries% the jointJstock companies% c. Thepo!er% in a democrac% is in focal points% !ithout a centreH and inproportion as such democratical po!er is strong% the strength of thecentral go"ernment ought to be intenseJJother!ise the nation !ill fall topieces.

)e ha"e just no! incalculabl increased the democratical action of thepeople% and% at the same time% !eakened the e,ecuti"e po!er of thego"ernment.

8*ootnote /2&n his $ogmas of the Constitution% four >ectures on the Theor

and Practice of the Constitution% deli"ered at the ings College% >ondon%$/9=5. >ecture &. There !as a stiffness% and an occasional uncouthnessin Professor Parks stleH but his t!o !orks% the one just mentioned%and his $ContreJProjet to the umphresian Code%$ are full of original"ie!s and "igorous reasonings. To those !ho !ished to see the professionof the la! assume a more scientific character than for the most part it hashitherto done in England% the earl death of 4ohn 4ames Park !as a "ergreat loss.JJE.;

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&t !as the error of Dilton% Sidne% and others of that age% to think it

possible to construct a purel aristocratical go"ernment% defecated of allpassion% and ignorance% and sordid moti"e. The truth is% such a go"ernment!ould be !eak from its utter !ant of smpath !ith the people to bego"erned b it.

Da 5. /9=5.

E +& D&A&[email protected]>@TE-.

Dercur strongl illustrates the theor de "i minimorum. i"ide fi"egrains into fift doses% and the ma poison ou irretrie"abl. & dontbelie"e in all that ahnemann sasH but he is a fine fello!% and% like mostGermans% is not altogether !rong% and like them also% is ne"er altogether right.

( ( ( ( (

Si, "olumes of translated selections from >uthers !orks% t!o being fromhis >etters% !ould be a delightful !ork. The translator should be a mandeepl imbued !ith his Bible% !ith the English !riters from enr theSe"enth to Ed!ard the Si,th% the Scotch di"ines of the /<th centur% and

!ith the old rac German.8/;

ugo de Saint +ictor% >uthers fa"ourite di"ine% !as a !onderful man% !ho%in the /5th centur% the jubilant age of papal dominion% nursed the lamp of



Platonic msticism in the spirit of the most refined Christianit.85;

8*ootnote /2Dr. Coleridge !as fond of pressing this proposed publication2JJ$& canscarcel concei"e%$ he sas in the *riend% $a more delightful "olume thanmight be made from >uthers letters% especiall those that !ere !rittenfrom the )arteburg% if the !ere translated in the simple% sine!%

idiomatic% heart mother tongue of the original. 3 difficult task &admit% and scarcel possible for an man% ho!e"er great his talents inother respects% !hose fa"ourite reading has not lain among the English!riters from Ed!ard the Si,th to Charles the *irst.$ +ol. i. p. 5=. n.JJE.;

8*ootnote 52This celebrated man !as a *leming% and a member of the 3ugustinian societof St. +ictor. e died at Paris in //:5% aged fortJfour. is ageconsidered% it is sufficient praise for him that Protestants and -omanistsboth claim him for their o!n on the subject of transubstantiation.JJE.;

4une 0. /9=5.

S'DP3T' ?* ?> G-EE 3A >3T&A )&T EAG>&S.JJ-?D3A D&A.JJ)3-.

&f ou take Sophocles% Catullus% >ucretius% the better parts of Cicero% andso on% ou ma% just !ith t!o or three e,ceptions arising out of thedifferent idioms as to cases% translate page after page into good mother English% !ord b !ord% !ithout altering the orderH but ou cannot do so!ith +irgil or Tibullus2 if ou attempt it% ou !ill make nonsense.

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There is a remarkable po!er of the picturesFue in the fragments !e ha"e of Ennius% 3ctius% and other "er old -oman !riters. This "i"id manner !aslost in the 3ugustan age.

( ( ( ( (

Duch as the -omans o!ed to Greece in the beginning% !hilst their mind !as%as it !ere% tuning itself to an afterJeffort of its o!n music% it sufferedmore in proportion b the influence of Greek literature subseFuentl% !hen

it !as alread mature and ought to ha"e !orked for itself. &t then became asuperfetation upon% and not an ingredient in% the national character. )iththe e,ception of the stern pragmatic historian and the moral satirist% itleft nothing original to the >atin Duse.8/;

3 nation% to be great% ought to be compressed in its increment b nationsmore ci"iliKed than itselfJJas Greece b PersiaH and -ome b Etruria% the&talian states% and Carthage. & remember Commodore ecatur saing to me atDalta% that he deplored the occupation of >ouisiana b the @nited States%and !ished that pro"ince had been possessed b England. e thought that if the @nited States got hold of Canada b conFuest or cession% the lastchance of his countr becoming a great compact nation !ould be lost.

8*ootnote /2Perhaps it left letterJ!riting also. E"en if the Platonic epistles aretaken as genuine% !hich Dr. Coleridge% to m surprise% !as inclined to



belie"e% the can hardl interfere% & think% !ith the uniFueness of thetrul incomparable collections from the correspondence of Cicero andPlin.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

)ar in republican -ome !as the offspring of its intense aristocrac of

spirit% and stood to the state in lieu of trade. 3s long as there !as anthing ab e,tra to conFuer% the state ad"anced2 !hen nothing remained but!hat !as -oman% then% as a matter of course% ci"il !ar began.

4une /6. /9=5.

C3-D *?- C-3DP.

)hen & !as a little ho at the BlueJcoat School% there !as a charm for

ones foot !hen asleepH and & belie"e it had been in the school since itsfoundation% in the time of Ed!ard the Si,th. The march of intellect hasprobabl no! e,ploded it. &t ran thus2JJ

*oot1 foot1 foot1 is fast asleep1Thumb1 thumb1 thumb1 in spittle !e steep2Crosses three !e make to ease us%T!o for the thie"es% and one for Christ 4esus1

3nd the same charm ser"ed for a cramp in the leg% !ith the follo!ingsubstitution2JJ

The de"il is ting a knot in m leg1Dark% >uke% and 4ohn% unloose it & beg1JJCrosses three% c.

3nd reall upon getting out of bed% !here the cramp most freFuentloccurred% pressing the sole of the foot on the cold floor% and thenrepeating this charm !ith the acts configurati"e thereupon prescribed% &can safel affirm that & do not remember an instance in !hich the cramp didnot go a!a in a fe! seconds.

& should not !onder if it !ere eFuall good for a stitch in the sideH but &cannot sa & e"er tried it for that.

4ul 7. /9=5.

G-EE.JJ@3>% AE@TE- P>@-3>% 3A +E-B S&AG@>3-.JJTET3.

&t is hardl possible to concei"e a language more perfect than the Greek.&f ou compare it !ith the modern European tongues% in the points of theposition and relati"e bearing of the "o!els and consonants on each other%and of the "ariet of terminations% it is incalculabl before all in the

former particulars% and onl eFualled in the last b German. But it is in"ariet of termination alone that the German surpasses the other modernlanguages as to soundH for% as to position% Aature seems to ha"e dropped anacid into the language% !hen aJforming% !hich curdled the "o!els% and made



all the consonants flo! together. The Spanish is e,cellent for "ariet of terminationH the &talian% in this particular% the most deficient. &talianprose is e,cessi"el monotonous.

( ( ( ( (

&t is "er natural to ha"e a dual% dualit being a conception Fuite

distinct from pluralit. Dost "er primiti"e languages ha"e a dual% as theGreek% )elch% and the nati"e Chilese% as ou !ill see in the 3bbe -anal.

The neuter plural go"erning% as the call it% a "erb singular is one of theman instances in Greek of the in!ard and metaphsic grammar resistingsuccessfull the trann of formal grammar. &n truth% there ma be Dulteit in thingsH but there can onl be Pluralit in persons.

?bser"e also that% in fact% a neuter noun in Greek has no real nominati"ecase% though it has a formal one% that is to sa% the same !ord !ith theaccusati"e. The reason isJJa thing has no subjecti"it% or nominati"ecase2 it e,ists onl as an object in the accusati"e or obliFue case.

&t is e,traordinar that the Germans should not ha"e retained or assumedthe t!o beautifull discriminated sounds of the soft and hard thetaH asin th thoughtsJJthe thin ether that% c. o! particularl fine thehard theta is in an English termination% as in that grand !ordJJeathJJfor !hich the Germans gutturiKe a sound that puts ou in mind of nothingbut a loathsome toad.

4ul 9. /9=5.

T3>EATE.

& regret to see that "ile and barbarous "ocable talented% stealing out of the ne!spapers into the leading re"ie!s and most respectable publicationsof the da. )h not shillinged% farthinged% tenpenced% c.I The formationof a participle passi"e from a noun is a licence that nothing but a "erpeculiar felicit can e,cuse. &f mere con"enience is to justif suchattempts upon the idiom% ou cannot stop till the language becomes% in theproper sense of the !ord% corrupt. Dost of these pieces of slang come from 3merica.8/;

8*ootnote /2See $e"entuate%$ in Dr. )ashington &r"ings $Tour ?n the Prairies%$ passim.JJE.;

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Ae"er take an iambus as a Christian name. 3 trochee% or tribrach% !ill do"er !ell. Edith and -otha are m fa"ourite names for !omen.

4ul 0. /9=5.

?DE-.JJ+3>CA3E-.

& ha"e the firmest con"iction that omer is a mere traditional snonme



!ith% or figure for% the &liad. 'ou cannot concei"efor a moment an thingabout the poet% as ou call him% apart from that poem. ifference in menthere !as in a degree% but not in kindH one man !as% perhaps% a better poetthan anotherH but he !as a poet upon the same ground and !ith the samefeelings as the rest.

The !ant of ad"erbs in the &liad is "er characteristic. )ith more ad"erbs

there !ould ha"e been some subjecti"it% or subjecti"it !ould ha"e madethem.

The Greeks !ere then just on the "erge of the bursting forth of indi"idualit.

+alckenaers treatise8/; on the interpolation of the Classics b the later 4e!s and earl Christians is !ell !orth our perusal as a scholar andcritic.

8*ootnote /2 iatribe de 3ristobulo 4udaeo.JJE.;

4ul /=. /9=5.

P-&AC&P>ES 3A *3CTS.JJSCD&T.

& ha"e read all the famous histories% and% & belie"e% some histor of e"ercountr and nation that is% or e"er e,istedH but & ne"er did so for thestor itself as a stor. The onl thing interesting to me !as theprinciples to be e"ol"ed from% and illustrated b% the facts.8/; 3fter &had gotten m principles% & prett generall left the facts to take care of

themsel"es. & ne"er could remember an passages in books% or theparticulars of e"ents% e,cept in the gross. & can refer to them. To besure% & must be a different sort of man from erder% !ho once !as seriouslannoed !ith himself% because% in recounting the pedigree of some Germanroal or electoral famil% he missed some one of those !orthies and couldnot recall the name.

8*ootnote /2$The true origin of human e"ents is so little susceptible of that kind of e"idence !hich can compel our beliefH so man are the disturbing forces!hich% in e"er ccle or ellipse of changes% modif the motion gi"en b thefirst projectionH and e"er age has% or imagines it has% its o!n

circumstances% !hich render past e,perience no longer applicable to thepresent caseH that there !ill ne"er be !anting ans!ers% and e,planations%and specious flatteries of hope% to persuade and perple, its go"ernment%that the histor of the past is inapplicable to their case. 3nd no!onder% if !e read histor for the facts% instead of reading it for thesake of the general principles% !hich are to the facts as the root and sapof a tree to its lea"es2 and no !onder if histor so read should find adangerous ri"al in no"elsH na% if the latter should be preferred to theformer% on the score e"en of probabilit. & !ell remember that% !hen thee,amples of former 4acobins% as 4ulius Caesar% Crom!ell% and the like% !ereadduced in *rance and England% at the commencement of the *rench consulate%it !as ridiculed as pedantr and pedants ignorance% to fear a repetition

of usurpation and militar despotism at the close of the enlightenedeighteenth centur1 E"en so% in the "er da!n of the late tempestuous da%!hen the re"olutions of Corcra% the proscriptions of the reformers Darius%Caesar% c.% and the direful effects of the le"elling tenets in the



peasants !ar in German Ndifferenced from the tenets of the first *renchconstitution onl b the mode of !ording them% the figures of speech beingborro!ed in the one instance from theolog% and in the other from modernmetaphsicsO% !ere urged on the con"ention and its "indicatorsH the magi of the da% the true citiKens of the !orld% the plusFuam perfecti of patriotism% ga"e us set proofs that similar results !ere impossible% andthat it !as an insult to so philosophical an age% to so enlightened a

nation% to dare direct the public ee to!ards them as to lights of !arning.$JJStatesmans Danual% p. /:.;

( ( ( ( (

Schmidt8/; !as a -omanistH but & ha"e generall found him candid% as indeedalmost all the 3ustrians are. The are !hat is called good CatholicsHbut% like our Charles the Second% the ne"er let their religious bigotrinterfere !ith their political !ellJdoing. aiser is a most pious son of the church% et he al!as keeps his papa in good order.

8*ootnote /2Dichael &gnatius Schmidt% the author of the istor of the Germans. edied in the latter end of the last centur.JJE.;

4ul 56. /9=5.

P@-&T3AS 3A 43C?B&AS.

&t !as Gods merc to our age that our 4acobins !ere infidels and a scandal

to all sober Christians. ad the been like the old Puritans% the !ouldha"e trodden church and king to the dustJJat least for a time.

( ( ( ( (

*or one merc & o!e thanks beond all utterance%JJthat% !ith all m gastricand bo!el distempers% m head hath e"er been like the head of a mountain inblue air and sunshine.

4ul 5/. /9=5.

)?-S)?-T.

& ha"e often !ished that the first t!o books of the E,cursion had beenpublished separatel% under the name of $The eserted Cottage.$ The !ouldha"e formed% !hat indeed the are% one of the most beautiful poems in thelanguage.

( ( ( ( (

Can dialogues in "erse be defendedI & cannot but think that a great

philosophical poet ought al!as to teach the reader himself as fromhimself. 3 poem does not admit argumentation% though it does admitde"elopment of thought. &n prose there ma be a differenceH though & mustconfess that% e"en in Plato and Cicero% & am al!as "e,ed that the authors



do not sa !hat the ha"e to sa at once in their o!n persons. Theintroductions and little urbanities are% to be sure% "er delightful intheir !aH & !ould not lose themH but & ha"e no admiration for the practiceof "entriloFuiKing through another mans mouth.

( ( ( ( (

& cannot help regretting that )ords!orth did not first publish his thirteenbooks on the gro!th of an indi"idual mindJJsuperior% as & used to think%upon the !hole% to the E,cursion. 'ou ma judge ho! & felt about them b mo!n poem upon the occasion.8/; Then the plan laid out% and% & belie"e%partl suggested b me% !as% that )ords!orth should assume the station of aman in mental repose% one !hose principles !ere made up% and so prepared todeli"er upon authorit a sstem of philosoph. e !as to treat man as man%JJa subject of ee% ear% touch% and taste% in contact !ith e,ternal nature%and informing the senses from the mind% and not compounding a mind out of the sensesH then he !as to describe the pastoral and other states of societ% assuming something of the 4u"enalian spirit as he approached thehigh ci"iliKation of cities and to!ns% and opening a melanchol picture of

the present state of degenerac and "iceH thence he !as to infer and re"ealthe proof of% and necessit for% the !hole state of man and societ beingsubject to% and illustrati"e of% a redempti"e process in operation% sho!ingho! this idea reconciled all the anomalies% and promised future glor andrestoration. Something of this sort !as% & think% agreed on. &t is% insubstance% !hat & ha"e been all m life doing in m sstem of philosoph.

8*ootnote /2Poetical )orks% "ol. i. p. 56<. &t is not too much to sa of this beautifulpoem% and et it is difficult to sa more% that it is at once !orth of thepoet% his subject% and his object2JJ

$3n ?rphic song indeed% 3 song di"ine of high and passionate thoughts%To their o!n music chanted.$JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

& think )ords!orth possessed more of the genius of a great philosophic poetthan an man & e"er kne!% or% as & belie"e% has e,isted in England sinceDiltonH but it seems to me that he ought ne"er to ha"e abandoned thecontemplati"e position% !hich is peculiarlJJperhaps & might sae,clusi"elJJfitted for him. is proper title is Spectator ab e,tra.

( ( ( ( (

4ul 5=. /9=5.

*-EAC -E+?>@T&?A.

Ao man !as more enthusiastic than & !as for *rance and the -e"olution2 ithad all m !ishes% none of m e,pectations. Before /70=% & clearl sa! andoften enough stated in public% the horrid delusion% the "ile mocker% of the !hole affair.8/;

)hen some one said in m brother 4amess presence85; that & !as a 4acobin%

he "er !ell obser"ed%JJ$Ao1 Samuel is no 4acobinH he is a hotJheadedDora"ian1$ &ndeed% & !as in the e,treme opposite pole.

8*ootnote /2



$*orgi"e me% *reedom1 ? forgi"e those dreams1 & hear th "oice% & hear th loud lament% *rom bleak el"etias ic ca"ern sentJJ & hear th groans upon her bloodJstaind streams1 eroes% that for our peaceful countr perishd% 3nd e that% fleeing% spot our mountain sno!s

)ith bleeding !oundsH forgi"e me% that & cherishd ?ne thought that e"er blest our cruel foes1 To scatter rage and traitorous guilt% )here Peace her jealous home had builtH 3 patriot race to disinherit ?f all that made her storm !ilds so dear2 3nd !ith ine,piable spirit To taint the bloodless freedom of the mountaineerJJ ? *rance% that mockest ea"en% adultrous% blind% 3nd patriot onl in pernicious toils% 3re these th boasts% champion of humanJkindI To mi, !ith kings in the lo! lust of s!a%

'ell in the hunt and share the murderous preJJ To insult the shrine of >ibert !ith spoils *rom freemen tornJJto tempt and to betraIJJ

The Sensual and the ark rebel in "ain% Sla"es b their o!n compulsion1 &n mad game The burst their manacles% and !ear the name ?f freedom% gra"en on a hea"ier chain1 ? >ibert1 !ith profitless endea"our a"e & pursued thee man a !ear hourH But thou nor s!ellst the "ictors train% nor e"er idst breathe th soul in forms of human po!er.

3like from all% ho!eer the praise thee% NAor praer% nor boastful name delas thee%O 3like from priestcrafts harp minions% 3nd factious blasphems obscener sla"es% Thou speedest on th subtle pinions% The guide of homeless !inds% and plamate of the !a"es1$

*rance% an ?de. Poetical )orks% "ol. i. p. /=6.;

8*ootnote 52 3 soldier of the old ca"alier stamp% to !hom the ing !as the smbol of the majest% as the Church !as of the life% of the nation% and !ho !ould

most assuredl ha"e taken arms for one or the other against all the ousesof Commons or committees of public safet in the !orld.JJE.;

4ul 5:. /9=5.

&A*3AT SC??>S.

& ha"e no faith in act of parliament reform. 3ll the greatJJthe permanentlgreatJJthings that ha"e been achie"ed in the !orld ha"e been so achie"ed b

indi"iduals% !orking from the instinct of genius or of goodness. The rageno!JaJdas is all the other !a2 the indi"idual is supposed capable of nothingH there must be organiKation% classification% machiner% c.% as if the capital of national moralit could be increased b making a joint stock



of it. ence ou see these infant schools so patroniKed b the bishops andothers% !ho think them a grand in"ention. &s it found that an infantJschoolchild% !ho has been ba!ling all da a column of the multiplicationJtable%or a "erse from the Bible% gro!s up a more dutiful son or daughter to itsparentsI 3re domestic charities on the increase amongst families under thissstemI &n a great to!n% in our present state of societ% perhaps suchschools ma be a justifiable e,pedientJJa choice of the lesser e"ilH but as

for dri"ing these establishments into the countr "illages% and breaking upthe cottage home education% & think it one of the most miserable mistakes!hich the !ellJintentioned people of the da ha"e et madeH and the ha"emade% and are making% a good man% God kno!s.

4ul 5. /9=5.

D-. C?>E-&GES P&>?S?P'.JJS@B>&D&T'.JJS?>?D?A.JJD3AESS.JJC. >3DBJJS*?-M3s EC&S&?A.

The pith of m sstem is to make the senses out of the mindJJnot the mindout of the senses% as >ocke did.

( ( ( ( (

Could ou e"er disco"er an thing sublime% in our sense of the term% in theclassic Greek literatureI ne"er could. Sublimit is ebre! b birth.

( ( ( ( (

& should conjecture that the Pro"erbs and Ecclesiastes !ere !ritten% or%

perhaps% rather collected% about the time of Aehemiah. The language isebre! !ith Chaldaic endings. &t is totall unlike the language of Doses onthe one hand% and of &saiah on the other.

( ( ( ( (

Solomon introduced the commercial spirit into his kingdom. & cannot thinkhis idolatr could ha"e been much more% in regard to himself% than a stateprotection or toleration of the foreign !orship.

( ( ( ( (

)hen a man mistakes his thoughts for persons and things% he is mad. 3madman is properl so defined.

( ( ( ( (

Charles >amb translated m motto Sermoni propriora bJJproperer for asermon1

( ( ( ( (

& !as much amused some time ago b reading the pith decision of one of theSforKas of Dilan% upon occasion of a dispute for precedence bet!een the

la!ers and phsicians of his capitalHJJPaecedant furesJJseFuantur carnifices. & hardl remember a neater thing.



4ul 59. /9=5.

*3&T 3A BE>&E*.

The sublime and abstruse doctrines of Christian belief belong to the

churchH but the faith of the indi"idual% centered in his heart% is or mabe collateral to them.8/;

*aith is subjecti"e. & thro! mself in adoration before GodH ackno!ledgemself his creature%JJsimple% !eak% lostH and pra for help and pardonthrough 4esus Christ2 but !hen & rise from m knees% & discuss the doctrineof the Trinit as & !ould a problem in geometrH in the same temper of mind% & mean% not b the same process of reasoning% of course.

8*ootnote /2Dr. Coleridge used "er freFuentl to insist upon the distinction bet!eenbelief and faith. e once told me% !ith "er great earnestness% that if he

!ere that moment con"incedJJa con"iction% the possibilit of !hich%indeed% he could not realiKe to himselfJJthat the Ae! Testament !as aforger from beginning to endJJ!ide as the desolation in his moralfeelings !ould be% he should not abate one jot of his faith in Gods po!er and merc through some manifestation of his being to!ards man% either intime past or future% or in the hidden depths !here time and space are not.This !as% & belie"e% no more than a "i"id e,pression of !hat he al!asmaintained% that no man had attained to a full faith !ho did not recogniKe in the Scriptures a correspondenc to his o!n nature% or seethat his o!n po!ers of reason% !ill% and understanding !ere preconfiguredto the reception of the Christian doctrines and promises.JJE.;

3ugust :. /9=5.

?B-&M?**E-.8/;

& hardl kno! an thing more amusing than the honest German 4esuitr of obriKhoffer. is chapter on the dialects is most "aluable. e is surprisedthat there is no form for the infiniti"e% but that the sa%JJ& !ish% Ngo%or eat% or drink% c.O interposing a letter b !a of copula%JJforgettinghis o!n German and the English% !hich are% in truth% the same. The

confident belief entertained b the 3bipones of immortalit% in connection!ith the utter absence in their minds of the idea of a God% is "erremarkable. &f )arburton !ere right% !hich he is not% the Dosaic scheme!ould be the e,act con"erse. D dear daughters translation of this book85;is% in m judgment% unsurpassed for pure mother English b an thing & ha"eread for a long time.

8*ootnote /2

$e !as a man of rarest Fualities% )ho to this barbarous region had confined 3 spirit !ith the learned and the !ise

)orth to take its place% and from mankind -ecei"e their homage% to the immortal mind Paid in its just inheritance of fame. But he to humbler thoughts his heart inclined2



*rom GratK amid the Strian hills he came% 3nd obriKhofter !as the good mans honourd name.

$&t !as his e"il fortune to behold The labours of his painful life destroedH is flock !hich he had brought !ithin the fold ispersdH the !ork of ages renderd "oid%

3nd all of good that Paragua enjod B blind and suicidal po!er oerthro!n. So he the ears of his old age emplod% 3 faithful chronicler% in handing do!nAames !hich he lo"d% and things !ell !orth to be kno!n.

$3nd thus !hen e,iled from the dearJlo"ed scene% &n proud +ienna he beguiled the pain ?f sad remembrance2 and the empressJFueen% That great Teresa% she did not disdain &n gracious mood sometimes to entertain iscourse !ith him both pleasurable and sageH

3nd sure a !illing ear she !ell might deign To one !hose tales ma eFuall engageThe !ondering mind of outh% the thoughtful heart of age.

$But of his nati"e speech% because !ellJnigh isuse in him forgetfulness had !rought% &n >atin he composed his historH 3 garrulous% but a li"el tale% and fraught )ith matter of delight% and food for thought. 3nd if he could in Derlins glass ha"e seen B !hom his tomes to speak our tongue !ere taught% The old man !ould ha"e felt as pleased% & !een%

3s !hen he !on the ear of that great empressJFueen.

$>ittle he deemd% !hen !ith his &ndian band e through the !ilds set forth upon his !a% 3 poet then unborn% and in a land )hich had proscribed his order% should one da Take up from thence his moraliKing la% 3nd% shape a song that% !ith no fiction drest% Should to his !orth its grateful tribute pa% 3nd sinking deep in man an English breast%*oster that faith di"ine that keeps the heart at rest.$

Southes Tale of Paragua% canto iii. st. /<.;

8*ootnote 52$3n 3ccount of the 3bipones% an EFuestrian People of Paragua% *rom the>atin of Dartin obriKhoffer% eighteen 'ears a Dissionar in thatCountr.$JJ+ol. ii. p. /7<.;

3ugust <. /9=5.

SC?TC 3A EAG>&S.JJC-&TE-&?A ?* GEA&@S.JJ-'EA 3A P?PE.

& ha"e generall found a Scotchman !ith a little literature "erdisagreeable. e is a superficial German or a dull *renchman. The Scotch!ill attribute merit to people of an nation rather than the EnglishH the



English ha"e a morbid habit of petting and praising foreigners of an sort%to the unjust disparagement of their o!n !orthies.

( ( ( ( (

'ou !ill find this a good gage or criterion of genius%JJ!hether itprogresses and e"ol"es% or onl spins upon itself. Take rdens 3chitophel

and Mimri%JJShaftesbur and BuckinghamH e"er line adds to or modifies thecharacter% !hich is% as it !ere% aJbuilding up to the "er last "erseH!hereas% in Popes Timon% c. the first t!o or three couplets contain allthe pith of the character% and the t!ent or thirt lines that follo! areso much e"idence or proof of o"ert acts of jealous% or pride% or !hate"er it ma be that is satiriKed. &n like manner compare Charles >ambse,Fuisite criticisms on Shakspeare !ith aKlitts round and roundimitations of them.

3ugust 7. /9=5.

D&>T?AS &S-EG3- ?* P3&AT&AG.

&t is "er remarkable that in no part of his !ritings does Dilton take annotice of the great painters of &tal% nor% indeed% of painting as an artH!hilst e"er other page breathes his lo"e and taste for music. 'et it iscurious that% in one passage in the Paradise >ost% Dilton has certainlcopied the fresco of the Creation in the Sistine Chapel at -ome. & meanthose lines%JJ

JJJJ$no! half appeard

The ta!n lion% pa!ing to get free is hinder parts% then springs as broke from bonds% 3nd rampant shakes his brinded maneHJJ$c.8/;

an image !hich the necessities of the painter justified% but !hich !as!holl un!orth% in m judgment% of the enlarged po!ers of the poet. 3dambending o"er the sleeping E"e in the Paradise >ost85; and alilahapproaching Samson% in the 3gonistes8=; are the onl t!o proper pictures &remember in Dilton.

8*ootnote /2 Par. >ost% book "ii. "er. :<=.;

8*ootnote 52

JJJJ$so much the more is !onder !as to find un!akend E"e )ith tresses discomposed% and glo!ing cheek% 3s through unFuiet rest2 he on his side >eaning% half raised% !ith looks of cordial lo"e ung o"er her enamourd% and beheld Beaut% !hich% !hether !aking or asleep% Shot forth peculiar gracesH then% !ith "oice Dild% as !hen Mephrus on *lora breathes% er hand soft touching% !hisperd thus2 3!ake%

D fairest%$ c.

Book ". "er. 9.;



8*ootnote =2

$But !ho is this% !hat thing of sea or landI *emale of se, it seems% That so bedeckd% ornate% and ga% Comes this !a sailing >ike a statel ship

?f Tarsus% bound for the isles ?f 4a"an or Gadire% )ith all her bra"er on% and tackle trim% Sails filld% and streamers !a"ing% Courted b all the !inds that hold them plaH 3n amberJscent of odorous perfume er harbinger% a damsel train behind1$;

3ugust 0. /9=5.

B3PT&SD3> SE-+&CE.JJ4E)S &+&S&?A ?* TE SC-&[email protected]&T.

& think the baptismal ser"ice almost perfect. )hat seems erroneousassumption in it to me% is harmless. Aone of the ser"ices of the churchaffect me so much as this. & ne"er could attend a christening !ithout tearsbursting forth at the sight of the helpless innocent in a pious clergmansarms.

( ( ( ( (

The 4e!s recogniKed three degrees of sanctit in their Scriptures2JJfirst%

the !ritings of Doses% !ho had the 8Greek2 autopsia;H secondl% theProphetsH and% thirdl% the Good Books. Philo% amusingl enough% places his!orks some!here bet!een the second and third degrees.

( ( ( ( (

The claims of the Sanskrit for priorit to the ebre! as a language areridiculous.

3ugust //. /9=5.

ES&?.JJ+&-G&>.JJGEA&@S DET3P'S&C3>.JJ?A @&L?TE.

& like reading esiod% meaning the )orks and as. &f e"er "erse is notpoetr% it is% at least% good sense% !hich is a great deal to sa.

( ( ( ( (

There is nothing real in the Georgies% e,cept% to be sure% the "erse.8/;Dere didactics of practice% unless seasoned !ith the personal interests of the time or author% are ine,pressibl dull to me. Such didactic poetr as

that of the )orks and as follo!ed naturall upon legislation and thefirst ordering of municipalities.

8*ootnote /2



& used to fanc Dr. Coleridge paulo iniFuior +irgilio% and told him soHto !hich he replied% that% like all Eton men% & s!ore per Daronem. This!as far enough from being the caseH but & ackno!ledge that Dr. C.sapparent indifference to the tenderness and dignit of +irgil e,cited msurprise.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

3ll genius is metaphsicalH because the ultimate end of genius is ideal%ho!e"er it ma be actualiKed b incidental and accidental circumstances.

( ( ( ( (

on ui,ote is not a man out of his senses% but a man in !hom theimagination and the pure reason are so po!erful as to make him disregardthe e"idence of sense !hen it opposed their conclusions. Sancho is thecommon sense of the social manJanimal% unenlightened and unsanctified bthe reason. 'ou see ho! he re"erences his master at the "er time he ischeating him.

3ugust /:. /9=5.

STE&ADETM.JJE3TS.

Poor dear SteinmetK is gone%JJhis state of sure blessedness acceleratedHor% it ma be% he is buried in Christ% and there in that msterious depthgro!s on to the spirit of a just man made perfect1 Could & for a momentdoubt this% the grass !ould become black beneath m feet% and this earthl

frame a charnelJhouse. & ne"er kne! an man so illustrate the differencebet!een the feminine and the effeminate.

( ( ( ( (

3 loose% slack% not !ellJdressed outh met Dr. JJJJ and mself in a lanenear ighgate.JJJJ kne! him% and spoke. &t !as eats. e !as introduced tome% and staid a minute or so. 3fter he had left us a little !a% he cameback and said2 $>et me carr a!a the memor% Coleridge% of ha"ing pressedour hand1$JJ$There is death in that hand%$ & said to JJJJ% !hen eats !asgoneH et this !as% & belie"e% before the consumption sho!ed itself distinctl.

3ugust /<. /9=5.

C-&STS ?SP&T3>.JJB?)'E-.

The discipline at Christs ospital in m time !as ultraJSpartanHJJalldomestic ties !ere to be put aside. $Bo1$ & remember Bo!er saing to meonce !hen & !as cring the first da of m return after the holidas% $Bo1the school is our father1 Bo1 the school is our mother1 Bo1 the school

is our brother1 the school is our sister1 the school is our firstcousin% and our second cousin% and all the rest of our relations1 >etsha"e no more cring1$



( ( ( ( (

Ao tongue can e,press good Drs. Bo!er. +al. >e Grice and & !ere once goingto be flogged for some domestic misdeed% and Bo!er !as thundering a!a atus b !a of prologue% !hen Drs. B. looked in% and said% $*log themsoundl% sir% & beg1$ This sa"ed us. Bo!er !as so nettled at theinterruption that he gro!led out% $3!a% !oman1 a!a1$ and !e !ere let off.

3ugust 59. /9=5.

ST. P3@>S DE>&T3.

The belief that Dalta is the island on !hich St. Paul !as !recked is sorooted in the common Daltese% and is cherished !ith such a superstitiousnationalit% that the Go"ernment !ould run the chance of e,citing a tumult%if it% or its representati"es% un!aril ridiculed it. The supposition

itself is Fuite absurd. Aot to argue the matter at length% consider thesefe! conclusi"e facts2JJThe narrati"e speaks of the $barbarous people%$ and$barbarians%$8/; of the island. Ao!% our Dalta !as at that time fullpeopled and highl ci"iliKed% as !e ma surel infer from Cicero and other !riters.85; 3 "iper comes out from the sticks upon the fire being lighted2the men are not surprised at the appearance of the snake% but imagine firsta murderer% and then a god from the harmless attack. Ao! in our Dalta thereare% & ma sa% no snakes at allH !hich% to be sure% the Daltese attributeto St. Pauls ha"ing cursed them a!a. Delita in the 3driatic !as aperfectl barbarous island as to its nati"e population% and !as% and isno!% infested !ith serpents. Besides the conte,t sho!s that the scene is inthe 3driatic.

8*ootnote /2 3cts ,,"iii. 5. and :. Dr. C. seemed to think that the Greek !ords hadreference to something more than the fact of the islanders not speaking>atin or GreekH the classical meaning of 8Greek2 Barbaroi;.JE.;

8*ootnote 52@p!ards of a centur before the reign of Aero% Cicero speaks atconsiderable length of our Dalta in one of the +errine orations. See 3ct.ii. lib. i". c. :<. $&nsula est Delita% judices%$ c. There !as a to!n% and+erres had established in it a manufactor of the fine cloth or cottonstuffs% the Delitensis "estis% for !hich the island is uniforml

celebrated2JJ

$*ertilis est Delite sterili "icina Cocrae &nsula% Fuam >ibci "erberat unda freti.$

?"id. *ast. iii. <7.

3nd Silius &talicus hasJJ

JJJJ$telaFue superba >anigera Delite.$

Punic. ,i". 5/.

