Cold War Conflicts and Social Transformations, 1945-1985 Chapter 30 McKay.

Cold War Conflicts Cold War Conflicts and Social and Social

Transformations, Transformations, 1945-19851945-1985

Chapter 30Chapter 30

McKayMcKay

The Divisions of EuropeThe Divisions of Europe Origins of the Cold WarOrigins of the Cold War West vs. EastWest vs. East

The Big Three: The Big Three: Churchill, FDR, StalinChurchill, FDR, Stalin

Origins of the Cold WarOrigins of the Cold War At conferences in Tehran in late 1943 and At conferences in Tehran in late 1943 and

Yalta in early 1945 Stalin, Churchill, and Yalta in early 1945 Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt agreed to divide Germany along a Roosevelt agreed to divide Germany along a north-south line, leaving Soviet troops to north-south line, leaving Soviet troops to liberate eastern Europeliberate eastern Europe

According to the Yalta agreements, eastern According to the Yalta agreements, eastern European governments were to be freely European governments were to be freely elected but pro-Russianelected but pro-Russian

At Potsdam, new US president Harry Truman At Potsdam, new US president Harry Truman insisted on immediate free elections in insisted on immediate free elections in eastern Europe; Stalin refused. This is the eastern Europe; Stalin refused. This is the originorigin

PotsdamPotsdam

Stalin and Truman

West vs. EastWest vs. East

In May 1945 Truman cut off aid to the In May 1945 Truman cut off aid to the U.S.S.R.U.S.S.R.

In October he declared that the U.S. In October he declared that the U.S. would not recognize governments would not recognize governments established by force against the will of established by force against the will of their peopletheir people

In the meantime, Soviet agents used In the meantime, Soviet agents used French and Italian Communist parties French and Italian Communist parties to agitate against “American plots” to to agitate against “American plots” to take over Europetake over Europe

West vs. EastWest vs. East

The U.S.S.R. also put pressure on Iran, The U.S.S.R. also put pressure on Iran, Turkey, and Greece. Along with the Turkey, and Greece. Along with the Chinese civil war, this convinced Chinese civil war, this convinced Americans that Stalin was bent on Americans that Stalin was bent on exporting communism by subversion exporting communism by subversion throughout the world.throughout the world.

U.S. response was the “Truman Doctrine,” U.S. response was the “Truman Doctrine,” aimed at containing communism. aimed at containing communism. President Truman asked Congress for and President Truman asked Congress for and obtained military aid to Greece and Turkeyobtained military aid to Greece and Turkey

West vs. EastWest vs. East Stalin’s blockage failed to Stalin’s blockage failed to

force West Berlin into force West Berlin into submission as the U.S. and submission as the U.S. and Britain airlifted supplies into Britain airlifted supplies into the citythe city

In 1949 the U.S. led the In 1949 the U.S. led the formation of the North formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); eventually, the (NATO); eventually, the U.S.S.R. organized its eastern U.S.S.R. organized its eastern European satellites into the European satellites into the Warsaw Pact.Warsaw Pact.

Communist victory in the Communist victory in the Chinese civil war followed by Chinese civil war followed by the Korean War only the Korean War only deepened America’s fear of deepened America’s fear of communist conspiracy to communist conspiracy to dominate the globedominate the globe

The Western Renaissance, The Western Renaissance, 1945-19681945-1968

The Postwar ChallengeThe Postwar Challenge Toward European UnityToward European Unity DecolonizationDecolonization America’s Civil Rights RevolutionAmerica’s Civil Rights Revolution

The Postwar ChallengeThe Postwar Challenge

In politics, Catholic “Christian In politics, Catholic “Christian Democratic” parties dedicated to Democratic” parties dedicated to democratic ideals dominated Italy and democratic ideals dominated Italy and West Germany in the postwar West Germany in the postwar generation. Both socialists and generation. Both socialists and Christian democrats maintained or Christian democrats maintained or expanded European welfare states.expanded European welfare states.

