COINTELPRO Aff and Negative Upgrade - Northwestern 2015 6WS

7/25/2019 COINTELPRO Aff and Negative Upgrade - Northwestern 2015 6WS

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2015 NDI 6WS Cointelpro Af &

Neg Upgrades


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Af


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Black ant!ers

Black ant!ers s"#$erted police attacks and C%IN'()%*sel+ de+ense progra,s and re$ol"tionar- ,odels

(i#co, 6 (Steven, The Black Panther Party for Self Defense, Libcom,https://libcomor!/library/the"black"panther"party"for"self"#efense$

Before his #eath, %alcolm & state#: t!e ti,e !as co,e to .g!t #ack in sel+/de+ence!ene$er and !ere$er t!e #lack ,an is #eing "n"stl- and "nla+"ll-attacked3 It as t!e Black ant!er art-4s e,p!asis on sel+/de+enceleading to ar,ed con+rontations it! t!e state t!at ,ade it !eadline nesand an inspiration to a generation o+ ,ilitants 'ne S sociolo!ist observe#: !ecop4s trigger .nger is t!e ga$el o+ "stice in #lackton3 !e B ,et t!is!ead on it! ar,ed patrols W!ene$er #lack people ere stripped #- t!epolice ar,ed ant!ers o"ld #e on t!e scene ,aking s"re t!eirconstit"tional rig!ts ere not $iolated )hy the BPP co*nts, tho*!h, is not +*st for its stan#

a!ainst police br*tality - )all Street .o*rnal article note# in 012: a si3eable n*mber of blacks s*pport thePanthers beca*se they a#mire other, less 4ell p*blicise# activities of the Party s*ch as its free"breakfastpro!ramme for !hetto yo*n!sters, its free me#ical care pro!ram an# its 4ar on narcotics *se amon! black

yo*th The ne4s me#ia never say ho4 stron! the Panthers are a!ainst narcotics, says %r 5onner of the6onkers anti poverty centre 6o* take the ki#s, in 7arlem, they sort of envy h*stlers " !*ys 4ho take n*mbers,p*sh #ope B*t the Panthers are tellin! ki#s from !ra#e school level: Dont mess 4ith #ope 8t 4orks The labo*r

historian Philip S 9oner #escribes the Panthers as #eeply involve #in a 4i#e variety of other 4ork !e part-as protesting rent e$iction in+or,ing el+are recipients o+ t!eir legalrig!ts teac!ing classes in #lack !istor- and de,anding and inningsc!ool trafic lig!ts The installation of a street li!ht in So*th an# %arket Streets is an important eventin the Partys early history Several black chil#ren ha# been kille# comin! home from school, an# the comm*nity4as enra!e# at the in#ierence of the a*thorities ;e4ton an# Seale tol# 'aklan#s po4er str*ct*re that if theli!ht 4as not installe#, the party 4o*l# come #o4n 4ith !*ns an# block traic so the chil#ren co*l# cross insafety The traic li!ht 4as installe# 5r*cially, the BPP 4as part of the comm*nity it claime# to serve ;e4tonan# Seale 4ere 4orkin! class black men 4ho felt at ease 4ith street ki#s They #i#nt share either the mi##le

class ass*mptions of the nationalists, or the liberalism of the 4hite left )hen the 5alifornia -ssembly atSacramento move# to pass a !*n control bill #esi!ne# as an attack on the BPP,


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A< =Blackened3 Bad

Sa-ing Blackened good>alentine 0(Desiree @alentine is D*al PhD can#i#ate in Philosophy an# )omenAs

St*#ies, http://444bs*e#*/libraries/virt*alpress/stance/220Csprin!/


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A< )e+or,is,

Non/re+or,ist re+or,s don4t e@ista!nel 5KProfessor of Hconomics at -merican niversity (Gobin, %ar ,

9i!htin! 9or Geforms )itho*t Becomin! Geformist, M;et,https://3commor!/3netarticle/N!htin!"for"reforms"4itho*t"becomin!"reformist"by"robin"hahnel/$

!ere is no s"c! t!ing as a non/re+or,ist re+or, Social de,ocrats andli#ertarian socialists did not err #eca"se t!e- so,e!o +ailed to .nd andca,paign +or t!is ,irac"lo"s kind o+ re+or, Nor o"ld ne le+tists pro$es"ccess+"l !ere ot!ers !ad +ailed #e+ore t!e, #eca"se ne le+tists +o"nda special kind o+ re+or,#ierent from those social #emocrats champione# an# libertarian socialistsshie# a4ay from Some reforms improve peoples lives more, an# some less Some reforms are easier to 4in, an#some are har#er to 4in Some reforms are easier to #efen#, an# some are less so -n# of co*rse, #ierent reformsbeneNt #ierent !ro*ps of people Those are 4ays reforms, themselves, #ier 'n the other han#, there are alsocr*cial #ierences in ho4 reforms are fo*!ht for Geforms can be fo*!ht for by reformers preachin! the virt*es ofcapitalism 'r reforms can be fo*!ht for by anti"capitalists pointin! o*t that only by replacin! capitalism 4ill it bepossible to f*lly achieve 4hat reformers 4ant Geforms can be fo*!ht for 4hile leavin! instit*tions of repressionintact 'r a reform str*!!le can at least 4eaken repressive instit*tions, if not #estroy them Geforms can befo*!ht for by hierarchical or!ani3ations that reinforce a*thoritarian, racist, an# seEist #ynamics an# thereby4eaken the overall movement for pro!ressive chan!e 'r reforms can be fo*!ht for by #emocratic or!ani3ationsthat *proot co*nter pro#*ctive patterns of behavior an# empo4er people to become masters an# mistresses of

their fates )e+or,s can #e +o"g!t +or in a-s t!at lea$e no ne organi?ationsor instit"tions in t!eir a+ter,at! %r re+or,s can #e +o"g!t +or in a-s t!atcreate ne organi?ations and instit"tions t!at +orti+- progressi$e +orces int!e ne@t #attleGeforms can be fo*!ht for thro*!h alliances that obstr*ct possibilities for f*rther !ains 'rthe alliances for!e# to 4in a reform can establish the basis for 4innin! more reforms Geforms can be fo*!ht forin 4ays that provi#e temptin! possibilities for participants, an# partic*larly lea#ers, to take *nfair personala#vanta!e of !ro*p s*ccess 'r they can be fo*!ht for in 4ays that minimi3e the likelihoo# of corr*ptin!inI*ences 9inally, reform or!ani3in! can be the entire pro!ram of or!ani3ations an# movements 'r, reco!ni3in!that reform or!ani3in! 4ithin capitalism is prone to 4eaken the personal an# political resolve of participants to