'et it ma ha"e been cotton after allJJthe present product of Dalta. Cicero



describes an ancient temple of 4uno situated on a promontor near theto!n% so famous and re"ered% that% e"en in the time of Dasinissa% at least/6 ears B.C.% that prince had religiousl restored some relics !hich hisadmiral had taken from it. The plunder of this "er temple is an article of accusation against +erresH and a deputation of Daltese NlegatiDelitensesO came to -ome to establish the charge. These are all the facts%& think% !hich can be gathered from CiceroH because & consider his

e,pression of nudatae urbes% in the !orking up of this article% a pieceof rhetoric. Strabo merel marks the position of Delita% and sas that thelapJdogs called 8Greek2 kunidia Delitaia; !ere sent from this island%though some !riters attribute them to the other Delite in the 3driatic%Nlib. "i.O iodorus% ho!e"er% a Sicilian himself b birth% gi"es thefollo!ing remarkable testimon as to the state of the island in his time%!hich% it !ill be remembered% !as considerabl before the date of St.Pauls ship!reck. $There are three islands to the south of Sicil% each of !hich has a cit or to!n N8Greek2 polin;O% and harbours fitted for the safereception of ships. The first of these is Delite% distant about 966 stadiafrom Sracuse% and possessing se"eral harbours of surpassing e,cellence.&ts inhabitants are rich and lu,urious N8Greek2 tous katoikountas tais

ousiais eudaimonas;O. There are artiKans of e"er kind N8Greek2 pantodapoustais e,gasias;OH the best are those !ho !ea"e cloth of a singular finenessand softness. The houses are !orth of admiration for their superbadornment !ith ea"es and brilliant !hiteJ!ashing N8Greek2 oikias a,iologouskai kateskeuasmenas philotimos geissois kai koniamasi peKittoteKon;O.$JJ>ib. ". c. /5. Dela Nii. c. 7.O and Plin Niii. /:.O simpl mark theposition.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

The Daltese seem to ha"e preser"ed a fondness and taste for architecturefrom the time of the knightsJJnaturall enough occasioned b the

incomparable materials at hand.8/;

8*ootnote /2The passage !hich & ha"e cited from iodorus sho!s that the origin !as muchearlier.JJE.;

3ugust /0. /9=5.

EAG>&S 3A GE-D3A.JJBEST ST3TE ?* S?C&ET'.

&t ma be doubted !hether a composite language like the English is not ahappier instrument of e,pression than a homogeneous one like the German. )epossess a !onderful richness and "ariet of modified meanings in our Sa,onand >atin FuasiJsnonmes% !hich the Germans ha"e not. *or $the pomp and prodigalit of ea"en%$ the Germans must ha"e said $thespendthriftness.$8/; Shakspeare is particularl happ in his use of the>atin snonmes% and in distinguishing bet!een them and the Sa,on.

8*ootnote /2 +ersch!endung% & suppose.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

That is the most e,cellent state of societ in !hich the patriotism of thecitiKen ennobles% but does not merge% the indi"idual energ of the man.



September /. /9=5.

G-E3T D&AS 3A-?G'[email protected]&>?S?PE-S ?-&A3-'>3AG@3GE.

&n chemistr and nosolog% b e,tending the degree to a certain point% theconstituent proportion ma be destroed% and a ne! kind produced.

( ( ( ( (

& ha"e kno!n strong minds !ith imposing% undoubting% CobbettJlikemanners% but & ha"e ne"er met a great mind of this sort. 3nd of theformer% the are at least as often !rong as right. The truth is% a greatmind must be andrognous. Great mindsJJS!edenborgs for instanceJJare ne"er !rong but in conseFuence of being in the right% but imperfectl.

( ( ( ( (

3 philosophers ordinar language and admissions% in general con"ersationor !ritings ad populum% are as his !atch compared !ith his astronomicaltimepiece. e sets the former b the to!nJclock% not because he belie"es itright% but because his neighbours and his cook go b it.

4anuar 5. /9==.

4@-&ES.JJB3--&STE-S 3A P'S&C&3AS *[email protected] ?PE-3T&?A.JJ

&AE-&TE &SE3SE.

& certainl think that juries !ould be more conscientious% if the !ereallo!ed a larger discretion. But% after all% juries cannot be better thanthe mass out of !hich the are taken. 3nd if juries are not honest andsingleJminded% the are the !orst% because the least responsible%instruments of judicial or popular trann.

& should he sorr to see the honorar character of the fees of barristersand phsicians done a!a !ith. Though it seems a shado! distinction% &

belie"e it to be beneficial in effect. &t contributes to preser"e the ideaof a profession% of a class !hich belongs to the public%JJin the emplomentand remuneration of !hich no la! interferes% but the citiKen acts as helikes in foro conscientiae.

( ( ( ( (

There undoubtedl ought to be a declarator act !ithdra!ing e,pressl fromthe St. 4ohn >ongs and other Fuacks the protection !hich the la! isinclined to thro! around the mistakes or miscarriages of the regularleducated practitioner.

( ( ( ( (

& think there are onl t!o things !anting to justif a surgeon inperforming the Caesarean operation2 first% that he should possess



infallible kno!ledge of his art2 and% secondl% that he should beinfallibl certain that he is infallible.

( ( ( ( (

Can an thing he more dreadful than the thought that an innocent child hasinherited from ou a disease or a !eakness% the penalt in ourself of sin

or !ant of cautionI

( ( ( ( (

&n the treatment of ner"ous cases% he is the best phsician% !ho is themost ingenious inspirer of hope.

4anuar =. /9==.

D3S?AS P?ET-'.

& cannot bring mself to think much of Dasons poetr. & ma be !rongH butall those passages in the Caractacus% !hich !e learn to admire at school%no! seem to me one continued falsetto.

4anuar :. /9==.

A?-TE-A 3A S?@TE-A ST3TES ?* TE 3DE-&C3A @A&?A.JJ3>> 3A TE )?>E.

Aaturall one !ould ha"e thought that there !ould ha"e been greater smpath bet!een the northern and northJ!estern states of the 3merican@nion and England% than bet!een England and the Southern states. There isten times as much English blood and spirit in Ae! England as in +irginia%the Carolinas% c. Ae"ertheless% such has been the force of the interestsof commerce% that no!% and for some ears past% the people of the Aorthhate England !ith increasing bitterness% !hilst% amongst those of thesouth% !ho are 4acobins% the British connection has become popular. Canthere e"er be an thorough national fusion of the Aorthern and SouthernstatesI & think not. &n fact% the @nion !ill be shaken almost todislocation !hene"er a "er serious Fuestion bet!een the states arises. The

3merican @nion has no centre% and it is impossible no! to make one. Themore the e,tend their borders into the &ndians land% the !eaker !ill thenational cohesion be. But & look upon the states as splendid masses to beused% b and b% in the composition of t!o or three great go"ernments.

( ( ( ( (

There is a great and important difference% both in politics andmetaphsics% bet!een all and the !hole. The first can ne"er beascertained as a standing FuantitH the second% if comprehended b insightinto its parts% remains for e"er kno!n. Dr. uskisson% & thought%satisfactoril refuted the ship o!nersH and et the shipping interest% !ho

must kno! !here the shoe pinches% complain to this da.



4anuar 7% /9==.

A&AT 3-T&C>E.JJS&A 3A S&AS.JJ?> &+&AES.JJP-E3C&AG ELTEDP?-E.

$+er far gone%$ is Fuam longissime in the >atin of the ninth article%JJas far gone as possible% that is% as !as possible for man to goH as far

as !as compatible !ith his ha"ing an redeemable Fualities left in him. Totalk of mans being utterl lost to good% is absurdH for then he !ould bea de"il at once.

( ( ( ( (

?ne mistake perpetuall made b one of our unhapp parties in religion%JJand !ith a pernicious tendenc to 3ntinomianism%JJis to confound sin !ith sins. To tell a modest girl% the !atchful nurse of an aged parent% thatshe is full of sins against God% is monstrous% and as shocking to reasonas it is un!arrantable b Scripture. But to tell her that she% and all menand !omen% are of a sinful nature% and that% !ithout Christs redeeming

lo"e and Gods grace% she cannot be emancipated from its dominion% is trueand proper.8/;

8*ootnote /2&n a marginal scrap Dr. C. !rote2JJ$)hat are the essential doctrines of our religion% if not sin and original sin% as the necessitating occasion% andthe redemption of sinners b the &ncarnate )ord as the substance of theChristian dispensationI 3nd can these be intelligentl belie"ed !ithoutkno!ledge and steadfast meditation. B the unlearned% the ma be !orthilrecei"ed% but not b the unthinking and selfJignorant% Christian.$JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

Ao article of faith can be trul and dul preached !ithout necessaril andsimultaneousl infusing a deep sense of the indispensableness of a hollife.

( ( ( ( (

o! pregnant !ith instruction% and !ith kno!ledge of all sorts% are thesermons of our old di"ines1 in this respect% as in so man others% ho!different from the major part of modern discourses1

( ( ( ( (

E"er attempt% in a sermon% to cause emotion% e,cept as the conseFuence of an impression made on the reason% or the understanding% or the !ill% & holdto be fanatical and sectarian.

( ( ( ( (

Ao doubt preaching% in the proper sense of the !ord% is more effecti"e thanreadingH and% therefore% & !ould not prohibit it% but lea"e a libert tothe clergman !ho feels himself able to accomplish it. But% as things no!are% & am Fuite sure & prefer going to church to a pastor !ho reads hisdiscourse2 for & ne"er et heard more than one preacher !ithout book% !ho

did not forget his argument in three minutes timeH and fall into "ague andunprofitable declamation% and% generall% "er coarse declamation too.These preachers ne"er progressH the edd round and round. Sterilit of mind follo!s their ministr.



4anuar 56. /9==.

C@-C ?* EAG>3A.

)hen the Church at the -eformation ceased to be e,traJnational% itunhappil became roal insteadH its proper bearing is intermediate bet!eenthe cro!n and the people% !ith an inclination to the latter.

( ( ( ( (

The present prospects of the Church !eigh hea"il on m soul. ?h1 that the!ords of a statesmanJlike philosoph could !in their !a through theignorant Kealotr and sordid "ulgarit of the leaders of the da1

*ebruar . /9==.

@A&?A )&T &-E>3A.

&f an modification of the @nion takes place% & trust it !ill be a totaldi"orce a "inculo matrimonii. & am sure !e ha"e li"ed a cat and dog lifeof it. >et us ha"e no sill sa"ing of one cro!n and t!o legislaturesH that!ould be preser"ing all the mischiefs !ithout an of the goods% if thereare an% of the union.

& am deliberatel of opinion% that England% in all its institutions% hasrecei"ed injur from its union !ith &reland. D onl difficult is as tothe Protestants% to !hom !e o!e protection. But & cannot forget that theProtestants themsel"es ha"e greatl aided in accelerating the presenthorrible state of things% b using that as a remed and a re!ard !hichshould ha"e been to them an opportunit.8/;

&f the Protestant Church in &reland is remo"ed% of course the -omish Churchmust be established in its place. There can be no resisting it in commonreason.

o! miserabl imbecile and objectless has the English go"ernment of &relandbeen for fort ears past1 ?h1 for a great manJJbut one reall great man%JJ!ho could feel the !eight and the po!er of a principle% and unflinchinglput it into act1 But trul there is no "ision in the land% and the peopleaccordingl perisheth. See ho! triumphant in debate and in action ?Connellis1 )hI Because he asserts a broad principle% and acts up to it% rests allhis bod on it% and has faith in it. ?ur ministersJJtrue )higs in thatJJha"e faith in nothing but e,pedients de die in diem. &ndeed% !hatprinciples of go"ernment can the ha"e% !ho in the space of a monthrecanted a life of political opinions% and no! dare to threaten this andthat inno"ation at the huKKa of a mob% or in piFue at a parliamentardefeatI

8*ootnote /2$)hate"er ma be thought of the settlement that follo!ed the battle of theBone and the e,tinction of the !ar in &reland% et !hen this had been made



and submitted to% it !ould ha"e been the far !iser polic% & doubt not% toha"e pro"ided for the safet of the constitution b impro"ing the Fualitof the electi"e franchise% lea"ing the eligibilit open% or like theformer% limited onl b considerations of propert. Still% ho!e"er% thescheme of e,clusion and disFualification had its plausible side. The ink!as scarcel dr on the parchmentJrolls and proscriptionJlists of thePopish parliament. The crimes of the man !ere generaliKed into attributes

of his faithH and the &rish catholics collecti"el !ere held accomplices inthe perfid and baseness of the king. 3las1 his immediate adherents hadafforded too great colour to the charge. The &rish massacre !as in themouth of e"er Protestant% not as an e"ent to be remembered% but as a thingof recent e,pectation% fear still blending !ith the sense of deli"erance. 3t no time% therefore% could the disFualifing sstem ha"e been enforced!ith so little reclamation of the conFuered part% or !ith so littleoutrage on the general feeling of the countr. There !as no time% !hen it!as so capable of being indirectl useful as a sedati"e in order to theapplication of the remedies directl indicated% or as a counterJpo!er reducing to inacti"it !hate"er disturbing forces might ha"e interfered!ith their operation. 3nd had this use been made of these e,clusi"e la!s%

and had the been enforced as the precursors and negati"e conditions%JJbut%abo"e all% as bona fide accompaniments% of a process of emancipation%properl and !orthil so named% the code !ould at this da ha"e beenremembered in &reland onl as !hen% recalling a dangerous fe"er of our bohood% !e think of the nauseous drugs and drenchingJhorn% andcongratulate oursel"es that our doctors no!JaJdas kno! ho! to manage thesethings less coarsel. But this angr code !as neglected as an opportunit%and mistaken for a substitute2 et hinc illae( lacrmae1$JJChurch andState% p. /0.;

( ( ( ( (

& sometimes think it just possible that the issenters ma once more beanimated b a !iser and nobler spirit% and see their dearest interest inthe church of England as the bul!ark and glor of Protestantism% as thedid at the -e"olution. But & doubt their being able to resist the lo!factious malignit to the church !hich has characteriKed them as a bod for so man ears.

*ebruar /<. /9==.

*[email protected]&C3E> SC?TT% G?ETE% SC&>>E-% 3A )?-S)?-T.

Before & had e"er seen an part of Goethes *aust8/;% though% of course%!hen & !as familiar enough !ith Darlo!es% & concei"ed and dre! up the planof a !ork% a drama% !hich !as to be% to m mind% !hat the *aust !as toGoethes. D *aust !as old Dichael ScottH a much better and more likeloriginal than *aust. e appeared in the midst of his college of de"oteddisciples% enthusiastic% ebullient% shedding around him bright surmises of disco"eries full perfected in afterJtimes% and inculcating the stud of nature and its secrets as the path!a to the acFuisition of po!er. e did

not lo"e kno!ledge for itselfJJfor its o!n e,ceeding great re!ardJJbut inorder to be po!erful. This poisonJspeck infected his mind from thebeginning. The priests suspect him% circum"ent him% accuse himH he iscondemned% and thro!n into solitar confinement2 this constituted the



prologus of the drama. 3 pause of four or fi"e ears takes place% at theend of !hich Dichael escapes from prison% a soured% gloom% miserable man.e !ill not% cannot studH of !hat a"ail had all his stud been to himI iskno!ledge% great as it !as% had failed to preser"e him from the cruel fangsof the persecutorsH he could not command the lightning or the storm to!reak their furies upon the heads of those !hom he hated and contemned% andet feared. 3!a !ith learning1 a!a !ith stud1 to the !inds !ith all

pretences to kno!ledge1 )e kno! nothingH !e are fools% !retches% merebeasts. 3non & began to tempt him. & made him dream% ga"e him !ine% andpassed the most e,Fuisite of !omen before him% but out of his reach. &sthere% then% no kno!ledge b !hich these pleasures can be commandedI That!a la !itchcraft% and accordingl to !itchcraft Dichael turns !ith allhis soul. e has man failures and some successesH he learns the chemistrof e,citing drugs and e,ploding po!ders% and some of the properties of transmitted and reflected light2 his appetites and his curiosit are bothstimulated% and his old cra"ing for po!er and mental domination o"er othersre"i"es. 3t last Dichael tries to raise the e"il% and the e"il comes athis call. D e"il !as to be% like Goethes% the uni"ersal humorist% !hoshould make all things "ain and nothing !orth% b a perpetual collation of

the great !ith the little in the presence of the infinite. & had man atrick for him to pla% some better% & think% than an in the *aust. &n themean time% Dichael is miserableH he has po!er% but no peace% and he e"erda more keenl feels the trann of hell surrounding him. &n "ain he seemsto himself to assert the most absolute empire o"er the e"il% b imposingthe most e,tra"agant tasksH one thing is as eas as another to the e"il.$)hat ne,t% DichaelI$ is repeated e"er da !ith more imperious ser"ilit.Dichael groans in spiritH his po!er is a curse2 he commands !omen and !ine1but the !omen seem fictitious and de"ilish% and the !ine does not make himdrunk. e no! begins to hate the e"il% and tries to cheat him. e studiesagain% and e,plores the darkest depths of sorcer for a receipt to coKenhellH but all in "ain. Sometimes the e"ils finger turns o"er the page for

him% and points out an e,periment% and Dichael hears a !hisperJJ$Tr that% Dichael1$ The horror increasesH and Dichael feels that he is asla"e and a condemned criminal. >ost to hope% he thro!s himself into e"ersensual e,cess%JJin the midJcareer of !hich he sees 3gatha% m Dargaret%and immediatel endea"ours to seduce her. 3gatha lo"es himH and the e"ilfacilitates their meetingsH but she resists Dichaels attempts to ruin her%and implores him not to act so as to forfeit her esteem. >ong struggles of passion ensue% in the result of !hich his affections are called forthagainst his appetites% and% lo"eJborn% the idea of a redemption of the lost!ill da!ns upon his mind. This is instantaneousl percei"ed b the e"ilHand for the first time the humorist becomes se"ere and menacing. 3 fearfulsuccession of conflicts bet!een Dichael and the e"il takes place% in !hich

3gatha helps and suffers. &n the end% after subjecting him to e"erimaginable horror and agon% & made him triumphant% and poured peace intohis soul in the con"iction of a sal"ation for sinners through Gods grace.

The intended theme of the *aust is the conseFuences of a misolog% or hatred and depreciation of kno!ledge caused b an originall intense thirstfor kno!ledge baffled. But a lo"e of kno!ledge for itself% and for pureends% !ould ne"er produce such a misolog% but onl a lo"e of it for baseand un!orth purposes. There is neither causation nor progression in the*austH he is a readJmade conjuror from the "er beginningH the incredulusodi is felt from the first line. The sensualit and the thirst after kno!ledge are unconnected !ith each other. Dephistopheles and Dargaret are

e,cellentH but *aust himself is dull and meaningless. The scene in 3uerbachs cellars is one of the best% perhaps the "er bestH that on theBrocken is also fineH and all the songs are beautiful. But there is no!hole in the poemH the scenes are mere magicJlantern pictures% and a large



part of the !ork is to me "er flat. The German is "er pure and fine.

The oung men in German and England !ho admire >ord Bron% prefer Goetheto SchillerH but ou ma depend upon it% Goethe does not% nor e"er !ill%command the common mind of the people of German as Schiller does. Schiller had t!o legitimate phases in his intellectual character2JJthe first asauthor of the -obbersJJa piece !hich must not be considered !ith reference

to Shakspeare% but as a !ork of the mere material sublime% and in that lineit is undoubtedl "er po!erful indeed. &t is Fuite genuine% and deeplimbued !ith Schillers o!n soul. 3fter this he outgre! the composition of such plas as the -obbers% and at once took his true and onl rightfulstand in the grand historical dramaJJthe )allensteinHJJnot the intensedrama of passion%JJhe !as not master of thatJJbut the diffused drama of histor% in !hich alone he had ample scope for his "aried po!ers. The)allenstein is the greatest of his !orksH it is not unlike Shakspeareshistorical plasJJa species b itself. 'ou ma take up an scene% and it!ill please ou b itselfH just as ou ma in on ui,ote% !hich ou read through once or t!ice onl% but !hich ou read in repeatedl. 3fter this point it !as% that Goethe and other !riters injured b their theories

the steadiness and originalit of Schillers mindH and in e"er one of his!orks after the )allenstein ou ma percei"e the fluctuations of his tasteand principles of composition. e got a notion of reJintroducing thecharacterlessness of the Greek traged !ith a chorus% as in the Bride of Dessina% and he !as for infusing more lric "erse into it. Schiller sometimes affected to despise the -obbers and the other !orks of his firstouthH !hereas he ought to ha"e spoken of them as of !orks not in a rightline% but full of e,cellence in their !a. &n his ballads and lighter lrics Goethe is most e,cellent. &t is impossible to praise him too highlin this respect. & like the )ilhelm Deister the best of his prose !orks.But neither Schillers nor Goethes prose stle approaches to >essings%!hose !ritings% for manner% are absolutel perfect.

3lthough )ords!orth and Goethe are not much alike% to be sure% upon the!holeH et the both ha"e this peculiarit of utter nonJsmpath !ith thesubjects of their poetr. The are al!as% both of them% spectators abe,tra%JJfeeling for% but ne"er !ith% their characters. Schiller is athousand times more heart than Goethe.

& !as once pressedJJman ears agoJJto translate the *austH and & so far entertained the proposal as to read the !ork through !ith great attention%and to re"i"e in m mind m o!n former plan of Dichael Scott. But then &considered !ith mself !hether the time taken up in e,ecuting thetranslation might not more !orthil be de"oted to the composition of a !ork

!hich% e"en if parallel in some points to the *aust% should be truloriginal in moti"e and e,ecution% and therefore more interesting and"aluable than an "ersion !hich & could makeH and% secondl% & debated !ithmself !hether it became m moral character to render into EnglishJJand sofar% certainl% lend m countenance to languageJJmuch of !hich & thought"ulgar% licentious% and blasphemous. & need not tell ou that & ne"er putpen to paper as a translator of *aust.

& ha"e read a good deal of Dr. a!ards "ersion% and & think it done in a"er manl stleH but & do not admit the argument for prose translations. &!ould in general rather see "erse attempted in so capable a language asours. The *rench cannot help themsel"es% of course% !ith such a language as

theirs.

8*ootnote /2$The poem !as first published in /706% and forms the commencement of the



se"enth "olume of Goethes Schriften% )ien und >eipKig% be 4. Stahel andG. 4. Goschen% /706. This edition is no! before me. The poem entitled% *aust% ein *ragment Nnot oktor *aust% ein Trauerspiel% as oeringsasO% and contains no prologue or dedication of an sort. &t commences!ith the scene in *austs stud% ante% p. /7.% and is continued% as no!%do!n to the passage ending% ante% p. 5<. line . &n the original% thelineJJ

$@nd froh ist% !enn er -egen!uermer findet%$

ends the scene.

The ne,t scene is one bet!een *aust and Dephistopheles% and begins thus2JJ

$@nd !as der ganKen Denschheit Kugetheilt ist%$

i. e. !ith the passage Nante% p. 76.O beginning% $& !ill enjo% in mo!n hearts core% all that is parcelled out among mankind%$ c. 3ll thatinter"enes% in later editions% is !anting. &t is thenceforth continued% as

no!% to the end of the cathedral scene Nante% p. N/76OO% e,cept that the!hole scene% in !hich +alentine is killed% is !anting. Thus Dargaretspraer to the +irgin and the cathedral scene come together% and form theconclusion of the !ork. 3ccording to uerings +erKeichniss% there !as none! edition of *aust until /967. 3ccording to r. SieglitK% the first partof *aust first appeared% in its present shape% in the collected edition of Goethes !orks% !hich !as published in /969.JJa!ards Translation of *aust% second edition% note% p. 5/.;

*ebruar /7. /9==.

BE3@D?AT 3A *>ETCE-.JJBEA 4?AS?A.JJD3SS&AGE-.

&n the romantic drama Beaumont and *letcher are almost supreme. Their plasare in general most trul delightful. & could read the Beggars Bush frommorning to night. o! sl"an and sunshin it is1 The >ittle *rench >a!er is e,cellent. >a!rit is concei"ed and e,ecuted from first to last ingenuine comic humour. Donsieur Thomas is also capital. & ha"e no doubt!hate"er that the first act and the first scene of the second act of theT!o Aoble insmen are Shakspeares. Beaumont and *letchers plots are% tobe sure% !holl inartificialH the onl care to pitch a character into a

position to make him or her talkH ou must s!allo! all their grossimprobabilities% and% taking it all for granted% attend onl to thedialogue. o! lamentable it is that no gentleman and scholar can he foundto edit these beautiful plas18/; id the name of criticism e"er descend solo! as in the hands of those t!o fools and kna"es% Se!ard and SimpsonIThere are !hole scenes in their edition !hich & could !ith certaint putback into their original "erse% and more that could he replaced in their nati"e prose. )as there e"er such an absolute disregard of literar fame asthat displaed b Shakspeare% and Beaumont and *letcherI85;

8*ootnote /2& belie"e Dr. ce could edit Beaumont and *letcher as !ell as an man of

the present or last generationH but the truth is% the limited sale of thelate editions of Ben 4onson% Shirle% c.% has damped the spirit of enterprise amongst the respectable publishers. Still & mar"el that somecheap reprint of B. and *. is not undertaken.JJE.;



8*ootnote 52$The men of the greatest genius% as far as !e can judge from their o!n!orks% or from the accounts of their contemporaries% appear to ha"e been of calm and tranFuil temper% in all that related to themsel"es. &n the in!ardassurance of permanent fame% the seem to ha"e been either indifferent or resigned% !ith regard to immediate reputation.$

( ( ( ( (

$Shakspeares e"enness and s!eetness of temper !ere almost pro"erbial inhis o!n age. That this did not arise from ignorance of his o!n comparati"egreatness% !e ha"e abundant proof in his sonnets% !hich could scarcel ha"ebeen kno!n to Dr. Pope% !hen he asserted% that our great bard gre!immortal in his o!n despite.$JJBiog. >it. "ol. i% p. =5.;

( ( ( ( (

&n Ben 4onson ou ha"e an intense and burning art. Some of his plots% that

of the 3lchemist% for e,ample% are perfect. Ben 4onson and Beaumont and*letcher !ould% if united% ha"e made a great dramatist indeed% and et notha"e come near ShakspeareH but no doubt Ben 4onson !as the greatest manafter Shakspeare in that age of dramatic genius.

The stles of Dassingers plas and the Sampson 3gonistes are the t!oe,tremes of the arc !ithin !hich the diction of dramatic poetr maoscillate. Shakspeare in his great plas is the midpoint. &n the Samson 3gonistes% colloFuial language is left at the greatest distance% etsomething of it is preser"ed% to render the dialogue probable2 in Dassinger the stle is differenced% but differenced in the smallest degree possible%

from animated con"ersation b the "ein of poetr.

Theres such a di"init doth hedge our Shakspeare round% that !e cannote"en imitate his stle. & tried to imitate his manner in the -emorse% and%!hen & had done% & found & had been tracking Beaumont and *letcher% andDassinger instead. &t is reall "er curious. 3t first sight% Shakspeareand his contemporar dramatists seem to !rite in stles much alike2 nothingso eas as to fall into that of Dassinger and the othersH !hilst no one hase"er et produced one scene concei"ed and e,pressed in the Shakspearianidiom. & suppose it is because Shakspeare is uni"ersal% and% in fact% hasno mannerH just as ou can so much more readil cop a picture thanAature herself.

*ebruar 56. /9==.

?@SE ?* C?DD?AS 3PP?&AT&AG TE ?**&CE-S ?* TE 3-D' 3A A3+'.

& !as just no! reading Sir 4ohn Cam obhouses ans!er to Dr. ume% &belie"e% upon the point of transferring the patronage of the arm and na"from the Cro!n to the ouse of Commons. & think% if & had been in the ouseof Commons% & !ould ha"e said% $that% ten or fifteen ears ago% & should

ha"e considered Sir 4. C. .s speech Fuite unans!erable%JJit being clear constitutional la! that the ouse of Commons has not% nor ought to ha"e%an share% directl or indirectl% in the appointment of the officers of the arm or na". But no! that the ing had been reduced% b the means and



procurement of the onourable Baronet and his friends% to a puppet% !hich%so far from ha"ing an independent !ill of its o!n% could not resist ameasure !hich it hated and condemned% it became a matter of gra"econsideration !hether it !as not necessar to "est the appointment of suchofficers in a bod like the ouse of Commons% rather than in a junta of ministers% !ho !ere obliged to make common cause !ith the mob anddemocratic press for the sake of keeping their places.$

Darch 0. /9==.

PEA3> C?E &A &-E>3A.JJC@-CDEA.

The penal code in &reland% in the beginning of the last centur% !as justifiable% as a temporar mean of enabling go"ernment to take breath andlook about themH and if right measures had been sstematicall pursued in aright spirit% there can be no doubt that all% or the greater part% of

&reland !ould ha"e become Protestant. Protestantism under the Charter Schools !as greatl on the increase in the earl part of that centur% andthe complaints of the -omish priests to that effect are on record. But%unfortunatel% the drenchingJhorn !as itself substituted for the medicine.

( ( ( ( (

There seems to me% at present% to be a curse upon the English church% andupon the go"ernors of all institutions connected !ith the orderlad"ancement of national piet and kno!ledgeH it is the curse of prudence%as the miscall itJJin fact% of fear.

Clergmen are no! almost afraid to e,plain in their pulpits the grounds of their being Protestants. The are completel co!ed b the "ulgar harassingsof the press and of our ectoring sciolists in Parliament. There should beno part politics in the pulpit to be sureH but e"er church in Englandought to resound !ith national politics%JJ& mean the sacred character of the national church% and an e,posure of the base robber from the nationitselfJJfor so indeed it is8/;JJabout to be committed b these ministers%in order to ha"e a sop to thro! to the &rish agitators% !ho !ill% of course% onl cut the deeper% and come the oftener. 'ou cannot bu off abarbarous in"ader.

8*ootnote /2

$That the ma,ims of a pure moralit% and those sublime truths of the di"ineunit and attributes% !hich a Plato found it hard to learn% and moredifficult to re"ealH that these should ha"e become the almost hereditarpropert of childhood and po"ert% of the ho"el and the !orkshopH that e"ento the unlettered the sound as commonJplaceH this is a phenomenon !hichmust !ithhold all but minds of the most "ulgar cast from under"aluing theser"ices e"en of the pulpit and the readingJdesk. 'et he !ho should confinethe efficienc of an established church to these% can hardl be placed in amuch higher rank of intellect. That to e"er parish throughout the kingdomthere is transplanted a germ of ci"iliKationH that in the remotest "illagesthere is a nucleus% round !hich the capabilities of the place macrstalliKe and brightenH a model sufficientl superior to e,cite% et

sufficientl near to encourage and facilitate imitationH this unobtrusi"e% continuous agenc of a Protestant church establishment% this it is% !hich the patriot and the philanthropist% !ho !ould fain unite thelo"e of peace !ith the faith in the progressi"e amelioration of mankind%



cannot estimate at too high a price. &t cannot be "alued !ith the gold of ?phir% !ith the precious on,% or the sapphire. Ao mention shall be made of coral or of pearlsH for the price of !isdom is abo"e rubies.JJTheclergman is !ith his parishioners and among themH he is neither in thecloistered cell% nor in the !ilderness% but a neighbour and famil man%!hose education and rank admit him to the mansion of the rich landholder%!hile his duties make him the freFuent "isitor of the farmJhouse and the

cottage. e is% or he ma become% connected !ith the families of his parishor its "icinit b marriage. 3nd among the instances of the blindness% or at best of the shortJsightedness% !hich it is the nature of cupidit toinflict% & kno! fe! more striking than the clamours of the farmers againstchurch propert. )hate"er !as not paid to the clergman !ould ine"itabl atthe ne,t lease be paid to the landholderH !hile% as the case at presentstands% the re"enues of the church are in some sort the re"ersionarpropert of e"er famil that ma ha"e a member educated for the church% or a daughter that ma marr a clergman. &nstead of being foreclosed andimmo"able% it is% in fact% the onl species of landed propert that isessentiall mo"ing and circulati"e. That there e,ist no incon"eniences !ho!ill pretend to assertIJJBut & ha"e et to e,pect the proof% that the

incon"eniences are greater in this than in an other speciesH or thateither the farmers or the clerg !ould be benefited b forcing the latter to become either Trullibers or salaried placemen.$JJChurch and State%p. 06.;

Darch /5. /9==.

C?-?A3T&?A ?3TS.

>ord Gre has% in Parliament% said t!o things2 first% that the Coronation?aths onl bind the ing in his e,ecuti"e capacitH and% secondl% thatmembers of the ouse of Commons are bound to represent b their "otes the!ishes and opinions of their constituents% and not their o!n. Put these t!otogether% and tell me !hat useful part of the constitutional monarch of England remains. &t is clear that the Coronation ?aths !ould be no better than ighgate oaths. *or in his e,ecuti"e capacit the ing cannot do anthing% against the doing of !hich the oaths bind himH it is onl in hislegislati"e character that he possesses a free agenc capable of beingbound. The nation meant to bind that.

Darch /:. /9==.

&+&A&T'.JJP-?*ESS&?AS 3A T-3ES.

i"init is essentiall the first of the professions% because it isnecessar for all at all timesH la! and phsic are onl necessar for someat some times. & speak of them% of course% not in their abstract e,istence%but in their applicabilit to man.

( ( ( ( (

E"er true science bears necessaril !ithin itself the germ of a cognateprofession% and the more ou can ele"ate trades into professions thebetter.



Darch /7. /9==.

D?E-A P?>&T&C3> EC?A?D'.

)hat solemn humbug this modern political econom is1 )hat is there true of the little that is true in their dogmatic books% !hich is not a simplededuction from the moral and religious credenda and agenda of an goodman% and !ith !hich !e !ere not all pre"iousl acFuainted% and upon !hiche"er man of common sense instincti"el actedI & kno! none. But !hat thetrul state% the do not trul understand in its ultimate grounds andcausesH and hence the ha"e sometimes done more mischief b their halfJignorant and halfJsophistical reasonings about% and deductions from% !ellJfounded positions% than the could ha"e done b the promulgation of positi"e error. This particularl applies to their famous ratios of increase bet!een man and the means of his subsistence. Political econom%

at the highest% can ne"er be a pure science. 'ou ma demonstrate thatcertain properties inhere in the arch% !hich et no bridgeJbuilder can e"er reduce into brick and mortarH but an abstract conclusion in a matter of political econom% the premisses of !hich neither e,ist no!% nor e"er !ill e,ist !ithin the range of the !ildest imagination% is not a truth% buta chimeraJJa practical falsehood. *or there are no theorems in politicaleconomJJbut problems onl. Certain things being actuall so and soH theFuestion is% ho! to do so and so !ith them. Political philosoph%indeed% points to ulterior ends% but e"en those ends are all practicalH andif ou desert the conditions of realit% or of common probabilit% ou masho! forth our eloFuence or our fanc% but the utmost ou can produce!ill be a @topia or ?ceana.

'ou talk about making this article cheaper b reducing its price in themarket from 9d. to <d. But suppose% in so doing% ou ha"e rendered our countr !eaker against a foreign foeH suppose ou ha"e demoraliKedthousands of our fello!Jcountrmen% and ha"e so!n discontent bet!een oneclass of societ and another% our article is tolerabl dear% & take it%after all. &s not its real price enhanced to e"er Christian and patriot ahundredJfoldI

( ( ( ( (

3ll is an endless fleeting abstractionH the !hole is a realit.

Darch =/. /9==.

A3T&?A3> EBT.JJP-?PE-T' T3L.JJ@T' ?* >3A?>E-S.

)hat e"il results no! to this countr% taken at large% from the actuale,istence of the Aational ebtI & ne"er could get a plain and practicalans!er to that Fuestion. & do not ad"ert to the past loss of capital%although it is hard to see ho! that capital can be said to ha"e beenunproducti"e% !hich produces% in the defence of the nation itself% the

conditions of the permanence and producti"it of all other capital. 3s tota,ation to pa the interest% ho! can the countr suffer b a process%under !hich the mone is ne"er one minute out of the pockets of the peopleI'ou ma just as !ell sa that a man is !eakened b the circulation of his



blood. There ma% certainl% be particular local e"ils and grie"ancesresulting from the mode of ta,ation or collectionH but ho! can that debt bein an proper sense a burthen to the nation% !hich the nation o!es toitself% and to no one but itselfI &t is a juggle to talk of the nationo!ing the capital or the interest to the stockholdersH it o!es to itself onl. Suppose the interest to be o!ing to the Emperor of -ussia% and thenou !ould feel the difference of a debt in the proper sense. &t is reall

and trul nothing more in effect than so much mones or mones !orth%raised annuall b the state for the purpose of Fuickening industr.8/;

& should like to see a !ell graduated propert ta,% accompanied b a largeloan.