U.S. military protection and American U.S. military protection and American Marshall Plan financial aid also helped Marshall Plan financial aid also helped western Europe to recover from the warwestern Europe to recover from the war

The Postwar ChallengeThe Postwar Challenge

France combined flexible government France combined flexible government planning with a “mixed” economy of planning with a “mixed” economy of public and private ownership to achieve public and private ownership to achieve high growth rateshigh growth rates

Western European nations abandoned Western European nations abandoned protectionism to create a large protectionism to create a large “Common Market” that certainly “Common Market” that certainly stimulated economic growth.stimulated economic growth.

Toward European UnityToward European Unity

Europe made progress toward Europe made progress toward economic unity (the “Common economic unity (the “Common Market” was created in 1957) but not Market” was created in 1957) but not political unitypolitical unity

DecolonizationDecolonization

The most basic cause of imperial collapse The most basic cause of imperial collapse was the rising demand of Asian and was the rising demand of Asian and African peoples for national self-African peoples for national self-determination, racial equality, and determination, racial equality, and personal dignitypersonal dignity

The power difference between rulers and The power difference between rulers and ruled in European colonies greatly ruled in European colonies greatly declined after 1945declined after 1945

Opponents of imperialism gained influence Opponents of imperialism gained influence in postwar Europein postwar Europe


India played a pivotal role in India played a pivotal role in decolonizationdecolonization

India’s nationalism drew on Western India’s nationalism drew on Western parliamentary liberalismparliamentary liberalism

Chinese nationalism developed in the Chinese nationalism developed in the framework of Marxist-Leninist ideologyframework of Marxist-Leninist ideology

Most Asian countries followed in the Most Asian countries followed in the pattern of either India or Chinapattern of either India or China

DecolonizationDecolonization In the Middle East, the movement In the Middle East, the movement

toward political independence toward political independence continued after WWIIcontinued after WWII

The establishment of a Jewish The establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine led to decades state in Palestine led to decades of conflict between Israelis and of conflict between Israelis and the Arab states and between the Arab states and between Israelis and PalestiniansIsraelis and Palestinians

Gamal Abdel Nasser led a Gamal Abdel Nasser led a nationalist revolution in Egyptnationalist revolution in Egypt

Nasser’s success inspired Nasser’s success inspired nationalists in Algerianationalists in Algeria


In much of Africa south of the In much of Africa south of the Sahara, deconolization proceeded Sahara, deconolization proceeded much more smoothlymuch more smoothly

European countries increased their European countries increased their economic and cultural tied with economic and cultural tied with former African colonies in the late former African colonies in the late 1960s and 1970s1960s and 1970s

America’s Civil Rights America’s Civil Rights RevolutionRevolution

In the 1950s and In the 1950s and 60s blacks and 60s blacks and their liberal allies in their liberal allies in the Democratic the Democratic party challenged party challenged and reversed and reversed discriminatory laws discriminatory laws and practices that and practices that had made African had made African Americans second-Americans second-class citizensclass citizens

America’s Civil Rights America’s Civil Rights RevolutionRevolution

After Lyndon Johnson’s landslide After Lyndon Johnson’s landslide victory in the 1964 presidential victory in the 1964 presidential election, Congress and the election, Congress and the administration set up a social welfare administration set up a social welfare system and antipoverty program system and antipoverty program similar to the social programs of similar to the social programs of European statesEuropean states

Soviet Eastern Europe, 1945-Soviet Eastern Europe, 1945-19681968

Stalin’s Last Years, Stalin’s Last Years, 1945-19531945-1953

Reform and De-Reform and De-Stalinization, 1953-Stalinization, 1953-19641964

The End of ReformThe End of Reform

Stalin’s Last Years, 1945-Stalin’s Last Years, 1945-19531953

Following 1945, Stalin returned to the Following 1945, Stalin returned to the U.S.S.R. to a rigid dictatorship, focusing U.S.S.R. to a rigid dictatorship, focusing investment on heavy industry, investment on heavy industry, reestablishing tight control of culture, and reestablishing tight control of culture, and purging millions of subjectspurging millions of subjects