p*rs*e a f*ll system of eF*itable cooperation, reform 4ork can be combine# 4ith other kin#s of activities,pro!rams, an# instit*tions that re+*venate the battle 4eary an# prevent b*rn o*t an# sell o*tOO8n s*m, an-re+or, can #e +o"g!t +or in a-s t!at di,inis! t!e c!ances o+ +"rt!er gainsand li,it progressi$e c!ange in ot!er areas or +o"g!t +or in a-s t!at,ake +"rt!er progress ,ore likel- and +acilitate ot!er progressi$e c!angesas ell B"t i+ re+or,s are s"ccess+"l t!e- ill ,ake capitalis, less!ar,+"l to so,e e@tent There is no 4ay aro*n# this, an# e$en i+ t!ere ere s"c! at!ing as a non/re+or,ist re+or, it o"ld not c!ange t!is +act 7o4ever, the factthat every reform s*ccess makes capitalism less harmf*l #oes not mean s*ccessf*l reforms necessarily prolon!

the life of capitalism K altho*!h it mi!ht, an# this is somethin! anti"capitalists m*st simply learn to accept B"ti+ inning a re+or, +"rt!er e,poers t!e re+or,ers and !ets t!eirappetite +or ,ore de,ocrac- ,ore econo,ic "stice and ,oreen$iron,ental protection t!an capitalis, can pro$ide it can !asten t!e+all o+ capitalis,OO8n any case, it t*rns o*t 4e are a more ca*tio*s an# social species than t4entiethcent*ry libertarian socialists reali3e# -n# it t*rns o*t that capitalis, is +ar ,ore resilient t!anli#ertarian socialists e@pected it to #e 8ore t!an a !al+ cent"r- o+li#ertarian socialist +ail"res #elie t!e ,-t! t!at it is possi#le +or socialre$ol"tionaries co,,itted to de,ocrac- to esc!e re+or, ork it!o"t#eco,ing sociall- isolated A$oidance o+ participation in re+or, ork issi,pl- not a $ia#le option and onl- g"arantees de+eat +or an- !o opt o"t %oreover no ,irac"lo"s non/re+or,ist re+or, is going to co,e riding to o"r
https://zcomm.org/znetarticle/fighting-for-reforms-without-becoming-reformist-by-robin-hahnel/https://zcomm.org/znetarticle/fighting-for-reforms-without-becoming-reformist-by-robin-hahnel/https://zcomm.org/znetarticle/fighting-for-reforms-without-becoming-reformist-by-robin-hahnel/https://zcomm.org/znetarticle/fighting-for-reforms-without-becoming-reformist-by-robin-hahnel/


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resc"eTho*!h many t4entieth cent*ry libertarian socialists faile# to reali3e it, their only hope 4as to thro4themselves 4holehearte#ly into reform str*!!les 4hile searchin! for 4ays to minimi3e the corr*ptin! press*resthat inevitably are bro*!ht to bear on them as a res*lt


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A< Undergro"nd F

er,"tation G endorse o"r co"nter!istor- as a +or, o+"ndergro"nd politics illegi#le to state/#ased s"r$eillance G o"r

+rag,ented reading o+ !istor- is a s"#$ersi$e approac! t!atarises +ro, t!e i,possi#ilit- and "nknoa#ilit- o+ #lackresistanceStanesc" 1H(.ames , Professional Lect*rer in Philosophy at -mericanniversity The Gi!ht of 'bsc*rity %*st Be Gespecte# (0/Q/


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nel- constrainedE citi?en to !old so,et!ing in reser$e to keep a secret

The history of -fro"#iasporic art, especially m*sic, is, it seems to me, t!e !istor- o+ t!e keeping o+t!is secret e$en in t!e ,idst o+ its intensel- p"#lic and !ig!l- co,,odi.ed

disse,ination !ese secrets are rela-ed and ,isco,,"nicated

,is!eard and o$er!eard o+ten all at once in ords and in t!e #ending o+

ords in !ispers and screa,s in #roken sentences in t!e na,es o+

people -o"4ll ne$er kno (p 2$ !e iss"es t!at e presentl- +ace o"rsel$es

it! s"r$eillance in t!e age o+ t!e internet o+ t!ings NSA sp-ing and t!esecret !olders t!at #elie$e onl- t!e- !a$e a rig!t to secrets are not+"nda,entall- ne iss"es #"t rat!er ne ,ani+estations o+ $er- old iss"es!e rig!t to opacit- is it!o"t a do"#t a rig!t to see a stranger as astranger and t!e rig!t to !a$e secrets(the ri!ht to all be eheimnistr!er$ Th*s, 7artmanF*otes Pa*l ilroy, from his The Black -tlantic, t!ere e@ists Jpolitics on a loer+re:"enc-J !is politics e@ists #eca"se ords ill ne$er #e eno"g! toJco,,"nicate its "nsa-a#le clai,s to tr"t!J(p en"sspeaking in !er on $oice i+ I co"ld !a$e detailed t!e s,all ,e,ories#anis!ed +ro, t!e ledger, then it mi!ht have been possible for me to represent the frien#ship thatco*l# have blossome# bet4een t4o fri!htene# an# lonely !irls Shipmates Then @en*s co*l# have behel# her#yin! frien#, 4hispere# comfort in her ear, rocke# her 4ith promises, soothe# her 4ith soon, soon an# 4ishe#for her a !oo# ret*rn Pict*re them: The relics of t4o !irls, one cra#lin! the other, pl*n#ere# innocents a sailorca*!ht si!ht of them an# later sai# they 4ere frien#s T4o 4orl#"less !irls fo*n# a co*ntry in each others arms

Beside t!e de+eat and t!e terror t!ere o"ld #e t!is too< t!e gli,pse o+#ea"t- t!e instant o+ possi#ilit- !e loss o+ stories s!arpens t!e !"nger

