Cold War

Occupation of Germany• Allied countries

agreed upon a joint occupation of Germany in four zones.

• Pledged to crush the _____ Party and help rebuild __________.

• Why did the Allies grow concerned about the Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference?

War Crimes Trials

• _________ Trials – Trial for German leaders – 12 were sentenced to death, 7 received jail sentences

• Trials in Tokyo – trial for Japan’s leaders – _________were sentenced to death

• Do you think that these countries “got off light” or did they receive the appropriate punishment?

United Nations

• The United Nations is an international organization for __________ that is headquartered in ____________City

• What was Eleanor Roosevelt’s role in

the UN?

Creation of Israel

• One of the first actions of the UN was to create a Jewish homeland in the Middle East in what was ________.

Cold War

• At the end of WWII the Allied Powers the Soviet Union and the United States were the most powerful countries in the world. The competition for global power and influence resulted in the Cold War.

• Soviet Aggression fueled mistrust against the Soviet Union.

• What did they take over?

The U.S. vs. the Soviet Union

The Soviet Union

The United States

Economy

Government structure

Philosophical

Western response• The United States,

Britain and France began to worry about the spread of Soviet influence and began a policy of __________ toward Communism.

• Winston Churchill described the spread of Soviet influence as an “_________” that isolated Western Europe from Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe.

Atomic Weapons• The Soviet Unions first

tested an atomic bomb in __1949__, starting an arms race.

• 1950 – the U.S. created the _Hydrogen____ bomb which is 1,000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb. __5__ months later the Soviet Unions created its own H-Bomb.

ContainmentTruman Doctrine – “It must be the

policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation [conquest] by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” - Congress gave $400 million to aid _______________fight off communism.

Marshall Plan – or ________________Plan – gave aid to help rebuild war-torn Europe.

Greece and Turkey

Berlin Airlift• France, Britain, and

the US planned to combine their zones in Germany.

• This angered Stalin so he set up a ________ around the western portion of Berlin.

• The Allies responded by ___________the needed supplies into Western Berlin for a 9 month period.

Alliances• ____________________

________ – (NATO) military organization of mostly democratic nations.

• Soviet Union responded with an alliance of its own called the ____________ that consisted of communist countries.

Communist Victory in China

• Communist leader Mao Zedong defeated the Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-Shek in China in 1949.

Korean War (1950-1953

Syngman Rhee

Kim Il-Sung

After WWII, Korea was divided into North and South Korea at the _____ Parallel. North Korea was ____________ and South Korea was a democracy.

Korean War• ________ Korea invaded the _______,

opening the door for UN and US involvement. US forces pushed the North Koreans back into their own territory but ________ came in to aid the North Koreans.

Effects of the Korean War• War ended in a ______________. • The division line for North and South Korea

was placed at the 38th parallel.• __________ wanted to expand the conflict into

China. Truman disagreed and had MacArthur fired. • _________ elected president promising to end the war. • _____________Theory – the US believed that if one country fell to Communism then others around it would also fall.

Eisenhower’s approach to Communism

• Policy called brinkmanship, so called because the US was going to try and liberate countries that had fallen under Soviet control since 1945 even if it meant going to the brink of war with the Soviet Union.

• Eisenhower used the Central Intelligence Agency to achieve its goal of liberating Soviet controlled countries.

The CIA at work

• The CIA organized a military coup to overthrow the leader of Iran.

• In 1954, the CIA led forces to overthrow the elected president in Guatemala.

• Eisenhower decided to use Diplomacy instead of the CIA to end the Crisis over the Suez Canal.

• Eisenhower then issued his Eisenhower Doctrine which gave aid to any Middle Eastern nation resisting communism.

New Soviet Leader• Stalin dies in 1953 of a

stroke.• Nikita Khrushchev

becomes the new Soviet premier. He then visits the US.

• Tensions were eased until the U2 spy plane incident.

U2 spy plane incident

• An US spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union.

• Tensions rise again.

The Cold War at Home (Here)

• What did the House of Un-American Activities Committee do?

• Why did the Hollywood Ten go to jail?

• What does blacklisting mean?