Stalin exported his system, including forced-Stalin exported his system, including forced-draft industrialization and collectivization, to draft industrialization and collectivization, to the countries of Eastern Europe. Among East the countries of Eastern Europe. Among East European communist leaders, only Josip European communist leaders, only Josip Broz Tito in Yugoslavia maintained Broz Tito in Yugoslavia maintained independence from Stalinindependence from Stalin

Reform and De-Stalinization, Reform and De-Stalinization, 1953-19641953-1964

Stalin’s successor as party leader, Stalin’s successor as party leader, Nikita Khrushchev, launched a program Nikita Khrushchev, launched a program of “liberalization” or “de-Stalinization”of “liberalization” or “de-Stalinization”– He denounced Stalin’s Great Purges to the He denounced Stalin’s Great Purges to the

2020thth Party Congress Party Congress– He shifted investment somewhat from He shifted investment somewhat from

heavy industry to consumer goods and heavy industry to consumer goods and agricultureagriculture

– De-Stalinization created a literacy ferment De-Stalinization created a literacy ferment as authors such as Boris Pasternak and as authors such as Boris Pasternak and Aleksandra Solzhenitsyn wrote about the Aleksandra Solzhenitsyn wrote about the terror and concentration camps of the terror and concentration camps of the Stalin yearsStalin years

Reform and De-Stalinization, Reform and De-Stalinization, 1953-19641953-1964

– Krushchev declared that “peaceful coexistence” Krushchev declared that “peaceful coexistence” with the capitalist West was possible. He let with the capitalist West was possible. He let occupied Austria become truly independent in occupied Austria become truly independent in 19551955

– Krushchev’s reforms stimulated rebellion in the Krushchev’s reforms stimulated rebellion in the East European satellitesEast European satellites

– In 1956 riots in Poland led to formation of a new In 1956 riots in Poland led to formation of a new government, which won more autonomy from government, which won more autonomy from the U.S.S.R.the U.S.S.R.

– In Hungary, a reformist government fell to In Hungary, a reformist government fell to Soviet invasion after promising free elections Soviet invasion after promising free elections and leaving the Warsaw Pact (1956)and leaving the Warsaw Pact (1956)


In 1964 party leaders deposed Khrushchev In 1964 party leaders deposed Khrushchev and replaced him with Leonid Brezhnev. and replaced him with Leonid Brezhnev. Khrushchev’s liberal policies were a threat Khrushchev’s liberal policies were a threat to the party’s monopoly on political powerto the party’s monopoly on political power

One reason Khrushchev fell was apparent One reason Khrushchev fell was apparent Soviet humiliation in the Cuban missle Soviet humiliation in the Cuban missle crisis, when an American naval blockade crisis, when an American naval blockade of Cuba forced Khrushchev to remove of Cuba forced Khrushchev to remove Soviet missiles from the islandSoviet missiles from the island


Brezhnev’s “neo-Stalinist” direction Brezhnev’s “neo-Stalinist” direction was confirmed in 1968, when the was confirmed in 1968, when the Soviet Union intervened militarily in Soviet Union intervened militarily in Czechoslovakia to stop Communist Czechoslovakia to stop Communist party leader Alexander Dubcek’s party leader Alexander Dubcek’s reformsreformsBrezhnev’s visit to D.C., meeting President Nixon

Postwar Social Postwar Social Transformations, 1945-1968Transformations, 1945-1968

Science and TechnologyScience and Technology The Changing Class StructureThe Changing Class Structure New Roles for WomenNew Roles for Women Youth and the CountercultureYouth and the Counterculture

Science and TechnologyScience and Technology During WWII During WWII

scientists in the scientists in the major combatant major combatant powers generally powers generally worked for the state worked for the state to create or improve to create or improve weaponsweapons

The development of The development of an atomic bomb by an atomic bomb by the U.S. was the the U.S. was the most dramatic result most dramatic result of this developmentof this development