+or t!e, So it is te,pting to .ll in t!e gaps and to pro$ide clos"re !ere

t!ere is none o create a space +or ,o"rning !ere it is pro!i#ited o

+a#ricate a itness to a deat! not ,"c! noticed 8n a free state, it 4o*l# have beenpossible for the !irls to atten# to the #eath of a frien# an# she# tears for the loss, b*t a slave ship ma#e no

allo4ance for !rief an# 4hen #etecte# the instr*ments of tort*re 4ere employe# to era#icate it B"t t!econsolation o+ t!is $ision*a li+e recogni?ed and ,o"rned in t!e e,#race o+to girls*as at odds it! t!e anni!ilating $iolence o+ t!e sla$e s!ip andit! $irt"all- e$er-t!ing I !ad e$er rittenInitiall- I t!o"g!t I anted torepresent t!e afiliations se$ered and re,ade in t!e !ollo o+ t!e sla$es!ip #- i,agining t!e to girls as +riends #- gi$ing t!e, one anot!er B"tin t!e end I as +orced to ad,it t!at I anted to console ,-sel+ and toescape t!e sla$e !old it! a $ision o+ so,et!ing ot!er t!an t!e #odies o+


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to girls settling on t!e Loor o+ t!e Atlantic In t!e end I co"ld sa- no,ore a#o"t >en"s t!an I !ad said a#o"t !er +riend< =I a, "ns"re i+ it is

possi#le to sal$age an e@istence +ro, a !and+"l o+ ords


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%nl- t!e af4s +rag,ented approac! to $isi#ilit- and opacit-sol$esBrooks 6(Daphne, professor of Hn!lish an# -frican -merican st*#ies at

Princeton niversity Bo#ies in Dissent: Spectac*lar Performances of Gace an#9ree#om, J2"02 (22Q$, pp J"0$Shape# fo*n#ationally by black feminist i#eolo!y, Bo#ies in Dissent con"cerns itself 4ith mappin! o*t moments in

4hich #lack c"lt"ral prod"cers and #lack o,en in partic"lar negotiateda-s o+ ,anip"lating t!e #orders o+ t!e ,aterial and t!e episte,ologicalin transatlantic per+or,ance c"lt"reThe N!*res in this book eEperiment 4ith 4ays of V#oin!Vtheir bo#ies #ierently in p*blic spacesWe can t!ink o+ t!eir acts as opa:"e as darkpoints o+ possi#ilit- t!at create .g"rati$e sites +or t!e recon.g"ration o+#lack and +e,ale #odies on displa- A kind o+ s!ro"ding t!is trope o+darkness parado@/icall- allos +or corporeal "n$eiling to -oke it! t!ereEco$ering and re/!istorici?ing o+ t!e Les!Dense an# spectac*lar, t!e opa:"eper+or,ancesof mar!inali3e# c*lt*ral N!*res call attention to t!eskill of the per+or,er!o, thro*!h !est*res an# speech as 4ell as material props an# vis*al technolo!ies, is a#le tocon+o"nd and disr"pt con$entional constr"ctions o+ t!e raciali?ed andgendered #od- In !at e ,a- re+er to as a Jspectac"lar opacit-


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Neg


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Black ant!ers

C%IN'()% "nder,ined Black ant!ers*raids and attackslegal pro#le,s

Carson 0*ro+essor o+ A,erican istor- Director o+ 8artin ("t!erFing Mr )esearc! and 'd"cation Instit"te Cla-#orne 10 =Blackant!er art-3 arland "#lis!ing

!ttp


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9ra,eork Cards

)esol$ed is to red"ce t!ro"g! ,ental anal-sisWe#ster4s )e$ised Una#ridged Dictionar-

(http://#ictionaryreferencecom/bro4se/resolve#>sWts$to red"ce #- ,ental anal-sis(often follo4e# by into$

!eir clai,s o+ Qpredicta#ilit- li,its and topic ed"cationR allare encaps"lated into a #roader spectr", o+ '"rocentricis, Gdi$ersit- in c"rric"l", is $ital%ichael Baker, niversity of Gochester, 207, H*rocentrism an# the%o#ern/5olonial 5*rric*l*m: To4ar#s a Post"H*rocentric %ath X ScienceH#*cation Y - 5ritical 8nterpretive Gevie4,https://444aca#emiae#*/1J2/To4ar#sCaCPost"H*rocentricC%athCan#CScienceCH#*cationC""C-C5riticalC8nterpretiveCGevie4

This essay revie4s literat*re in science an# mathematics e#*cation that ass*mes the possibilities for kno4in!

therealities ofthe 4orl# thro*!h t!e oficial c"rric"l", are re#*ctively maintaine#

4ithin a H*rocentric c*lt*ral compleE(5arnoy, 01? S4art3, 00)illinsky, 00J$ H*rocentrism

4ill be #escribe# as the episte,ic +ra,eork of colonial mo#ernity, a frame4ork

thro*!h 4hich 4estern kno4le#!eenable# an# le!itimate# t!e glo#al i,position o+

one partic*lar conception of the 4orl# over all others H*rocentrism is an ethnocentric pro+ection

onto the 4orl# that eEpresses the 4ays the 4est an# the4esterni3e# have learne# to conceive an# perceive the 4orl#-t the

center of this ethnocentric pro+ection are the control o+ knoledge an# the

maintenance of the con#itionsof epistemic #epen#ency(%i!nolo, 222a$OHvery conception of

the 4orl# involvesepistemolo!ical an# ontolo!ical pres*ppositionsinterrelate#4ith partic*lar (historical an# c*lt*ral$ 4ays of kno4in! an# bein! -ll forms of

kno4le#!e *phol# practices an# constit*te s*b+ects(Santos, 221a$W!at co"nts as

knoledge an# 4hat it means to be h*man are profo*n#ly interrelate#(Santos, 22Q$

The kno4le#!e that co*nts in the mo#ernschool c*rric*l*m, fromkin#er!arten to !ra#*ate school, islar!elyconstr*cte# an# containe# 4ithin an epistemic frame4ork that is constit*tive of themonoc*lt*ral 4orl#vie4 an# i#eolo!ical pro+ect of 4estern mo#ernity(%eyer, amens XBenavot, 00 )allerstein, 001, 22Q Lan#er,22 an*, 22Q incheloe, 22J Battiste, 22J$ The monoc*lt*ral4orl#vie4an#ethos of 4estern civili3ation are base#in part *pon str*ct*resof kno4le#!e an# an

epistemic frame4ork elaborate# an# maintaine# 4ithina str*ct*re of poerknoledge

relations involve# inNve h*n#re# years of H*ropean imperial/colonial #omination(Z*i+ano, 000, p