McCarthyism

• Anti-communists Hysteria to the 9th

• Senator from Wisconsin who claimed to have a list of Communist in the State Department.

• Why did people support his claims even without having hard evidence?

• What brought about the downfall to McCarthy?

Communist Spies in the United States

• Alger Hiss – former New Deal lawyer accused of passing State Department information onto the Soviets.

• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg – accused of providing the Soviets with atomic energy secrets in WWII. They were executed in 1953.

American patriotism

• The gov. encouraged patriotism to ward off communism.

• The words “Under God” were added to the pledge to stand out against Communist Atheism.

• “In God we Trust” was also added to U.S. currency.

Reaction to Nuclear arms race

• Many Americans turned to religion giving fame to Billy Graham

• The government produced educational information to citizens to help them prepare for a possible nuclear attack.– Video

• Many Americans dig Fallout shelters in their yards to be prepared.

Race to Space • The Soviet Union launched

Sputnik in October of 1957.• What was the reaction in the

US to Sputnik?• In November the Soviet

Union then Launched Sputnik II which had a dog aboard.

• January 1958 – US sent its first satellite, Explorer I, into orbit.

• NASA was created in 1958.• Why was the National

Defense Education Act passed?

Kennedy in the Cold War

• Kennedy was elected in 1960 after Eisenhower– He established the ____________to help

countries fight against communism– He developed the ___________which sent

American Volunteers to work in developing countries so that those countries would rely on the US and not the Soviet Union.

– He developed the ________________which offered $ to Latin American countries in exchange for democratic and capitalist reforms implementation.

Cuba• 1959 – Fidel Castro overthrew the

gov. of Cuba and established a communist – styled dictatorship with strong ties to the Soviet Union.

• Why did the United States feel threatened by this?

• Kennedy learned that Eisenhower had developed a plan to use the CIA to overthrow Castro.

Bay of Pigs• The CIA had trained

and supplied a group of 1500 Cuban refugees to invade Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro.

• The plan was set into motion on April 17, 1961, but the rebels were all captured and the plan failed to get anywhere close to Castro.

1. How did this incident affect Kennedy’s image?

2. How did this affect the relationship between the U.S. and Soviet Union?

Crisis in Berlin

• In June of 1961, Khrushchev demanded that the US remove all troops from West Berlin and recognize communist East Germany.

• August – the Soviets built a barbed-wire fence dividing E and W Berlin – Kennedy sent in more troops.

• Eventually concrete replaced the wire and the Berlin Wall was constructed.

Cuban Missile Crisis• The US learned that the

Soviet Union had armed Cuba with nuclear weapons.

• On October 22, Kennedy announced a blockade of armed ships from Cuba and ordered the removal of the missiles.

• Soviets armed their nukes, US B-52 bombers were armed with nukes themselves

Cuban Missile Crisis

• October 24 – Soviet ships on their way to Cuba “stopped dead in the water” and turned back

• October 28 – Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missile bases.

Results of the Cuban Missile Crisis• Both countries were

shaken up by the incident• The US, the Soviet Union,

and Great Britain signed the ________________ to end the testing of nuclear bombs in the atmosphere and underwater.

• A direct line, called a __________, was set up between the US and Soviet Union to be able to communicate in future conflicts.

Vietnam

• In its fight against the Chinese, what tactic proved to be successful for the Vietnamese?

• Who gained control of Vietnam in 1883?

• Who did the U.S. side with between the French and Vietnam? Why?

• Who eventually won the battle between the French and Vietnam?

Geneva Conference

• What decisions were made at the Geneva Conference?

• What was the demilitarized zone for Vietnam?

The Vietcong 1960• The Vietcong were

Vietnamese Communist who were living in South Vietnam

• Their goal was to overthrow the government led by Ngo Dinh Diem.

• Kennedy sent in more troop who numbered 16,000 by 1963.

• Diem was assassinated by his own people in 1963

Kennedy’s assassination• Weeks after Diem’s assassination,

Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas. • Vice-President Lyndon Baines Johnson

was sworn in as president soon afterwards.

• Video of Assassination

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution• The U.S.S. Maddox was

“attacked” by the North Vietnamese.