?ne common objection to a propert ta, is% that it tends to diminish theaccumulation of capital. &n m judgment% one of the chief sources of thebad econom of the countr no! is the enormous aggregation of capitals.

)hen shall !e return to a sound conception of the right to propertJJnamel% as being official% impling and demanding the performance of

commensurate duties1 Aothing but the most horrible per"ersion of humanitand moral justice% under the specious name of political econom% could ha"eblinded men to this truth as to the possession of land%JJthe la! of Godha"ing connected indissolubl the culti"ation of e"er rood of earth !iththe maintenance and !atchful labour of man. But mone% stock% riches bcredit% transferable and con"ertible at !ill% are under no suchobligationsH and% unhappil% it is from the selfish autocratic possessionof such propert% that our landholders ha"e learnt their present theorof trading !ith that !hich !as ne"er meant to be an object of commerce.

8*ootnote /2See the splendid essa in the *riend N"ol. ii% p. :7.O on the "ulgar errors

respecting ta,es and ta,ation.

$3 great statesman% latel deceased% in one of his antiJministerialharangues against some proposed impost% said% The nation has been alreadbled in e"er "ein% and is faint !ith loss of blood. This blood% ho!e"er%!as circulating in the mean time through the !hole bod of the state% and!hat !as recei"ed into one chamber of the heart !as instantl sent outagain at the other portal. ad he !anted a metaphor to con"e the possibleinjuries of ta,ation% he might ha"e found one less opposite to the fact% inthe kno!n disease of aneurism% or rela,ation of the coats of particular "essels% b a disproportionate accumulation of blood in them% !hichsometimes occurs !hen the circulation has been suddenl and "iolentl

changed% and causes helplessness% or e"en mortal stagnation% though thetotal Fuantit of blood remains the same in the sstem at large.

$But a fuller and fairer smbol of ta,ation% both in its possible good ande"il effects% is to be found in the e"aporation of !aters from the surfaceof the earth. The sun ma dra! up the moisture from the ri"er% the morass%and the ocean% to be gi"en back in genial sho!ers to the garden% to thepasture% and the corn fieldH but it ma% like!ise% force a!a the moisturefrom the fields of tillage% to drop it on the stagnant pool% the saturateds!amp% or the unprofitable sandJ!aste. The gardens in the south of Europesuppl% perhaps% a not less apt illustration of a sstem of finance judiciousl conducted% !here the tanks or reser"oirs !ould represent the

capital of a nation% and the hundred rills% hourl "aring their channelsand directions under the gardeners spade% gi"e a pleasing image of thedispersion of that capital through the !hole population b the joint effectof ta,ation and trade. *or ta,ation itself is a part of commerce% and the



go"ernment mabe fairl considered as a great manufacturing house% carringon% in different places% b means of its partners and o"erseers% the tradesof the shipbuilder% the clothier% the ironJfounder%$ c. c.JJE.;

3pril . /9==.

D3SS&AGE-.JJS3SPE3-E.JJ&E-?A&D?.

To please me% a poem must be either music or senseH if it is neither% &confess & cannot interest mself in it.

( ( ( ( (

The first act of the +irgin Dartr is as fine an act as & remember in anpla. The +er )oman is% & think% one of the most perfect plas !e ha"e.There is some good fun in the first scene bet!een on 4ohn% or 3ntonio% and

Cuculo% his master8/;H and can an thing e,ceed the skill and s!eetness of the scene bet!een him and his mistress% in !hich he relates his storI85;The Bondman is also a delightful pla. Dassinger is al!as entertainingHhis plas ha"e the interest of no"els.

But% like most of his contemporaries% e,cept Shakspeare% Dassinger oftendeals in e,aggerated passion. Dalefort senior% in the @nnatural Combat%ho!e"er he ma ha"e had the moral !ill to be so !icked% could ne"er ha"eactuall done all that he is represented as guilt of% !ithout losing hissenses. e !ould ha"e been% in fact% mad. -egan and Goneril are the onlpictures of the unnatural in ShakspeareH the pure unnaturalJJand ou !illobser"e that Shakspeare has left their hideousness unsoftened or

di"ersified b a single line of goodness or common human frailt. )hereasin Edmund% for !hom passion% the sense of shame as a bastard% and ambition%offer some plausible e,cuses% Shakspeare has placed man redeeming traits.Edmund is !hat% under certain circumstances% an man of po!erful intellectmight be% if some other Fualities and feelings !ere cut off. amlet is%inclusi"el% an Edmund% but different from him as a !hole% on account of the controlling agenc of other principles !hich Edmund had not.

&t is !orth !hile to remark the use !hich Shakspeare al!as makes of hisbold "illains as "ehicles for e,pressing opinions and conjectures of anature too haKardous for a !ise man to put forth directl as his o!n% or from an sustained character.

8*ootnote /2 3ct iii. sc. 5.;

8*ootnote 52 3ct i". sc. =.2JJ

$3AT. Aot far from !here m father li"es% a lad% 3 neighbour b% blessd !ith as great a beaut 3s nature durst besto! !ithout undoing%!elt% and most happil% as & thought then% 3nd blessd the home a thousand times she d!elt in.This beaut% in the blossom of m outh%)hen m first fire kne! no adulterate incense%

Aor & no !a to flatter% but m fondnessH&n all the bra"er m friends could sho! me%&n all the faith m innocence could gi"e me%&n the best language m true tongue could tell me%



3nd all the broken sighs m sick heart lent me%& sued and ser"ed2 long did & lo"e this lad%>ong !as m tra"ail% long m trade to !in herH)ith all the dut of m soul% & ser"ed her.

3>D. o! feelingl he speaks1 N3side.O 3nd she lo"ed ou tooI&t must be so.

3AT. & !ould it had% dear ladHThis stor had been needless% and this place%& think% unkno!n to me.

3>D. )ere our bloods eFualI

3AT. 'esH and & thought our hearts too.

3>D. Then she must lo"e.

3AT. She didJJbut ne"er meH she could not lo"e me%

She !ould not lo"e% she hatedH more% she scornd me% 3nd in so poor and base a !a abused me%*or all m ser"ices% for all m bounties%So bold neglects flung on meJJ

3>D. 3n ill !oman1Belike ou found some ri"al in our lo"e% thenI

3AT. o! perfectl she points me to m stor1 N3side.ODadam% & didH and one !hose pride and anger%&ll manners% and !orse mien% she doted on%oted to m undoing% and m ruin.

3nd% but for honour to our sacred beaut% 3nd re"erence to the noble se,% though she fall% 3s she must fall that durst be so unnoble%& should sa something unbeseeming me.)hat out of lo"e% and !orth lo"e% & ga"e her%Shame to her most un!orth mind1 to fools%To girls% and fiddlers% to her bos she flung% 3nd in disdain of me.

3>D. Pra ou take me !ith ou.?f !hat comple,ion !as sheI

3AT. But that & dare notCommit so great a sacrilege gainst "irtue%She lookd not much unlikeJJthough far% far short%Something% & see% appearsJJour pardon% madamJJer ees !ould smile so% but her ees could coKenH 3nd so she !ould look sadH but ours is pit% 3 noble chorus to m !retched storHers !as disdain and cruelt.

3>D. Pra hea"en%Dine be no !orse1 he has told me a strange stor% N3side.O$ c.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

The parts pointed out in ieronimo as Ben 4onsons bear no traces of hisstleH but the are "er like ShakspearesH and it is "er remarkable that



e"er one of them reJappears in full form and de"elopment% and tempered!ith mature judgment% in some one or other of Shakspeares great pieces.8/;

8*ootnote /2B ieronimo Dr. Coleridge meant The Spanish Traged% and not the pre"iouspla% !hich is usuall called The *irst Part of 4eronimo. The SpanishTraged is% upon the authorit of e!ood% attributed to d. &t is

supposed that Ben 4onson originall performed the part of ieronimo% andhence it has been surmised that certain passages and !hole scenes connected!ith that character% and not found in some of the editions of the pla%are% in fact% Ben 4onsons o!n !riting. Some of these supposedinterpolations are amongst the best things in the Spanish TragedH thestle is singularl unlike 4onsons% !hilst there are turns and particular images !hich do certainl seem to ha"e been imitated b or from Shakspeare.Dr. >amb at one time ga"e them to )ebster. Take this% passage% in thefourth act2JJ

$&E-?A. )hat make ou !ith our torches in the darkI

PE-?. 'ou bid us light them% and attend ou here.

&E-?A. Ao1 ou are decei"edH not &H ou are decei"ed.)as & so mad to bid light torches no!I>ight me our torches at the mid of noon%)hen as the sunJgod rides in all his glorH>ight me our torches then.

PE-?. Then !e burn daJlight.

&E-?A. >et it be burntH Aight is a murdrous slut%That !ould not ha"e her treasons to be seenH

3nd onder paleJfaced ecate there% the moon%oth gi"e consent to that is done in darknessH 3nd all those stars that gaKe upon her face 3re aglets on her slee"e% pins on her trainH 3nd those that should be po!erful and di"ine%o sleep in darkness !hen the most should shine.

PE-?. Pro"oke them not% fair sir% !ith tempting !ords.The hea"ens are gracious% and our miseries and sorro!Dake ou speak ou kno! not !hat

&E-?A. +illain1 thou liest% and thou dost nought

But tell me & am mad2 thou liest% & am not madH& kno! thee to be Pedro% and he 4aFuesH&ll pro"e it theeH and !ere & mad% ho! could &I)here !as she the same night% !hen m oratio !as murderd1She should ha"e shone thenH search thou the book2ad the moon shone in m bos face% there !as a kind of grace%That & kno!JJna% & do kno!% had the murderer seen him%is !eapon !ould ha"e fallen% and cut the earth%ad he been framed of nought but blood and death%$ c.

3gain% in the fifth act2JJ

$&E-?A. But are ou sure that the are deadI

C3ST&>E. 3% slain% too sure.



&E-?A. )hat% and ours tooI

+&CE-?'. 3% all are deadH not one of them sur"i"e.

&B-?A. Aa% then & care notJJcome% !e shall be friendsH>et us la our heads together.See% heres a goodl noose !ill hold them all.

+&CE-?'. ? damned de"il1 ho! secure he is1

&E-?A. Secure1 !h dost thou !onder at itI & tell thee% +icero% this da &"e seen -e"enge%d in that sight am gro!n a prouder monarchThan e"er sate under the cro!n of Spain.ad & as man li"es at there be stars%% 3s man hea"ens to go to as those li"es%&d gi"e them all% a% and m soul to boot%But & !ould see thee ride in this red pool.Dethinks% since & gre! in!ard !ith re"enge%

& cannot look !ith scorn enough on death.

&AG. )hat1 dost thou mock us% sla"eI Bring tortures forth.

&E-?A. o% do% doH and meantime &ll torture ou.'ou had a son as & take it% and our sonShould ha"e been married to our daughter2 ha1 !as it not soI'ou had a son too% he !as m lieges nephe!.e !as proud and politicJJhad he li"ed%e might ha"e come to !ear the cro!n of Spain2& think t !as soJJt !as & that killed himH>ook ouJJthis same hand !as it that stabbd

is heartJJdo ou see this handI*or one oratio% if ou e"er kne! himJJ 3 outh% one that the hangd up in his fathers gardenJJ?ne that did force our "aliant son to ield%$ c.JJE. ;

3pril 7. /9==.

>?+ES >3B?@- >?ST.JJG&**?-S D3SS&AGE-.JJS3SPE3-E.JJTE ?> -3D3T&STS.

& think & could point out to a half line !hat is reall Shakspeares in>o"es >abour >ost% and some other of the not entirel genuine plas. )hathe !rote in that pla is of his earliest manner% ha"ing the allJper"ading

s!eetness !hich he ne"er lost% and that e,treme condensation !hich makesthe couplets fall into epigrams% as in the +enus and 3donis% and -ape of >ucrece. 8/; &n the drama alone% as Shakspeare soon found out% could thesublime poet and profound philosopher find the conditions of a compromise.&n the >o"es >abour >ost there are man faint sketches of some of his"igorous portraits in afterJlifeJJas for e,ample% in particular% of Benedict and Beatrice.85;

8*ootnote /2$&n Shakspeares Poems the creati"e po!er and the intellectual energ!restle as in a !ar embrace. Each in its e,cess of strength seems tothreaten the e,tinction of the other. 3t length% in the drama% the !ere

reconciled% and fought each !ith its shield before the breast of the other.?r like t!o rapid streams% that% at their first meeting !ithin narro! androck banks% mutuall stri"e to repel each other% and intermi, reluctantl%and in tumultH but soon finding a !ider channel and more ielding shores%



blend% and dilate% and flo! on in one current% and !ith one "oice.$JJBiog.>it. "ol. ii. p. 5/.;

8*ootnote 52Dr. Coleridge% of course% alluded to Biron and -osalineH and there areother ob"ious prolusions% as the scene of the masFue !ith the courtiers%compared !ith the pla in 3 Didsummer Aights ream.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

Gifford has done a great deal for the te,t of Dassinger% but not as much asmight easil be done. is comparison of Shakspeare !ith his contemporardramatists is obtuse indeed.8/;

8*ootnote /2See his &ntroduction to Dassinger% "ol.i. p. 70.% in !hich% amongst other most e,traordinar assertions% Dr. Gifford pronounces that rhthmicalmodulation is not one of Shakspeares merits1JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

&n Shakspeare one sentence begets the ne,t naturallH the meaning is allin!o"en. e goes on kindling like a meteor through the dark atmosphereHet% !hen the creation in its outline is once perfect% then he seems torest from his labour% and to smile upon his !ork% and tell himself that itis "er good. 'ou see man scenes and parts of scenes !hich are simplShakspeares% disporting himself in joous triumph and "igorous fun after agreat achie"ement of his highest genius.

( ( ( ( (

The old dramatists took great liberties in respect of bringing parties inscene together% and representing one as not recogniKing the other under some faint disguise. Some of their finest scenes are constructed on thisground. Shakspeare a"ails himself of this artifice onl t!ice% & think%JJinT!elfth Aight% !here the t!o are !ith great skill kept apart till the endof the plaH and in the Comed of Errors% !hich is a pure farce% and shouldbe so considered. The definition of a farce is% an improbabilit or e"enimpossibilit granted in the outset% see !hat odd and laughable e"ents !illfairl follo! from it1

3pril 9. /9==.

ST3TESDEA.JJB@-E.

& ne"er !as much subject to "iolent political humours or accesses of feelings. )hen & !as "er oung% & !rote and spoke "er enthusiasticall%but it !as al!as on subjects connected !ith some grand general principle%the "iolation of !hich & thought & could point out. 3s to mere details of administration% & honestl thought that ministers% and men in office% must%of course% kno! much better than an pri"ate person could possibl doH andit !as not till & !ent to Dalta% and had to correspond !ith official

characters mself% that & full understood the e,treme shallo!ness andignorance !ith !hich men of some note too !ere able% after a certainfashion% to carr on the go"ernment of important departments of the empire.& then Fuite assented to ?,enstierns saing% Aescis% mi fili% Fuam par"a



sapientia regitur mundus.

( ( ( ( (

Burke !as% indeed% a great man. Ao one e"er read histor so philosophicallas he seems to ha"e done. 'et% until he could associate his generalprinciples !ith some sordid interest% panic of propert% jacobinism% c.%

he !as a mere dinner bell. ence ou !ill find so man half truths in hisspeeches and !ritings. Ae"ertheless% let us heartil ackno!ledge histranscendant greatness. e !ould ha"e been more influential if he had lesssurpassed his contemporaries% as *o, and Pitt% men of much inferior mindsin all respects.

( ( ( ( (

3s a telegraph supposes a correspondent telescope% so a scientific lecturereFuires a scientific audience.

3pril 0. /9==.

P-?SPECT ?* D?A3-C' ?- ED?C-3C'.JJTE -E*?-DE ?@SE ?* C?DD?AS.

& ha"e a deep% though parado,ical% con"iction that most of the Europeannations are more or less on their !a% unconsciousl indeed% to puremonarchH that is% to a go"ernment in !hich% under circumstances of complicated and subtle control% the reason of the people shall becomeefficient in the apparent !ill of the king.8/; 3s it seems to me% the !iseand good in e"er countr !ill% in all likelihood% become e"er da more

and more disgusted !ith the representati"e form of go"ernment% brutaliKedas it is% and !ill be% b the predominance of democrac in England% *rance%and Belgium. The statesmen of antiFuit% !e kno!% doubted the possibilitof the effecti"e and permanent combination of the three elementar forms of go"ernmentH and% perhaps% the had more reason than !e ha"e been accustomedto think.

8*ootnote /2 This is backing +ico against Spinosa. &t must% ho!e"er% beackno!ledged that at present the prophet of democrac has a good right tobe considered the fa"ourite.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

'ou see ho! this ouse of Commons has begun to "erif all the illprophecies that !ere made of itJJlo!% "ulgar% meddling !ith e"er thing%assuming uni"ersal competenc% flattering e"er base passion% and sneeringat e"er thing noble% refined% and trul national1 The direct and personaldespotism !ill come on b and b% after the multitude shall ha"e beengratified !ith the ruin and the spoil of the old institutions of the land. 3s for the ouse of >ords% !hat is the use of e"er so much fier spirit% if there be no principle to guide and to sanctif itI

3pril /6. /9==.

@A&TE ST3TES ?* 3DE-&C3.JJC3PT3&A B. 3>>.JJA?-TE-A 3A S?@TE-A ST3TES.JJED?C-3C' )&T S>3+E-'.JJ@3E-S.



The possible destin of the @nited States of 3merica%JJas a nation of ahundred millions of freemen%JJstretching from the 3tlantic to the Pacific%li"ing under the la!s of 3lfred% and speaking the language of Shakspeareand Dilton% is an august conception. )h should !e not !ish to see itrealiKedI 3merica !ould then be England "ie!ed through a solar microscopeH

Great Britain in a state of glorious magnification1 o! deepl to belamented is the spirit of hostilit and sneering !hich some of the popular books of tra"els ha"e sho!n in treating of the 3mericans1 The hate us% nodoubt% just as brothers hateH but the respect the opinion of an Englishmanconcerning themsel"es ten times as much as that of a nati"e of an other countr on earth. 3 "er little humouring of their prejudices% and somecourtes of language and demeanour on the part of Englishmen% !ould !ork!onders% e"en as it is% !ith the public mind of the 3mericans.

( ( ( ( (

Captain Basil alls book is certainl "er entertaining and instructi"eH

but% in m judgment% his sentiments upon man points% and more especiallhis mode of e,pression% are un!ise and uncharitable. 3fter all% are notmost of the things sho!n up !ith so much bitterness b him mere nationalfoibles% parallels to !hich e"er people has and must of necessit ha"eI

( ( ( ( (

)hat ou sa about the Fuarrel in the @nited States is sophistical. Aodoubt% ta,ation ma% and perhaps in some cases must% press uneFuall% or apparentl so% on different classes of people in a state. &n such casesthere is a hardshipH but% in the long run% the matter is full compensatedto the o"erJta,ed class. *or e,ample% take the householders of >ondon% !ho

complain so bitterl of the house and !indo! ta,es. &s it not prett clear that% !hether such householder be a tradesman% !ho indemnifies himself inthe price of his goods%JJor a letter of lodgings% !ho does so in his rent%JJor a stockholder% !ho recei"es it back again in his di"idends%JJor acountr gentleman% !ho has sa"ed so much fresh le" on his land or hisother propert%JJone !a or other% it comes at last prett nearl to thesame thing% though the pressure for the time ma be unjust and "e,atious%and fit to be remo"edI But !hen Ae! England% !hich ma be considered astate in itself% ta,es the admission of foreign manufactures in order tocherish manufactures of its o!n% and thereb forces the Carolinians%another state of itself% !ith !hich there is little intercommunion% !hichhas no such desire or interest to ser"e% to bu !orse articles at a higher

price% it is altogether a different Fuestion% and is% in fact% do!nrighttrann of the !orst% because of the most sordid% kind. )hat !ould outhink of a la! !hich should ta, e"er person in e"onshire for thepecuniar benefit of e"er person in 'orkshireI 3nd et that is a feebleimage of the actual usurpation of the Ae! England deputies o"er thepropert of the Southern States.

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There are t!o possible modes of unit in a StateH one b absolutecoordination of each to all% and of all to eachH the other bsubordination of classes and offices. Ao!% & maintain that there ne"er !as

an instance of the first% nor can there be% !ithout sla"er as itscondition and accompaniment% as in 3thens. The poor S!iss cantons are noe,ception.



The mistake lies in confounding a state !hich must be based on classes andinterests and uneFual propert% !ith a church% !hich is founded on theperson% and has no Fualification but personal merit. Such a communit ma e,ist% as in the case of the uakersH but% in order to e,ist% it must becompressed and hedged in b another societJJmundus mundulus in mundoimmundo.

( ( ( ( (

The free class in a sla"e state is al!as% in one sense% the most patrioticclass of people in an empireH for their patriotism is not simpl thepatriotism of other people% but an aggregate of lust of po!er anddistinction and supremac.

3pril //. /9==.

>3A 3A D?AE'.

>and !as the onl species of propert !hich% in the old time% carried anrespectabilit !ith it. Done alone% apart from some tenure of land% notonl did not make the possessor great and respectable% but actuall madehim at once the object of plunder and hatred. )itness the histor of the4e!s in this countr in the earl reigns after the ConFuest.

( ( ( ( (

& ha"e no objection to our aspiring to the political principles of our oldCa"aliersH but embrace them all full% and not merel this and that

feeling% !hilst in other points ou speak the canting fopper of theBenthamite or Dalthusian schools.

3pril /:. /9==.

DET?S ?* &A+EST&G3T&?A.

There are three !as of treating a subject2JJ

&n the first mode% ou begin !ith a definition% and that definition isnecessaril assumed as the truth. 3s the argument proceeds% the conclusionfrom the first proposition becomes the base of the second% and so on. Ao!%it is Fuite impossible that ou can be sure that ou ha"e included all thenecessar% and none but the necessar% terms in our definitionH as%therefore% ou proceed% the original speck of error is multiplied at e"erremo"eH the same infirmit of kno!ledge besetting each successi"edefinition. ence ou ma set out% like Spinosa% !ith all but the truth%and end !ith a conclusion !hich is altogether monstrousH and et the merededuction shall be irrefragable. )arburtons $i"ine >egation$ is also asplendid instance of this mode of discussion% and of its inabilit to leadto the truth2 in fact% it is an attempt to adopt the mathematical series of

proof% in forgetfulness that the mathematician is sure of the truth of hisdefinition at each remo"e% because he creates it% as he can do% in purefigure and number. But ou cannot make an thing true !hich results from%or is connected !ith% real e,ternalsH ou can onl find it out. The chief



use of this first mode of discussion is to sharpen the !it% for !hichpurpose it is the best e,ercitation.

5. The historical mode is a "er common one2 in it the author professes tofind out the truth b collecting the facts of the case% and tracing themdo!n!ardsH but this mode is !orse than the other. Suppose the Fuestion isas to the true essence and character of the English constitution. *irst%

!here !ill ou begin our collection of factsI !here !ill ou end itI )hatfacts !ill ou select% and ho! do ou kno! that the class of facts !hichou select are necessar terms in the premisses% and that other classes of facts% !hich ou neglect% are not necessarI 3nd ho! do ou distinguishphenomena !hich proceed from disease or accident from those !hich are thegenuine fruits of the essence of the constitutionI )hat can be morestriking% in illustration of the utter inadeFuac of this line of in"estigation for arri"ing at the real truth% than the political treatisesand constitutional histories !hich !e ha"e in e"er librarI 3 )hig pro"eshis case con"incingl to the reader !ho kno!s nothing beond his authorHthen comes an old Tor NCarte% for instanceO% and ferrets up a hamperful of conflicting documents and notices% !hich pro"es his case per contra. 3.

takes this class of factsH B. takes that class2 each pro"es something true%neither pro"es the truth% or an thing like the truthH that is% the!hole truth.

=. 'ou must% therefore% commence !ith the philosophic idea of the thing%the true nature of !hich ou !ish to find out and manifest. 'ou must carrour rule read made% if ou !ish to measure aright. &f ou ask me ho! &can kno! that this ideaJJm o!n in"entionJJis the truth% b !hich thephenomena of histor are to be e,plained% & ans!er% in the same !a e,actlthat ou kno! that our ees !ere made to see !ithH and that is% becauseou do see !ith them. &f & propose to ou an idea or selfJrealiKingtheor of the constitution% !hich shall manifest itself as in e,istence

from the earliest times to the present%JJ!hich shall comprehend !ithin it all the facts !hich histor has preser"ed% and shall gi"e them a meaningas interchangeabl causals or effectsHJJif & sho! ou that such an e"ent or reign !as an obliFuit to the right hand% and ho! produced% and such other e"ent or reign a de"iation to the left% and !hence originating%JJthat thegro!th !as stopped here% accelerated there%JJthat such a tendenc is% andal!as has been% corroborati"e% and such other tendenc destructi"e% of themain progress of the idea to!ards realiKationHJJif this idea% not onl likea kaleidoscope% shall reduce all the miscellaneous fragments into order%but shall also minister strength% and kno!ledge% and light to the truepatriot and statesmen for !orking out the bright thought% and bringing theglorious embro to a perfect birthHJJthen% & think% & ha"e a right to sa

that the idea !hich led to this is not onl true% but the truth% the onltruth. To set up for a statesman upon historical kno!ledge onl% is asabout as !ise as to set up for a musician b the purchase of some scoreflutes% fiddles% and horns. &n order to make music% ou must kno! ho! toplaH in order to make our facts speak truth% ou must kno! !hat the truthis !hich ought to be pro"ed%JJthe ideal truth%JJthe truth !hich !asconsciousl or unconsciousl% strongl or !eakl% !isel or blindl%intended at all times.8/;

8*ootnote /2& ha"e preser"ed this passage% conscious% the !hile% ho! liable it is to bemisunderstood% or at least not understood. The readers of Dr. Coleridges

!orks generall% or of his $Church and State$ in particular% !ill ha"e nodifficult in entering into his meaningH namel% that no in"estigation inthe nonJmathematical sciences can be carried on in a !a deser"ing to becalled philosophical% unless the in"estigator ha"e in himself a mental



initiati"e% or% !hat comes to the same thing% unless he set out !ith anintuition of the ultimate aim or idea of the science or aggregation of facts to be e,plained or interpreted. The analsis of the Platonic andBaconian methods in $The *riend%$ to !hich & ha"e before referred% and the$Church and State%$ e,hibit respecti"el a splendid "indication and e,ampleof Dr. Coleridges mode of reasoning on this subject.JJE.;

3pril /9. /9==.

C@-C ?* -?DE.JJCE>&B3C' ?* TE C>E-G'.

&n m judgment% Protestants lose a great deal of time in a false attack!hen the labour to con"ict the -omanists of false doctrines. estro the Papac% and help the priests to !i"es% and & am much mistaken if thedoctrinal errors% such as there reall are% !ould not "er soon pass a!a.The might remain in terminis% but the !ould lose their sting and bod%

and lapse back into figures of rhetoric and !arm de"otion% from !hich the%most of them%JJsuch as transubstantiation% and praers for the dead and tosaints%JJoriginall sprang. But% so long as the Bishop of -ome remainsPope% and has an arm of Damelukes all o"er the !orld% !e shall do "erlittle b fulminating against mere doctrinal errors. &n the Dilanese% andelse!here in the north of &tal% & am told there is a po!erful feelingabroad against the Papac. That district seems to be something in the stateof England in the reign of our enr the Eighth.

o! deep a !ound to morals and social purit has that accursed article of the celibac of the clerg been1 E"en the best and most enlightened men in-omanist countries attach a notion of impurit to the marriage of a

clergman. 3nd can such a feeling be !ithout its effect on the estimationof the !edded life in generalI &mpossible1 and the morals of both se,es inSpain% &tal% *rance% c. pro"e it abundantl.

The Papal church has had three phases%JJantiJCaesarean% e,traJnational%antiJChristian.

3pril 56. /9==.

-?D3A C?A@EST ?* &T3>'.

The -omans !ould ne"er ha"e subdued the &talian tribes if the had notboldl left &tal and conFuered foreign nations% and so% at last% crushedtheir ne,tJdoor neighbours b e,ternal pressure.

3pril 5:. /9==.

)EE >?+E &A S3SPE3-E 3A &S C?ATEDP?-3-' -3D3T&STS.JJTEAA'S?ASP?EDS.

E,cept in Shakspeare% ou can find no such thing as a pure conception of !edded lo"e in our old dramatists. &n Dassinger% and Beaumont and *letcher%it reall is on both sides little better than sheer animal desire. There is



scarcel a suitor in all their plas% !hose abilities are not discussedb the lad or her !aitingJ!oman. &n this% as in all things% ho!transcendant o"er his age and his ri"als !as our s!eet Shakspeare1

( ( ( ( (

& ha"e not read through all Dr. Tennsons poems% !hich ha"e been sent to

meH but & think there are some things of a good deal of beaut in !hat &ha"e seen. The misfortune is% that he has begun to !rite "erses !ithout"er !ell understanding !hat metre is. E"en if ou !rite in a kno!n andappro"ed metre% the odds are% if ou are not a metrist ourself% that ou!ill not !rite harmonious "ersesH but to deal in ne! metres !ithoutconsidering !hat metre means and reFuires% is preposterous. )hat & !ould%!ith man !ishes for success% prescribe to Tennson%JJindeed !ithout it hecan ne"er be a poet in act%JJis to !rite for the ne,t t!o or three ears innone but one or t!o !ellJkno!n and strictl defined metres% such as theheroic couplet% the octa"e stanKa% or the octoJsllabic measure of the 3llegro and Penseroso. e !ould% probabl% thus get imbued !ith asensation% if not a sense% of metre !ithout kno!ing it% just as Eton bos

get to !rite such good >atin "erses b conning ?"id and Tibullus. 3s it is%& can scarcel scan some of his "erses.

Da /. /9==.

-3BE>3&S 3A >@TE-.JJ)&T 3A D3AESS.

& think !ith some interest upon the fact that -abelais and >uther !ere bornin the same ear.8/; Glorious spirits1 glorious spirits1

JJJJ$os utinam inter eroas natum me1$

8*ootnote /2The !ere both born !ithin t!el"e months of each other% & belie"eH but>uthers birth !as in Ao"ember% /:9:% and that of -abelais is generallplaced at the end of the ear preceding.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

$Great !its are sure to madness near allied%$

sas rden% and true so far as this% that genius of the highest kindimplies an unusual intensit of the modifing po!er% !hich detached fromthe discriminati"e and reproducti"e po!er% might conjure a platted stra!into a roal diadem2 but it !ould be at least as true% that great genius ismost alien from madness%JJea% di"ided from it b an impassable mountain%JJnamel% the acti"it of thought and "i"acit of the accumulati"e memor%!hich are no less essential constituents of $great !it.$

Da :. /9==.

C?>?A&M3T&?A.JJD3C&AE-'.JJC3P&T3>.

ColoniKation is not onl a manifest e,pedient for% but an imperati"e dut



on% Great Britain. God seems to hold out his finger to us o"er the sea. Butit must be a national coloniKation% such as !as that of the Scotch to 3mericaH a coloniKation of hope% and not such as !e ha"e alone encouragedand effected for the last fift ears% a coloniKation of despair.

( ( ( ( (

The !onderful po!ers of machiner can% b multiplied production% render themere arte facta of life actuall cheaper2 thus mone and all other thingsbeing supposed the same in "alue% a silk go!n is fi"e times cheaper no!than in ueen EliKabeths timeH but machiner cannot cheapen% in an thinglike an eFual degree% the immediate gro!ths of nature or the immediatenecessaries of man. Ao! the arte facta are sought b the higher classesof societ in a proportion incalculabl beond that in !hich the aresought b the lo!er classesH and therefore it is that the "ast increase of mechanical po!ers has not cheapened life and pleasure to the poor as it hasdone to the rich. &n some respects% no doubt% it has done so% as in gi"ingcotton dresses to maidJser"ants% and penn gin to all. 3 prett benefittrul1

( ( ( ( (

& think this countr is no! suffering grie"ousl under an e,cessi"eaccumulation of capital% !hich% ha"ing no field for profitable operation%is in a state of fierce ci"il !ar !ith itself.

Da <. /9==.

-?D3A [email protected]?AST3AT&AE.JJP3P3C' 3A TE

SC??>DEA.

The -omans had no national clerisH their priesthood !as entirel a matter of state% and% as far back as !e can trace it% an e"ident stronghold of thePatricians against the increasing po!ers of the Plebeians. 3ll !e kno! of the earl -omans is% that% after an indefinite lapse of ears% the hadconFuered some fift or si,t miles round their cit. Then it is that thego to !ar !ith Carthage% the great maritime po!er% and the result of that!ar !as the occupation of Sicil. Thence the% in succession% conFueredSpain% Dacedonia% 3sia Dinor% c.% and so at last contri"ed to subjugate&tal% partl b a tremendous back blo!% and partl b bribing the &talian

States !ith a communication of their pri"ileges% !hich the no! enormouslenriched conFuerors possessed o"er so large a portion of the ci"iliKed!orld. The !ere ordained b Pro"idence to conFuer and amalgamate thematerials of Christendom. The !ere not a national peopleH the!ere trulJJ

-omanos rerum dominosJJ

JJand thats all.

( ( ( ( (

@nder Constantine the spiritual po!er became a complete refle, of thetemporal. There !ere four patriarchs% and four prefects% and so on. TheClerg and the >a!ers% the Church and the State% !ere opposed.



( ( ( ( (

The beneficial influence of the Papac upon the !hole has been much o"erJrated b some !ritersH and certainl no countr in Europe recei"ed lessbenefit and more harm from it than England. &n fact% the la!ful kings andparliaments of England !ere al!as essentiall Protestant in feeling for anational church% though the adhered to the recei"ed doctrines of the

Christianit of the daH and it !as onl the usurpers% 4ohn% enr &+.%c.% that !ent against this polic. 3ll the great English schoolmen% ScotusErigena8/;% uns Scotus% ?ckham% and others% those morning stars of the-eformation% !ere heart and soul opposed to -ome% and maintained the Papacto be 3ntichrist. The Popes al!as persecuted% !ith rancorous hatred% thenational clerisies% the married clerg% and disliked the uni"ersities !hichgre! out of the old monasteries. The Papac !as% and is% essentiall e,traJnational% and !as al!as so considered in this countr% although notbelie"ed to be antiJChristian.

8*ootnote /24ohn Scotus% or Erigena% !as born% according to different authors% in

)ales% Scotland% or &relandH but & do not find an account making him anEnglishman of Sa,on blood. is death is uncertainl placed in the beginningof the ninth centur. e li"ed in !ellJkno!n intimac !ith Charles theBald% of *rance% !ho died about 3. . 97:. e resolutel resisted thedoctrine of transubstantiation% and !as publicl accused of heres on thataccount. But the king of *rance protected himJJE.;

Da 9. /9==.

C&+&> )3- ?* TE SE+EATEEAT CEAT@-'.JJ3DPEAS SPEEC.