?1$ 8f o*r increasin!lyinterconnecte#an# inter#epen#ent 4orl# is also to become more an#

not less #emocratic, sc!ools an# teachers ,"st learn to incorporate the4orl#4i#e

di$ersit- o+ knoledges an# 4ays of bein! (m*ltiple epistemolo!ies an#

ontolo!ies$ occl*#e# by the he!emony of H*rocentrism -ca#emic kno4le#!e an#*n#erstan#in!sho*l# be complemente# 4ith learnin! from those 4ho are livin! in an#thinkin! from colonial an# postcolonial le!acies (%i!nolo,222, p $OToo many chil#ren an# a#*lts to#ay (partic*larly those from non"#ominant !ro*ps$contin*e to be alienate# an#

mar!inali3e# 4ithin mo#ern classrooms 4here kno4le#!e an# learnin! are *nconscio*slypermeate# by this imperial /colonial conception of the 4orl# The repro#*ction of
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/resolved?s=tshttps://www.academia.edu/1517810/Towards_a_Post-Eurocentric_Math_and_Science_Education_--_A_Critical_Interpretive_Reviewhttps://www.academia.edu/1517810/Towards_a_Post-Eurocentric_Math_and_Science_Education_--_A_Critical_Interpretive_Reviewhttp://dictionary.reference.com/browse/resolved?s=tshttps://www.academia.edu/1517810/Towards_a_Post-Eurocentric_Math_and_Science_Education_--_A_Critical_Interpretive_Reviewhttps://www.academia.edu/1517810/Towards_a_Post-Eurocentric_Math_and_Science_Education_--_A_Critical_Interpretive_Review


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personal an# c*lt*ral inferiorityinherent in themo#ern e#*cational pro+ect of monoc*lt*ral

assimilation is interrelate# 4ith t!e !ege,on- o+ estern knoledge

str"ct"res that are lar!ely taken for !rante# 4ithin H*rocentric e#*cation

(Dei,22J$ Th*s, in the Nel# of e#*cation, 4e nee# to learna!ain ho4 Nve cent*ries of st*#yin!,classifyin!, an# or#erin!h*manity 4ithin an imperial conteEt !ave rise to pec*liar

an# po4erf*l i#eas of race, c*lt*re, an# nation that 4ere, in eect, concept*alinstr*ments that the )est *se# both to #ivi#e *p an# to e#*cate the 4orl#()illinsky,00J, pp "


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4orl#, ne4 le!al forms,etc$, the social (pro#*ction of classes, !en#ers, races, ethnicities, reli!io*sforms as 4ell as the p*shto4ar# in#ivi#*al"base# social forms$, an#c*lt*ral (incl*#in! ne4 conceptions of space an# time, ne4 i#eas of the!oo# life, an# ane4 #evelopmentalist conception of the life"4orl#$ (Dirlik,000, p J$OH*rocentric thinkin! is embe##e# in the concepts an#

cate!ories thro*!h 4hich the mo#ern4orl# has been constr*cte# The )est #eNnes 4hat is,for eEample,free#om, pro!ress an# civil behaviorla4, tra#ition an# comm*nity reason, mathematicsan# science 4hat is realan# 4hat it means to be h*man The non")estern civili3ationshave simply to accept these #eNnitions or be #eNne# o*t of eEistence (Sar#ar, 000, p

??$OThe mostly taken/+or/granted de.nitions an# concept*al bo*n#aries of theaca#emic #isciplinesan# school s*b+ects s*ch as philosophy, math, science,history, literat*re, literacy,

h*manities, e#*cation are all '"rocentric constr"ctions 8f H*rocentrism is intrinsic in the 4ay 4e

think an# concept*ali3e, it is also inherentin t!e a- e organi?e knoledge @irt*ally all the

#isciplines of social sciences, from economicsto anthropolo!y, emer!e# 4hen H*rope 4as form*latin! its 4orl#vie4, an#virt*ally all are !eare# to servin! the nee# an# reF*irements of )estern society an# promotin! its o*tlook

'"rocentris, is entrenc!ed in t!e a- t!ese disciplines are str"ct"red ,

the concepts an# cate!ories they *se for analysis, an# the 4ay pro!ress is #eNne#4ith the #isciplines(.oseph et al 002$ (Sar#ar, 000, p ?0$OThis he!emonic kno4le#!e

formation envelops themo#ern school c*rric*l*m 4ithin an imperial/ colonial paradig,

legiti,ated by the rhetoric of mo#ernity (ie, eF*al opport*nity, mobility,achievement !ap, meritocracy, pro!ress, #evelopment, civili3ation,!lobali3ation$ )estern e#*cation(colonial an# metropolitan$ repro#*cesimperial/colonial, monoc*lt*ral, an# #el*#e# conceptionsof an# 4ays of bein!in the 4orl#(%i!nolo, 222a incheloe, 22J$ The eect of H*rocentrismis not merely that iteEcl*#eskno4le#!esan# eEperiences o*tsi#e of H*rope, b*t that itobsc*res the very nat*re an# history of H*rope itself (D*ssel, 00


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literat*re have yet to incl*#e analyses of the ori!ins an# meanin! of H*rocentrism 4ithin the history an# pro+ect of mo#ernity Thislack of reco!nition an# analysis of the historical conteEt of H*rocentrism contrib*tes to both incoherence an# impotency in the *seof this critical concept (for eEamples see %ahalin!am, 222 *tierre3, 222 -ikenhea# X Le4is, 22$OThe conceptsH*rocentrism an# post"H*rocentrism oer contrastin! para#i!ms thro*!h 4hich the c*rric*l*m can be eval*ate# in relation to4hether teachin! an# learnin! repro#*ces or #ecoloni3es the #ominant mo#ern/colonial system of po4er/kno4le#!e relations Thes*ccessf*l #evelopment an# implementation of a post"H*rocentric c*rric*l*m is #epen#ent *pon an a#eF*ate historical"philosophical interpretation of H*rocentrism -s s*ch, this literat*re revie4 a#opts elements from the critical philosophical,interpretive, an# creative process approaches (7a!!erson, 00 Hisenhar#t,000 Livin!ston, 000 %eacham, 00J Sch4an#t,