Science and TechnologyScience and Technology

WWII inspired a new model for WWII inspired a new model for science: combining theoretical work science: combining theoretical work with sophisticated engineering and with sophisticated engineering and massive government support. This massive government support. This model became known as “Big model became known as “Big Science”Science”

Science and TechnologyScience and Technology After 1945 about ¼ of all men After 1945 about ¼ of all men

and women trained in science or and women trained in science or engineering in the West worked engineering in the West worked full-time to produce weaponsfull-time to produce weapons

One result was the space race One result was the space race between the U.S.S.R. and the between the U.S.S.R. and the U.S., culminating in the U.S. U.S., culminating in the U.S. landing men on the moon in landing men on the moon in 19691969

The number of scientists in The number of scientists in Western societies escalated Western societies escalated rapidly after 1945. They were rapidly after 1945. They were highly specialized and had to highly specialized and had to work in large, bureaucratic orgs. work in large, bureaucratic orgs.

The Changing Class The Changing Class StructureStructure

After WWII a new middle class of managers After WWII a new middle class of managers and experts working for huge organizations and experts working for huge organizations replaced the traditional middle class of replaced the traditional middle class of small property owners, professionals, and small property owners, professionals, and independent businessmenindependent businessmen

Members of this new middle class often Members of this new middle class often came from working-class backgroundscame from working-class backgrounds

The new middle class was based on The new middle class was based on specialization skills and high levels of specialization skills and high levels of education, and was more insecure, open, education, and was more insecure, open, and democratic than the old oneand democratic than the old one

The Changing Class The Changing Class StructureStructure

There was a mass exoduse from farms to There was a mass exoduse from farms to the cities in Europe. White-collar and the cities in Europe. White-collar and service industry jobs increased in numberservice industry jobs increased in number

More social security benefits, such as More social security benefits, such as national health care systems, established national health care systems, established a humane floor of well-beinga humane floor of well-being

Government-sponsored pension programs Government-sponsored pension programs made people more willing to go into debt made people more willing to go into debt and purchase newly available and cheap and purchase newly available and cheap consumer products- cars, TV's, etc- and to consumer products- cars, TV's, etc- and to traveltravel

New Roles for WomenNew Roles for Women

From the late 19From the late 19thth c onward improved c onward improved diet, higher incomes, use of diet, higher incomes, use of contraception, and urbanization contraception, and urbanization caused birthrates to dropcaused birthrates to drop

Consequently, married women’s Consequently, married women’s whole lives were no longer occupied whole lives were no longer occupied with child raisingwith child raising


Three factors helped women get into Three factors helped women get into the workforce in the West after WWII:the workforce in the West after WWII:– The postwar economic boomThe postwar economic boom– The shift to white-collar and service The shift to white-collar and service

industries, in which women had already industries, in which women had already been employed for generationsbeen employed for generations

– Young women gained access to the Young women gained access to the expanding postwar education systemexpanding postwar education system


The trend toward employment of women The trend toward employment of women went furthest in communist eastern went furthest in communist eastern EuropeEurope

For many women, entering the workforce For many women, entering the workforce meant an exhausting “double day” of work meant an exhausting “double day” of work and domestic dutiesand domestic duties

As women came to expect to work for As women came to expect to work for most of their lives, they were less willing most of their lives, they were less willing to accept lower pay, sexism, and to accept lower pay, sexism, and discrimination in the workforcediscrimination in the workforce

Youth and the Youth and the CountercultureCounterculture

Economic prosperity, a more Economic prosperity, a more democratic class structure, and the democratic class structure, and the postwar “baby boom” helped create postwar “baby boom” helped create a distinctive youth culturea distinctive youth culture

By the late 1950s in certain US urban By the late 1950s in certain US urban neighborhoods, the young fashioned neighborhoods, the young fashioned a subculture that combined leftist a subculture that combined leftist politics, experimentation with drugs politics, experimentation with drugs and communal living, and new and communal living, and new artistic stylesartistic styles

Youth and the Youth and the CountercultureCounterculture

Greater sexual freedom was part of the new Greater sexual freedom was part of the new youth culture, as many couples chose to live youth culture, as many couples chose to live together without marryingtogether without marrying