& kno! no portion of histor !hich a man might !rite !ith so much pleasureas that of the great struggle in the time of Charles &.% because he mafeel the profoundest respect for both parties. The side taken b anparticular person !as determined b the point of "ie! !hich such personhappened to command at the commencement of the ine"itable collision% oneline seeming straight to this man% another line to another. Ao man of thatage sa! the truth% the !hole truthH there !as not light enough for that.The conseFuence% of course% !as a "iolent e,aggeration of each part for the time. The ing became a martr% and the Parliamentarians traitors% and "ice "ersa. The great reform brought into act b and under )illiam the

Third combined the principles trul contended for b Charles and hisParliament respecti"el2 the great re"olution of /9=/ has certainl% to analmost ruinous degree% dislocated those principles of go"ernment again. 3sto ampdens speech8/;% no doubt it means a declaration of passi"eobedience to the so"ereign% as the creed of an English Protestantindi"idual2 e"er man% Crom!ell and all% !ould ha"e said as muchH it !asthe antipapistical tenet% and almost "auntingl asserted on all occasionsb Protestants up to that time. But it implies nothing of ampdens creedas to the dut of Parliament.

8*ootnote /2?n his impeachment !ith the other four members% /<:5. See the $>etter to

4ohn Durra% EsF. touching >ord Augent%$ /9==. &t is e,traordinar that>ord A. should not see the plain distinction taken b ampden% bet!een notobeing an unla!ful command% and rebelling against the ing because of it.e appro"es the one% and condemns the other. is !ords are% $to ield



obedience to the commands of a ing% if against the true religion% againstthe ancient and fundamental la!s of the land% is another sign of an illsubject2$JJ$To resist the la!ful po!er of the ingH to raise insurrectionagainst the ingH admit him ad"erse in his religionH to conspire againsthis sacred person% or an !as to rebel% though commanding things againstour consciences in e,ercising religion% or against the rights andpri"ileges of the subject% is an absolute sign of the disaffected and

traitorous subject.$JJE.;

Da /6. /9==.

-E*?-DE ?@SE ?* C?DD?AS.

)ell% & think no honest man !ill den that the prophetic denunciations of those !ho seriousl and solemnl opposed the -eform Bill are in a fair !aof e,act fulfilment1 *or mself% & o!n & did not e,pect such rapidit of

mo"ement. & supposed that the first parliament !ould contain a large number of lo! factious men% !ho !ould "ulgariKe and degrade the debates of theouse of Commons% and considerabl impede public business% and that themajorit !ould be gentlemen more fond of their propert than their politics. But reall the truth is something more than this. Think of up!ards of /<6 members "oting a!a t!o millions and a half of ta, on*rida8/;% at the bidding of !hom% shall & saI and then no less than 76 of those "er members rescinding their "otes on the Tuesda ne,t follo!ing%nothing !hate"er ha"ing inter"ened to justif the change% e,cept that thehad found out that at least se"en or eight millions more must go also uponthe same principle% and that the re"enue !as cut in t!o1 ?f course &appro"e the "ote of rescission% ho!e"er dangerous a precedentH but !hat a

picture of the composition of this ouse of Commons1

8*ootnote /2?n *rida% the 5<th of 3pril% /9==% Sir )illiam &ngilb mo"ed and carried aresolution for reducing the dut on malt from 59s. 9d. to l6s. per Fuarter.?ne hundred and si,tJt!o members "oted !ith him. ?n Tuesda follo!ing% the=6th of 3pril% se"entJsi, members onl "oted against the rescission of thesame resolution.JJE.;

Da /=. /9==.

*??.JJDE&C&AE.JJP?&S?A.JJ?BST-@CT&?A.

/. That !hich is digested !holl% and part of !hich is assimilated% andpart rejected% isJJ*ood.

5. That !hich is digested !holl% and the !hole of !hich is partlassimilated% and partl not% isJJDedicine.

=. That !hich is digested% but not assimilated% isJJPoison.

:. That !hich is neither digested nor assimilated isJJDere ?bstruction.

3s to the stories of slo! poisons% & cannot sa !hether there !as an% or !hat% truth in themH but & certainl belie"e a man ma be poisoned b



arsenic a ear after he has taken it. &n fact% & think that is kno!n toha"e happened.

Da /:. /9==.

)&>S?A.JJS3SPE3-ES S?AAETS.JJ>?+E.

Professor )ilsons character of Charles >amb in the last Black!ood% T!addle on T!eedJside8/;% is "er s!eet indeed% and gratified me much. &tdoes honour to )ilson% to his head and his heart.

8*ootnote /2$Charles >amb ought reall not to abuse Scotland in the pleasant !a he sooften does in the sl"an shades of EnfieldH for Scotland lo"es Charles>ambH but he is !a!ard and !ilful in his !isdom% and conceits that man aCockne is a better man e"en than Christopher Aorth. But !hat !ill not

Christopher forgi"e to genius and goodness1 E"en >amb% bleating libels onhis nati"e land. Aa% he learns lessons of humanit e"en from the mildmalice of Elia% and breathes a blessing on him and his household in their bo!er of rest.$

Some of Dr. Coleridges poems !ere first published !ith some of C. >ambsat Bristol in /707. The remarkable !ords on the titleJpage ha"e been aptlcited in the Ae! Donthl DagaKine for *ebruar% /9=% p. /09.2 $uple,nobis "inculum% et amicitiae et similium junctarumFue Camcoenarum%JJFuodutinam neFue mors sol"at% neFue temporis longinFuitas.$ 3nd e"en so it cameto pass after thirt se"en ears more had passed o"er their heads%JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

o! can & !ish that )ilson should cease to !rite !hat so often soothes andsuspends m bodil miseries% and m mental conflicts1 'et !hat a !aste%!hat a reckless spending% of talent% a% and of genius% too% in his & kno!not ho! man ears management of Black!ood1 &f )ilson cares for fame% for an enduring place and prominence in literature% he should no!% & think%hold his hand% and sa% as he !ell ma%JJ

$Dilita"i non sine gloria2 Aunc arma defunctumFue bello Barbiton hic paries habebit.$

T!o or three "olumes collected out of the magaKine b himself !ould be "erdelightful. But he must not lea"e it for others to doH for some recastingand much condensation !ould be reFuiredH and literar e,ecutors make sad!ork in general !ith their testators brains.

( ( ( ( (

& belie"e it possible that a man ma% under certain states of the moralfeeling% entertain something deser"ing the name of lo"e to!ards a maleobjectJJan affection beond friendship% and !holl aloof from appetite. &nEliKabeths and 4amess time it seems to ha"e been almost fashionable to

cherish such a feelingH and perhaps !e ma account in some measure for itb considering ho! "er inferior the !omen of that age% taken generall%!ere in education and accomplishment of mind to the men. ?f course there!ere brilliant e,ceptions enoughH but the plas of Beaumont and *letcherJJ



the most popular dramatists that e"er !rote for the English stageJJ!illsho! us !hat sort of !omen it !as generall pleasing to represent.Certainl the language of the t!o friends% Dusidorus and Procles% in the 3rcadia% is such as !e could not no! use e,cept to !omenH and in Cer"antesthe same tone is sometimes adopted% as in the no"el of the Curious&mpertinent. 3nd & think there is a passage in the Ae! 3tlantis8/; of >ordBacon% in !hich he speaks of the possibilit of such a feeling% but hints

the e,treme danger of entertaining it% or allo!ing it an place in a moraltheor. & mention this !ith reference to Shakspeares sonnets% !hich ha"ebeen supposed% b some% to be addressed to )illiam erbert% Earl of Pembroke% !hom Clarendon calls85; the most belo"ed man of his age% thoughhis licentiousness !as eFual to his "irtues.

& doubt this. & do not think that Shakespeare% merel because he !as anactor% !ould ha"e thought it necessar to "eil his emotions to!ardsPembroke under a disguise% though he might probabl ha"e done so% if thereal object had perchance been a >aura or a >eonora. &t seems to me thatthe sonnets could onl ha"e come from a man deepl in lo"e% and in lo"e!ith a !omanH and there is one sonnet !hich% from its incongruit% & take

to be a purposed blind. These e,traordinar sonnets form% in fact% a poemof so man stanKas of fourteen lines eachH and% like the passion !hichinspired them% the sonnets are al!as the same% !ith a "ariet of e,pression%JJcontinuous% if ou regard the lo"ers soul%JJdistinct% if oulisten to him% as he hea"es them sigh after sigh.

These sonnets% like the +enus and 3donis% and the -ape of >ucrece% arecharacteriKed b boundless fertilit and laboured condensation of thought%!ith perfection of s!eetness in rhthm and metre. These are the essentialsin the budding of a great poet. 3fter!ards habit and consciousness of po!er teach more easeJJpraecipitandum liberum spiritum.

8*ootnote /2& cannot fi, upon an passage in this !ork% to !hich it can be supposedthat Dr. Coleridge alluded% unless it be the speech of 4oabin the 4e!H butit contains nothing coming up to the meaning in the te,t. The onl approachto it seems to be2JJ$3s for masculine lo"e% the ha"e no touch of itH andet there are not so faithful and in"iolate friendships in the !orld againas are thereH and to speak generall% as & said before% & ha"e not read of an such chastit in an people as theirs.$JJE.;

8*ootnote 52$)illiam Earl of Pembroke !as ne,t% a man of another mould and making% andof another fame and reputation !ith all men% being the most uni"ersall

belo"ed and esteemed of an man of that age.$ .......$e indulged tohimself the pleasures of all kinds% almost in all e,cesses.$JJist. of the-ebellion% book i. e died in /<=6% aged fift ears. The dedication b T.T. NThomas ThorpeO is to $the onl begetter of these ensuing sonnets% Dr.). .$ and Dalone is inclined to think that )illiam ughes is meant. 3s toDr. ). . being the onl begetter of these sonnets% it must be obser"ed%that at least the last t!entJeight are beond dispute addressed to a!oman. & suppose the t!entieth sonnet !as the particular one concei"ed bDr. C. to be a blindH but it seems to me that man others ma be soconstrued% if !e set out !ith a con"iction that the real object of the poet!as a !oman.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

E"er one !ho has been in lo"e% kno!s that the passion is strongest% andthe appetite !eakest% in the absence of the belo"ed object% and that the



re"erse is the case in her presence.

Da /. /9==.

)&C>&**E.JJ>@TE-.JJ-E+E-EACE *?- &E3> [email protected]?AS?A TE )&G.JJ 3SG&>>.JJ43DES &.

)icliffes genius !as% perhaps% not eFual to >uthersH but reall the more& kno! of him from +aughan and >e Bas% both of !hose books & like% & thinkhim as e,traordinar a man as >uther upon the !hole. e !as much sounder and more trul catholic in his "ie! of the Eucharist than >uther. 3nd &find% not !ithout some pleasure% that m o!n "ie! of it% !hich & !asafraid !as original% !as maintained in the tenth centur% that is to sa%that the bod broken had no reference to the human bod of Christ% but tothe Caro Aoumenon% or smbolical Bod% the -ock that follo!ed the

&sraelites.

)hitaker beautifull sas of >utherHJJ*eli, ille% Fuem ominus eo honoredignatus est% ut homines neFuissimos suos haberet inimicos.

( ( ( ( (

There is no! no re"erence for an thingH and the reason is% that menpossess conceptions onl% and all their kno!ledge is conceptional onl.Ao! as% to concei"e% is a !ork of the mere understanding% and as all thatcan be concei"ed ma be comprehended% it is impossible that a man shouldre"erence that% to !hich he must al!as feel something in himself

superior. &f it !ere possible to concei"e God in a strict sense% that is%as !e concei"e a horse or a tree% e"en God himself could not e,cite anre"erence% though he might e,cite fear or terror% or perhaps lo"e% as atiger or a beautiful !oman. But re"erence% !hich is the snthesis of lo"eand fear% is onl due from man% and% indeed% onl e,citable in man%to!ards ideal truths% !hich are al!as msteries to the understanding% for the same reason that the motion of m finger behind m back is a msterto ou no!JJour ees not being made for seeing through m bod. &t isthe reason onl !hich has a sense b !hich ideas can be recogniKed% andfrom the fontal light of ideas onl can a man dra! intellectual po!er.

( ( ( ( (

Samuel 4ohnson8/;% !hom% to distinguish him from the octor% !e ma callthe )hig% !as a "er remarkable !riter. e ma be compared to hiscontemporar e *oe% !hom he resembled in man points. e is another instance of ing )illiams discrimination% !hich !as so much superior tothat of an of his ministers% 4ohnson !as one of the most formidablead"ocates for the E,clusion Bill% and he suffered b !hipping andimprisonment under 4ames accordingl. >ike 3sgill% he argues !ith greatapparent candour and clearness till he has his opponent !ithin reach% andthen comes a blo! as from a sledgeJhammer. & do not kno! !here & could putm hand upon a book containing so much sense and sound constitutionaldoctrine as this thin folio of 4ohnsons )orksH and !hat part in this

countr !ould read so se"ere a lecture in it as our modern )higs1

3 close reasoner and a good !riter in general ma be kno!n b his pertinentuse of connecti"es. -ead that page of 4ohnsonH ou cannot alter one



conjunction !ithout spoiling the sense. &t is a linked strain throughout.&n our modern books% for the most part% the sentences in a page ha"e thesame connection !ith each other that marbles ha"e in a bagH the touch!ithout adhering.

3sgill e"identl formed his stle upon 4ohnsons% but he onl imitates onepart of it. 3sgill ne"er rises to 4ohnsons eloFuence. The latter !as a

sort of CobbettJBurke.

4ames the *irst thought that% because all po!er in the state seemed toproceed from the cro!n% all po!er therefore remained in the cro!nHJJasif% because the tree sprang from the seed% the stem% branches% lea"es% andfruit !ere all contained in the seed. The constitutional doctrine as to therelation !hich the king bears to the other components of the state is int!o !ords this2JJe is a representati"e of the !hole of that% of !hich heis himself a part.

8*ootnote /2rdens Ben 4ochanan% in the second part of 3bsalom and 3chitophel. e !as

born in /<:0% and died in /76=. e !as a clergman. &n /<9<% !hen the arm!as encamped on ounslo! eath% he published $3 humble and heart 3ddressto all English Protestants in the present 3rm.$ *or this he !as tried andsentenced to be pilloried in three places% pa a fine% and be !hipped fromAe!gate to Tburn. 3n attempt !as also made to degrade him from his orders%but this failed through an informalit. 3fter the -e"olution he !aspreferred.JJE.;

Da /7. /9==.

S&- P. S&AE'.JJT&AGS 3-E *&A&AG TE&- >E+E>.

)hen Sir Philip Sidne sa! the enthusiasm !hich agitated e"er man% !oman%and child in the Aetherlands against Philip and 3l"a% he told ueenEliKabeth that it !as the spirit of God% and that it !as in"incible. )hatis the spirit !hich seems to mo"e and unsettle e"er other man in Englandand on the Continent at this timeI @pon m conscience% and judging b St.4ohns rule% & think it is a special spirit of the de"ilJJand a "er "ulgar de"il too1

( ( ( ( (

'our modern political economists sa that it is a principle in their scienceJJthat all things find their le"elHJJ!hich & denH and sa% onthe contrar% that the true principle is% that all things are finding their le"el like !ater in a storm.

Da /9. /9==.

GE-D3A.JJG?ETE.JJG?S P-?+&EACE.JJD3AS *-EE?D.

German is inferior to English in modifications of e,pression of theaffections% but superior to it in modifications of e,pression of allobjects of the senses.



( ( ( ( (

Goethes small lrics are delightful. e sho!ed good taste in notattempting to imitate Shakspeares )itches% !hich are threefold%JJ*ates%*uries% and earthl ags o the caldron.

( ( ( ( (

Dan does not mo"e in ccles% though nature does. Dans course is like thatof an arro!H for the portion of the great cometar ellipse !hich heoccupies is no more than a needles length to a mile.

&n natural histor% Gods freedom is sho!n in the la! of necessit. &nmoral histor% Gods necessit or pro"idence is sho!n in mans freedom.

4une 9. /9==.

?D D&G@E> 3A ?D PE-?.JJ)?-&AG T? BETTE- ?AES C?A&T&?A.JJAEG-?ED3AC&P3T&?A.JJ*?L 3A P&TT.JJ-E+?>@T&?A.

There can be no doubt of the gross "iolations of strict neutralit b thisgo"ernment in the Portuguese affairH but & !ish the Tories had left thematter alone% and not gi"en room to the people to associate them !ith thatscoundrel om Diguel. 'ou can ne"er interest the common herd in theabstract FuestionH !ith them it is a mere Fuarrel bet!een the menH andthough Pedro is a "er doubtful character% he is not so bad as his brotherHand% besides% !e are naturall interested for the girl.

( ( ( ( (

&t is "er strange that men !ho make light of the direct doctrines of theScriptures% and turn up their noses at the recommendation of a line of conduct suggested b religious truth% !ill ne"ertheless stake thetranFuillit of an empire% the li"es and properties of millions of men and!omen% on the faith of a ma,im of modern political econom1 3nd this% too%of a ma,im true onl% if at all% of England or a part of England% or someother countrHJJnamel% that the desire of bettering their condition !illinduce men to labour e"en more abundantl and profitabl than ser"ilecompulsion%JJto !hich ma,im the past histor and present state of all 3sia

and 3frica gi"e the lie. Aa% e"en in England at this da% e"er man inDanchester% Birmingham% and in other great manufacturing to!ns% kno!s thatthe most skilful artisans% !ho ma earn high !ages at pleasure% areconstantl in the habit of !orking but a fe! das in the !eek% and of idling the rest. & belie"e St.

Donda is "er !ell kept b the !orkmen in >ondon. The lo"e of indolence isuni"ersal% or ne,t to it.

( ( ( ( (

Dust not the ministerial plan for the )est &ndies lead necessaril to a

change of propert% either b force or derelictionI & cant see an !a of escaping it.

( ( ( ( (



'ou are al!as talking of the rights of the negroes. 3s a rhetorical modeof stimulating the people of England here% & do not objectH but & utterlcondemn our frantic practice of declaiming about their rights to theblacks themsel"es. The ought to be forcibl reminded of the state in !hichtheir brethren in 3frica still are% and taught to be thankful for thepro"idence !hich has placed them !ithin reach of the means of grace. & kno!

no right e,cept such as flo!s from righteousnessH and as e"er Christianbelie"es his righteousness to be imputed% so must his right be an imputedright too. &t must flo! out of a dut% and it is under that name that theprocess of humaniKation ought to begin and to be conducted throughout.

( ( ( ( (

Thirt ears ago% and more% Pitt a"ailed himself% !ith great politicalde,terit% of the apprehension% !hich Burke and the conduct of some of theclubs in >ondon had e,cited% and endea"oured to inspire into the nation apanic of propert. *o,% instead of e,posing the absurdit of this bsho!ing the real numbers and contemptible !eakness of the disaffected% fell

into Pitts trap% and !as mad enough to e,aggerate e"en Pitts surmises.The conseFuence !as% a "er general apprehension throughout the countr of an impending re"olution% at a time !hen% & !ill "enture to sa% the people!ere more heartJ!hole than the had been for a hundred ears pre"iousl. 3fter & had tra"elled in Sicil and &tal% countries !here there !ere realgrounds for fear% & became deepl impressed !ith the difference. Ao!% after a long continuance of high national glor and influence% !hen a re"olutionof a most searching and general character is actuall at !ork% and the oldinstitutions of the countr are all a!aiting their certain destruction or "iolent modificationJJthe people at large are perfectl secure% sleeping or gambolling on the "er brink of a "olcano.

4une /. /9==.

+&-T@E 3A >&BE-T'.JJEP&ST>E T? TE [email protected]>@TE-.

The necessit for e,ternal go"ernment to man is in an in"erse ratio to the"igour of his selfJgo"ernment. )here the last is most complete% the firstis least !anted. ence% the more "irtue the more libert.

( ( ( ( (

& think St. Pauls Epistle to the -omans the most profound !ork ine,istenceH and & hardl belie"e that the !ritings of the old Stoics% no!lost% could ha"e been deeper. @ndoubtedl it is% and must be% "er obscureto ordinar readersH but some of the difficult is accidental% arising fromthe form in !hich the Epistle appears. &f !e could no! arrange this !ork inthe !a in !hich !e ma be sure St. Paul !ould himself do% !ere he no!ali"e% and preparing it for the press% his reasoning !ould stand outclearer. is accumulated parentheses !ould be thro!n into notes% or e,truded to the margin. 'ou !ill smile% after this% if & sa that & think &understand St. PaulH and & think so% because% reall and trul% & recogniKea cogent consecuti"eness in the argumentJJthe onl e"idence & kno! that ou

understand an book. o! different is the stle of this intenselpassionate argument from that of the catholic circular charge called theEpistle to the Ephesians1JJand ho! different that of both from the stle of the Epistles to Timoth and Titus% !hich & "enture to call 8Greek2



epistolal panloeideiK;

Erasmuss paraphrase of the Ae! Testament is clear and e,planatorH but oucannot e,pect an thing "er deep from Erasmus. The onl fit commentator onPaul !as >utherJJnot b an means such a gentleman as the 3postle% butalmost as great a genius.

4une /7. /9==.

AEG-? ED3AC&P3T&?A.

a"e ou been able to disco"er an principle in this Emancipation Bill for the Sla"es% e,cept a principle of fear of the abolition part struggling!ith a dread of causing some monstrous calamit to the empire at largeI)ell1 & !ill not prophesH and God grant that this tremendous and

unprecedented act of positi"e enactment ma not do the harm to the cause of humanit and freedom !hich & cannot but fear1 But et% !hat can be hoped%!hen all human !isdom and counsel are set at nought% and religious faithJJthe onl miraculous agent amongst menJJis not in"oked or regarded1 and thatmost unblest phraseJJthe issenting interestJJenters into the Fuestion1

4une 55. /9==.

3CETS >&*E ?* 3-CB&S?P )&>>&3DS.JJC3->ES &.JJD3AAE-S @AE- E)3-

&&&.% -&C3- &&.% 3A EA-' +&&&.

)hat a delightful and instructi"e hook Bishop ackets >ife of 3rchbishop)illiams is1 'ou learn more from it of that !hich is "aluable to!ards aninsight into the times preceding the Ci"il )ar than from all the ponderoushistories and memoirs no! composed about that period.

( ( ( ( (

Charles seems to ha"e been a "er disagreeable personage during 4amesslife. There is nothing dutiful in his demeanour.

( ( ( ( (

& think the spirit of the court and nobilit of Ed!ard &&&. and -ichard &&.!as less gross than that in the time of enr +&&&.H for in this latter period the chi"alr had e"aporated% and the !hole coarseness !as left bitself. Chaucer represents a "er high and romantic stle of societamongst the gentr.

4une 50. /9==.

'P?TES&S.JJS@**&CT&?A.JJTE?-'.JJ>'E>>S GE?>?G'.JJG?T&C 3-C&[email protected] ?@)s $SC??>D3STE-$ 3A T&T&3AS $+EA@S.$JJS&- 4. SC3->ETT.



!ere upon the !hole "er pleasurable% and & ha"e not passed% of late earsat least% three das of such great enjoment and healthful e,citement of mind and bod. The bed on !hich & sleptJJand slept soundl tooJJ!as% asnear as & can describe it% a couple of sacks full of potatoes tiedtogether. & understand the oung men think it hardens them. Trul & lado!n at night a man% and arose in the morning a bruise.$ e told me $thatthe men !ere much amused at his saing that the fine old uaker philosopher

altons face !as like 3ll Souls College.$ The t!o persons of !hom hespoke !ith the greatest interest !ere Dr. *arada and Dr. Thirl!allH saingof the former% $that he seemed to ha"e the true temperament of genius% thatcarringJon of the spring and freshness of outhful% na% boish feelings%into the matured strength of manhood1$ *or% as Dr. Coleridge had longbefore e,pressed the same thought%JJ$To find no contradiction in the unionof old and ne!H to contemplate the 3ncient of as and all his !orks !ithfeelings as fresh as if all had then sprung forth at the first creati"efiat% this characteriKes the mind that feels the riddle of the !orld% andma help to unra"el it. To carr on the feelings of childhood into thepo!ers of manhoodH to combine the childs sense of !onder and no"elt !iththe appearances !hich e"erda for perhaps fort ears had rendered

familiarH

)ith sun and moon and stars throughout the ear% 3nd man and !omanHJJ

this is the character and pri"ilege of genius% and one of the marks !hichdistinguish genius from talent. 3nd therefore is it the prime merit of genius% and its most uneFui"ocal mode of manifestation% so to representfamiliar objects as to a!aken in the minds of others a kindred feelingconcerning them% and that freshness of sensation !hich is the constantaccompaniment of mental% no less than of bodil% con"alescence. )ho has nota thousand times seen sno! fall on !aterI )ho has not !atched it !ith a ne!

feeling% from the time that he has read Burnss comparison of sensualpleasure

To sno! that falls upon a ri"er% 3 moment !hiteJJthen gone for e"er1$

Biog. >it. "ol. i% p. 9.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

& think Sir 4ames Scarletts speech for the defendant% in the late actionof Cobbett ". The Times% for a libel% !orth of the best ages of Greece or

-omeH though% to be sure% some of his remarks could not ha"e been "erpalatable to his clients.

( ( ( ( (

& am glad ou came in to punctuate m discourse% !hich & fear has gone onfor an hour !ithout an stop at all.

4ul /. /9==.

D3AE+&>>ES *3B>E ?* TE BEES.JJBEST&3> TE?-'.JJC3-3CTE- ?* BE-T-3D.JJBE3@D?AT 3A *>ETCE-S -3D3S.JJ3ESC'>@S% S?P?C>ES% E@-&P&ES%JJD&>T?A.



&f & could e"er belie"e that Dande"ille reall meant an thing more b his*able of the Bees than a bonne bouche of solemn railler% & should liketo ask those manJshaped apes !ho ha"e taken up his suggestions in earnest%and seriousl maintained them as bases for a rational account of man andthe !orldJJho! the e,plain the "er e,istence of those de,terous cheats%those superior charlatans% the legislators and philosophers% !ho ha"e kno!nho! to pla so !ell upon the peacockJlike "anit and follies of their

fello! mortals.

B the b% & !onder some of ou la!ers Nsub rosa% of courseO ha"e notFuoted the pith lines in Dande"ille upon this registration Fuestion2JJ

$The la!ers% of !hose art the basis )as raising feuds and splitting cases% ?pposd all -egisters% that cheats Dight make more !ork !ith dipt estatesH 3s t!ere unla!ful that ones o!n )ithout a la!suit should be kno!n1 The put off hearings !ilfull%

To finger the refreshing feeH 3nd to defend a !icked cause E,amined and sur"ed the la!s% 3s burglars shops and houses do% To see !here best the ma break through.$

There is great udibrastic "igour in these linesH and those on the doctorsare also "er terse.

( ( ( ( (

>ook at that head of Cline% b Chantre1 &s that forehead% that nose% those

temples and that chin% akin to the monke tribeI Ao% no. To a man of sensibilit no argument could dispro"e the bestial theor so con"incinglas a Fuiet contemplation of that fine bust.

( ( ( ( (

& cannot agree !ith the solemn abuse !hich the critics ha"e poured out uponBertram in $3lls )ell that ends )ell.$ e !as a oung nobleman in feudaltimes% just bursting into manhood% !ith all the feelings of pride of birthand appetite for pleasure and libert natural to such a character socircumstanced. ?f course he had ne"er regarded elena other!ise than as adependant in the familH and of all that !hich she possessed of goodness

and fidelit and courage% !hich might atone for her inferiorit in other respects% Bertram !as necessaril in a great measure ignorant. 3nd after all% her prima facie merit !as the ha"ing inherited a prescription fromher old father the doctor% b !hich she cures the king%JJa merit% !hichsupposes an e,tra"agance of personal loalt in Bertram to make conclusi"eto him in such a matter as that of taking a !ife. Bertram had surel goodreason to look upon the kings forcing him to marr elena as a "ertrannical act. &ndeed% it must be confessed that her character is not "erdelicate% and it reFuired all Shakspeares consummate skill to interest usfor herH and he does this chiefl b the operation of the other characters%JJthe Countess% >afeu% c. )e get to like elena from their praising and commending her so much.

( ( ( ( (

&n Beaumont and *letchers tragedies the comic scenes are rarel so



interfused amidst the tragic as to produce a unit of the tragic on the!hole% !ithout !hich the intermi,ture is a fault. &n Shakspeare% this isal!as managed !ith transcendant skill. The *ool in >ear contributes in a"er sensible manner to the tragic !ildness of the !hole drama. Beaumontand *letchers serious plas or tragedies are complete hbrids%JJneither fish nor flesh%JJupon an rules% Greek% -oman% or Gothic2 and et the are"er delightful not!ithstanding. Ao doubt% the imitate the ease of

gentlemanl con"ersation better than Shakspeare% !ho !as unable not to betoo much associated to succeed perfectl in this.

)hen & !as a bo% & !as fondest of 3EschlusH in outh and middle age &preferred EuripidesH no! in m declining ears & admire Sophocles. & canno! at length see that Sophocles is the most perfect. 'et he ne"er rises tothe sublime simplicit of 3EschlusJJsimplicit of design% & meanJJnor diffuses himself in the passionate outpourings of Euripides. & understand!h the ancients called Euripides the most tragic of their dramatists2 hee"identl embraces !ithin the scope of the tragic poet man passions%JJlo"e% conjugal affection% jealous% and so on% !hich Sophocles seems toha"e considered as incongruous !ith the ideal statuesFueness of the tragic

drama. Certainl Euripides !as a greater poet in the abstract thanSophocles. is choruses ma be fault as choruses% but ho! beautiful andaffecting the are as odes and songs1 & think the famous 8Greek2 EuippoLene;% in ?edipus Coloneus8/; cold in comparison !ith man of the odes of Euripides% as that song of the chorus in the ippoltusJJ8Greek2 $Eoos%$Eoos85;; and so onH and & remember a choric ode in the ecuba% !hich al!asstruck me as e,Fuisitel rich and finishedH & mean% !here the chorus speaksof Tro and the night of the capture.8=;

There is nothing "er surprising in Diltons preference of Euripides%though so unlike himself. &t is "er commonJJ"er naturalJJfor men to like and e"en admire an e,hibition of po!er "er different in kind from

an thing of their o!n. Ao jealous arises. Dilton preferred ?"id too% and& dare sa he admired both as a man of sensibilit admires a lo"el !oman%!ith a feeling into !hich jealous or en" cannot enter. )ith 3eschlus or Sophocles he might perchance ha"e matched himself.

&n Euripides ou ha"e oftentimes a "er near approach to comed% and &hardl kno! an !riter in !hom ou can find such fine models of serious anddignified con"ersation.

8*ootnote /2Greek2 Euippo% Lege% tmsde chosas

Tcho ta chKatista gas esaula tdn a,gaeta olanonJJch. t. l. ". <<9;

8*ootnote 52Greek2 $E,os$ E,os% o chat ommatton s taKeos pothon eisagog glcheian Psuchae chariu ous epithtKateusei mae moi tote sen chacho phaneiaes maeo arruthmos elthoisJJ,.t.l ".57;

8*ootnote =2

& take it for granted that Dr. Coleridge alluded to the chorus%JJ

8Greek2 Su men% o patrhis &liaston aporhtheton polis



ouketi le,ei toion ElJlanon nephos amphi se krhuptei%dorhi de% dorhi perhsanJJk. t. l.; ". 900.

Thou% then% oh% natal Tro1 no moreThe cit of the unsackd shalt be%So thick from dark 3chaias shore

The cloud of !ar hath co"ered thee. 3h1 not again & tread th plainJJThe spearJJthe spear hath rent th prideHThe flame hath scarrd thee deep and !ideHTh coronal of to!ers is shorn% 3nd thou most piteous artJJmost naked and forlorn1

& perishd at the noon of night1)hen sleep had seald each !ear eeH )hen the dance !as oer% 3nd harps no more

-ang out in choral minstrels. &n the dear bo!er of delight D husband slept in joH is shield and spear Suspended near%Secure he slept2 that sailor band*ull sure he deemd no more should stand Beneath the !alls of Tro. 3nd & too% b the tapers light% )hich in the golden mirrors haKe *lashd its interminable ras% Bound up the tresses of m hair%

That & >o"es peaceful sleep might share.

& sleptH but% hark1 that !arJshout dread%)hich rolling through the cit spreadH 3nd this the cr%JJ$)hen% Sons of Greece%)hen shall the lingering leaguer ceaseH)hen !ill e spoil Tros !atchJto!er high% 3nd home returnI$JJ& heard the cr% 3nd% starting from the genial bed%+eiled% as a oric maid% & fled% 3nd knelt% iana% at th hol fane% 3 trembling suppliantJJall in "ain.;

4@>' =. /9==.

ST'>E.JJC3+3>&E- S>3AG.JJ4@AT?S.JJP-?SE 3A +E-SE.JJ&D&T3T&?A 3A C?P'.

The collocation of !ords is so artificial in Shakspeare and Dilton% thatou ma as !ell think of pushing a8/; brick out of a !all !ith our forefinger% as attempt to remo"e a !ord out of an of their finishedpassages.85;

3 good lecture upon stle might he composed% b taking on the one hand theslang of >Estrange% and perhaps% e"en of -oger Aorth%8=; !hich became sofashionable after the -estoration as a mark of loaltH and on the other%



the 4ohnsonian magniloFuence or the balanced metre of 4uniusH and thensho!ing ho! each e,treme is fault% upon different grounds.

&t is Fuite curious to remark the pre"alence of the Ca"alier slang stle inthe di"ines of Charles the Seconds time. Barro! could not of course adoptsuch a mode of !riting throughout% because he could not in it ha"ecommunicated his elaborate thinkings and loft rhetoricH but e"en Barro!

not unfreFuentl lets slip a phrase here and there in the regular -oger Aorth !aJJmuch to the delight% no doubt% of the largest part of hisaudience and contemporar readers. See particularl% for instances of this%his !ork on the Popes supremac. South is full of it.

The stle of 4unius is a sort of metre% the la! of !hich is a balance of thesis and antithesis. )hen he gets out of this aphorismic metre into asentence of fi"e or si, lines long% nothing can e,ceed the slo"enliness of the English. orne Tooke and a long sentence seem the onl t!o antagoniststhat !ere too much for him. Still the antithesis of 4unius is a realantithesis of images or thoughtH but the antithesis of 4ohnson is rarelmore than "erbal.

The definition of good prose isJJproper !ords in their proper placesHJJof good "erseJJthe most proper !ords in their proper places. The propriet isin either case relati"e. The !ords in prose ought to e,press the intendedmeaning% and no moreH if the attract attention to themsel"es% it is% ingeneral% a fault. &n the "er best stles% as Southes% ou read pageafter page% understanding the author perfectl% !ithout once taking noticeof the medium of communicationHJJit is as if he had been speaking to ouall the !hile. But in "erse ou must do moreHJJthere the !ords% the media% must be beautiful% and ought to attract our noticeJJet not somuch and so perpetuall as to destro the unit !hich ought to result fromthe !hole poem. This is the general rule% but% of course% subject to some

modifications% according to the different kinds of prose or "erse. Someprose ma approach to!ards "erse% as orator% and therefore a more studiede,hibition of the media ma be properH and some "erse ma border more onmere narrati"e% and there the stle should be simpler. But the great thingin poetr is% FuocunFue modo% to effect a unit of impression upon the!holeH and a too great fulness and profusion of point in the parts !illpre"ent this. )ho can read !ith pleasure more than a hundred lines or so of udibras at one timeI Each couplet or Fuatrain is so !hole in itself% thatou cant connect them. There is no fusion%JJjust as it is in Seneca.