00J %ont*ori, 22$ Hisenhar#t #escribes interpretive revie4sas presentin! information that

#isr*pts conventional thinkin! an# seeks to reveal alternative 4ays of makin!sense (Hisenhar#t, 000, p


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The session 4as facilitate# by im Ga#ersma, a former hi!h school Hn!lish teacher in 5alifornia an# 5olora#o Ga#ersma isc*rrently 4orkin! to4ar# her Ph D in critical 4hiteness st*#ies at Brock niversity in 'ntario, 5ana#a Ga#ersma ar!*e# that

teac!ers ,"st .g!t against t!e oppressi$e str"ct"re in ed"cation and

societ- She sai# an-one !o is going into teac!ing and ed"cation ,"st #e a

political .g"re J eac!ing is a political act and -o" cant c!oose to #e

ne"tral ;o" are eit!er a pan "sed to perpet"ate a s-ste, o+ oppression

or -o" are .g!ting against it J Ga#ersma sai# #*rin! the session V-n# i+ -o" t!ink -o" are

ne"tral -o" are a pan V She sai# ed"cators need to c!allenge t!e s-ste,

ot!erise t!e- are gi$ing in to !ite s"pre,ac- Ga#ersma also ar!*e# t!e .rst stepis reali?ing t!at all !ite people are carr-ing t!e signs o+ oppressionVBein! a4hite person 4ho #oes anti"racist 4ork is like bein! an alcoholic 8 4ill never be recovere# by my alcoholism, to *se the

metaphor,V Ga#ersma sai# V I !a$e to e$er-da- ake "p and acknoledge t!at I a, so

deepl- i,#edded it! racist t!o"g!ts and notions and actions in ,- #od-

t!at I !a$e to c!oose e$er-da- to do anti/racist ork and t!ink in an anti/

racist a-V She ar!*e# that "ntil !ite people ad,it t!e- !a$e a pro#le, t!e-ill not #e a#le to .g!t against !ite pri$ilege VWe$e #een raised to #e

good I, a good !ite person and -et to reali?e I carr- it!in ,e t!esedark !orri#le t!o"g!ts and perceptions is !ard to ad,it -n# yet like the alcoholic,4hatAs the Nrst step> -#mittin! yo* have a problem,V she tol# the session atten#ees %*ltiple e#*cators atten#e# the breako*tsession of abo*t 2 people an# seeme# very intereste# in ho4 to brin! the i#eals of social +*stice an# 4hite privile!e into theclassroom 'ne atten#ee, a teacher an# the #iversity #irector at his school, spoke abo*t the activities he is implementin! an# sai#

it is important for teachers an# a#ministrators to #isc*ss social +*stice 4ith their st*#ents Ga#ersma echoe# his sentiment V I+

-o" dont ant to ork +or e:"it- get t!e +"ck o"t o+ ed"cation ,V Ga#ersma sai#

V I+ -o" are not serio"s a#o"t #eing an agent o+ c!ange t!at !elps stiLe t!e

oppressi$e s-ste,s go .nd anot!er o# Beca"se -o" are a political .g"re V

olic-,aking is a +or, o+ interest con$ergence(ee 405ynthia Lee, professor of la4 at eor!e )ashin!ton niversity,5*lt*ral 5onver!ence: 8nterest 5onver!ence Theory %eets the 5*lt*ralDefense> -ri3ona La4 Gevie4, @ol ?0, ;o ?, )inter \?0 -ri3 L Gev 0],eor!e )ashin!ton niversity Le!al St*#ies Gesearch Paper ;o ?J eor!e)ashin!ton niversity La4 School P*blic La4 Gesearch Paper ;o ?J, p 0\PD9 'nline ^] http://ssrncom/abstractW0QJ1?Bell also posite# that the Bro4n #ecision helpe# -merica in its eorts to pers*a#e

-frican -mericans that they 4ere a 4elcome part of the nite# States Bell pointe# o*tthat Blacks 4ho ha# fo*!ht for this co*ntry in )orl# )ar 88 4ere ret*rnin! home to 4i#esprea# racial#iscrimination Hlite 4hites 4orrie# that in the event of another 4ar, -frican -mericans mi!ht be rel*ctant to N!hta!ain The Bro4n #ecision 4as th*s important #omestically as a symbol of -mericas commitment to eF*ality 8n

later 4ork, Bell elaborate#*pon his theory, eEplainin!: \'nly] 4hen 4hites perceive that it4ill be proNtable or at least cost"free toserve, hire, a#mit, or other4ise #eal 4ith blacks ona non#iscriminatory basis, they #o so )hen they fearKacc*rately or notKthat there may be a loss,inconvenience, or *pset to themselves or other 4hites, #iscriminatory con#*ct *s*ally follo4s


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conver!ence 4orks as a safety valve, permittin! short"term !ains for -frican-mericans 4hen #oin! so f*rthers theshort" or lon!"term !oals of the 4hite elite Thisis a n important check on 4i#esprea# #isaection that may en# in revol*tionQ

We control "ni:"eness G stat"s :"o politics ,ake !ites"pre,ac- in$isi#le G onl- a risk t!at t!e af disr"pts t!at kindo+ logic5harles 8ills, 0, The Gacial 5ontract, p " 8n eect, e#*cation eEpects the h*man bein! to have an *nlimite# ability to think an# act 4ithreason s*icient to cope 4ith increasin!ly compleE sit*ations that reF*ire in#ivi#*al intellect to a#eF*atelyreco!ni3e, eval*ate, an# prioriti3e alternative co*rses of action, consi#er their conseF*ences, an# make !oo##ecisions 9or the most part, the increasin! compleEity of civil society an# the m*ltiplicity of factors that intellect

is eEpecte# to #eal 4ith in #ierent sit*ations are not F*estione# in e#*cation 8s this 4hat e#*cation is ri!htlyabo*t> H#*cation is as m*ch abo*t the *se of intelli!ence to avoi# s*erin! an# feelin!s of limitation an# abo*tfen#in! o feelin!s of fear as it is abo*t learnin! 8t is abo*t actin! *pon other people an# *pon the civil or#er to