Several factors contributed to the emergence Several factors contributed to the emergence of international youth culture in the 1960s:of international youth culture in the 1960s:– Mass communications and youth travelMass communications and youth travel– Postwar baby boomPostwar baby boom– Prosperity and greater equality meant that youth Prosperity and greater equality meant that youth

had more purchasing powerhad more purchasing power– Prosperity also meant that young job seekers were Prosperity also meant that young job seekers were

in demand and could behave with relative freedomin demand and could behave with relative freedom

Youth and the Youth and the CountercultureCounterculture Youth culture and Youth culture and

counterculture fused in counterculture fused in the late 1960s in the late 1960s in opposition to middle-opposition to middle-class conformity and class conformity and perceived excesses of perceived excesses of Western imperialism- Western imperialism- particularly to the particularly to the Vietnam WarVietnam War

Expanding university Expanding university populations in Europe populations in Europe and the US together and the US together with attendant stresses, with attendant stresses, helped catalyze the helped catalyze the student rebellions of student rebellions of 1968 in France and 1968 in France and elsewhereelsewhere

Conflict and Challenge in the Conflict and Challenge in the Late Cold War, 1968-1985Late Cold War, 1968-1985

The United States and VietnamThe United States and Vietnam Détente or Cold War?Détente or Cold War? The Women’s MovementThe Women’s Movement The Troubled EconomyThe Troubled Economy Society in a Time of Economic Society in a Time of Economic

UncertaintyUncertainty

The United States and The United States and VietnamVietnam

After French withdrawal, the US became After French withdrawal, the US became heavily involved in Vietnam due to the policy heavily involved in Vietnam due to the policy of containment of communismof containment of communism

President LBJ greatly expanded American President LBJ greatly expanded American involvementinvolvement

American strategy was to escalate the war American strategy was to escalate the war through bombing of N. Vietnam, insertion of through bombing of N. Vietnam, insertion of US troops to the south, and military aid to the US troops to the south, and military aid to the South. The US did not want to escalate so South. The US did not want to escalate so much as to provoke Soviet or Chinese much as to provoke Soviet or Chinese intervention, so never invaded or blockaded intervention, so never invaded or blockaded the Norththe North


Criticism of the war grew rapidly in Criticism of the war grew rapidly in the US, beginning on college the US, beginning on college campusescampuses

After the communist Tet offensive After the communist Tet offensive against South Vietnamese cities, LBJ against South Vietnamese cities, LBJ called for negotiations with the North called for negotiations with the North and withdraw from the presidential and withdraw from the presidential election.election.


LBJ’s successor, Richard Nixon, gradually LBJ’s successor, Richard Nixon, gradually withdrew from Vietnam. In 1972 he withdrew from Vietnam. In 1972 he reached rapprochement with communist reached rapprochement with communist China, and in 1973 he signed a peace China, and in 1973 he signed a peace agreement with the North Vietnameseagreement with the North Vietnamese

In the Watergate scandal Nixon was In the Watergate scandal Nixon was eventually reprimanded for ordering an eventually reprimanded for ordering an illegal break-in to Democratic party illegal break-in to Democratic party headquarters in Washington D.C. In 1974 headquarters in Washington D.C. In 1974 he resigned the presidencyhe resigned the presidency

Détente or Cold War?Détente or Cold War?

Détente began with West German Détente began with West German chancellor Willy Brandt’s policy of chancellor Willy Brandt’s policy of improving relations with East Germany improving relations with East Germany and eastern Europe in general (beginning and eastern Europe in general (beginning in Dec. 1970)in Dec. 1970)

Détente peaked when US, Canada, and Détente peaked when US, Canada, and most European nations signed the Helsinki most European nations signed the Helsinki Accords, accepting existing political Accords, accepting existing political frontiers and guaranteeing human rights frontiers and guaranteeing human rights and political freedomand political freedom

Détente or Cold War?Détente or Cold War?