8*ootnote /2

The led me to the sounding shoreJJ ea"ens1 as & passed the cro!ded !a% D bleeding lord before me laJJ & sa!JJ& sa!JJand !ept no more% Till% as the home!ard breeKes bore The bark returning oer the sea% D gaKe% oh &lion% turnd on thee1 Then% frantic% to the midnight air% & cursed aloud the adulterous pair2JJ $The plunge me deep in e,iles !oeH The la m countr lo!2 Their lo"eJJno lo"e1 but some dark spell%

&n "engeance breathd% b spirit fell. -ise% hoar sea% in a!ful tide% 3nd !helm that "essels guilt prideH Aor eer% in high Dcenes hall%



>et elen boast in peace of might &lions fall.$

The translation !as gi"en to me b Dr. 4ustice Coleridge.JJE.;

8*ootnote 52$The amotion or transposition !ill alter the thought% or the feeling% or atleast the tone. The are as pieces of mosaic !ork% from !hich ou cannot

strike the smallest block !ithout making a hole in the picture.$JJ uarterl -e"ie!% Ao. C&&&. p. 7.;

8*ootnote =2But Dr. Coleridge took a great distinction bet!een Aorth and the other !riters commonl associated !ith him. &n speaking of the E,amen and the>ife of >ord Aorth% in the *riend% Dr. C. calls them $t!o of the mostinteresting biographical !orks in our language% both for the !eight of thematter% and the incuriosa felicitas of the stle. The pages are all ali"e!ith the genuine idioms of our mother tongue. 3 fastidious taste% it istrue% !ill find offence in the occasional "ulgarisms% or !hat !e no! call slang% !hich not a fe! of our !riters% shortl after the -estoration of

Charles the Second% seem to ha"e affected as a mark of loalt. Theseinstances% ho!e"er% are but a trifling dra!back. The are not sought for%as is too often and too plainl done b >Estrange% Coller% Tom Bro!n% andtheir imitators. Aorth ne"er goes out of his !a% either to seek them% or to a"oid themH and% in the main% his language gi"es us the "er ner"e%pulse% and sine! of a heart% health% con"ersational English.$JJ+ol. ii.p. =67.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

&mitation is the mesothesis of likeness and difference. The difference isas essential to it as the likenessH for !ithout the difference% it !ould be

cop or facsimile. But to borro! a term from astronom% it is a libratingmesothesis2 for it ma "erge more to likeness as in painting% or more todifference% as in sculpture.

4@>' :. /9==.

-. 4?AS?A.JJB?S)E>>[email protected])T?A.JJD&>T?A.

r. 4ohnsons fame no! rests principall upon Bos!ell. &t is impossible notto be amused !ith such a book. But his bo!J!o! manner must ha"e had a

good deal to do !ith the effect producedHJJfor no one% & suppose% !ill set4ohnson before Burke%JJand Burke !as a great and uni"ersal talkerHJJet no!!e hear nothing of this e,cept b some chance remarks in Bos!ell. The factis% Burke% like all men of genius !ho lo"e to talk at all% !as "erdiscursi"e and continuousH hence he is not reportedH he seldom said thesharp short things that 4ohnson almost al!as did% !hich produce a moredecided effect at the moment% and !hich are so much more eas to carroff.8/; Besides% as to Burkes testimon to 4ohnsons po!ers% ou mustremember that Burke !as a great courtierH and after all% Burke said and!rote more than once that he thought 4ohnson greater in talking than!riting% and greater in Bos!ell than in real life.85;

8*ootnote /2Burke% & am persuaded% !as not so continuous a talker as Coleridge. Dadamede Stael told a nephe! of the latter% at Coppet% that Dr. C. !as a master of monologue% mais Fuil ne sa"ait pas le dialogue. There !as a spice of



"indicti"eness in this% the e,act histor of !hich is not !orth e,plaining. 3nd if dialogue must be cut do!n in its meaning to small talk% &% for one%!ill admit that Coleridge% amongst his numberless Fualifications% possessedit not. But & am sure that he could% !hen it suited him% con"erse as !ellas an one else% and !ith !omen he freFuentl did con"erse in a "er!inning and popular stle% confining them% ho!e"er% as !ell as he could% tothe detail of facts or of their spontaneous emotions. &n general% it !as

certainl other!ise. $'ou must not be surprised%$ he said to me% $at mtalking so long to ouJJ& pass so much of m time in pain and solitude% ete"erlastingl thinking% that% !hen ou or an other persons call on me% &can hardl help easing m mind b pouring forth some of the accumulatedmass of reflection and feeling% upon an apparentl interested recipient.$But the principal reason% no doubt% !as the habit of his intellect% !hich!as under a la! of discoursing upon all subjects !ith reference to ideas or ultimate ends. 'ou might interrupt him !hen ou pleased% and he !as patientof e"er sort of con"ersation e,cept mere personalit% !hich he absolutelhated.JJE.;

8*ootnote 52

This !as said% & belie"e% to the late Sir 4ames Dackintosh.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

Ae!ton !as a great man% but ou must e,cuse me if & think that it !ouldtake man Ae!tons to make one Dilton.

4ul <. /9==.

P3&AT&AG.JJJJD@S&C.JJJJP?ET-'.

&t is a poor compliment to pa to a painter to tell him that his figurestands out of the can"ass% or that ou start at the likeness of theportrait. Take almost an daub% cut it out of the can"ass% and place thefigure looking into or out of a !indo!% and an one ma take it for life.?r take one of Drs. Salmons !a, Fueens or generals% and ou !ill "ersensibl feel the difference bet!een a cop% as the are% and an imitation%of the human form% as a good portrait ought to be. >ook at that flo!er "aseof +an usum% and at these !a, or stone peaches and apricots1 The last arelikest to their original% but !hat pleasure do the gi"eI Aone% e,cept tochildren.8/;

Some music is abo"e meH most music is beneath me. & like Beetho"en andDoKartJJor else some of the aerial compositions of the elder &talians% asPalestrina85; and Carissimi.JJ3nd & lo"e Purcell.

The best sort of music is !hat it should beJJsacredH the ne,t best% themilitar% has fallen to the lot of the e"il.

Good music ne"er tires me% nor sends me to sleep. & feel phsicallrefreshed and strengthened b it% as Dilton sas he did.

& could !rite as good "erses no! as e"er & did% if & !ere perfectl free

from "e,ations% and !ere in the ad libitum hearing of fine music% !hichhas a sensible effect in harmoniKing m thoughts% and in animating and% asit !ere% lubricating m in"enti"e facult. The reason of m not finishingChristabel is not% that & dont kno! ho! to do itJJfor & ha"e% as & al!as



had% the !hole plan entire from beginning to end in m mindH but & fear &could not carr on !ith eFual success the e,ecution of the idea% ane,tremel subtle and difficult one.

Besides% after this continuation of *aust% !hich the tell me is "er poor%!ho can ha"e courage to attempt8=; a re"ersal of the judgment of allcriticism against continuationsI >et us e,cept on ui,ote% ho!e"er%

although the second part of that transcendant !ork is not e,actl unoflatu !ith the original conception.

8*ootnote /2This passage% and those follo!ing% !ill e"idence% !hat the readers e"en of this little !ork must ha"e seen% that Dr. Coleridge had an ee% almoste,clusi"el% for the ideal or uni"ersal in painting and music. e kne!nothing of the details of handling in the one% or of rules of compositionin the other. 'et he !as% to the best of m kno!ledge% an unerring judge of the merits of an serious effort in the fine arts% and detected the leadingthought or feeling of the artist% !ith a decision !hich used sometimes toastonish me. E"er picture !hich & ha"e looked at in compan !ith him%

seems no!% to m mind% translated into English. e !ould sometimes sa%after looking for a minute at a picture% generall a modern one% $Theresno use in stopping at thisH for & see the painter had no idea. &t is meremechanical dra!ing. Come onH here the artist meant something for themind.$ &t !as just the same !ith his kno!ledge of music. is appetite for !hat he thought good !as literall ine,haustible. e told me he couldlisten to fine music for t!el"e hours together% and go a!a refreshed.But he reFuired in music either thought or feelingH mere addresses to thesensual ear he could not a!a !ithH hence his utter distaste for -ossini%and his re"erence for Beetho"en and DoKartJJE.;

8*ootnote 52

Gio"anni Pierluigi da Palestrina !as born about /50% and died in /0:. &belie"e he ma be considered the founder or reformer of the &talian churchmusic. is masses% motets% and hmns are tolerabl !ell kno!n amongstlo"ers of the old composersH but Dr. Coleridge used to speak !ith delightof some of Palestrinas madrigals !hich he heard at -ome.

Giacomo Carissimi composed about the ears /<:6JJ/<6. is stle has beencharged !ith effeminacH but Dr. C. thought it "er graceful and chaste.enr Purcell needs no addition in England.JJE.;

8*ootnote =2$The thing attempted in Christabel is the most difficult of e,ecution in

the !hole field of romanceJJ!itcher b dalightJJand the success iscomplete.$JJuarterl -e"ie!% Ao. C&&&. p. 50.;

4ul 9. /9==.

P@B>&C SC??>S.

& am clear for public schools as the general ruleH but for particular children pri"ate education ma be proper. *or the purpose of mo"ing at easein the best English societ%JJmind% & dont call the >ondon e,clusi"e

cliFue the best English societ%JJthe defect of a public education upon theplan of our great schools and ?,ford and Cambridge is hardl to besupplied. But the defect is "isible positi"el in some men% and onlnegati"el in others. The first offend ou b habits and modes of



thinking and acting directl attributable to their pri"ate educationH inthe others ou onl regret that the freedom and facilit of the establishedand national mode of bringing up is not added to their good Fualities.

( ( ( ( (

& more than doubt the e,pedienc of making e"en

elementar mathematics a part of the routine in thesstem of the great schools. &t is enough% & think%that encouragement and facilities should be gi"enH and& think more !ill be thus effected than b compellingall. Duch less !ould & incorporate the German or *rench% or an modern language% into the school labours.& think that a great mistake.8/;

8*ootnote /2$?ne constant blunder$JJ& find it so pencilled b Dr. C. on a marginJJ$of these Ae!JBroomersJJthese Penn DagaKine sages and philanthropists% inreference to our public schools% is to confine their "ie! to !hat

schoolmasters teach the bos% !ith entire o"ersight of all that the bosare e,cited to learn from each other and of themsel"esJJ!ith more genialite"en because it is not a part of their compelled school kno!ledge. 3n Etonbos kno!ledge of the St. >a!rence% Dississippi% Dissouri% ?rellana% c.!ill be% generall% found in e,act proportion to his kno!ledge of the&lissus% ebrus% ?rontes% c.H inasmuch as modern tra"els and "oages aremore entertaining and fascinating than CellariusH or -obinson Crusoe%ampier% and Captain Cook% than the Periegesis. Compare the lads themsel"es from Eton and arro!% c. !ith the alumni of the Ae!JBroom&nstitution% and not the lists of schoolJlessonsH and be that comparisonthe criterion.JJE.;

3ugust :% /9==.

SC?TT 3A C?>E-&GE.

ear Sir )alter Scott and mself !ere e,act% but harmonious% opposites inthisHJJthat e"er old ruin% hill% ri"er% or tree called up in his mind ahost of historical or biographical associations%JJjust as a bright pan of brass% !hen beaten% is said to attract the s!arming beesHJJ!hereas% for mself% not!ithstanding r. 4ohnson% & belie"e & should !alk o"er the plain

of Darathon !ithout taking more interest in it than in an other plain of similar features. 'et & recei"e as much pleasure in reading the account of the battle% in erodotus% as an one can. Charles >amb !rote an essa 8/;on a man !ho li"ed in past time2JJ& thought of adding another to it on one!ho li"ed not in time at all% past% present% or future%JJbut beside or collaterall.

8*ootnote /2& kno! not !hen or !hereH but are not all the !ritings of this e,Fuisitegenius the effusions of one !hose spirit li"ed in past timeI The place!hich >amb holds% and !ill continue to hold% in English literature% seemsless liable to interruption than that of an other !riter of our da.JJE.;

3ugust /6. /9==.



AE-+?@S )E3AESS.JJJJ??E- 3A B@>>.JJJJJ*3&T.JJJJ3 P?ETS AEE ?*P-3&SE.

3 PE-S?A% ner"ousl !eak% has a sensation of !eakness !hich is as bad tohim as muscular !eakness. The onl difference lies in the better chance of remo"al.

( ( ( ( (

The fact% that ooker and Bull% in their t!o palmar !orks respecti"el%are read in the 4esuit Colleges% is a curious instance of the po!er of mindo"er the most profound of all prejudices.

There are permitted moments of e,ultation through faith% !hen !e cease tofeel our o!n emptiness sa"e as a capacit for our -edeemers fulness.

( ( ( ( (

There is a species of applause scarcel less genial to a poet% than the"ernal !armth to the feathered songsters during their nestJbreeding or incubationH a smpath% an e,pressed hope% that is the open air in !hichthe poet breathes% and !ithout !hich the sense of po!er sinks back onitself% like a sigh hea"ed up from the tightened chest of a sick man.

3ugust /:. /9==.

@3E-S.JJP&>3AT-?P&STS.JJ4E)S.

3 Fuaker is made up of ice and flame. e has no composition% no meantemperature. ence he is rarel interested about an public measure but hebecomes a fanatic% and o"ersteps% in his irrespecti"e Keal% e"er decencand e"er right opposed to his course.

( ( ( ( (

& ha"e ne"er kno!n a trader in philanthrop !ho !as not !rong in heartsome!here or other. &ndi"iduals so distinguished are usuall unhapp intheir famil relations%JJmen not bene"olent or beneficent to indi"iduals%but almost hostile to them% et la"ishing mone and labour and time on the

race% the abstract notion. The cosmopolitism !hich does not spring out of%and blossom upon% the deepJrooted stem of nationalit or patriotism% is aspurious and rotten gro!th.

( ( ( ( (

)hen & read the ninth% tenth% and ele"enth chapters of the Epistle to the-omans to that fine old man Dr. JJJJ% at -amsgate% he shed tears. 3n 4e!of sensibilit must be deepl impressed b them.

( ( ( ( (

The t!o images farthest remo"ed from each other !hich can be comprehendedunder one term% are% & think% &saiah 8/;JJ$ear% ? hea"ens% and gi"e ear% ?earth1$JJand >e"i of ol!ell StreetJJ$?ld clothes1$JJboth of them 4e!s%oull obser"e. &mmane Fuantum discrepant1



8*ootnote /2& remember Dr. Coleridge used to call &saiah his ideal of the ebre!prophet. e studied that part of the Scripture !ith unremitting attentionand most re"erential admiration. 3lthough Dr. C. !as remarkabl deficientin the technical memor of !ords% he could sa a great deal of &saiah bheart% and he delighted in pointing out the he,ametrical rhthm of numerous

passages in the English "ersion2JJ

$ear% ? hea"ens% and gi"e ear% R ? earth2 for the >ord hath spoken.& ha"e nourished and brought up children% R and the ha"e rebelled against me.The o, kno!eth his o!ner% R and the ass his masters crib2But &srael doth not kno!% R m people doth not consider.$JJE.;

3ugust /. /9==.

S3>>@ST.JJT@C'&[email protected]&BB?A.JJE' T? TE EC>&AE ?* TE -?D3AEDP&-E.

& consider the t!o !orks of Sallust !hich ha"e come do!n to us entire% asromances founded on factsH no adeFuate causes are stated% and there is noreal continuit of action. &n Thucdides% ou are a!are from the beginningthat ou are reading the reflections of a man of great genius ande,perience upon the character and operation of the t!o great politicalprinciples in conflict in the ci"iliKed !orld in his timeH his narrati"e of e"ents is of minor importance% and it is e"ident that he selects for thepurpose of illustration. &t is Thucdides himself !hom ou read throughout

under the names of Pericles% Aicias% c. But in erodotus it is just there"erse. e has as little subjecti"it as omer% and% delighting in thegreat fancied epic of e"ents% he narrates them !ithout impressing an thingas of his o!n mind upon the narrati"e. &t is the charm of erodotus that hegi"es ou the spirit of his ageJJthat of Thucdides% that he re"eals to ouhis o!n% !hich !as abo"e the spirit of his age.

The difference bet!een the composition of a histor in modern and ancienttimes is "er greatH still there are certain principles upon !hich thehistor of a modern period ma be !ritten% neither sacrificing all truthand realit% like Gibbon% nor descending into mere biograph and anecdote.

Gibbons stle is detestable% but his stle is not the !orst thing abouthim. is histor has pro"ed an effectual bar to all real familiarit !iththe temper and habits of imperial -ome. *e! persons read the originalauthorities% e"en those !hich are classicalH and certainl no distinctkno!ledge of the actual state of the empire can be obtained from Gibbonsrhetorical sketches. e takes notice of nothing but !hat ma produce aneffectH he skips on from eminence to eminence% !ithout e"er taking outhrough the "alles bet!een2 in fact% his !ork is little else but adisguised collection of all the splendid anecdotes !hich he could find inan book concerning an persons or nations from the 3ntonines to thecapture of Constantinople. )hen & read a chapter in Gibbon% & seem to belooking through a luminous haKe or fog2JJfigures come and go% & kno! not

ho! or !h% all larger than life% or distorted or discolouredH nothing isreal% "i"id% trueH all is scenical% and% as it !ere% e,hibited bcandlelight. 3nd then to call it a istor of the ecline and *all of the-oman Empire1



)as there e"er a greater misnomerI & protest & do not remember a singlephilosophical attempt made throughout the !ork to fathom the ultimatecauses of the decline or fall of that empire. o! miserabl deficient isthe narrati"e of the important reign of 4ustinian1 3nd that poor scepticism% !hich Gibbon mistook for Socratic philosoph% has led him tomisstate and mistake the character and influence of Christianit in a !a

!hich e"en an a"o!ed infidel or atheist !ould not and could not ha"e done.Gibbon !as a man of immense readingH but he had no philosophH and he ne"er full understood the principle upon !hich the best of the old historians!rote. e attempted to imitate their artificial construction of the !hole!orkJJtheir dramatic ordonnance of the partsJJ!ithout seeing that their histories !ere intended more as documents illustrati"e of the truths of political philosoph than as mere chronicles of e"ents.

The true ke to the declension of the -oman empireJJ!hich is not to befound in all Gibbons immense !orkJJma be stated in t!o !ords2JJthe imperial character o"erlaing% and finall destroing% the national character. -ome under Trajan !as an empire !ithout a nation.

3ugust /<. /9==.

-. 4?AS?AS P?>&T&C3> P3DP>ETS.JJT3L3T&?A.J&-ECT -EP-ESEAT3T&?A.JJJ@A&+E-S3> S@**-3GE.JJJ-&GT ?* )?DEA T? +?TEJJJJ?-AE T??E.JJJJET'D?>?G'?* TE *&A3> &+E.

& like r. 4ohnsons political pamphlets better than an other parts of his!orks2Jparticularl his $Ta,ation no Trann$ is "er cle"er and spirited%

though he onl sees half of his subject% and that not in a "erphilosophical manner. PlunderJJTributeJJTa,ationJJare the three gradationsof action b the so"ereign on the propert of the subject. The first ismere "iolence% bounded b no la! or custom% and is properl an act onlbet!een conFueror and conFuered% and that% too% in the moment of "ictor.The second supposes la!H but la! proceeding onl from% and dictated b% onepart% the conFuerorH la!% b !hich he consents to forego his right of plunder upon condition of the conFuered gi"ing up to him% of their o!naccord% a fi,ed commutation. The third implies compact% and negati"es anright to plunder%JJta,ation being professedl for the direct benefit of thepart ta,ed% that% b paing a part% he ma through the labours andsuperintendence of the so"ereign be able to enjo the rest in peace. 3s to

the right to ta, being onl commensurate !ith direct representation% it isa fable% falsel and treacherousl brought for!ard b those !ho kno! itshollo!ness !ell enough. 'ou ma sho! its !eakness in a moment% b obser"ingthat not e"en the uni"ersal suffrage of the Benthamites a"oids thedifficultHJJfor although it ma be allo!ed to be contrar to decorum that!omen should legislateH et there can be no reason !h !omen should notchoose their representati"es to legislateHJJand if it be said that the aremerged in their husbands% let it be allo!ed !here the !ife has no separatepropertH but !here she has a distinct ta,able estate% in !hich her husbandhas no interest% !hat right can her husband ha"e to choose for her theperson !hose "ote ma affect her separate interestIJJBesides% at alle"ents% an unmarried !oman of age% possessing one thousand pounds a ear%

has surel as good a moral right to "ote% if ta,ation !ithoutrepresentation is trann% as an tenJpounder in the kingdom. The truth% of course% is% that direct representation is a chimera% impracticable in fact%and useless or no,ious if practicable.



4ohnson had neither ee nor earH for nature% therefore% he cared% as hekne!% nothing. is kno!ledge of to!n life !as minuteH but e"en that !asimperfect% as not being contrasted !ith the better life of the countr.

orne Tooke !as once holding forth on language% !hen% turning to me% heasked me if & kne! !hat the meaning of the final i"e !as in English

!ords. & said & thought & could tell !hat he% orne Tooke himself% thought.$)h% !hatI$ said he. $+is%$ & repliedH and he ackno!ledged & had guessedright. & told him% ho!e"er% that & could not agree !ith himH but belie"edthat the final i"e came from ickJJ"icus% 8Greek2 JJ; at,aFH the rootdenoting collecti"it and communit% and that it !as opposed to the final ing% !hich signifies separation% particularit% and indi"idual propert%from ingle% a hearth% or one mans place or seat2 8Greek2 JJ; oi,oI% "icus% denoted an aggregation of ingles. The alteration of the c and k of the root into the " !as e"identl the !ork of the digammate po!er%and hence !e find the icus and i"us indifferentl as finals in >atin.The precise difference of the etmologies is apparent in these phrases2JJJThe lamb is sporti"eH that is% has a nature or habit of sporting2 the

lamb is sportingH that is% the animal is no! performing a sport. orneTooke upon this said nothing to m etmologH but & belie"e he found thathe could not make a fool of me% as he did of God!in and some other of hisbutts.

3ugust /7. /9==.

$TE >?-$ &A TE EAG>&S +E-S&?A ?* TE PS3>DS% ETC.JJJJSC?TC &- 3A&-+&AG.

&t is "er e,traordinar that% in our translation of the Psalms% !hichprofesses to be from the ebre!% the name 4eho"ahJJ8ebre!2 JJ; ? JJ TheBeing% or GodJJshould be omitted% and% instead of it% the 8ebre!2 JJ;tlpioI% or >ord% of the Septuagint be adopted. The 3le,andrian 4e!s had asuperstitious dread of !riting the name of God% and put 8Greek2 urhios;not as a translation% but as a mere mark or signJJe"er one readilunderstanding for !hat it reall stood. )e% !ho ha"e no such superstition%ought surel to restore the 4eho"ah% and thereb bring out in the trueforce the o"er!helming testimon of the Psalms to the di"init of Christ%the 4eho"ah or manifested God.8/;

8*ootnote /2& find the same remark in the late most e,cellent Bishop Sandfords diar%under date /7th ecember% /9572JJ$8Greek2 Cairhete en to urhio urhios;idem significat Fuod 8ebre!2 JJ; apud ebraeos. ebraei enim nomine8ebre!2 JJ; sanctissimo nempe ei nomine% nunFuam in colloFuio utebantur%sed "ice ejus 8ebre!2 JJ; pronuntiabant% Fuod >LL per 8Greek2 urhios;e,primebant.$JJ-emains of Bishop Sandford% "ol. i. p. 567.

Dr. Coleridge sa! this !ork for the first time man months after making theobser"ation in the te,t. &ndeed it !as the "er last book he e"er read. e!as deepl interested in the picture dra!n of the Bishop% and said that themental struggles and bodil sufferings indicated in the iar had been his

o!n for ears past. e conjured me to peruse the Demoir and the iar !ithgreat care2JJ$& ha"e recei"ed%$ said he% $much spiritual comfort andstrength from the latter. ?1 !ere m faith and de"otion% like msufferings% eFual to that good mans1 e felt% as & do% ho! deep a depth is



praer in faith.$

&n connection !ith the te,t% & ma add here% that Dr. C. said% that longbefore he kne! that the late Bishop Diddleton !as of the same opinion% hehad deplored the misleading inadeFuac of our authoriKed "ersion of thee,pression% 8Greek2 prototokos pases ktiseos; in the Epistle to theColossians% i. /.2 8Greek2 hos estin eikon tou Teou tou aoratou%

prototokos pases ktiseos.; e rendered the "erse in these !ords2JJ$)hois the manifestation of God the in"isible% the begotten antecedentl to allcreationH$ obser"ing% that in 8Greek2 prototokos; there !as a doublesuperlati"e of priorit% and that the natural meaning of $firstJborn of e"er creature%$JJthe language of our "ersion%JJafforded no premiss for the causal 8Greek2 hoti; in the ne,t "erse. The same criticism ma be foundin the Statemans Danual% p. <. n.H and see Bishop Sandfords judgment tothe same effect% "ol. i. p. /<.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

& cannot understand the conduct of the Scotch irk !ith regard to poor

&r"ing. The might !ith ample reason ha"e "isited him for the monstrousindecencies of those e,hibitions of the spiritHJJperhaps the irk !ould notha"e been justified in o"erlooking such disgraceful breaches of decorumHbut to e,communicate him on account of his language about Christs bod !as"er foolish. &r"ings e,pressions upon this subject are ill judged%incon"enient% in had taste% and in terms false2 ne"ertheless his apparentmeaning% such as it is% is orthodo,. Christs bodJJas mere bod% or rather carcass Nfor bod is an associated !ordO% !as no more capable of sin or righteousness than mine or oursHJJthat his humanit had a capacit of sin%follo!s from its o!n essence. e !as of like passions as !e% and !astempted. o! could he be tempted% if he had no formal capacit of beingseducedI

&t is &r"ings error to use declamation% high and passionate rhetoric% notintroduced and pioneered b calm and clear logic% !hich isJJto borro! asimile% though !ith a change in the application% from the !ittJ!ise% butnot al!as !iselJ!itt% *ullerJJlike knocking a nail into a board% !ithout!imbling a hole for it% and !hich then either does not enter% or turnscrooked% or splits the !ood it pierces.

3ugust /9. /9==.

D&>T?AS EG?T&SD.JJC>3@&3A.JJSTE-AE.

&n the Paradise >ostJJindeed in e"er one of his poemsJJit is Diltonhimself !hom ou seeH his Satan% his 3dam% his -aphael% almost his E"eJJareall 4ohn DiltonH and it is a sense of this intense egotism that gi"es methe greatest pleasure in reading Diltons !orks. The egotism of such a manis a re"elation of spirit.

( ( ( ( (

Claudian deser"es more attention than is generall paid to him. e is the

link bet!een the old classic and the modern !a of thinking in "erse. 'ou!ill obser"e in him an oscillation bet!een the objecti"e poetr of theancients and the subjecti"e mood of the moderns. is po!er of pleasinglreproducing the same thought in different language is remarkable% as it is



in Pope. -ead particularl the Phoeni,% and see ho! the single image of renascence is "aried.8/;

8*ootnote /2Dr. Coleridge referred to Claudians first &dll2JJ$?ceani summocircumfluus ceFuore lucus Trans &ndos EurumFue "iret%$ c. See the linesJJ

$ic neFue concepto fetu% nec semine surgitHSed pater est prolesFue sibi% nulloFue creanteEmeritos artus foecunda morte reformat%Et petit alternam totidem per funera "itam....Et cumulum te,ens pretiosa fronde SabaeumComponit bustumFue sibi partumFue futurum....? senium positure rogo% falsisFue sepulcrisAatales habiture "ices% Fui saepe renasciE,itio% proprioFue soles pubescere leto% 3ccipe principium rursus.

...Parturiente rogoJJ...+icturi cineresJJ...m fuerat genitor% natus nunc prosilit idem%SucceditFue no"usJJJ...? feli,% haeresFue tui1 Fuo sol"imur omnes%oc tibi suppeditat "iresH praebetur origoPer cineremH moritur te non pereunte senectus.$JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

& think highl of SterneJJthat is% of the first part of Tristram Shand2for as to the latter part about the !ido! )adman% it is stupid anddisgustingH and the Sentimental 4ourne is poor sickl stuff. There is agreat deal of affectation in Sterne% to be sureH but still the charactersof Trim and the t!o Shandies8/; are most indi"idual and delightful.Sternes morals are bad% but & dont think the can do much harm to an one!hom the !ould not find bad enough before. Besides% the oddit and eruditegrimaces under !hich much of his dirt is hidden take a!a the effect for the most partH although% to be sure% the book is scarcel readable b

!omen.

8*ootnote /2Dr. Coleridge considered the character of the father% the elder Shand% asb much the finer delineation of the t!o. & fear his lo! opinion of theSentimental 4ourne !ill not suit a thorough SterneistH but & could ne"er get him to modif his criticism. e said% $The oftener ou read Sterne% themore clearl !ill ou percei"e the great difference bet!een TristramShand and the Sentimental 4ourne. There is truth and realit in the one%and little beond a cle"er affectation in the other.$JJE.;

3ugust 56. /9==.

@D?@- 3A GEA&@S.JJG-E3T P?ETS G?? DEA.JJ&CT&?A ?* TE ?> 3A AE)



TEST3DEAT +E-S&?A.JJEB-E).JJ+?)E>S 3A C?AS?A3ATS.

Den of humour are al!as in some degree men of geniusH !its are rarel so%although a man of genius ma amongst other gifts possess !it% asShakspeare.

( ( ( ( (

Genius must ha"e talent as its complement and implement% just as in likemanner imagination must ha"e fanc. &n short% the higher intellectualpo!ers can onl act through a corresponding energ of the lo!er.

( ( ( ( (

Den of genius are rarel much annoed b the compan of "ulgar people%because the ha"e a po!er of looking at such persons as objects of amusement of another race altogether.

( ( ( ( (

& Fuite agree !ith Strabo% as translated b Ben 4onson in his splendiddedication of the *o,8/;JJthat there can be no great poet !ho is not a goodman% though not% perhaps% a good man. is heart must be pureH he mustha"e learned to look into his o!n heart% and sometimes to look at itH for ho! can he !ho is ignorant of his o!n heart kno! an thing of% or be ableto mo"e% the heart of an one elseI

8*ootnote /28Greek2 de NarheteO poietou sneKektai te tou anthrhopou kai ouchoion te agathon genesthai poieten% me prhoterhon genethenta angrha

agathon.;JJ>ib. &. p. ==. folio.

$*or% if men !ill impartiall% and not asFuint% look to!ard the offices andfunction of a poet% the !ill easil conclude to themsel"es theimpossibilit of an mans being the good poet !ithout first being a goodman.$;

( ( ( ( (

& think there is a perceptible difference in the elegance and correctnessof the English in our "ersions of the ?ld and Ae! Testament. & cannot ieldto the authorit of man e,amples of usages !hich ma be alleged from the

Ae! Testament "ersion. St. Paul is "er often most inadeFuatel rendered%and there are slo"enl phrases !hich !ould ne"er ha"e come from Ben 4onsonor an other good prose !riter of that da.

( ( ( ( (

ebre! is so simple% and its !ords are so fe! and near the roots% that itis impossible to keep up an adeFuate kno!ledge of it !ithout constantapplication. The meanings of the !ords are chiefl traditional. The loss of ?rigens eptaglott Bible% in !hich he had !ritten out the ebre! !ords inGreek characters% is the hea"iest !hich biblical literature has e"er e,perienced. &t !ould ha"e fi,ed the sounds as kno!n at that time.

( ( ( ( (

Brute animals ha"e the "o!el soundsH man onl can utter consonants. &t is



natural% therefore% that the consonants should be marked first% as beingthe frame!ork of the !ordH and no doubt a "er simple li"ing language mightbe !ritten Fuite intelligibl to the nati"es !ithout an "o!el soundsmarked at all. The !ords !ould be traditionall and con"entionallrecogniKed as in short handJJthusJJGd crtd th "n nd th -th. & !ish &understood 3rabicH and et & doubt !hether to the European philosopher or scholar it is !orth !hile to undergo the immense labour of acFuiring that

or an other ?riental tongue% e,cept ebre!.

3ugust 5=. /9==.

G-EE 3CCEAT 3A @3AT&T'.

The distinction bet!een accent and Fuantit is clear% and !as% no doubt%obser"ed b the ancients in the recitation of "erse. But & belie"e suchrecitation to ha"e been al!as an artificial thing% and that the common

con"ersation !as entirel regulated b accent. & do not think it possibleto talk an language !ithout confounding the Fuantit of sllables !iththeir high or lo! tones8/;H although ou ma sing or recitati"e thedifference !ell enough. )h should the marks of accent ha"e been considerede,clusi"el necessar for teaching the pronunciation to the 3siatic or 3frican ellenist% if the kno!ledge of the acuted sllable did not alsocarr the stress of time !ith itI &f 8Greek2 ((anthropos; !as to bepronounced in common con"ersation !ith a perceptible distinction of thelength of the penultima as !ell as of the ele"ation of the antepenultima%!h !as not that long Fuantit also markedI &t !as surel as important aningredient in the pronunciation as the accent. 3nd although the letter omega might in such a !ord sho! the Fuantit% et !hat do ou sa to such

!ords as 8Greek2 lelonchasi% tupsasa;% and the likeJJthe Fuantit of thepenultima of !hich is not marked to the ee at allI Besides% can !ealtogether disregard the practice of the modern GreeksI Their confusion of accent and Fuantit in "erse is of course a barbarism% though a "er oldone% as the "ersus politici of 4ohn TKetKes 85; in the t!elfth centurand the 3nacreontics prefi,ed to Proclus !ill sho!H but these "er e,amplespro"e a fortiori !hat the common pronunciation in prose then !as.

8*ootnote /2This opinion% & need not sa% is in direct opposition to the conclusion of *oster and Ditford% and scarcel reconcilable !ith the apparent meaning of the authorities from the old critics and grammarians. *osters opponent !as

for rejecting the accents and attending onl to the sllabic FuantitHJJDr.C. !ould% in prose% attend to the accents onl as indicators of theFuantit% being unable to concei"e an practical distinction bet!een timeand tone in common speech. 'et ho! can !e deal !ith the authorit of ionsius of alicarnassus alone% !ho% on the one hand% discriminatesFuantit so e,Fuisitel as to make four degrees of shortness in thepenultimates of 8Greek2 JJhodos hr odos% tK opos; and 8Greek2 JJstKophos;% and this e,pressl 8Greek2 JJeu logois psilois;% or plain prose%as !ell as in "erseH and on the other hand declares% according to thee"identl correct interpretation of the passage% that the differencebet!een music and ordinar speech consists in the number onl% and not inthe Fualit% of tones2JJ8Greek2 ((to Poso diallattousa taes su odais kahi

oKnauois% kahi ouchi to Poio. NPeKhi Sun. c. //.I;O The e,tremesensibilit of the 3thenian ear to the accent in prose is% indeed% pro"edb numerous anecdotes% one of the most amusing of !hich% though% perhaps%not the best authenticated as a fact% is that of emosthenes in the Speech



for the Cro!n% asking% $)hether% ? 3thenians% does 3eschines appear to outo be the mercenar N8Greek2 ((misthothos; of 3le,ander% or his guest or friend N8Greek2 ((,enos;OI$ &t is said that he pronounced 8Greek2((misthothos; !ith a false accent on the antepenultima% as 8Greek2((misthotos;% and that upon the audience immediatel cring out% b !a of correction% 8Greek2 ((misthothos;% !ith an emphasis% the orator continuedcooll%JJ8Greek2 ((achoueis a legousi;JJ$'ou ourself hear !hat the

sa1$ emosthenes is also said% !hether affectedl% or in ignorance% toha"e s!orn in some speech b 8Greek2 3sklaepios;% thro!ing the accentfalsel on the antepenultima% and that% upon being interrupted for it% hedeclared% in his justification% that the pronunciation !as proper% for thatthe di"init !as 8Greek2 aepios;% mild. The e,pressions in Plutarch are"er striking2JJ$8Greek2 ((ThoKu,on ekinaesen% omnue dhe kahi thon 3sklaepion% pKopaso,unon 3sklaepion% kai paKedeiknuen autohn oKthoslegonta einai gahK tohn thehon aepion kahi epi outo polakishethoKuKaethae.$ ec. ?rat.JJEd.;

8*ootnote 52See his Chiliads. The sort of "erses to !hich Dr. Coleridge alluded are the

follo!ing% !hich those !ho consider the scansion to be accentual% take for tetrameter catalectic iambics% likeJJ

8Greek2 JJJJ; N

Chil. &.