#eal 4ith perceive# threats %ne ,"st #e an =acti$e learner3 or else )hy> !eindi$id"al ,"st #e acted "pon and rendered into an entit- t!at engagesrealit- in t!e a-s t!at are dee,ed "st #- ,an- ed"cators la,akers and ot!ersit! a stake in t!e perpet"ation o+ t!e gi$en social order Th*s, thein#ivi#*al is eEhorte# to #o yo*r best, make an eort, earn a !ra#e, be motivate#, 4ork har#, overcomeobstacles, achieve )hy sho*l# e#*cation be abo*t any of these thin!s> nfort*nately, the c*lt*re ofscholarship is thoro*!hly consistent 4ith these precepts )hen 4e F*estion them, 4e challen!e the en#s that they


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serve b*t not the i#eas themselves )e believe that e#*cation is ri!htly abo*t improvement !isp!ilosop!- o+ i,pro$e,ent is not necessaril- consistent it! en!ance,ento+ li$ing It o+ten !as t!e opposite efect 7o4 is this res*lt +*stiNe#> 5ertainly, it can feel!oo# to accomplish somethin! or to overcome obstacles Does that mean that a#versity sho*l# be a positive val*e

of the civil state> !e ,odern idea, be!innin! 4ith Descartes an# establishe# thro*!h Lockeanempiricism _an# ma#e pe#a!o!ic by Go*ssea*s Hmile=, t!at an-one can #e rational leads

:"ickl- to t!e idea t!at e$er-one is responsi#le +or #eing !oll- rational as t!at ord is "nderstood according to t!e social order !e perpet"ationo+ t!e gi$en social order in ed"cation as else!ere is a#o"t gainingad$antage and retaining poer It is a#o"t c"lt"ral politics and a#o"t,arginali?ation o+ $ario"s gro"ps and a#o"t class and a#o"t sociali?ingc!ildren to #elie$e in capitalis, as i+ it is a nat"ral la6et *n#er the analysis that 8have ma#e here, t!ese ,aor pro#le,s are s-,pto,s o+ so,et!ing ,ore #asicThe more basic problem that 8 have emphasi3e# here is ineEtricable from the problem of the +*st civil state It isa#o"t t!e intense press"res on people to t!ink and act in a-s t!at ser$e#roader interests t!at are not at all concerned it! t!eir ell/#eing in a$ariet- o+ conte@ts incl"ding ps-c!ological social econo,ic political andc"lt"ral 8t is no anser to gro"nd pedagog- in t!e notion o+ =#"ilding

co,,"nit-3 !e idea t!at so,et!ing ,"st #e #"ilt i,plies t!at so,et!ing,"st #e ,ade #etter in order +or it to #e tolerated%oreover, co,,"nit-3carries it! it t!e prere:"isite t!at one #e ,ade co,petent to #e a,e,#erK a!ain, the pres*mption that somethin! m*st be #one to the person to make it better in some 4ay 8#o not mean to say that e#*cators have ba# intent 8 #o mean that t!is et!os o+ #etter,entt!ro"g! co,petenc- ill ine$ita#l- +ail to +"l.ll t!e drea,s o+ re+or,ersand re$ol"tionaries It does not consider t!e !",an #eing as an entit- tocare +or #"t rat!er as so,et!ing to #e e:"ipped it! skills and knoledgein order to i,pro$e itsel+ !is +ail"re is not onl- #eca"se t!ere are,illions o+ c!ildren and ad"lts t!at li$e in po$ert- in t!e ealt!iestco"ntries in !",an !istor- It is #eca"se t!e state o+ ,ind t!at cantolerate s"c! s"fering is t!e sa,e state t!at ad$ances and ,aintains t!eet!os o+ ci$ilit- as #etter,ent rat!er t!an ci$ilit- as caring +or people#eca"se t!e- are s"#ect to s"feringThe alternative that 8 have only intro#*ce# in a veryabbreviate# 4ay *n#er the r*bric that 8 calle# contention is inten#e# to be pra!matic in the 4ays that

9o"ca"ltan# Gichar# Gorty are pra!matic in their respective approaches to the s*b+ect of the state?0 8t isintended to address an "naccepta#le state o+ conte,porar- Westernci$ili?ation na,el- its repetiti$e and e$en escalating incidence o+disregard +or s"fering and !ar, in ,an- +or,s despite intellect"alsocial ,edical legal ed"cational scienti.c and tec!nological =progress3We !a$e !ad to !"ndred -ears o+ ,odern ed"cational principles and to!"ndred -ears o+ pro+o"nd s"fering along it! t!e, !e pro#le, o+ t!eindi$id"al calls +or a ne +or,"lation and +or a proper responseKone t!atcares +or t!e indi$id"al rat!er t!an ,akes it co,petent !e =,odernproect3 o+ #etter,ent t!ro"g! co,petenc- and opport"nit- ,"st #ec!allenged and replaced #- an e,otionall- intelligent et!os t!at e@pressl-and +"nda,entall- acknoledges s"fering and li,itation in p!ilosop!-polic- and practice


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Bracketing o"r protest to a =+ree speec! ?one3 legiti,i?es t!estate o+ e@ception in t!e na,e o+ pree,ption G t"rns sitc!/side'l,er and %pel 7(re! Hlmer, associate professor of comm*nication an#c*lt*re at Gyerson niversity, PhD in comm*nication from the niversity of

%assach*setts at -mherst, #irector of the 8nfoscape Gesearch Lab at Gyersonniversity, -n#y 'pel, associate professor of comm*nication at 9lori#a Stateniversity, PhD in mass comm*nication from the niversity of ;orth 5arolina,member of the 8nternational 5omm*nication -ssociation, ;ovember 22J,Preemptin! Dissent: The Politics of an 8nevitable 9*t*re, pa!es 0"?$