• Johnson wanted to increase US involvement

• Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1963) which gave the president authority to take “all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States.”

• Johnson called for an escalation of US forces in Vietnam which meant instituting the draft.

The troops• Why were men of wealthy families

less likely to serve in Vietnam?• Why did minorities such as African-

Americans and Hispanics have high casualties?

The fighting• The land of SE Asia is

covered with jungle vegetation making it hard to see the enemy.

• Even if we were able to see our enemy, most troops had a hard time distinguishing between the good guys and the bad guys.

• The US hoped to use our air power to drop bombs on the supply line, called the Ho Chi Minh Trail, to the Vietcong.

New Weapons

• Napalm• Cluster Bombs• Defoliants (Agent Orange)

The ground war• US forces carried out

search-and-destroy missions that attempted to drive out the Vietcong from their hideouts.

• The casualties mounted up for the North Vietnam but their will to fight continued.

• As years passed, the US moral declined.

The Media• How did the media

affect the attitudes of US citizens about the war?

• Describe the events of the Kent State shootings.

• Describe the events of the Jackson State shootings.

Tet Offensive• January 30, 1968 marked the

start of the Tet, which is the Vietnamese New Year.

• The holiday usually came with a lull in fighting but 1968 was different. The North Vietnamese had planned a huge offensive.

• The month long battle proved that the US could not totally control South Vietnam.

• More Americans began to oppose the war.

The Election of 1968• Johnson decided to not

run for reelection• Democratic candidate –

Robert Kennedy was assassinated.

• Democrats then nominate Hubert Humphrey

• Republicans nominate Richard Nixon who promised he had a secret plan to end the war in Vietnam.

Vietnamization• Nixon was greatly influenced

by SOS Henry Kissinger. Together they developed the plan called Vietnamization.

• The plan called for pulling US troops out of Vietnam and turning the fight over to the South Vietnamese to achieve “peace with honor.”

• During peace talks, Nixon ordered for the invasion of Cambodia. Americans were in an uproar.

Election of 1972

• Democrats nominate antiwar leader George McGovern “Dove”

• Republicans nominate Nixon (winner by landslide) “Hawk”

• 26th Amendment – changed voting age from 21 to 18.

“Peace is at Hand”

• North Vietnam made demands after a draft to cease-fire was made.

• Nixon responded by dropping 40,000 tons of bombs over a 2-week period.

• January 27, 1973 – negotiations came to an end with an agreement.

• Who won the Vietnam war?

Fall of Saigon

• 2 years after the war ended, North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam.

• On April 30, 1975, South Vietnam surrendered to North Vietnam.

Effects of the War

• What were three effects of the Vietnam War?

• The War Powers Act got rid of what resolution?

Nixon in the Cold War• Nixon visited China in 1972

to improve relations based on his realpolitik theory. This visit was the first for any US president. It set up important trade agreements and divided communist Russia and China.

• Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) – limited the number of intercontinental nuclear missiles each nation could have.

Détente in the Cold War

• Under Ford and Carter – the US and the Soviet Union, for the most part, went through a period of Détente.

• What does this mean?

Ford and Carter in the Cold War

• Ford aided an anticommunist group in the Civil War in Angola that hurt Soviet relations.

While Carter was president the Soviet invaded Afghanistan. Carter cut grain sales to the Soviets and boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow.

Reagan (the man)• Significant ease in relations between the

US and the Soviet Union.• Regan approved research of the

Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)• Leader of the Soviet Union Mikhail

Gorbachev gave the Soviets more freedoms with his policy of glasnost.

• He tried to save the Soviet economy by implementing a plan called perestroika which called for increase foreign trade and a reduction of military spending.

• The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (NFT) eliminated all medium range nuclear weapons from Europe.

End of the Cold War

• October 3, 1990, the two nations of East and West Germany were reunited without Soviet intervention.

• With a failing economy Gorbachev resigned as the Soviet president.

• Boris Yeltsin, was now the president of Russia.

• New World Order Speech

Communism after the Cold War

• There has been a call for reforms to be implemented in most communist countries since the fall of the Soviet Union. – Ex. Tiananmen Square in China

• China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam are currently communist