& ll climb the frost R mountains high R% and there & ll coin R the !eatherH&ll tear the rain R bo! from the sk R% and tie both ends R together.

Some critics% ho!e"er% maintain these "erses to be trochaics% although "er

loose and fault. See *oster% p. //=. 3 curious instance of the earlconfusion of accent and Fuantit ma be seen in Prudentius% !ho shortensthe penultima in eremus and idola% from 8Greek2 eKaemos; and 8Greek2eidola;.

Cui jejuna eremi sa,a loFuacibusE,undant scatebris% c. Cathemer. +. 90.

JJcognatumFue malum% pigmenta% Camoenas% &dola% confla"it fallendi trina potestas. Cont. Smm. :7.JJE.;

3ugust 5:. /9==.

C?AS?>3T&?A &A &ST-ESS.JJJD?C E+3AGE>&C3>S.JJ3@T@DA 3'.

& am ne"er "er for!ard in offering spiritual consolation to an one indistress or disease. & belie"e that such resources% to be of an ser"ice%must be selfJe"ol"ed in the first instance. & am something of the uakersmind in this% and am inclined to !ait for the spirit.

( ( ( ( (

The most common effect of this mock e"angelical spirit% especiall !ithoung !omen% is selfJinflation and busJbodism.



( ( ( ( (

o! strange and a!ful is the snthesis of life and death in the gust !indsand falling lea"es of an autumnal da1

3ugust 5. /9==.

-?SETT& ?A 3ATE.JJ>3@GTE-2 *3-CE 3A T-3GE'.

-osettis "ie! of antes meaning is in great part just% but he has pushedit beond all bounds of common sense. o! could a poetJJand such a poet asanteJJha"e !ritten the details of the allegor as conjectured b -osettiIThe boundaries bet!een his allegor and his pure picturesFue are plainenough% & think% at first reading.

( ( ( ( (

To resol"e laughter into an e,pression of contempt is contrar to fact% andlaughable enough. >aughter is a con"ulsion of the ner"esH and it seems asif nature cut short the rapid thrill of pleasure on the ner"es b a suddencon"ulsion of them% to pre"ent the sensation becoming painful. 3ristotlesdefinition is as good as can be2JJsurprise at percei"ing an thing out of its usual place% !hen the unusualness is not accompanied b a sense of serious danger. Such surprise is al!as pleasurableH and it is obser"ablethat surprise accompanied !ith circumstances of danger becomes tragic.ence farce ma often border on tragedH indeed% farce is nearer traged inits essence than comed is.

3ugust 59. /9==.

B3-?A +?A @DB?>T.JJD?E-A &P>?D3T&STS.

Baron "on umboldt% brother of the great tra"eller% paid me the follo!ingcompliment at -ome2JJ$& confess% Dr. Coleridge% & had m suspicions thatou !ere here in a political capacit of some sort or otherH but uponreflection & acFuit ou. *or in German and% & belie"e% else!here on the

Continent% it is generall understood that the English go"ernment% in order to di"ert the en" and jealous of the !orld at the po!er% !ealth% andingenuit of our nation% makes a point% as a ruse de guerre% of sendingout none but fools of gentlemanl birth and connections as diplomatists tothe courts abroad. 3n e,ception is% perhaps% sometimes made for a cle"er fello!% if sufficientl libertine and unprincipled.$ &s the case muchaltered no!% do ou kno!I

( ( ( ( (

)hat dull co,combs our diplomatists at home generall are. & remember dining at Dr. *reres once in compan !ith Canning and a fe! other

interesting men. 4ust before dinner >ord JJJJ called on *rere% and askedhimself to dinner. *rom the moment of his entr he began to talk to the!hole part% and in *renchJJall of us being genuine EnglishJJand & !as toldhis *rench !as e,ecrable. e had follo!ed the -ussian arm into *rance% and



seen a good deal of the great men concerned in the !ar2 of none of thosethings did he sa a !ord% but !ent on% sometimes in English and sometimesin *rench% gabbling about cooker and dress and the like. 3t last he pausedfor a littleJJand & said a fe! !ords remarking ho! a great image ma bereduced to the ridiculous and contemptible b bringing the constituentparts into prominent detail% and mentioned the grandeur of the deluge andthe preser"ation of life in Genesis and the Paradise >ost 8/;% and the

ludicrous effect produced b ratons description in his Aoahs *lood2JJ

$3nd no! the beasts are !alking from the !ood% 3s !ell of ra"ine% as that che! the cud.The king of beasts his fur doth suppress% 3nd to the 3rk leads do!n the lionessHThe bull for his belo"ed mate doth lo!% 3nd to the 3rk brings on the fairJeed co!%$ c.

ereupon >ord JJJJ resumed% and spoke in raptures of a picture !hich hehad latel seen of Aoahs 3rk% and said the animals !ere all marching t!oand t!o% the little ones first% and that the elephants came last in great

majest and filled up the foreJground. $3h1 no doubt% m >ord%$ saidCanningH $our elephants% !ise fello!s1 staid behind to pack up their trunks1$ This floored the ambassador for half an hour.

&n the si,teenth and se"enteenth centuries almost all our ambassadors !eredistinguished men. 85; -ead >lods State )orthies. The thirdJrate men of those das possessed an infinit of kno!ledge% and !ere intimatel "ersednot onl in the histor% but e"en in the heraldr% of the countries in!hich the !ere resident. Den !ere almost al!as% e,cept for merecompliments% chosen for their de,terit and e,perienceJJnot% as no!% bparliamentar interest.

8*ootnote /2 Genesis% c. "i. "ii. Par. >ost% book ,i. ". 759% c.;

8*ootnote 52'et iego de DendoKa% the author of >aKarillo de Tormes% himself a "eterandiplomatist% describes his brethren of the craft% and their duties% in thereigns of Charles the Emperor and Philip the Second% in the follo!ingterms2JJ

? embajadores% puros majaderos% ue si los rees Fuieren enganar% ComienKan por nosotros los primeros. Auestro maor negocio es% no danar%

' jamas hacer cosa% ni deKilla% ue no corramos riesgo de ensenar.

)hat a pit it is that modern diplomatists% !ho% for the most part% "ercarefull obser"e the precept contained in the last t!o lines of thispassage% should not eFuall bear in mind the importance of the precedingremarkJJthat their principal business is just to do no mischief.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

The sure !a to make a foolish ambassador is to bring him up to it. )hatcan an English minister abroad reall !ant but an honest and bold heart% a

lo"e for his countr and the ten commandmentsI 'our art diplomatic isstuff2JJno trul greatl man no! !ould negotiate upon an such shallo!principles.



3ugust =6. /9==.

D3A C3AA?T BE ST3T&?A3-'.JJ*3T3>&SD 3A P-?+&EACE.JJS'DP3T' &A 4?'.

&f a man is not rising up!ards to be an angel% depend upon it% he issinking do!n!ards to be a de"il. e cannot stop at the beast. The mostsa"age of men are not beastsH the are !orse% a great deal !orse.

( ( ( ( (

The conduct of the Dohammedan and )estern nations on the subject of contagious plague illustrates the t!o e,tremes of error on the nature of Gods moral go"ernment of the !orld. The Turk changes Pro"idence intofatalismH the Christian relies upon itJJ!hen he has nothing else to relon. e does not practicall rel upon it at all.

( ( ( ( (

*or compassion a human heart sufficesH but for full and adeFuate smpath!ith jo an angels onl. 3nd e"er remember% that the more e,Fuisite anddelicate a flo!er of jo% the tenderer must be the hand that plucks it.

September 5. /9==.

C3-3CTE-&ST&C TEDPE-3DEAT ?* A3T&?AS.JJG-EE P3-T&C>ES.JJ>3T&[email protected]

JP-?PE-T&@S.JJT&B@>>@S.JJ>@C3A.JJST3T&@S.JJ+3>E-&@S *>[email protected]>3@&3A.JJPE-S&@S.JJJJJJP-@EAT&@S.JJE-DES&3A3L.

The English affect stimulant nourishmentJJbeef and beer. The *rench%e,citants% irritantsJJnitrous o,ide% alcohol% champagne. The 3ustrians%sedati"esJJhoscamus. The -ussians% narcoticsJJopium% tobacco% and beng.

( ( ( ( (

&t is !orth particular notice ho! the stle of Greek orator% so full% inthe times of political independence% of connecti"e particles% some of

passion% some of sensation onl% and escaping the classification of meregrammatical logic% became% in the hands of the declaimers and philosophersof the 3le,andrian era% and still later% entirel depri"ed of thispeculiarit. So it !as !ith omer as compared !ith Aonnus% Trphiodorus%and the like. &n the latter there are in the same number of lines fe!er !ords b one half than in the &liad. 3ll the appoggiaturas of time arelost.

3ll the Greek !riters after emosthenes and his contemporaries% !hat arethe but the lea"ings of trann% in !hich a fe! precious things seemsheltered b the mass of rubbish1 'et% !hene"er libert began but to hopeand stri"e% a Polbius appeared. Theocritus is almost the onl instance &

kno! of a man of true poetic genius nourishing under a trann.

The old >atin poets attempted to compound as largel as the GreekH hence inEnnius such !ords as belligerentes% c. &n nothing did +irgil sho! his



judgment more than in rejecting these% e,cept just !here common usage hadsanctioned them% as omnipotens and a fe! more. e sa! that the >atin !astoo far ad"anced in its formation% and of too rigid a character% to admitsuch composition or agglutination. &n this particular respect +irgils>atin is "er admirable and deser"ing preference. Compare it !ith thelanguage of >ucan or Statius% and count the number of !ords used in aneFual number of lines% and obser"e ho! man more short !ords +irgil has.

( ( ( ( (

& cannot Fuite understand the grounds of the high admiration !hich theancients e,pressed for Propertius% and & o!n that Tibullus is rather insipid to me. >ucan !as a man of great po!ersH but !hat !as to be made of such a shapeless fragment of part !arfare% and so recent too1 e had fancrather than imagination% and passion rather than fanc. is taste !as!retched% to be sureH still the Pharsalia is in m judgment a "er!onderful !ork for such a outh as >ucan8/; !as.

& think Statius a truer poet than >ucan% though he is "er e,tra"agant

sometimes. +alerius *laccus is "er prett in particular passages. & amashamed to sa% & ha"e ne"er read Silius &talicus. Claudian & recommend toour careful perusal% in respect of his being properl the first of themoderns% or at least the transitional link bet!een the Classic and theGothic mode of thought.

& call Persius hardJJnot obscure. e had a bad stleH but & dare sa% if hehad li"ed85;% he !ould ha"e learned to e,press himself in easier language.There are man passages in him of e,Fuisite felicit% and his "ein of thought is manl and pathetic.

Prudentius8=; is curious for this%JJthat ou see ho! Christianit forced

allegor into the place of mtholog. Dr. *rere 8Greek2 ho philokalos% hokalokagathos; used to esteem the >atin Christian poets of &tal "erhighl% and no man in our times !as a more competent judge than he.

8*ootnote /2>ucan died b the command of Aero% 3.. <% in his t!entJsi,th ear. &think this should be printed at the beginning of e"er book of thePharsalia.JJE.;

8*ootnote 52 3ulus Persius *laccus died in the =6th ear of his age% 3.. <5.JJE.;

8*ootnote =2 3urelius Prudentius Clemens !as born 3.. =:9% in Spain.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

o! "er prett are those lines of ermesiana, in 3thenaeus about the poetsand poetesses of Greece18/;

8*ootnote /2See the fragment from the >eontium2JJ

8Greek2 ?ien men philos huios anegagen ?iagrhoio

3grhiopen% Tressan steilamenos kitharen 3idothen k. t. l.; 3then. ,iii. s. 7/JJE;



September :. /9==.

EST-@CT&?A ?* 4E-@S3>ED.JJEP&C P?ED.JJGE-D3A 3A EAG>&S.JJD?E-A T-3+E>S.JJP3-3&SE>?ST.

& ha"e alread told ou that in m opinion the destruction of 4erusalem is

the onl subject no! left for an epic poem of the highest kind. 'et% !ithall its great capabilities% it has this one grand defectJJthat% !hereas apoem% to be epic% must ha"e a personal interest%JJin the destruction of 4erusalem no genius or skill could possibl preser"e the interest for thehero from being merged in the interest for the e"ent. The fact is% thee"ent itself is too sublime and o"er!helming.

( ( ( ( (

&n m judgment% an epic poem must either be national or mundane. 3s to 3rthur% ou could not b an means make a poem on him national toEnglishmen. )hat ha"e !e to do !ith himI Dilton sa! this% and !ith a

judgment at least eFual to his genius% took a mundane themeJJone common toall mankind. is 3dam and E"e are all men and !omen inclusi"el. PopesatiriKes Dilton for making God the *ather talk like a school di"ine.8/;Pope !as hardl the man to criticiKe Dilton. The truth is% the judgment of Dilton in the conduct of the celestial part of his stor is "er e,Fuisite.)here"er God is represented as directl acting as Creator% !ithout ane,hibition of his o!n essence% Dilton adopts the simplest and sternestlanguage of the Scriptures. e "entures upon no poetic diction% noamplification% no pathos% no affection. &t is trul the +oice or the )ordof the >ord coming to% and acting on% the subject Chaos. But% as somepersonal interest !as demanded for the purposes of poetr% Dilton takesad"antage of the dramatic representation of Gods address to the Son% the

*ilial 3lterit% and in those addresses slips in% as it !ere b stealth%language of affection% or thought% or sentiment. &ndeed% although Dilton!as undoubtedl a high 3rian in his mature life% he does in the necessitof poetr gi"e a greater objecti"it to the *ather and the Son% than he!ould ha"e justified in argument. e !as "er !ise in adopting the stronganthropomorphism of the ebre! Scriptures at once. Compare the Paradise>ost !ith lopstocks Dessiah% and ou !ill learn to appreciate Diltons judgment and skill Fuite as much as his genius.

8*ootnote /2

$Diltons strong pinion no! not ea"n can bound%

Ao!% serpentJlike% in prose he s!eeps the groundH&n Fuibbles angel and archangel join% 3nd God the *ather turns a school di"ine.$

/ Epist. 5d book of or. ". 00.;

( ( ( ( (

The conFuest of &ndia b Bacchus might afford scope for a "er brilliantpoem of the fanc and the understanding.

( ( ( ( (

&t is not that the German can e,press e,ternal imager more full thanEnglishH but that it can flash more images at once on the mind than theEnglish can. 3s to mere po!er of e,pression% & doubt !hether e"en the Greek



surpasses the English. Pra% read a "er pleasant and acute dialogue inSchlegels 3thenaeum bet!een a German% a Greek% a -oman% &talian% and a*renchman% on the merits of their respecti"e languages.

( ( ( ( (

& !ish the na"al and militar officers !ho !rite accounts of their tra"els

!ould just spare us their sentiment. The DagaKines introduced this cant.>et these gentlemen read and imitate the old captains and admirals% asampier% c.

?ctober /. /9==.

TE T-&A&T'.JJ&AC3-A3T&?A.JJ-EEDPT&?A.JJE@C3T&?A.

The Trinit is the idea2 the &ncarnation% !hich implies the *all% is the

fact2 the -edemption is the mesothesis of the t!oJJthat isJJthe religion.

( ( ( ( (

&f ou bring up our children in a !a !hich puts them out of smpath !iththe religious feelings of the nation in !hich the li"e% the chances are%that the !ill ultimatel turn out ruffians or fanaticsJJand one as likelas the other.

?ctober 5=. /9==.

E>EG'.JJ>3+3C-@D P3>>3?S.JJG-EE 3A >3T&A PEAT3DETE-.JJD&>T?AS >3T&AP?EDS.JJP?ET&C3> *&>TE-.JJG-3' 3A C?TT?A.

Eleg is the form of poetr natural to the reflecti"e mind. &t ma treatof an subject% but it must treat of no subject for itselfH but al!asand e,clusi"el !ith reference to the poet himself. 3s he !ill feel regretfor the past or desire for the future% so sorro! and lo"e become theprincipal themes of eleg. Eleg presents e"er thing as lost and gone% or absent and future. The eleg is the e,act opposite of the omeric epic% in!hich all is purel e,ternal and objecti"e% and the poet is a mere "oice.

The true lric ode is subjecti"e tooH but then it delights to presentthings as actuall e,isting and "isible% although associated !ith the past%or coloured highl b the subject of the ode itself.

( ( ( ( (

& think the >a"acrum Pallados of Callimachus "er beautiful indeed%especiall that part about the mother of Tiresias and Diner"a.8/; & ha"e amind to tr ho! it !ould bear translationH but !hat metre ha"e !e to ans!er in feeling to the elegiac couplet of the GreeksI

& greatl prefer the Greek rhthm of the short "erse to ?"ids% though%obser"e% & dont dispute his taste !ith reference to the genius of his o!nlanguage. 3ugustus Schlegel ga"e me a cop of >atin elegiacs on the ing of Prussias going do!n the -hine% in !hich he had almost e,clusi"el adopted



the manner of Propertius. & thought them "er elegant.

8*ootnote /2Greek2Paides% 3thanaia numphan mian en poka TheKais poolu ti kai peKi de philato tan heteKan%mateKa TeiKesiao% kai oupoka choKis egento k.t.l.

" 7% c.;

( ( ( ( (

'ou ma find a fe! minute faults in Diltons >atin "ersesH but ou !ill notpersuade me that% if these poems had come do!n to us as !ritten in theage of Tiberius% !e should not ha"e considered them to be "er beautiful.

( ( ( ( (

& once thought of making a collection%JJto be called $The Poetical*ilter%$JJupon the principle of simpl omitting from the old pieces of

lrical poetr !hich !e ha"e% those parts in !hich the !him or the badtaste of the author or the fashion of his age pre"ailed o"er his genius.'ou !ould be surprised at the number of e,Fuisite !holes !hich might bemade b this simple operation% and% perhaps% b the insertion of a singleline or half a line% out of poems !hich are no! utterl disregarded onaccount of some odd or incongruous passages in themHJJjust as !hole "olumesof )ords!orths poems !ere formerl neglected or laughed at% solel becauseof some fe! !ilfulnesses% if & ma so call them% of that great manJJ!hilstat the same time fi"e si,ths of his poems !ould ha"e been admired% andindeed popular% if the had appeared !ithout those dra!backs% under thename of Bron or Doore or Campbell% or an other of the fashionablefa"ourites of the da. But he has !on the battle no!% a1 and !ill !ear the

cro!n% !hilst English is English.

( ( ( ( (

& think there is something "er majestic in Gras &nstallation ?deH but asto the Bard and the rest of his lrics% & must sa & think them frigid andartificial. There is more real lric feeling in Cottons ?de on )inter.8/;

8*ootnote /2>et me borro! Dr. )ords!orths account of% and Fuotation from% this poem2JJ

$*inall% & !ill refer to Cottons ?de upon )inter% an admirable

composition% though stained !ith some peculiarities of the age in !hich heli"ed% for a general illustration of the characteristics of *anc. Themiddle part of this ode contains a most li"el description of the entranceof )inter% !ith his retinue% as a palsied king% and et a militarmonarch% ad"ancing for conFuest !ith his armH the se"eral bodies of !hich%and their arms and eFuipments% are described !ith a rapidit of detail% anda profusion of fanciful comparisons% !hich indicate% on the part of thepoet% e,treme acti"it of intellect% and a correspondent hurr of delightful feeling. e retires from the foe into his fortress% !hereJJ

a magaKine?f so"ereign juice is cellared inH

>iFuor that !ill the siege maintainShould Phoebus neer return again.$

Though mself a !aterJdrinker% & cannot resist the pleasure of transcribing



!hat follo!s% as an instance still more happ of *anc emploed in thetreatment of feeling than% in its preceding passages% the poem supplies of her management of forms.

Tis that% that gi"es the Poet rage% 3nd tha!s the gelld blood of 3geHDatures the 'oung% restores the ?ld%

3nd makes the fainting co!ard bold.

&t las the careful head to rest%Calms palpitations in the breast%-enders our li"es misfortune s!eetH

( ( ( ( (

Then let the chill Scirocco blo!% 3nd gird us round !ith hills of sno!H?r else go !histle to the shore% 3nd make the hollo! mountains roar2

)hilst !e together jo"ial sitCareless% and cro!ned !ith mirth and !itH)here% though bleak !inds confine us home%?ur fancies round the !orld shall roam.

)ell think of all the friends !e kno!% 3nd drink to all !orth drinking toH)hen% ha"ing drunk all thine and mine%)e rather shall !ant healths than !ine.

But !here friends fail us% !ell suppl

?ur friendships !ith our charitHDen that remote in sorro!s li"eShall b our lust brimmers thri"e.

)ell drink the !anting into !ealth% 3nd those that languish into health%Th afflicted into jo% th opprest&nto securit and rest.

The !orth in disgrace shall find*a"our return again more kind% 3nd in restraint !ho stifled lie

Shall taste the air of libert.

The bra"e shall triumph in success%The lo"ers shall ha"e mistresses%Poor unregarded "irtue% praise% 3nd the neglected poet% bas.

Thus shall our healths do others good%)hilst !e oursel"es do all !e !ouldH*or% freed from en" and from care%)hat !ould !e be but !hat !e areI

Preface to the editions of Dr. ).s Poems% in /9/ and /956.JJE.;



Ao"ember /. /9==.

?DE-&C E-?ES &A S3SPE3-E.JJ-'EA.JJ-. 4?AS?A.JJSC?TTS A?+E>S.JJSC?PE ?* C-&ST&3A&T'.

Compare Aestor% 3ja,% 3chilles% c. in the Troilus and Cressida of Shakspeare !ith their namesakes in the &liad. The old heroes seem all toha"e been at school e"er since. & scarcel kno! a more striking instance of the strength and pregnanc of the Gothic mind.

rdens genius !as of that sort !hich catches fire b its o!n motionH hischariot !heels get hot b dri"ing fast.

( ( ( ( (

r. 4ohnson seems to ha"e been reall more po!erful in discoursing "i"a"oce in con"ersation than !ith his pen in hand. &t seems as if the

e,citement of compan called something like realit and consecuti"enessinto his reasonings% !hich in his !ritings & cannot see. is antitheses arealmost al!as "erbal onlH and sentence after sentence in the -ambler mabe pointed out to !hich ou cannot attach an definite meaning !hate"er. &nhis political pamphlets there is more truth of e,pression than in his other !orks% for the same reason that his con"ersation is better than his!ritings in general. e !as more e,cited and in earnest.

( ( ( ( (

)hen & am "er ill indeed% & can read Scotts no"els% and the are almostthe onl books & can then read. & cannot at such times read the BibleH m

mind reflects on it% but & cant bear the open page.

( ( ( ( (

@nless Christianit be "ie!ed and felt in a high and comprehensi"e !a% ho!large a portion of our intellectual and moral nature does it lea"e !ithoutobject and action1

( ( ( ( (

>et a oung man separate & from De as far as he possibl can% and remo"e Detill it is almost lost in the remote distance. $& am me%$ is as bad a fault

in intellectuals and morals as it is in grammar% !hilst none but oneJJGodJJcan sa% $& am &%$ or $That & am.$

Ao"ember 0. /9==.

T&DES ?* C3->ES &.

o! man books are still !ritten and published about Charles the *irst andhis times1 Such is the fresh and enduring interest of that grand crisis of

morals% religion% and go"ernment1 But these books are none of them !orks of an genius or imaginationH not one of these authors seems to be able tothro! himself back into that ageH if the did% there !ould be less praiseand less blame besto!ed on both sides.



ecember 5/. /9==.

DESSEAGE- ?* TE C?+EA3ATJJP-?PEC'.JJ>?G&C ?* &E3S 3A ?* S'>>?G&SDS.

)hen & reflect upon the subject of the messenger of the co"enant% andobser"e the distinction taken in the prophets bet!een the teaching andsuffering Christ%JJthe Priest% !ho !as to precede% and the triumphantDessiah% the 4udge% !ho !as to follo!%JJand ho! 4esus al!as seems to speakof the Son of Dan in a future sense% and et al!as at the same time asidentical !ith himselfH & sometimes think that our >ord himself in hisearthl career !as the DessengerH and that the !a is no! still preparing for the great and "isible ad"ent of the Dessiah of Glor. & mention thisdoubtingl.

( ( ( ( (

)hat a beautiful sermon or essa might be !ritten on the gro!th of prophec1JJfrom the germ% no bigger than a mans hand% in Genesis% till thecolumn of cloud gathers siKe and height and substance% and assumes theshape of a perfect manH just like the smoke in the 3rabian Aights tale%!hich comes up and at last takes a genies shape.8/;

8*ootnote /2The passage in Dr. Coleridges mind !as% & suppose% the follo!ing2JJ$eNthe fishermanO set it before him% and !hile he looked upon it attenti"el%there came out a "er thick smoke% !hich obliged him to retire t!o or threepaces from it. The smoke ascended to the clouds% and e,tending itself along

the sea% and upon the shore% formed a great mist% !hich% !e ma !ellimagine% did mightil astonish the fisherman. )hen the smoke !as all out of the "essel% it reunited itself% and became a solid bod% of !hich there !asformed a genie t!ice as high as the greatest of giants.$ Stor of the*isherman. Ainth Aight.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

The logic of ideas is to that of sllogisms as the infinitesimal calculusto common arithmeticH it pro"es% but at the same time supersedes.

4anuar /. /9=:.

>3A?-S P?ET-'.JJBE3@T'.JJC-?A?>?G&C3> 3--3AGEDEAT ?* )?-S.

)hat is it that Dr. >andor !ants% to make him a poetI is po!ers arecertainl "er considerable% but he seems to be totall deficient in thatmodifing facult% !hich compresses se"eral units into one !hole. The truthis% he does not possess imagination in its highest form%JJthat of stamping il piu nell uno. ence his poems% taken as !holes% are unintelligibleHou ha"e eminences e,cessi"el bright% and all the ground around and

bet!een them in darkness. Besides !hich% he has ne"er learned% !ith all hisenerg% ho! to !rite simple and lucid English.

( ( ( ( (



The useful% the agreeable% the beautiful% and the good% aredistinguishable. 'ou are !rong in resol"ing beaut into e,pression or interestH it is Fuite distinctH indeed it is opposite% although notcontrar. Beaut is an immediate presence% bet!een NinterO !hich and thebeholder nihil est. &t is al!as one and tranFuilH !hereas theinteresting al!as disturbs and is disturbed. & e,ceedingl regret the loss

of those essas on beaut% !hich & !rote in a Bristol ne!spaper. & !ouldgi"e much to reco"er them.

( ( ( ( (

3fter all ou can sa% & still think the chronological order the best for arranging a poets !orks. 3ll our di"isions are in particular instancesinadeFuate% and the destro the interest !hich arises from !atching theprogress% maturit% and e"en the deca of genius.

4anuar =. /9=:.

T?>E-3T&?A.JJA?-)EG&3AS.

& ha"e kno!n books !ritten on Tolerance% the proper title of !hich !ouldbeJJintolerant or intolerable books on tolerance. Should not a man !ho!rites a book e,pressl to inculcate tolerance learn to treat !ith respect%or at least !ith indulgence% articles of faith !hich tens of thousands tentimes told of his fello!Jsubjects or his fello!Jcreatures belie"e !ith alltheir souls% and upon the truth of !hich the rest their tranFuillit inthis !orld% and their hopes of sal"ation in the ne,t%JJthose articles being

at least maintainable against his arguments% and most certainl innocent inthemsel"esIJJ&s it fitting to run 4esus Christ in a sill parallel !ithSocratesJJthe Being !hom thousand millions of intellectual creatures% of !hom & am a humble unit% take to be their -edeemer% !ith an 3thenianphilosopher% of !hom !e should kno! nothing e,cept through hisglorification in Plato and LenophonIJJ3nd then to hitch >atimer andSer"etus together1 To be sure there !as a stake and a fire in each case%but !here the rest of the resemblance is & cannot see. )hat ground is therefor thro!ing the odium of Ser"etuss death upon Cal"in aloneIJJ)h% themild Delancthon !rote to Cal"in8/;% e,pressl to testif his concurrence inthe act% and no doubt he spoke the sense of the German reformersH the S!isschurches ad"ised the punishment in formal letters% and & rather think

there are letters from the English di"ines% appro"ing Cal"ins conduct1JJBefore a man deals out the slang of the da about the great leaders of the-eformation% he should learn to thro! himself back to the age of the-eformation% !hen the t!o great parties in the church !ere eagerl on the!atch to fasten a charge of heres on the other. Besides% if e"er a poor fanatic thrust% himself into the fire% it !as Dichael Ser"etus. e !as arabid enthusiast% and did e"er thing he could in the !a of insult andribaldr to pro"oke the feeling of the Christian church. e called theTrinit triceps monstrum et Cerberum Fuendam tripartitum% and so on.

&ndeed% ho! should the principle of religious toleration ha"e beenackno!ledged at firstIJJ&t !ould reFuire stronger arguments than an !hich

& ha"e heard as et% to pro"e that men in authorit ha"e not a right%in"ol"ed in an imperati"e dut% to deter those under their control fromteaching or countenancing doctrines !hich the belie"e to be damnable% ande"en to punish !ith death those !ho "iolate such prohibition. & am sure



that Bellarmine !ould ha"e had small difficult in turning >ocke round hisfingers ends upon this ground. 3 right to protection & can understandHbut a right to toleration seems to me a contradiction in terms. Somecriterion must in an case be adopted b the stateH other!ise it might becompelled to admit !hate"er hideous doctrine and practice an man or number of men ma assert to be his or their religion% and an article of his or their faith. &t !as the same Pope !ho commanded the -omanists of England to

separate from the national church% !hich pre"iousl their o!n conscienceshad not dictated% nor the decision of an council%JJand !ho also commandedthem to rebel against ueen EliKabeth% !hom the !ere bound to obe b thela!s of the landH and if the Pope had authorit for one% he must ha"e hadit for the other. The onl true argument% as it seems to me% apart fromChristianit% for a discriminating toleration is% that it is of no use toattempt to stop heres or schism b persecution% unless% perhaps% it beconducted upon the plan of direct !arfare and massacre. 'ou cannot preser"e men in the faith b such means% though ou ma stifle for a !hilean open appearance of dissent. The e,periment has no! been tried% and ithas failedH and that is b a great deal the best argument for themagistrate against a repetition of it.

& kno! this%JJthat if a parcel of fanatic missionaries !ere to go toAor!a% and !ere to attempt to disturb the fer"ent and undoubting>utheranism of the fine independent inhabitants of the interior of thatcountr% & should be right glad to hear that the bus fools had beenFuietl shipped offJJan !here. & dont include the people of the seaportsin m praise of the Aor!egiansHJJ& speak of the agricultural population. &f that countr could be brought to maintain a million more of inhabitants%Aor!a might def the !orldH it !ould be 8Greek2 autarhkas; andimpregnableH but it is much underJhanded no!.

8*ootnote /2

Delancthons !ords are2JJ$Tuo judicio prorsus assentior. 3ffirmoetiam "estros magistratus juste fecisse Fuod hominem blasphemum% reordine judicata% interfecerunt.$ /:th ?ct. /:.JJE.;

4anuar /5. /9=:.

3-T&C>ES ?* *3&T.JJD?E-A @3E-&SD.JJE+?T&?A3>SP&-&T.JJSECT3-&3A&SD.JJ?-&GEA.

& ha"e dra!n up four or perhaps fi"e articles of faith% b subscription% or rather b assent% to !hich & think a large comprehension might take place.D articles !ould e,clude @nitarians% and & am sorr to sa% members of thechurch of -ome% but !ith this differenceJJthat the e,clusion of @nitarians!ould be necessar and perpetualH that of the members of the church of -omedepending on each indi"iduals o!n conscience and intellectual light. )hat& mean is this2JJthat the -omanists hold the faith in Christ%JJbutunhappil the also hold certain opinions% partl ceremonial% partlde"otional% partl speculati"e% !hich ha"e so fatal a facilit of beingdegraded into base% corrupting% and e"en idolatrous practices% that if the-omanist !ill make them of the essence of his religion% he must of coursebe e,cluded. 3s to the uakers% & hardl kno! !hat to sa. 3n article on

the sacraments !ould e,clude them. D doubt is% !hether Baptism and theEucharist are properl an parts of Christianit% or not rather Christianit itselfHJJthe one% the initial con"ersion or light%JJthe other%the sustaining and in"igorating lifeHJJboth together the 8Greek2 phos ahi



Koha;% !hich are Christianit. 3 line can onl begin onceH hence% therecan be no repetition of baptismH but a line ma be endlessl prolonged bcontinued productionH hence the sacrament of lo"e and life lasts for e"er.

But reall there is no kno!ing !hat the modern uakers are% or belie"e%e,cepting thisJJthat the are altogether degenerated from their ancestorsof the se"enteenth centur. & should call modern uakerism% so far as &

kno! it as a scheme of faith% a Socinian Cal"inism. Penn himself !as aSabellian% and seems to ha"e disbelie"ed e"en the historical fact of thelife and death of 4esusHJJmost certainl 4esus of AaKareth !as not PennsChrist% if he had an. &t is amusing to see the modern uakers appealingno! to histor for a confirmation of their tenets and disciplineJJand b sodoing% in effect abandoning the strong hold of their founders. 3s an imperium in imperio% & think the original uakerism a conception !orthof >curgus. Dodern uakerism is like one of those gigantic trees !hich areseen in the forests of Aorth 3merica%JJapparentl flourishing% andpreser"ing all its greatest stretch and spread of branchesH but !hen oucut through an enormousl thick and gnarled bark% ou find the !hole insidehollo! and rotten. Dodern uakerism% like such a tree% stands upright b

help of its in"eterate bark alone. Bark a uaker% and he is a poor creature.

( ( ( ( (

o! much the de"otional spirit of the church has suffered b that necessare"il% the -eformation% and the sects !hich ha"e sprung up subseFuentl toit1 3ll our modern praers seem tongueJtied. )e appear to be thinking moreof a"oiding an heretical e,pression or thought than of opening oursel"es toGod. )e do not pra !ith that entire% unsuspecting% unfearing% childlikeprofusion of feeling% !hich so beautifull shines forth in 4erem Talor and 3ndre!es and the !ritings of some of the older and better saints of the

-omish church% particularl of that remarkable !oman% St. Theresa.8/; 3ndcertainl Protestants% in their an,iet to ha"e the historical argument ontheir side% ha"e brought do!n the origin of the -omish errors too late.Dan of them began% no doubt% in the 3postolic age itselfHJJ& sa errorsJJnot heresies% as that dullest of the fathers% Epiphanius% calls them.Epiphanius is "er long and fierce upon the Ebionites. There ma ha"e beenreal heretics under that nameH but & belie"e that% in the beginning% thename !as% on account of its ebre! meaning% gi"en to% or adopted b% somepoor mistaken menJJperhaps of the AaKarene !aJJ!ho sold all their goodsand lands% and !ere then obliged to beg. & think it not improbable thatBarnabas !as one of these chief mendicantsH and that the collection made bSt. Paul !as for them. 'ou should read -henferds account of the earl

heresies. & think he demonstrates about eight of Epiphaniuss heretics tobe mere nicknames gi"en b the 4e!s to the Christians. -ead $ermas% or theShepherd%$ of the genuineness of !hich and of the epistle of Barnabas &ha"e no doubt. &t is perfectl orthodo,% but full of the most ludicroustricks of gnostic fancJJthe !ish to find the Ae! Testament in the ?ld.This gnosis is perceptible in the Epistle to the ebre!s% but kepte,Fuisitel !ithin the limit of propriet. &n the others it is rampant% andmost trul $puffeth up%$ as St. Paul said of it.