S7'GTL6 -9THG T7H L-GH"S5-LH PG'THSTS a!ainst the )orl# Tra#e 'r!ani3ation in Seattle in late ;ovember 000, police, la4 enforcementa!encies, the military, an# !lobal 4eapons man*fact*rers be!an to rethink their responses to p*blic protests Since the Seattle protests, similar semiKann*al !atherin!s of !overnment oicials an# corporate tra#e la4yers have consistently attracte# lar!e p*blic protests, or!ani3e# by p*blic"interests!ro*ps #enie# participation in the #ecision"makin! process of tra#e a!reements s*ch as the lobal -!reement on Tra#e an# Taris (-TT$, the ;orth-merican 9ree Tra#e -!reement (;-9T-$, an# the 9ree Tra#e -rea of the -mericas (9T--$ )i#eKscale protests 4ere seen in Pra!*e, enoa, 5anc*n,Z*ebec 5ity, %iami, an#, most recently, %ar Del Plata, -r!entina %oreover, as 4e 4ill see in this chapter, as the si3e an# sophistication of resistance!re4, so too #i# political an# le!al responses to that resistance Gesponses to s*ch protests have been !reatly inI*ence# by military an# soKcalle#Uhomelan# sec*rity strate!ies enacte# after the terrorist attacks of 0/ an# the initiation of the controversial secon# *lf )ar -s 4e see in this

chapter, the combination of a chan!in! political climate in response to 4ar an#terrorism, partic*larly the eEpansion of preemptive forms of social control an#political containment , has res*lte# in a ne4 set of practices that have reconN!*re#p*blic space an# criminali3e# m*ltiple aspects of free speech an# p*blic assemblyin the nite# States This chapter ar!*es that in the sha#o4 of 0/, the 4ar in 8raF, an# theon!oin! )ar on Terror, a #ist*rbin! form of !eopolitical aparthei# has emer!e#in the nite# States -t the core of this tren# is a set of micro"political strate!iesan# technolo!ies that attempt to contain spaces of #issentan# #etain protestors (Bo!hosian, 22?$Some activists an# critics have labele# these anti"#emocratic ten#encies the %iami %o#el, after the strate!ies #eploye# in ;ovember 22< a!ainst9ree Tra#e of the -mericas protestors by fe#eral, state, an# local la4 enforcement a!encies statione# in %iami The %iami mo#el of la4 enforcement4as characteri3e# by $ the #eployment of over4helmin! n*mbers of la4 enforcement oicers, $ preemptive arrests of peacef*l an# la4Kabi#in!protestors, an#


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capt*re, an# #etainment of speciNc pop*lations By intro#*cin! the concept of theban"opticon, Bi!o s*ccee#s in movin! o*tsi#e the panoptic 4alls of p*nishment,to F*estion the optics an# !overnmentality of in#eNnite #etainment, a F*estionablespatial an# le!al tactic *se# in the )ar on Terror an# 4ith mi!rant comm*nitiesS*ch #etainees, be they in *antanamo Bay or in immi!rant hol#in! centres in theH an# else4here, have no intention of t*rnin! their s*b+ects into la4"abi#in!,

pro#*ctive citi3ens (%iller, 00


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these places, protests an# #emonstrations become sta!e# events, blan# an#ne*tere# s*bstit*tions for the passionate an#, yes, sometimes chaotic face"toKfaceconfrontations that have characteri3e# o*r co*ntrys past (Mick, 22, p ?$ The processof se!re!atin! p*blic space accor#in! to political messa!e an# t*rnin! p*blic!atherin!s into sta!e# events is contraste# 4ith the act*al political strate!y ofthe sta!e# event or to4n hall meetin!, 4here pre"screene# p*blics appear to ask

!overnment oicials a*thentic F*estions, a practice that has many onlineeEamples as 4ellQ This ill*sion of p*blic participation is another F*ality of thespatial t*rn in free speech politics 4here city streets are cor#one# o to become#e facto sta!es for me#ia cameras By literally separatin! the #emonstratorsfrom the ob+ect of their #emonstration, the protest 3one becomes a 4ay ofcontrollin! the content of the #ebate 4itho*t really ackno4le#!in! that is 4hat isbein! #one (%itchell, 22


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enealog- Bad

enealog- is #adBrian (ig!t#od- 10Philosophical enealo!y: -n Hpistemolo!ical

Geconstr*ction of ;iet3sche an# 9o*ca*ltAs enealo!ical %etho#, @ol*me , 22,p ?"Q, -B$- secon# theme of this book is to tackle some of the episte,ic pro#le,s sc!olars !a$e le$eledagainst genealog-in the secon#ary literat*re .*r!en 7abermas, Pa*l Bove, -Eel 7onneth, an# -las#air %aclntyre toname b*t a fe4, ar!*e that genealog- cannot ,ake an- positi$e clai,s(4hether metho#"olo!ical,epistemolo!ical, ethical or other4ise$, #eca"se it e:"ates all $al"es it! poer andt!ere+ore cannot #e an- ,ore $alid nor an- less $alid t!an anot!er,et!od o+ !istorical andor p!ilosop!ical in$estigation A 8n s*m, since genealog-arg"es t!at all concepts, i#eas an# instit*tions are !istorical and contingentconstr"ctions o+ poer t!en t!is sa,e anal-sis ,"st appl-, ceteris parib*s, to t!egenealogical ,et!od itsel+ enealogiesan# even the !enealo!ical metho# itself areincapa#le o+ ,aking an- tr"t! clai,s !at/soe$er #eca"se t!e genealogist

ad,its t!at all tr"t!s are red"ci#le to poer +or,ations8 #emonstrate that t!esesorts o+ arg",entsKironicallyKpres"ppose t!at t!e :"estion< YW!at isgenealog- !as alread- #een ansered,!enin fact t!e :"estion !as not e$en#een asked)itho*t ans4erin! 4hat, precisely, !eneal"o!y is one cannot critici?e it in an-l"cid nor detailed ,anner 8 sho*l# also point o*t that my intention in this book is not +*st to provi#e an ans4erto the F*estion: )hat is philosophical !enealo!y>A b*t in#ee# is far more ambitio*s 8 #emonstrate ho4 all of the s*b"F*estionsthat stem from this investi!ation are interrelate# to one another 4ith the conseF*ence that all m*st be aske# to!ether an# allm*st be ans4ere# to!ether in or#er to *n#erstan#, in precise terms, 4hat !enealo!y is an# 4hat it is not )hat 8 oer in thefollo4"in! 4ork therefore is not a mere s*mmary an# eEposition of 'n the enealo!y of %orals an# Discipline an# P*nish ;or ismy primary p*rpose even a critical eEamination of these 4orks (tho*!h 8 #o en!a!e in this$ Gather, the principal aim of this bookis to provi#e nothin! less than a reconstr*ction, in#ee#, one mi!ht even say a ra#ical reconstr*ction of the aims, metho#s an#techniF*es of !enealo!y F*a !enealo!y That is to say, 8 4ill attempt to o*tline the schemat"ics for a s*ccessf*l !enealo!icalinF*iry: both 4hat is reF*ire# (epistemically an# ontolo!ically$ an# ho4 a !enealo!ical investi!ation !ets o the !ro*n# 8n s*m,this 4ork o*tlines, in eEplicit #etail, the components, interrelate ionship bet4een these components an# !oals for a s*ccessf*l,epistemically +*stiNe#, !enealo!ical investi!ation - f*rther caveat is in or#er before 4e procee# ;iet3sche an# 9o*ca*lt havebeen interprete# as post"mo#ern philosophers Tho*!h post"mo#ernism is #iic*lt to #eNne beca*se it esche4s all attempts of