The Brezhnev regime in the Soviet The Brezhnev regime in the Soviet Union ignored the Helsinki Accords in Union ignored the Helsinki Accords in practice, and in 1979 Soviet invasion practice, and in 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ended détenteof Afghanistan ended détente

The US responded with a massive The US responded with a massive military buildup, begun by Pres. military buildup, begun by Pres. Jimmy Carter and continued by the Jimmy Carter and continued by the more conservative Ronald Reaganmore conservative Ronald Reagan

The Women’s MovementThe Women’s Movement

In the 1970s a broad-based feminist In the 1970s a broad-based feminist movement tht aimed at securing gender movement tht aimed at securing gender equality through political action emerged equality through political action emerged in Europe and the USin Europe and the US

One work that influenced the movement One work that influenced the movement strongly was Simone de Beauvoir’s The strongly was Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex, 1949Second Sex, 1949

Betty Friedan founded the National Betty Friedan founded the National Organization of Women in the US in 1966 Organization of Women in the US in 1966 to press for women’s rightsto press for women’s rights

The Women’s MovementThe Women’s Movement The new women’s movements aimed to The new women’s movements aimed to

change laws regarding women. They change laws regarding women. They pressed for equal pay for equal work, pressed for equal pay for equal work, affordable day care, the right to divorce (in affordable day care, the right to divorce (in Catholic countries), legalized abortion, and Catholic countries), legalized abortion, and protection from rape and physical abuseprotection from rape and physical abuse

The achivements of the women’s The achivements of the women’s encouraged mobilization by other groups encouraged mobilization by other groups that were frequent targets of discrimination that were frequent targets of discrimination and harassment, including the disabled, and and harassment, including the disabled, and gay and lesbian men and womengay and lesbian men and women

The Troubled EconomyThe Troubled Economy

From the early 1970s through the middle From the early 1970s through the middle 1980s Western economies stagnated. 1980s Western economies stagnated. Causes were:Causes were:– Heavy debt, the US went off the gold standard in Heavy debt, the US went off the gold standard in

19711971– The oil embargo by the Organization of The oil embargo by the Organization of

Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) following Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) following the Arab-Israeli War of 1973 raised crude oil the Arab-Israeli War of 1973 raised crude oil prices by four timesprices by four times

– The Iranian Revolution of 1979 caused Iranian oil The Iranian Revolution of 1979 caused Iranian oil production to collapse and again raised oil pricesproduction to collapse and again raised oil prices

Cold War Map 1980Cold War Map 1980

Society in a Time of Economic Society in a Time of Economic UncertaintyUncertainty

The welfare states of the West cushioned The welfare states of the West cushioned the material impact of economic the material impact of economic stagnation. The impact of the recession stagnation. The impact of the recession was rather psychological- a more was rather psychological- a more pessimistic moodpessimistic mood

In the 1980s, a reaction to the rapid In the 1980s, a reaction to the rapid growth of government spending set in, growth of government spending set in, particularly in Britain. In the US, Pres. particularly in Britain. In the US, Pres. Reagan cut taxes in 1981 but did not cut Reagan cut taxes in 1981 but did not cut the federal budget. A huge deficit resultedthe federal budget. A huge deficit resulted

Society in a Time of Economic Society in a Time of Economic UncertaintyUncertainty

In the 1980s, a reaction to the rapid In the 1980s, a reaction to the rapid growth of government spending set in, growth of government spending set in, particularly in Britain. In the US, Pres. particularly in Britain. In the US, Pres. Reagan cut taxes in 1981 but did not cut Reagan cut taxes in 1981 but did not cut the federal budget. A huge deficit the federal budget. A huge deficit resultedresulted

Economic troubled made university Economic troubled made university students much more practical and less students much more practical and less idealistic than the students of the 1960s. idealistic than the students of the 1960s.

Cold War Conflicts and Social Transformations, 1945-1985 Chapter 30 McKay.

Documents

Transcript of Cold War Conflicts and Social Transformations, 1945-1985 Chapter 30 McKay.