)hat bet!een the sectarians and the political economists% the English aredenationaliKed. England & see as a countr% but the English nation seemsobliterated. )hat could redintegrate us againI Dust it be another threat of

foreign in"asionI

8*ootnote /2She !as a nati"e of 3"ila in ?ld Castile% and a Carmelite nun. Theresa



established an order !hich she called the $-eformed%$ and !hich became "erpo!erful. er !orks are di"ided into ten books% of !hich her autobiographforms a remarkable part. She died in /95% and !as canonised b Gregor L+.in /<55JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

& ne"er can digest the loss of most of ?rigens !orks2 he seems to ha"ebeen almost the onl "er great scholar and genius combined amongst theearl *athers. 4erome !as "er inferior to him.

4anuar 56. /9=:.

S?DE DEA >&E D@S&C3> G>3SSES.JJS@B>&DE 3A A?ASEASE.JJ3TE&ST.

Some men are like musical glassesHJJto produce their finest tones% ou must

keep them !et.

( ( ( ( (

)ell1 that passage is !hat & call the sublime dashed to pieces b cuttingtoo close !ith the fier fourJinJhand round the corner of nonsense.

( ( ( ( (

o! did the 3theist get his idea of that God !hom he deniesI

*ebruar 55. /9=:.

P-??* ?* EL&STEACE ?* G?.JJ3ATS 3TTEDPT.JJP>@-3>&T'?* )?->S.

3ssume the e,istence of God%JJand then the harmon and fitness of thephsical creation ma be sho!n to correspond !ith and support such anassumptionHJJbut to set about pro"ing the e,istence of a God b suchmeans is a mere circle% a delusion. &t can be no proof to a good reasoner%unless he "iolates all sllogistic logic% and presumes his conclusion.

ant once set about pro"ing the e,istence of God% and a masterl effort it!as.( But in his later great !ork% the $CritiFue of the Pure -eason%$ hesa! its fallac% and said of itJJthat if the e,istence could he pro"ed at all% it must be on the grounds indicated b him.

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& ne"er could feel an force in the arguments for a pluralit of !orlds% inthe common acceptation of that term. 3 lad once asked meJJ$)hat then couldbe the intention in creating so man great bodies% so apparentl useless tousI$ & saidJJ& did not kno!% e,cept perhaps to make dirt cheap. The "ulgar

inference is in alio genere. )hat in the ee of an intellectual andomnipotent Being is the !hole sidereal sstem to the soul of one man for !hom Christ diedI



Darch /. /9=:.

3 -E3S?AE-.

& am b the la! of m nature a reasoner. 3 person !ho should suppose &meant b that !ord% an arguer% 8/; !ould not onl not understand me% but!ould understand the contrar of m meaning. & can take no interest!hate"er in hearing or saing an thing merel as a factJJmerel as ha"inghappened. &t must refer to something !ithin me before & can regard it !ithan curiosit or care. D mind is al!as energicJJ& dont mean energeticH &reFuire in e"er thing !hat% for lack of another !ord% & ma call propriet%JJthat is% a reason !h the thing is at all% and !h it is there or then rather than else!here or at another time.

8*ootnote /2&n his essa% $er einKig moegliche Be!eisgrund Ku einer emonstration des

asens Gottes.$JJ$The onl possible argument or ground of proof for ademonstration of the e,istence of God.$ &t !as published in /7<=H the$CritiFue$ in /79/.JJE.;

Darch . /9=:.

S3SPE3-ES &ATE>>ECT@3> 3CT&?A.JJC-3BBE 3AS?@TE'.JJPETE- S&DP>E 3A T?D C-&AG>ES >?G.

Shakspeares intellectual action is !holl unlike that of Ben 4onson or Beaumont and *letcher. The latter see the totalit of a sentence or passage% and then project it entire. Shakspeare goes on creating% ande"ol"ing B. out of 3.% and C. out of B.% and so on% just as a serpentmo"es% !hich makes a fulcrum of its o!n bod% and seems for e"er t!istingand unt!isting its o!n strength.

( ( ( ( (

& think Crabbe and Southe are something alikeH but Crabbes poems arefounded on obser"ation and real lifeJJSouthes on fanc and books. &nfacilit the are eFual% though Crabbes English is of course not upon a

le"el !ith Southes% !hich is ne,t door to faultless. But in Crabbe thereis an absolute defect of the high imaginationH he gi"es me little or nopleasure2 et% no doubt% he has much po!er of a certain kind% and it isgood to culti"ate% e"en at some pains% a catholic taste in literature. &read all sorts of books !ith some pleasure e,cept modern sermons andtreatises on political econom.

( ( ( ( (

& ha"e recei"ed a great deal of pleasure from some of the modern no"els%especiall Captain Darrats $Peter Simple.$ That book is nearer Smollettthan an & remember. 3nd $Tom Cringles >og$ in Black!ood is also most

e,cellent.



Darch /. /9=:.

[email protected] 4?AS?A.JJBE3@D?AT 3A *>ETCE-.JJ3A&E>.JJD3SS&AGE-.

& take unceasing delight in Chaucer. is manl cheerfulness is especiall

delicious to me in m old age.8/; o! e,Fuisitel tender he is% and et ho!perfectl free from the least touch of sickl melanchol or morbiddrooping1 The smpath of the poet !ith the subjects of his poetr isparticularl remarkable in Shakspeare and ChaucerH but !hat the firsteffects b a strong act of imagination and mental metamorphosis% the lastdoes !ithout an effort% merel b the inborn kindl joousness of hisnature. o! !ell !e seem to kno! Chaucer1 o! absolutel nothing do !e kno!of Shakspeare1

& cannot in the least allo! an necessit for Chaucers poetr% especiallthe Canterbur Tales% being considered obsolete. >et a fe! plain rules begi"en for sounding the final e of sllables% and for e,pressing the

termination of such !ords as ocean% and natioen% c. as dissllables%JJor let the sllables to be sounded in such cases be marked b a competentmetrist. This simple e,pedient !ould% !ith a "er fe! trifling e,ceptions%!here the errors are in"eterate% enable an reader to feel the perfectsmoothness and harmon of Chaucers "erse.

8*ootnote /2Eighteen ears before% Dr. Coleridge entertained the same feelings to!ardsChaucer2JJ$Through all the !orks of Chaucer there reigns a cheerfulness% amanl hilarit% !hich makes it almost impossible to doubt a correspondenthabit of feeling in the author himself.$ Biog. >it.% "ol. i. p. =5.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

3s to understanding his language% if ou read t!ent pages !ith a goodglossar% ou surel can find no further difficult% e"en as it isH but &should ha"e no objection to see this done2JJStrike out those !ords !hichare no! obsolete% and & !ill "enture to sa that & !ill replace e"er oneof them b !ords still in use out of Chaucer himself% or Go!er hisdisciple. & dont !ant this mself2 & rather like to see the significantterms !hich Chaucer unsuccessfull offered as candidates for admission intoour languageH but surel so "er slight a change of the te,t ma !ell bepardoned% e"en b blackJJletterati% for the purpose of restoring so great

a poet to his ancient and most deser"ed popularit.

( ( ( ( (

Shakspeare is of no age. &t is idle to endea"our to support his phrases bFuotations from Ben 4onson% Beaumont and *letcher% c. is language isentirel his o!n% and the ounger dramatists imitated him. The constructionof Shakspeares sentences% !hether in "erse or prose% is the necessar andhomogeneous "ehicle of his peculiar manner of thinking. is is not thestle of the age. Dore particularl% Shakspeares blank "erse is anabsolutel ne! creation. -ead aniel8/;JJthe admirable anielJJin his$Ci"il )ars%$ and $Triumphs of men.$

The stle and language are just such as an "er pure and manl !riter of the present daJJ)ords!orth% for e,ampleJJ!ould useH it seems Fuite modernin comparison !ith the stle of Shakspeare. Ben 4onsons blank "erse is



"er masterl and indi"idual% and perhaps Dassingers is e"en still nobler.&n Beaumont and *letcher it is constantl slipping into lricisms.

& belie"e Shakspeare !as not a !hit more intelligible in his o!n da thanhe is no! to an educated man% e,cept for a fe! local allusions of noconseFuence. 3s & said% he is of no ageJJnor% & ma add% of an religion%or part% or profession. The bod and substance of his !orks came out of

the unfathomable depths of his o!n oceanic mind2 his obser"ation andreading% !hich !as considerable% supplied him !ith the draper of hisfigures.85;

8*ootnote /2$This poets !ellJmerited epithet is that of the !ellJlanguaged anielHbut% like!ise% and b the consent of his contemporaries% no less than of all succeeding critics% the prosaic aniel. 'et those !ho thus designatethis !ise and amiable !riter% from the freFuent incorrespondenc of hisdiction !ith his metre% in the majorit of his compositions% not onl deemthem "aluable and interesting on other accounts% but !illingl admit thatthere are to be found throughout his poems% and especiall in his

Epistles and in his mens Triumph% man and e,Fuisite specimens of that stle% !hich% as the neutral ground of prose and "erse% is common toboth.$JJBiog. >it.% "ol. ii. p. 95.;

8*ootnote 52Dr. Coleridge called Shakspeare $the mriadJminded man%$ 8Greek2 auaKmuKioous;JJ$ a phrase%$ said he% $!hich & ha"e borro!ed from a Greek monk%!ho applies it to a patriarch of Constantinople. & might ha"e said% that &ha"e reclaimed% rather than borro!ed% it% for it seems to belong toShakspeare de jure singulari% et e, pri"ilegio naturae.$ See Biog. >it.%"ol. ii. p. /=.JJE.;

( ( ( ( (

3s for editing Beaumont and *letcher% the task !ould be one immensilaboris. The confusion is no! so great% the errors so enormous% that theeditor must use a boldness Fuite unallo!able in an other case. 3ll & cansa as to Beaumont and *letcher is% that & can point out !ell enough !heresomething has been lost% and that something so and so !as probabl in theoriginalH but the la! of Shakspeares thought and "erse is such% that &feel con"inced that not onl could & detect the spurious% but suppl thegenuine% !ord.

Darch 56. /9=:.

>?- B'-?A 3A . )3>P?>ES $D'STE-&?@S D?TE-.$JJ>E)&SS $43D3&C34?@-A3>.$

>ord Bron% as Fuoted b >ord o"er8/;% sas% that the $Dsterious Dother$raises orace )alpole abo"e e"er author li"ing in his% >ord Brons% time.@pon !hich & "enture to remark% first% that & do not belie"e that >ordBron spoke sincerelH for & suspect that he made a tacit e,ception infa"our of himself at leastHJJsecondl% that it is a miserable mode of

comparison !hich does not rest on difference of kind. &t proceeds of en"and malice and detraction to sa that 3. is higher than B.% unless ou sho!that the are in pari materiaHJJthirdl% that the $Dsterious Dother$ isthe most disgusting% "ile% detestable composition that e"er came from the



hand of man. Ao one !ith a spark of true manliness% of !hich orace )alpolehad none% could ha"e !ritten it. 3s to the blank "erse% it is indeed better than -o!es and Thomsons% !hich !as e,ecrabl bad2JJan approach%therefore% to the manner of the old dramatists !as of course animpro"ementH but the loosest lines in Shirle are superior to )alpolesbest.

8*ootnote /2&n the memoir prefi,ed to the correspondence !ith Sir . Dann. >ord Brons!ords are2JJ$e is the ultimus -omanorum% the author of the DsteriousDother% a traged of the highest order% and not a puling lo"e pla. e isthe father of the first romance% and of the last traged% in our languageHand surel !orth of a higher place than an li"ing author% be he !ho hema.$JJPreface to Darino *aliero. &s not $-omeo and 4uliet$ a lo"e plaIJJBut !h reason about such insincere% splenetic trashIJJE.;

( ( ( ( (

>e!iss $4amaica 4ournal$ is delightfulH it is almost the onl unaffected

book of tra"els or touring & ha"e read of late ears. 'ou ha"e the manhimself% and not an inconsiderable man%JJcertainl a much finer mind than &supposed before from the perusal of his romances% c. &t is b far his best!ork% and !ill li"e and be popular. Those "erses on the ours are "erprettH but the &sle of e"ils is% like his romances%JJa fe"er dreamJJhorrible% !ithout point or terror.

3pril /<. /9=:.

S&C&>'.JJD3>T3JJS&- 3>EL3AE- B3>>.

& found that e"er thing in and about Sicil had been e,aggerated btra"ellers% e,cept t!o thingsJJthe foll of the go"ernment and the!retchedness of the people. The did not admit of e,aggeration.

-eall ou ma learn the fundamental principles of political econom in a"er compendious !a% b taking a short tour through Sicil% and simplre"ersing in our o!n mind e"er la!% custom% and ordinance ou meet !ith.& ne"er !as in a countr in !hich e"er thing proceeding from man !as soe,actl !rong. 'ou ha"e peremptor ordinances against making roads% ta,eson the passage of common "egetables from one miserable "illage to another%

and so on.

B the b% do ou kno! an parallel in modern histor to the absurdit of our gi"ing a legislati"e assembl to the SiciliansI &t e,ceeds an thing &kno!. This precious legislature passed t!o bills before it !as knocked onthe head2 the first !as% to render lands inalienableH and the second% tocancel all debts due before the date of the bill.

3nd then consider the gross ignorance and foll of our laing a ta, uponthe Sicilians1 Ta,ation in its proper sense can onl e,ist !here there is afree circulation of capital% labour% and commodities throughout thecommunit. But to ta, the people in countries like Sicil and Corsica%

!here there is no internal communication% is mere robber and confiscation. 3 cro!n taken from a Corsican li"ing in the sierras !ould not get back tohim again in ten ears.



( ( ( ( (

&t is interesting to pass from Dalta to SicilJJfrom the highest specimenof an inferior race% the Saracenic% to the most degraded class of asuperior race% the European.

( ( ( ( (

Ao tongue can describe the moral corruption of the Daltese !hen the island!as surrendered to us. There !as not a famil in it in !hich a !ife or adaughter !as not a kept mistress. 3 marFuis of ancient famil applied toSir 3le,ander Ball to be appointed his "alet. $D "alet1$ said Ball% $!hatcan ou mean% SirI$ The marFuis said% he hoped he should then ha"e had thehonour of presenting petitions to his E,cellenc. $?h% that is it% is it1$said Sir 3le,ander2 $m "alet% Sir% brushes m clothes% and brings them tome. &f he dared to meddle !ith matters of public business% & should kickhim do!n stairs.$

&n short% Dalta !as an 3ugean stable% and Ball had all the inclination to

be a ercules.8/; is task !as most difficult% although his Fualifications!ere most remarkable. & remember an English officer of "er high ranksoliciting him for the rene!al of a pension to an abandoned !oman !ho hadbeen notoriousl treacherous to us. That officer had promised the !oman asa matter of courseJJshe ha"ing sacrificed her daughter to him. Ball !asdetermined% as far as he could% to pre"ent Dalta from being made a nest of home patronage. e considered% as !as the fact% that there !as a contractbet!een England and the Daltese. ence the go"ernment at home% especiallundas% disliked him% and ne"er allo!ed him an other title than that of Ci"il Commissioner. )e ha"e% & belie"e% nearl succeeded in alienating thehearts of the inhabitants from us. E"er officer in the island ought to bea Daltese% e,cept those belonging to the immediate e,ecuti"e2 /66l. per

annum to a Daltese% to enable him to keep a gilt carriage% !ill satisf him!here an Englishman must ha"e 5666l.

8*ootnote /2& refer the reader to the fi"e concluding essas of the third "olume of the$*riend%$ as a specimen of !hat Dr. C. might ha"e done as a biographer if an irresistible instinct had not de"oted him to profounder labours. 3s asketchJJand it pretends to nothing moreJJis there an thing more perfect inour literature than the monument raised in those essas to the memor of Sir 3le,ander BallIJJand there are some touches added to the character of Aelson% !hich the reader% e"en of Southes matchless >ife of our hero%!ill find both ne! and interesting.JJE.;

Da /. /9=:.

C3DB-&GE PET&T&?A T? 3D&T &SSEATE-S.

There are% to m grief% the names of some men to the Cambridge petition for admission of the issenters to the @ni"ersit% !hose cheeks & think mustha"e burned !ith shame at the degrading patronage and befouling eulogies of the democratic press% and at seeing themsel"es used as the tools of the

open and rancorous enemies of the church. o! miserable to be held up for the purpose of inflicting insult upon men% !hose !orth and abilit andsincerit ou !ell kno!%JJand this b a faction banded together likeobscene dogs and cats and serpents% against a church !hich ou profoundl



re"ere1 The timeJJthe timeJJthe occasion and the moti"e ought toha"e been argument enough% that e"en if the measure !ere right or harmlessin itself% not no!% nor !ith such as these% !as it to be effected1

Da =. /9=:.

C?-A >3)S.

Those !ho argue that England ma safel depend upon a suppl of foreigncorn% if it gro! none or an insufficient Fuantit of its o!n% forget thatthe are subjugating the necessaries of life itself to the mere lu,uries or comforts of societ. &s it not certain that the price of corn abroad !illbe raised upon us as soon as it is once kno!n that !e must buIJJand !henthat fact is kno!n% in !hat sort of a situation shall !e beI Besides this%the argument supposes that agriculture is not a positi"e good to thenation% taken in and b itself% as a mode of e,istence for the people%

!hich supposition is false and perniciousH and if !e are to become a greathorde of manufacturers% shall !e not% e"en more than at present% e,cite theill !ill of all the manufacturers of other nationsI &t has been alreadsho!n% in e"idence !hich is before all the !orld% that some of our manufacturers ha"e acted upon the accursed principle of deliberatelinjuring foreign manufactures% if the can% e"en to the ultimate disgraceof the countr and loss to themsel"es.

Da /0. /9=:.

C-&ST&3A S3BB3T.

o! grossl misunderstood the genuine character of the Christian sabbath%or >ords da% seems to be e"en b the church1 To confound it !ith the4e!ish sabbath% or to rest its obser"ance upon the fourth commandment% is%in m judgment% heretical% and !ould so ha"e been considered in theprimiti"e church. That cessation from labour on the >ords da could notha"e been absolutel incumbent on Christians for t!o centuries after Christ% is apparentH because during that period the greater part of theChristians !ere either sla"es or in official situations under Pagan mastersor superiors% and had duties to perform for those !ho did not recogniKe the

da. 3nd !e kno! that St. Paul sent back ?nesimus to his master% and tolde"er Christian sla"e% that% being a Christian% he !as free in his mindindeed% but still must ser"e his earthl master% although he might laudablseek for his personal freedom also. &f the earl Christians had refused to!ork on the >ords da% rebellion and ci"il !ar must ha"e been theimmediate conseFuences. But there is no notice of an such cessation.

The 4e!ish sabbath !as commemorati"e of the termination of the great act of creationH it !as to record that the !orld had not been from eternit% nor had arisen as a dream b itself% but that God had created it b distinctacts of po!er% and that he had hallo!ed the da or season in !hich herested or desisted from his !ork. )hen our >ord arose from the dead% the

old creation !as% as it !ere% superseded% and the ne! creation then beganHand therefore the first da and not the last da% the commencement and notthe end% of the !ork of God !as solemniKed.



>uther% in speaking of the good b itself% and the good for itse,pedienc alone% instances the obser"ance of the Christian da of rest%JJa da of repose from manual labour% and of acti"it in spiritual labour%JJada of jo and coJoperation in the !ork of Christs creation. $eep ithol$JJsas heJJ$for its use sake%JJboth to bod and soul1 But if an!here the da is made hol for the mere das sake%JJif an !here an onesets up its obser"ance upon a 4e!ish foundation% then & order ou to !ork

on it% to ride on it% to dance on it% to feast on itJJto do an thing thatshall repro"e this encroachment on the Christian spirit and libert.$

The earl church distinguished the da of Christian rest so strongl from afast% that it !as unla!ful for a man to be!ail e"en his o!n sins% as suchonl% on that da. e !as to be!ail the sins of all% and to pra as oneof the !hole of Christs bod.

3nd the English -eformers e"identl took the same "ie! of the da as >uther and the earl church. But% unhappil% our church% in the reigns of 4amesand Charles the *irst% !as so identified !ith the undue ad"ancement of theroal prerogati"e% that the puritanical 4udaiKing of the Presbterians !as

but too !ell seconded b the patriots of the nation% in resisting the !iseefforts of the church to pre"ent the incipient alteration in the character of the da of rest. 3fter the -estoration% the bishops and clerg ingeneral adopted the "ie! taken and enforced b their enemies.

B the b% it is curious to obser"e% in this semiJinfidel and DalthusianParliament% ho! the Sabbatarian spirit unites itself !ith a rancoroushostilit to that one institution% !hich alone% according to reason ande,perience% can insure the continuance of an general religion at all inthe nation at large. Some of these gentlemen% !ho are for not letting apoor labouring man ha"e a dish of baked potatoes on a Sunda% religionisgratiaJJNGod forgi"e that audacious blasphem1OJJare foremost among those

!ho seem to li"e but in "ilifing% !eakening% and impo"erishing thenational church. & o!n m indignation boils o"er against such contemptiblefello!s.

& sincerel !ish to preser"e a decent Fuiet on Sunda. & !ould prohibitcompulsor labour% and put do!n operas% theatres% c.% for this plainreasonJJthat if the rich be allo!ed to pla% the poor !ill be forced% or%!hat comes to the same thing% !ill be induced% to !ork. & am not for aParis Sunda. But to stop coaches% and let the gentlemans carriage run% ismonstrous.

Da 5. /9=:.

&G P-&MES 3A -E+EA@ES ?* TE C@-C.

'our argument against the high priKes in the church might be put stronglthus2JJ3dmit that in the beginning it might ha"e been fairl said% thatsome eminent re!ards ought to be set apart for the purpose of stimulatingand re!arding transcendant meritH !hat ha"e ou to sa no!% after centuriesof e,perience to the contrarIJJa"e the high priKes been gi"en to thehighest genius% "irtue% or learningI &s it not rather the truth% as 4ortin

said% that t!el"e "otes in a contested election !ill do more to make a mana bishop than an admired commentar on the t!el"e minor prophetsIJJTo all!hich and the like & sa again% that ou ought not to reason from theabuse% !hich ma be rectified% against the inherent uses of the thing.



3ppoint the most deser"ingJJand the priKe !ill ans!er its purpose. 3sto the bishops incomes%JJin the first place% the net receiptsJJthat !hichthe bishops ma spendJJha"e been confessedl e,aggerated beond measureHbut% !ai"ing that% and allo!ing the highest estimate to be correct% &should like to ha"e the disposition of the episcopal re"enue in an oneear b the late or the present Bishop of urham% or the present Bishops of >ondon or )inchester% compared !ith that of the most bene"olent nobleman in

England of an part in politics. & firml belie"e that the former gi"ea!a in charit of one kind or another% public% official% or pri"ate% threetimes as much in proportion as the latter. 'ou ma ha"e a hunks or t!o no!and thenH but so ou !ould much more certainl% if ou !ere to reduce theincomes to 5666l. per annum. 3s a bod% in m opinion the clerg of England do in truth act as if their propert !ere impressed !ith a trust tothe utmost e,tent that can be demanded b those !ho affect to belie"e%ignorantl or not% that ling legend of a tripartite or Fuadripartitedi"ision of the tithe b la!.

Da =/. /9=:.

S&- C. )ETE-E>>S SPEEC.JJA3T&?A3> [email protected]&SSEATE-S.JJP3P3C'.JJJJ@A&+E-S&T&ES.

& think Sir Charles )etherells speech before the Pri" Council "ereffecti"e. & doubt if an other la!er in )estminster all could ha"e donethe thing so !ell.

( ( ( ( (

The Aational Church reFuires% and is reFuired b% the Christian Church% for the perfection of each. *or if there !ere no national Church% the merespiritual Church !ould either become% like the Papac% a dreadful tranno"er mind and bodHJJor else !ould fall abroad into a multitude of enthusiastic sects% as in England in the se"enteenth centur. &t is m deepcon"iction that% in a countr of an religion at all% libert of consciencecan onl be permanentl preser"ed b means and under the shado! of anational churchJJa political establishment connected !ith% but distinctfrom% the spiritual Church.

( ( ( ( (

& sometimes hope that the undisguised despotism of temper of the issentersma at last a!aken a jealous in the lait of the Church of England. Butthe apath and inertness are% & fear% too profoundJJtoo pro"idential.

( ( ( ( (

)hate"er the Papac ma ha"e been on the Continent% it !as al!as anunFualified e"il to this countr. &t destroed !hat !as rising of good% andintroduced a thousand e"ils of its o!n. The Papac !as and still isessentiall e,traJnationalHJJit affects% temporall% to do that !hich thespiritual Church of Christ can alone doJJto break do!n the naturaldistinctions of nations. Ao!% as the -oman Papac is in itself local and

peculiar% of course this attempt is nothing but a direct attack on thepolitical independence of other nations.

The institution of @ni"ersities !as the single check on the Papac. The



Pope al!as hated and maligned the @ni"ersities. The old coenobiticestablishments of England !ere con"ertedJJper"erted% ratherJJintomonasteries and other monking receptacles. 'ou see it !as at ?,ford that)icliffe alone found protection and encouragement.

4une 5. /9=:.

SC&>>E-S +E-S&*&C3T&?A.JJGE-D3A B>3A +E-SE.

Schillers blank "erse is bad. e mo"es in it as a fl in a glue bottle.is thoughts ha"e their connection and "ariet% it is true% but there is nosufficientl corresponding mo"ement in the "erse. o! different fromShakspeares endless rhthms1

There is a nimietJJa tooJmuchnessJJin all Germans. &t is the nationalfault. >easing had the best notion of blank "erse. The trochaic termination

of German !ords renders blank "erse in that language almost impracticable.)e ha"e it in our dramatic hendecasllableH but then !e ha"e a po!er of inter!ea"ing the iambic close ad libitum.

4une /:. /9=:.

-?D3A C3T?>&C ED3AC&P3T&?A.JJ@E ?* )E>>&AGT?A.JJC?-?A3T&?A ?3T.

The -oman Catholic Emancipation 3ctJJcarried in the "iolent% and% in fact%

unprincipled manner it !asJJ!as in effect a Surinam toadHJJand the -eformBill% the issenters admission to the @ni"ersities% and the attack on theChurch% are so man toadlets% one after another detaching themsel"es fromtheir parent brute.

( ( ( ( (

&f ou sa there is nothing in the -omish religion% sincerel felt%inconsistent !ith the duties of citiKenship and allegiance to a territorialProtestant so"ereign% cadit Fuaestio. *or if that is once admitted%there can be no ans!er to the argument from numbers. Certainl% if thereligion of the majorit of the people be innocuous to the interests of

the nation% the majorit ha"e a natural right to be trustees of thenationaltJJthat propert !hich is set apart for the nations use% andrescued from the gripe of pri"ate hands. But !hen & saJJfor the nationsuse.JJ& mean the "er re"erse of !hat the -adicals mean. The !ouldcon"ert it to relie"e ta,ation% !hich & call a pri"ate% personal% andperishable use. 3 nations uses are immortal.

( ( ( ( (

o! lamentable it is to hear the uke of )ellington e,pressing himself doubtingl on the abominable sophism that the Coronation ?ath onl bindsthe ing as the e,ecuti"e po!erJJthereb making a ighgate oath of it. But

the uke is conscious of the read retort !hich his language and conduct onthe Emancipation Bill afford to his opponents. e is hampered b thataffair.



4une 56. /9=:.

C?-A >3)S.JJD?E-A P?>&T&C3> EC?A?D'.

&n the argument on the Corn >a!s there is a 8Greek2 metaKasis eis alloge"os;. &t ma be admitted that the great principles of commerce reFuirethe interchange of commodities to be freeH but commerce% !hich is barter%has no proper range beond lu,uries or con"eniencesHJJit is properl thecomplement to the full e,istence and de"elopment of a state. But ho! can itbe sho!n that the principles applicable to an interchange of con"eniencesor lu,uries appl also to an interchange of necessariesI Ao state can besuch properl% !hich is not selfJsubsistent at leastH for no state that isnot so% is essentiall independent. The nation that cannot e"en e,ist!ithout the commodit of another nation% is in effect the sla"e of thatother nation. &n common times% indeed% pecuniar interest !ill pre"ail% andpre"ent a ruinous e,ercise of the po!er !hich the nation suppling the

necessar must ha"e o"er the nation !hich has onl the con"enience or lu,ur to returnH but such interest% both in indi"iduals and nations% !illield to man stronger passions. &s olland an authorit to the contrarI&f so% Tre and Sidon and Carthage !ere so1 )ould ou put England on afooting !ith a countr% !hich can be o"errun in a campaign% and star"ed ina earI

( ( ( ( (

The entire tendenc of the modern or Dalthusian political econom is todenationaliKe. &t !ould dig up the charcoal foundations of the temple of Ephesus to burn as fuel for a steamJengine1

4une 5/. /9=:.

Dr. JJJJ% in his poem% makes trees coe"al !ith ChaosHJJ!hich is ne,t door to ans Sachse8/; !ho% in describing Chaos% said it !as so pitch dark%that e"en the "er cats ran against each other1

8*ootnote /2 ans Sachse !as born /:0:% and died /7<.JJE;%

4une 5=. /9=:.

S?C&A&3A&SD.JJ@A&T3-&3A&SD.JJ*3AC' 3A &D3G&A3T&?A.

*austus Socinus !orshipped 4esus Christ% and said that God had gi"en himthe po!er of being omnipresent. a"idi% !ith a little more acuteness% urgedthat mere audition or creaturel presence could not possibl justif!orship from menHJJthat a man% ho! glorified soe"er% !as no nearer God inessence than the "ulgarest of the race. Praer% therefore% !asinapplicable. 3nd ho! could a man be a mediator bet!een God and manI o!

could a man !ith sins himself offer an compensation for% or e,piationof% sin% unless the most arbitrar caprice !ere admitted into the counselsof GodIJJ3nd so% at last% ou see% it !as disco"ered b the better logicians amongst the Socinians% that there !as no such thing as sin at



all.

&t is !onderful ho! an Socinian can read the !orks of Philo 4udaeus!ithout some pause of doubt in the truth of his "ie!s as to the person of Christ. )hether Philo !rote on his o!n ground as a 4e!% or borro!ed fromthe Christians% the testimon as to the then 4e!ish e,pectation andbelief% is eFuall strong. 'ou kno! Philo calls the >ogos 8Greek2 ios

Theo;% the Son of God% and 8Greek2 agapathon te non;% belo"ed Son.e calls him 8Greek2 arhchierheus;% high priest% 8Greek2 deuterhosThehos;% second di"init% 8Greek2 ei an Theo;% image of God% anddescribes him as 8Greek2 eggutato madenhos o"tos methorhiodiastamatos;% the nearest possible to God !ithout an inter"eningseparation. 3nd there are numerous other remarkable e,pressions of thesame sort.

D faith is this2JJGod is the 3bsolute )ill2 it is his Aame and the meaningof it. &t is the postasis. 3s begetting his o!n 3lterit% the 4eho"ah%the DanifestedJJe is the *atherH but the >o"e and the >ifeJJthe SpiritJJproceeds from both.

& think Priestle must be considered the author of the modern@nitarianism. & o!e% under God% m return to the faith% to m ha"ing gonemuch further than the @nitarians% and so ha"ing come round to the other side. & can trul sa% & ne"er falsified the Scripture. & al!as told themthat their interpretations of the Scripture !ere intolerable upon anprinciples of sound criticismH and that% if the !ere to offer to construethe !ill of a neighbour as the did that of their Daker% the !ould bescouted out of societ. & said then plainl and openl% that it !as clear enough that 4ohn and Paul !ere not @nitarians. But at that time & had astrong sense of the repugnanc of the doctrine of "icarious atonement tothe moral being% and & thought nothing could counterbalance that. $)hat

care &%$ & said% $for the Platonisms of 4ohn% or the -abbinisms of PaulIJJD conscience re"olts1$ That !as the ground of m @nitarianism.

3l!as belie"ing in the go"ernment of God% & !as a fer"ent ?ptimist. But as& could not but see that the present state of things !as not the best% &!as necessaril led to look for!ard to some future state.

( ( ( ( (

'ou ma concei"e the difference in kind bet!een the *anc and the&magination in this !a%JJthat if the check of the senses and the reason!ere !ithdra!n% the first !ould become delirium% and the last mania. The

*anc brings together images !hich ha"e no connection natural or moral% butare oked together b the poet b means of some accidental coincidenceH asin the !ellJkno!n passage in udibras2

$The sun had long since in the lap?f Thetis taken out his nap% 3nd like a lobster bold% the morn*rom black to red began to turn.$8/;

The &magination modifies images% and gi"es unit to "arietH it sees all

things in one% il piu nell uno. There is the epic imagination% theperfection of !hich is in DiltonH and the dramatic% of !hich Shakspeare isthe absolute master. The first gi"es unit b thro!ing back into thedistanceH as after the magnificent approach of the Dessiah to battle85;%



the poet% b one touch from himselfJJ

JJ$far off their coming shone1$JJ

makes the !hole one image.

3nd so at the conclusion of the description of the appearance of the

entranced angels% in !hich e"er sort of image from all the regions of earth and air is introduced to di"ersif and illustrate%JJthe reader isbrought back to the single image bJJ

$e calld so loud% that all the hollo! deep?f ell resounded.$8=;

The dramatic imagination does not thro! back% but brings closeH it stampsall nature !ith one% and that its o!n% meaning% as in >ear throughout.

8*ootnote /2 Part &&. c. 5. ".50.;

8*ootnote 52JJJJ$*orth rushd !ith !hirl!ind soundThe chariot of Paternal eit%*lashing thick flames% !heel !ithin !heel undra!n%&tself instinct !ith spirit% but con"odB four cherubic shapesH four faces eachad !onderousH as !ith stars their bodies all 3nd !ings !ere set !ith eesH !ith ees the !heels?f berl% and careering fires bet!eenH?"er their heads a crstal firmament%)hereon a sapphire throne% inlaid !ith pure 3mber% and colours of the sho!er arch.

e% in celestial panopl all armd?f radiant @rim% !ork di"inel !rought% 3scendedH at his right hand +ictorSat eagleJ!ingdH beside him hung his bo! 3nd Fui"er% !ith threeJbolted thunder storedH 3nd from about him fierce effusion rolld?f smoke% and bickering flame% and sparkles direH 3ttended !ith ten thousand thousand saints%e on!ard cameH far off their coming shoneH 3nd t!ent thousand N& their number heardOChariots of God% half on each hand% !ere seen2e on the !ings of cherub rode sublime

?n the crstalline sk% in sapphire throned%&llustrious far and !ideH but b his o!n*irst seen.$JJP. >. b. "i. ". 7:0% c.;

8*ootnote =2 JJJJ$and calldis legions% angel forms% !ho la intrancedThick as autumnal lea"es that stro! the brooks&n +allombrosa% !here th Etrurian shades%igh o"er archd% embo!erH or scatterd sedge 3float% !hen !ith fierce !inds ?rion armdath "e,d the -ed Sea coast% !hose !a"es oerthre!

Busiris% and his Demphian chi"alr%)hile !ith perfidious hatred the pursuedThe sojourners of Goshen% !ho beheld*rom the safe shore their floating carcasses



3nd broken chariot !heelsH so thick bestre!n% 3bject and lost la these% co"ering the flood%@nder amaKement of their hideous change. e calld so loud% that all the hollo! deep?f ell resounded.$JJP. >. b. i. ". =66% c.;

( ( ( ( (

3t the "er outset% !hat are !e to think of the soundness of this modernsstem of political econom% the direct tendenc of e"er rule of !hich isto denationaliKe% and to make the lo"e of our countr a foolishsuperstitionI

4une 59. /9=:.

D-. C?>E-&GES S'STED.JJB&?G-3P&3 >&TE-3&3.JJ&SSEATE-S.

'ou ma not understand m sstem% or an gi"en part of it%JJor b adetermined act of !ilfulness% ou ma% e"en though percei"ing a ra of light% reject it in anger and disgust2JJbut this & !ill sa%JJthat if ouonce master it% or an part of it% ou cannot hesitate to ackno!ledge it asthe truth. 'ou cannot be sceptical about it.

The metaphsical disFuisition at the end of the first "olume of the$Biographia >iteraria$ is unformed and immatureHJJit contains the fragmentsof the truth% but it is not full thought out. &t is !onderful to mself tothink ho! infinitel more profound m "ie!s no! are% and et ho! muchclearer the are !ithal. The circle is completingH the idea is coming round

to% and to be% the common sense.

( ( ( ( (

The generation of the modern !orldl issenter !as thus2 Presbterian% 3rian% Socinian% and last% @nitarian.

( ( ( ( (

&s it not most e,traordinar to see the issenters calling themsel"es thedescendants of the old Aonconformists% and et clamouring for a di"orce of Church and StateI )hJJBa,ter% and the other great leaders% !ould ha"e

thought a man an atheist !ho had proposed such a thing. The !ere rather for merging the State in the Church. But these our modern gentlemen% !hoare blinded b political passion% gi"e the kiss of alliance to the harlotof -ome% and !alk arm in arm !ith those !ho den the God that redeemedthem% if so the ma but !reak their insane antipathies on the AationalChurch1 )ell1 & suppose the ha"e counted the cost% and kno! !hat it isthe !ould ha"e% and can keep.

4ul . /9=:.

>?- B-??E.JJB3--?) 3A -'EA.JJPETE- )&>&AS 3A ST?T3-.JJ*&E>&AG 3A-&C3-S?A.JJB&S?P S3A*?-.JJ-?D3A C3T?>&C -E>&G&?A.



& do not remember a more beautiful piece of prose in English than theconsolation addressed b >ord Brooke N*ulke Gre"illeO to a lad of Fualiton certain conjugal infelicities. The diction is such that it might ha"ebeen !ritten no!% if !e could find an one combining so thoughtful a head!ith so tender a heart and so e,Fuisite a taste.

( ( ( ( (

Barro! often debased his language merel to e"idence his loalt. &t !as%indeed% no eas task for a man of so much genius% and such a precisemathematical mode of thinking% to adopt e"en for a moment the slang of >Estrange and Tom Bro!nH but he succeeded in doing so sometimes. )ith thee,ception of such parts% Barro! must be considered as closing the firstgreat period of the English language. rden began the second. ?f coursethere are numerous subdi"isions.

( ( ( ( (

Peter )ilkins is to m mind a !ork of uncommon beautH and et Stothardsillustrations ha"e added beauties to it. &f it !ere not for a certaintendenc to affectation% scarcel an praise could be too high for Stothards designs. The gi"e me great pleasure. & belie"e that -obinsonCrusoe and Peter )ilkins could onl ha"e been !ritten b islanders. Aocontinentalist could ha"e concei"ed either tale. a"iss stor is animitation of Peter )ilkinsH but there are man beautiful things in itHespeciall his finding his !ife crouching b the firesideJJshe ha"ing% inhis absence% plucked out all her feathersJJto be like him1

&t !ould reFuire a "er peculiar genius to add another tale% ejusdemgeneris% to -obinson Crusoe and Peter )ilkins. & once projected such a

thingH but the difficult of a preJoccupied ground stopped me. Perhaps >aDotte *ouFue might effect somethingH but & should fear that neither he% nor an other German% could entirel understand !hat ma be called the $desertisland$ feeling. & !ould tr the mar"ellous line of Peter )ilkins% if &attempted it% rather than the real fiction of -obinson Crusoe.

( ( ( ( (

)hat a master of composition *ielding !as1 @pon m !ord% & think the?edipus Trannus% the 3lchemist% and Tom 4ones the three most perfect plotse"er planned. 3nd ho! charming% ho! !holesome% *ielding al!as is1 To takehim up after -ichardson% is like emerging from a sick room heated b

sto"es% into an open la!n% on a breeK da in Da.

( ( ( ( (

& ha"e been "er deepl interested in the account of Bishop Sandfordslife% published b his son. e seems to ha"e been a thorough gentleman uponthe model of St. Paul% !hose manners !ere the finest of an mans uponrecord.

( ( ( ( (

& think & could ha"e conformed to the then dominant Church before the

-eformation. The errors e,isted% but the had not been ri"eted intoperemptor articles of faith before the Council of Trent. &f a -omanist!ere to ask me the Fuestion put to Sir enr )otton% 8/;& should contentmself b ans!ering% that & could not e,actl sa !hen m religion% as he



!as pleased to call it% beganJJbut that it !as certainl some si,t or se"ent ears before his% at all e"entsJJ!hich began at the Council of Trent.

8*ootnote /2$a"ing% at his being in -ome% made acFuaintance !ith a pleasant priest%!ho in"ited him% one e"ening% to hear their "esper music at churchH the

priest% seeing Sir enr stand obscurel in a corner% sends to him b a boof the choir this Fuestion% !rit in a small piece of paperHJJ)here !asour religion to be found before >utherI To !hich Fuestion Sir enrpresentl under!ritHJJD religion !as to be found then% !here ours is notto be found no!JJin the !ritten !ord of God.$JJ&saak )altons >ife of Sir enr )otton.;

4ul /6. /9=:.

E@T3A3S&3.

& am% ding% but !ithout e,pectation of a speed release. &s it not strangethat "er recentl bJgone images% and scenes of earl life% ha"e stoleninto m mind% like breeKes blo!n from the spiceJislands of 'outh and opeJJthose t!in realities of this phantom !orld1 & do not add >o"e%JJfor !hat is>o"e but 'outh and ope embracing% and so seen as oneI & sa realitiesHfor realit is a thing of degrees% from the &liad to a dreamH 8Greek2 (aigor t onar e i s esti;. 'et% in a strict sense% realit is notpredicable at all of aught belo! ea"en. $Es enim in coelis% Pater noster% Fui tu "ere es1$ ooker !ished to li"e to finish hisEcclesiastical PolitHJJso & o!n & !ish life and strength had been sparedto me to complete m Philosoph. *or% as God hears me% the originating%continuing% and sustaining !ish and design in m heart !ere to e,alt the

glor of his nameH and% !hich is the same thing in other !ords% to promotethe impro"ement of mankind. But "isum aliter eo% and his !ill be done.

( ( ( ( (

(( This note ma !ell finish the present specimens. )hat follo!ed !as for the memor of pri"ate friends onl. Dr. Coleridge !as then e,tremel illHbut certainl did not belie"e his end to be Fuite so near at hand as it!as.JJE.

The follo!ing -ecollections of Dr. Coleridge% !ritten in Da% /9//% ha"ebeen also communicated to me b m brother% Dr. 4ustice Coleridge2JJ

$56th 3pril% /9//% at -ichmond.

$)e got on politics% and he related some curious facts of the Prince andPerce"al. Then% ad"erting to the present state of affairs in Portugal% hesaid that he rejoiced not so much in the mere fa"ourable turn% as in theend that must no! be put to the base reign of opinion respecting thesuperiorit and in"incible skill of the *rench generals. Bra"e as Sir 4ohnDoore !as% he thought him deficient in that greater and more essentialmanliness of soul !hich should ha"e made him not hold his enem in suchfearful respect% and !hich should ha"e taught him to care less for theopinion of the !orld at home.

$)e then got% & kno! not ho!% to German topics. e said that the languageof their literature !as entirel factitious% and had been formed b >uther from the t!o dialects% igh and >o! GermanH that he had made it%



grammaticall% most correct% more so% perhaps% than an other languageH it!as eFual to the Greek% e,cept in harmon and s!eetness. 3nd et theGermans themsel"es thought it s!eetHJJlopstock had repeated to him an odeof his o!n to pro"e it% and reall had decei"ed himself% b the force of association% into a belief that the harsh sounds% con"eing% indeed% or being significant of% s!eet images or thoughts% !ere themsel"es s!eet. Dr.C. !as asked !hat he thought of lopstock. e ans!ered% that his fame !as

rapidl declining in GermanH that an Englishman might form a correctnotion of him b uniting the moral epigram of 'oung% the bombast of er"e%and the minute description of -ichardson. 3s to sublimit% he had% !ith allGermans% one rule for producing itHJJit !as% to take something "er great%and make it "er small in comparison !ith that !hich ou !ish to ele"ate.Thus% for e,ample% lopstock sas%JJ3s the gardener goes forth% andscatters from his basket seed into the gardenH so does the Creator scatter !orlds !ith his right hand. ere !orlds% a large object% are made smallin the hands of the CreatorH conseFuentl% the Creator is "er great. &nshort% the Germans !ere not a poetical nation in the "er highest sense.)ieland !as their best poet2 his subject !as bad% and his thoughts oftenimpureH but his language !as rich and harmonious% and his fanc lu,uriant.

Sothebs translation had not at all caught the manner of the original. Butthe Germans !ere good metaphsicians and critics2 the criticised onprinciples pre"iousl laid do!nH thus% though the might be !rong% the!ere in no danger of being selfJcontradictor% !hich !as too often the case!ith English critics.

$'oung% he said% !as not a poet to be read through at once. is lo"e of point and !it had often put an end to his pathos and sublimitH but there!ere parts in him !hich must be immortal. e NDr. C.O lo"ed to read a pageof 'oung% and !alk out to think of him.

$-eturning to the Germans% he said that the state of their religion% !hen

he !as in German% !as reall shocking. e had ne"er met one clergman aChristianH and he found professors in the uni"ersities lecturing againstthe most material points in the Gospel. e instanced% & think% Paulus%!hose lectures he had attended. The object !as to resol"e the miracles intonatural operationsH and such a disposition e"inced !as the best road topreferment. e se"erel censured Dr. Talors book% in !hich the principlesof Paulus !ere e,plained and insisted on !ith much gratuitous indelicac.e then entered into the Fuestion of Socinianism% and noticed% as &recollect% the passage in the ?ld TestamentH The people bo!ed their faces%and !orshipped God and the king. e said% that all !orship implied thepresence of the object !orshipped2 the people !orshipped% bo!ing to thesensuous presence of the one% and the concei"ed omnipresence of the other.

e talked of his ha"ing constantl to defend the Church against theSocinian Bishop of >landaff% )atson. The subject then "aried to -omanCatholicism% and he ga"e us an account of a contro"ers he had had !ith a"er sensible priest in Sicil on the !orship of saints. e had dri"en thepriest from one post to another% till the latter took up the ground% thatthough the saints !ere not omnipresent% et God% !ho !as so% imparted tothem the praers offered up% and then the used their interference !ith imto grant them. That is% father% Nsaid C. in replOJJe,cuse m seemingle"it% for & mean no impietJJthat isH & ha"e a deaf and dumb !ife% !hoet understands me% and & her% b signs. 'ou ha"e a fa"our to ask of me%and !ant m !ifes interferenceH so ou communicate our reFuest to me% !hoimpart it to her% and she% b signs back again% begs me to grant it. The

good priest laughed% and said% Populus milt decipi% et decipiatur1

$)e then got upon the ?,ford contro"ers% and he !as decidedl of opinionthat there could be no doubt of Coplestons complete "ictor. e thought



the -e"ie! had chosen its points of attack ill% as there must doubtless bein e"er institution so old much to reprehend and carp at. ?n the other hand% he thought that Copleston had not been so se"ere or hard upon them ashe might ha"e beenH but he admired the critical part of his !ork% !hich hethought "er highl "aluable% independentl of the contro"ers. e !ishedsome portion of mathematics !as more essential to a degree at ?,ford% as hethought a gentlemans education incomplete !ithout it% and had himself

found the necessit of getting up a little% !hen he could ill spare thetime. e e"er da more and more lamented his neglect of them !hen atCambridge%

$Then glancing off to 3ristotle% he ga"e a "er high character of him. esaid that Bacon objected to 3ristotle the grossness of his e,amples% anda" no! did precisel the same to Bacon2 both !ere !rongH for each of those philosophers !ished to confine the attention of the mind in their !orks to the form of reasoning onl% b !hich other truths might beestablished or elicited% and therefore the most trite and commonJplacee,amples !ere in fact the best. e said that during a long confinement tohis room% he had taken up the Schoolmen% and !as astonished at the immense

learning and acute kno!ledge displaed b themH that there !as scarcel anthing !hich modern philosophers had proudl brought for!ard as their o!n%!hich might not be found clearl and sstematicall laid do!n b them insome or other of their !ritings. >ocke had sneered at the Schoolmenunfairl% and had raised a foolish laugh against them b citations fromtheir uid libet Fuestions% !hich !ere discussed on the ees of holdas%and in !hich the greatest latitude !as allo!ed% being considered meree,ercises of ingenuit. )e had ridiculed their Fuiddities% and !hI ad!e not borro!ed their Fuantit and their Fualit% and !h then rejecttheir Fuiddit% !hen e"er schoolbo in logic must kno!% that of e"erthing ma be asked% uantum estI uale estI and uid estI the lastbringing ou to the most material of all points% its indi"idual being. e

after!ards stated% that in a istor of Speculati"e Philosoph !hich he !asendea"ouring to prepare for publication% he had pro"ed% and to thesatisfaction of Sir 4ames Dackintosh% that there !as nothing in >ocke !hichhis best admirers most admired% that might not be found more clearl andbetter laid do!n in escartes or the old SchoolmenH not that he !as himself an implicit disciple of escartes% though he thought that escartes hadbeen much misinterpreted.

$)hen !e got on the subject of poetr and Southe% he ga"e us a critiFue of the Curse of ehama% the fault of !hich he thought consisted in theassociation of a plot and a machiner so "er !ild !ith feelings so sober and tender2 but he ga"e the poem high commendation% admired the art

displaed in the emploment of the indu monstrosities% and begged us toobser"e the noble feeling e,cited of the superiorit of "irtue o"er "iceHthat ehama !ent on% from the beginning to the end of the poem% increasingin po!er% !hilst ailal graduall lost her hopes and her protectorsH andet b the time !e got to the end% !e had arri"ed at an utter contempt ande"en carelessness of the po!er of e"il% as e,emplified in the almight-ajah% and felt a complete confidence in the safet of the unprotected"irtue of the maiden. This he thought the "er great merit of the poem.

$)hen !e !alked home !ith him to the inn% he got on the subject of theEnglish Essa for the ear at ?,ford% and thought some consideration of thecorruption of language should he introduced into it.

8*ootnote2 ?n Etmolog.;&t originated% he thought% in a desire to abbre"iate all e,pression as muchas possibleH and no doubt% if in one !ord% !ithout "iolating idiom% & can



e,press !hat others ha"e done in more% and et be as full and easilunderstood% & ha"e manifestl made an impro"ementH but if% on the other hand% it becomes harder% and takes more time to comprehend a thought or image put in one !ord b 3puleius than !hen e,pressed in a !hole sentenceb Cicero% the sa"ing is merel of pen and ink% and the alteration ise"identl a corruption.$

$3pril 5/.JJ-ichmond.

$Before breakfast !e !ent into Dr. Das delightful bookJroom% !here he !asagain silent in admiration of the prospect. 3fter breakfast% !e !alked tochurch. e seemed full of calm piet% and said he al!as felt the mostdelightful sensations in a Sunda churchJard%JJthat it struck him as if God had gi"en to man fiftJt!o springs in e"er ear. 3fter the ser"ice% he!as "ehement against the sermon% as commonJplace% and in"idious in its toneto!ards the poor. Then he ga"e man te,ts from the lessons and gospel of the da% as affording fit subjects for discourses. e ridiculed the

absurdit of refusing to belie"e e"er thing that ou could not understandHand mentioned a rebuke of r. Parrs to a man of the name of *rith% andthat of another clergman to a oung man% !ho said he !ould belie"e nothing!hich he could not understand2JJThen% oung man% our creed !ill be theshortest of an mans & kno!.

$3s !e !alked up Dr. Cambridges meado!s to!ards T!ickenham% he criticised4ohnson and Gra as poets% and did not seem to allo! them high merit. Thee,cellence of "erse% he said% !as to be untranslatable into an other !ords!ithout detriment to the beaut of the passageHJJthe position of a single!ord could not be altered in Dilton !ithout injur. Graspersonifications% he said% !ere mere printers de"ils personificationsJJ

persons !ith a capital letter% abstract Fualities !ith a small one. ethought Collins had more genius than Gra% !ho !as a singular instance of aman of taste% poetic feeling% and fanc% !ithout imagination. e contrastedrdens opening of the /6th satire of 4u"enal !ith 4ohnsons2JJ

$>et obser"ation% !ith e,tensi"e "ie!% Sur"e mankind from Ganges to Peru.

!hich !as as much as to sa%JJ

$>et obser"ation !ith e,tensi"e obser"ation obser"e mankind.

$3fter dinner he told us a humorous stor of his enthusiastic fondness for uakerism% !hen he !as at Cambridge% and his attending one of their meetings% !hich had entirel cured him. )hen the little children came in%he !as in raptures !ith them% and descanted upon the delightful mode of treating them no!% in comparison !ith !hat he had e,perienced in childhood.e lamented the haughtiness !ith !hich Englishmen treated all foreignersabroad% and the facilit !ith !hich our go"ernment had al!as gi"en up anpeople !hich had allied itself to us% at the end of a !arH and heparticularl remarked upon our abandonment of Dinorca. These t!o things% hesaid% made us uni"ersall disliked on the ContinentH though% as a people%most highl respected. e thought a !ar !ith 3merica ine"itableH ande,pressed his opinion% that the @nited States !ere unfortunate in the

prematureness of their separation from this countr% before the had inthemsel"es the materials of moral societJJbefore the had a gentr and alearned class%JJthe former looking back!ards% and gi"ing the sense of stabilitJJthe latter looking for!ards% and regulating the feelings of the



people.

$3fter!ards% in the dra!ingJroom% he sat do!n b Professor -igaud% !ith!hom he entered into a discussion of ants Sstem of Detaphsics. Thelittle knots of the compan !ere speedil silent2 Dr. C.s "oice gre!louderH and abstruse as the subject !as% et his language !as so read% soenergetic% and so eloFuent% and his illustrations so "er neat and

apposite% that the ladies e"en paid him the most solicitous and respectfulattention. The !ere reall entertained !ith ants Detaphsics1 3t last &took one of them% a "er s!eet singer% to the pianoJforteH and% !hen there!as a pause% she began an &talian air. She !as an,ious to please him% andhe !as enraptured. is frame Fui"ered !ith emotion% and there !as a titter of uncommon delight on his countenance. )hen it !as o"er% he praised thesinger !arml% and praed she might finish those strains in hea"en1

$This is nearl all% e,cept some anecdotes% !hich & recollect of our meeting !ith this most interesting% most !onderful man. Some of his topicsand arguments & ha"e enumeratedH but the connection and the !ords are lost. 3nd nothing that & can sa can gi"e an notion of his eloFuence and

manner%JJof the hold !hich he soon got on his audienceJJof the "ariet of his stores of informationJJor% finall% of the artlessness of his habits%or the modest and temper !ith !hich he listened to% and ans!eredarguments% contradictor to his o!n.$JJ4. T. C.

The follo!ing address has been printed beforeH but it cannot be too !idelcirculated% and it !ill form an appropriate conclusion to this "olume.

To 3dam SteinmetK JJJJ.

D' E3- G?C&>%

& offer up the same fer"ent praer for ou no!% as & did kneeling beforethe altar% !hen ou !ere baptiKed into Christ% and solemnl recei"ed as ali"ing member of his spiritual bod% the Church.

'ears must pass before ou !ill be able to read% !ith an understandingheart% !hat & no! !rite. But & trust that the allJgracious God% the *ather of our >ord 4esus Christ% the *ather of Dercies% !ho% b his onlJbegottenSon% Nall mercies in one so"ereign merc1O has redeemed ou from the e"ilground% and !illed ou to be born out of darkness% but into lightJJout of death% but into lifeJJout of sin% but into righteousness% e"en into the

>ord our -ighteousnessH & trust that e !ill graciousl hear the praers of our dear parents% and be !ith ou as the spirit of health and gro!th inbod and mind1

D dear Godchild1JJ'ou recei"ed from Christs minister at the baptismalfont% as our Christian name% the name of a most dear friend of our fathers% and !ho !as to me e"en as a son% the late 3dam SteinmetK% !hosefer"ent aspiration% and e"erJparamount aim% e"en from earl outh% !as tobe a Christian in thought% !ord% and deedJJin !ill% mind% and affections.

& too% our Godfather% ha"e kno!n !hat the enjoments and ad"antages of this life are% and !hat the more refined pleasures !hich learning and

intellectual po!er can besto!H and !ith all the e,perience that more thanthreescore ears can gi"e% & no!% on the e"e of m departure% declare toou% Nand earnestl pra that ou ma hereafter li"e and act on thecon"iction%O that health is a great blessing%JJcompetence obtained b



honourable industr a great blessing%JJand a great blessing it is to ha"ekind% faithful% and lo"ing friends and relati"esH but that the greatest of all blessings% as it is the most ennobling of all pri"ileges% is to beindeed a Christian. But & ha"e been like!ise% through a large portion of mlater life% a sufferer% sorel afflicted !ith bodil pains% languors% andmanifold infirmitiesH and% for the last three or four ears% ha"e% !ith fe!and brief inter"als% been confined to a sickJroom% and% at this moment% in

great !eakness and hea"iness% !rite from a sickJbed% hopeless of areco"er% et !ithout prospect of a speed remo"alH and &% thus on the "erbrink of the gra"e% solemnl bear !itness to ou% that the 3lmight-edeemer% most gracious in his promises to them that trul seek him% isfaithful to perform !hat he hath promised% and has preser"ed% under all mpains and infirmities% the in!ard peace that passeth all understanding%!ith the supporting assurance of a reconciled God% !ho !ill not !ithdra!his spirit from me in the conflict% and in his o!n time !ill deli"er mefrom the E"il ?ne1

?% m dear Godchild1 eminentl blessed are those !ho begin earl to seek%fear% and lo"e their God% trusting !holl in the righteousness and

mediation of their >ord% -edeemer% Sa"iour% and e"erlasting igh Priest%4esus Christ1

? preser"e this as a legac and beFuest from our unseen Godfather andfriend%

S. T. C?>E-&GE.

Gro"e% ighgate% 4ul /=. /9=:.

e died on the 5th da of the same month.

&AEL.

( ( ( ( (

3.

3braham. 3buse% EloFuence of.

3coustics. 3cts% ?rigin of. 3diaphori. 3d"ocate% uties and Aeeds of an. 3eschlus% Sophocles% and Euripides. 3lchem. 3ll and the )hole. 3merica% @nited States of. 3merican @nion% Aorthern and Southern States of the. 3mericans% the. 3narch% Dental. 3ncient Dariner.

3nimal Being% Scale of. 3nt and Bee. 3rchitecture% Gothic. 3riosto and Tasso.



3ristotle. 3rm and Aa"% ouse of Commons appointing the ?fficers of the. 3rticle% Ainth. 3sgill.JJJJJand efoe. 3strolog. 3theist.

3utumn a.

B.

Bacon.Ball% Sir 3le,ander.Baptismal Ser"ice.Barro! and rden. Bartrams Tra"els.Ba,ter.Beaumont and *letcher.JJJJs ramas.

Beaut.Behmen% 4acob.Bentle.Berkele.Bertram% Character of.Bestial Theor.Bible% Stud of the.JJJJ% +ersion of the.Biblical Commentators.Biographia >iteraria.Bitters and Tonics.Black.

Black% Colonel.Blumenbach and ants -aces.Books of Doses% Genuineness of.Bos!ell.Bourrienne.Bo!er.British Schoolmen.Brooke% >ord.Bro!n and ar!in.Bull and )aterland.Burke.Burnet.

Buonaparte.Bron% >ord.JJJJand . )alpoles $Dsterious Dother.$JJJJ% his +ersification% and on 4uan.

C.

Caesarean ?peration.Cambridge Petition to admit issenters.Canning.Capital.Catholicit.

Ca"alier Slang.Character% ifferences of.Charles &.Chaucer.



Children% Gracefulness of%Chilling!orth%Christ% i"init of%Christs ospital%Christian Sabbath%Christianit%JJJJ% Scope of%

Church%JJJJ% igh PriKes and -e"enues of the%JJJJ% Aational%JJJJof England%JJJJof -ome%Churchmen%Church Singing%CitiKens and Christians%Claudian%Clerg% Celibac of the%Coleridges NDr.O Sstem%

ColoniKation%Colours%JJJJ% AonJperception of%Commons% ouse of%JJJJ% the -eformed ouse of%Compounds% >atin%Consolation in istress%Constantine%Constitution% English%Corn >a!s%Coronation ?aths%Crabbe and Southe%

Cramp% Charm for%Craniolog%Crisis%

.

ancing% English and Greek%aniel%a"% Sir .%emocrac%JJJJ% !ith Sla"er%

e"otional Spirit%e "i Dinimorum%ictation and &nspiration%iction of the ?ld and Ae! Testament +ersion%iplomatists% modern%isfranchisement%issenters%i"ersions of Purle%i"ines% old%i"init%obriKhoffer%og%

on ui,ote%ou!s NGerardO $Schoolmaster%$ and Titians $+enus%$ramatists% the ?ld%raton and aniel%



reams%JJJJand Ghosts% ifference bet!een Stories of%rden%JJJJand Pope%ual% Aeuter plural% and +erb singular%

E.

Education%Egptian 3ntiFuaries%Eldons N>ordO octrine as to Grammar Schools%Electricit%Eleg%Energ of Dan and other 3nimals%England%JJJJand olland%English and German%En"%

Epidemic isease%Epistles to the Ephesians and Colossians%JJJJto the ebre!s%JJJJto the -omans%Erasmus%Etmolog of the final &"e%Eucharist% the%Euripides%Euthanasia%E"angelicals% Dock%

*.

*aith%JJJJ% 3rticles of%JJJJand Belief *antas and &magination%*atalism and Pro"idence%*athers% the%*aust%*ees% Barristers and Phsicians%*ielding and -ichardson%*ine 3rts% Patronage of the%

*laccus% +alerius%*logging%*ood%*o, and Pitt%*rench% the%JJJJGendarmerie%JJJJereditar Peerage% 3bolition of the%

G.

Galileo% Ae!ton% epler% Bacon%

Gal"anism%Gas% droJcarbonic%Gender of the Sun in German%Genius%



Genius% Criterion of.JJJJ% *eminine.JJJJ% Detaphsical.JJJJof the Spanish and &talians.German.JJJJBlank +erse.JJJJand English.

Ghosts%Gibbon%Giffords Dassier%Giotto%Gnosis%God% Proof of E,istence of%JJJJs Pro"idence%Goethe%Good and the True% the%Go"ernment%Grammar%Gra and Cotton

Great Dinds andrognous%JJJJPoets% good Den%Greek%JJJJ% &talian% and English% pure 3ges of%JJJJ3ccent and uantit%JJJJrama%JJJJParticles%Gre% Earl%

.

ackets >ife of 3rchbishop )illiams%

ahnemann%all% Captain B.%JJJJand the 3mericans%amlet%ampdens Speech%armon%eat%ebre!%ermesiana,%erodotus%esiod%ieronimo%

istor%JJJJ% 4e!ish%obbism%olland and Belgium%JJJJand the utch%omer%omeric eroes in Shakspeare%ooker%ooker and Bull%orner%umour and Genius%pothesis%

steria%

&.



&apetic and Semitic%&deal Tor and )hig%&deal Truths% -e"erence for%&deas%&mitation and Cop%&ncarnation%&nherited isease%

&nsects%&nterest% Donied%&n"estigation% Dethods of%&reland% @nion !ith%&rish Church%&ron%&r"ing%&saac%&tal% -oman ConFuest of%

4.

4acob%4acobins%4ames &%4erusalem% estruction of%4e!s%JJJJ% Con"ersion of the%JJJJ% i"ision of the Scripture%JJJJ% in Poland%4ob% Book of%4ohnson% r.%JJJJ% his Political Pamphlets%JJJJ% the )hig%

4onson% Ben%4unius%4uries%

.

ants 3ttempt%ants -aces of Dankind%ean%eats%eenness and Subtlet%emble% 4ohn%

epler%no!ledge%otKebue%

>.

>akes% Scotch and English%>amb% C.%>and and Done%>andholders% ut of%>andors N). S.O Poetr%>aud%

>aughter% *arce and Traged%>a"acrum Pallados%>egislation% &niFuitous%>eo L.%



>e!iss 4amaica 4ournal%>ife% Constitutional and *unctional%>iturg% English%>ogic%JJJJ% Character of the 3ge for%>ogic of &deas and of Sllogisms.>ogos% the.

$>ord% the%$ in the English +ersion of the Psalms.>o"e.JJJJand *riendship opposed.>o"es >abour >ost.>ucan.>uther.>ells Geolog.

D.

Dachiner.Dackintosh% Sir 4ames.

Dadness.Dagnetism.Dalta.Dan cannot be stationar.JJJJ*all of.JJJJs *reedom.Dande"illes *able of the Bees.Danners under Ed!ard &&&.% -ichard &&.% and enr +&&&.Darriage.JJJJParental Control in.JJJJof Cousins.Dartin.

Dasons Poetr.Dassier.Daterialism.Dathe!s.Deasure for Deasure.Dedicine.Dedicines% Specific.Den.Dessenger of the Co"enant.Dessiah.Detre% Dodern.Diguel% om% and om Pedro.

Dilesian Tales.Dilton.JJJJand Sdne.JJJJs disregard of Painting.JJJJs Egotism.JJJJs >atin Poems.Dinisters and the -eform Bill.Donarch or emocrac% Prospect of.Donro% Sir T.Dosaic Diracles.JJJJProphecies.Doti"es and &mpulses.

Dusic.JJJJ% Ear and Taste for% different.Dusical Glasses% some Den like.



A.

Aapier.Aational Colonial Character and Aa"al iscipline.JJJJebt.Aations% Characteristic Temperament of.Aegro Emancipation.

Aer"ous )eakness.Ae! Testament Canon.Ae!ton.Aitrous ?,ide.Aominalists and -ealists.Aorthern and Southern States.Aor!egians.

?.

?ath% Coronation.?aths.

?bstruction.?rigen.?thello% Character of.

P.

Painting.Pantheism.JJJJand &dolatr.Papac.JJJJ% the% and the -eformation.JJJJand the Schoolmen.

Paradise >ost.Park% Professor.Parliamentar Pri"ilege.Part Spirit.Penal Code in &reland.Penn% Gran"ille% and the eluge.Pentameter% Greek and >atin.Permanenc and Progression of Aations.Persius.Persons and Things.Peter Simple% and Tom Cringles >og.Phantom Portrait.

Philanthropists.Philosophers ordinar >anguage.Philosoph% Greek.JJJJ% Doral.JJJJ% Dr. Coleridges Sstem of.JJJJof oung Den of the present a.Pictures.Pilgrims Progress.Pirates.Plants.Plato.JJJJand Lenophon.

Plotinus.Poem% Epic.Poetic Promise.Poetical *ilter.



Poetr.JJJJ% Persian and 3rabic.Poison.Polarit% Doral >a! of.Political 3ction% the t!o Dodes of.Political Econom% Dodern.Polonius.

Poor >a!s.Popedom.Praer.Preaching e,tempore.Presbterians% &ndependents% and Bishops.Principle% Greatest appiness.Principles and *acts.JJJJand Da,ims.Professions and Trades.Propertius.Propert Ta,.Prophecies of the ?ld Testament.

Prophec.Prose and Poetr.JJJJand +erse.Prudentius.Psalms% Translation of the.Puritans and Ca"aliers.JJJJand 4acobins.

.

uacks.uakerism% Dodern.

uakers.uarantine.

-.

-abelais.JJJJand >uther.-affles% Sir S.-ainbo!.-eason and @nderstanding.-easoner% a.-edemption.

-eform of the ouse of Commons.JJJJBill.JJJJ% Conduct of Dinisters on the.-eformation.JJJJ% English.-eligion.-eligion gentiliKes.JJJJof the Greeks.JJJJJ% -oman Catholic.JJJJJ% -omish-epresentation% Popular.JJJJ% irect.

-estoration.-e"ie!% Principles of a.-e"olution.JJJJ% Belgian.



JJJJ% *rench.JJJJ% &ntellectual.-henferd.-oman ConFuest.JJJJEmpire. e to the ecline of the.JJJJDind.JJJJCatholics.

JJJJCatholic Emancipation.-osetti on ante.

S.

Sallust.Sandford% Bishop.Sanskrit.Sarpi% Paul.Scanderbeg.Scarlett% Sir 4.Schemes% SpinoKistic and ebre!.

Schiller.JJJJs -obbers.JJJJs +ersification.Schmidt.Schools% &nfant.JJJJ% Public.Scotch and English.JJJJirk and &r"ing.JJJJAo"els.Scott% Dichael.JJJJand Coleridge.JJJJs Ao"els.

Sectarianism.Seneca.Shakspeare.JJJJ% in Dinimis.JJJJs &ntellectual 3ction.JJJJs Sonnets.Sicil.Sidne% Sir P.Sin and Sins.Smith% -obert.Societ% best State of.Socinianism.

Socrates.Solomon.Sophocles.Southe.JJJJs >ife of Bunan.Speech% Parts of.Spenser.Spinosa.SpurKheim.SpurKheim and Craniolog.St. 4ohn.JJJJs Gospel.

JJJJ% Chap. ,i,. +er. //.JJJJ% Chap. iii. +er. :.St. Pauls Delita.State.



JJJJ% a.JJJJ% &dea of a.Statesmen.Statius.SteinmetK.Stella.Sterne.

Stle.JJJJ% 3lgernon Sdnes.JJJJ% Dodern.Sublime and Aonsense.Sublimit.Suffiction.Superstition of Daltese% Sicilians% and &talians.S!ift.Smpath of old Greek and >atin !ith English% /<9.

T.

Talent and Genius.Talented.Ta,ation.Talor% 4erem.Tennsons Poems.Tertullian.Thel!all.Theor.Theta.Things are finding their >e"el.Thomas a Becket.Thucdides.

JJJJand Tacitus.Tibullus.Times of Charles &.Toleration.Tooke% orne.Tra"els% Dodern.Trinit% the.Truths and Da,ims.

@.

@nderstanding% the.

@ndine.@nitarianism.@ni"ersal Suffrage.@ni"ersities.

+.

+alcknaer.+arro.+ico.+irgil.+irtue and >ibert.

+on umboldt% Baron.+ote% -ight of )omen to.+o!els and Consonants.+o, Populi% +o, ei.



).

)alkerite Creed.)ar.JJJJ% Ci"il% of the Se"enteenth Centur.)edded >o"e in Shakspeare and his contemporar ramatists.

)ellington% uke of.)etherells NSir CharlesO Speech.)higs% Conduct of the.)icliffe.)ilkins% Peter% and Stothard.)illiam &&&.)ilson.)it and Dadness.)itch of Endor.)omen% Characterlessness of.JJJJ% ?ld.JJJJand Den.

)ords and Aames of Things.)ords!orth.)orks% Chronological 3rrangement of.)orking to better ones condition.)orlds% Pluralit of.

M.

Menda"esta.

TE EA.

End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Specimens of the Table Talk of S.T.Coleridge% b Coleridge

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Coleridge - Specimens of the Table Talk

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Transcript of Coleridge - Specimens of the Table Talk