*niversal #eNnition, 4e mi!ht be!in by claimin! that post"mo#ernism is that position 4hich clai,s t!at t!ere is nosingle r"t!(4ith a capital T$, #"t onl- ,"ltiple tr"t!s !ere is no grand narrati$ein !ic! e$er-t!ing ,a- #e e@plained #"t an in.nite n",#er o+ narrati$es!ic! are inco,,ens"ra#le it! eac! ot!er %y aim in this hook is not to interpret philosophical!enealo!y alon! these 4ell tro##en paths !ese interpretations !a$e #een tried and area#ect +ail/"res !e- +ail #eca"se t!e- are not p!ilosop!ical !e- +ail#eca"se t!e- are inco!erent )hat 8 propose to #o is to *se the techniF*es, #istinctions an# concepts#evelope# in recent analytic philosophy to sho4 that 4e can have o*r cake an# eat it too )e can provi#e a ri!oro*s +*stiNcation of!enealo!y 4hile preservin! its novelty, its prof*n#ity, its fec*n#ity )e can preserve the !enealo!istsA call for the transval*ation ofall val*es 4hile also maintainin! that some transval*ations are more meritorio*s than others )e can airm the perspectivity oftr*th by sho4in! that a #isen!a!e#, ob+ective relation"ship to tr*th is an incoherent concept )e can vie4 the bo#y an# o*r livesas 4orks of art, b*t as artifacts that, at the same time, 4e may only transform beca*se 4e *n#erstan# them as nat*ral entities


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I) !eor- Z )acist

C"rrent "nderstandings o+ I) onl- ser$e to !iteas! race(e 8elle (Til#en . Y Professor of Social Science at niversity of Denver, Gace

in 8nternational Gelations, 220, 8nternational St*#ies Perspectives, 8ss*e 2, p!s11"J


30/35

8 4ill ar!*e that the #iscipline o+ international relations ,aintains its ideologicalco!erence $ia t4o cr*cial strategies o+ contain,ent t!at nor,ali?e t!e coe$ale,ergence o+ ,odern so$ereignt- and dispossession on a !lobal scale: these strate!iesare Va#stractionJ and Jrede,ptionV 8n this article, 8 Iesh o*t the ar!*ment vis"R"vis VabstractionVfor, reasons of space, ho4ever, 8 can have no more than an a#*mbrate# #isc*ssion of Vre#emptionV 9irst, I)disco"rses valori3ation, in#ee# +etis!i?ation o+ a#straction is pre,ised on a

desire to escape !istor- to eface t!e $iolence genocide and t!e+t t!at,arked t!e enco"nter #eteen t!e rest and t!e West in t!e post/

Col",#ian era A#straction "s"all- presented as t!e desire o+ t!e

discipline to engage in t!eor-/#"ilding rat!er t!an in descripti$e or

!istorical anal-sis is a screen t!at si,"ltaneo"sl- rationali?es and elides

t!e details o+ t!ese enco"nters B- enco"raging st"dents to displa- t!eir$irt"osit- in a#straction t!e discipline #rackets :"estions o+ t!e+t o+ land$iolence and sla$er-Kthe three processes t!at !a$e historically "nderlain t!e"ne:"al glo#al order4e no4 Nn# o*rselves in %$erattention to t!ese details isdisciplined #- pro+essional practices t!at ork as ta#oo< s"c!/and/s"c! anapproac! is dee,ed too !istorical or descripti$e that st"dent is notade:"atel- t!eoretical and conse:"entl- is lacking in intellect"al rigor so"an#so mi!ht be better o speciali3in! in comparative politics or history or anthropolo!y K s"c!/and/s"c! a:"estion does not !a$e an- direct polic- rele$ance and so on- secondstrateg- o+ contain,ent in I) disco"rse is t!e idea o+ de+erred rede,ption!is operates #- an eternal de+er,ent o+ t!e possi#ilit- o+ o$erco,ing t!ealienation o+ international societ- t!at co,,enced in 1T2 W!ileJrealisticall-J s"c! o$erco,ing is regarded as ell/nig! i,possi#le itspro,ise ser$es as t!e principle #- !ic! conte,porar- and !istorical$iolence and ine:"alit- can #e "sti.ed an# live# 4ith )ede,pti$e strategies o+contain,ent are reLected in a ide $ariet- o+ I) disco"rses


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disc"rsi$e spaces9*rther, the UU!earing44 o+ postcolonial $oices t!at +oc"s onrace o+ten takes t!e +or, o+ ill"strati$e engage,ents leading to ,"se",/like displa-s o+ t!e e@otici?ed ot!erKteachin! *s abo*t civili3ations #ecline#, peripheral b*tcolorf*l eEamples of 4eakness in one or other form This ill*strative po4er hol#s s4ay in c*rric*la thro*!h 4hichmetropolitan po4ers teach their o4n as 4ell as the elites of emer!in! economiesKboth servicin! the nee#s of the

metropolisW!en t!e da- is done t!e glass ca#inets it! t!eir displa-s o+

decline o+ ci$ili?ational pasts can #e locked aa- in darkened roo,s!a$ing created $al"e in instr"ction it!o"t engaging t!e storiestol# by the#isplays or incorporating t!e, into t!e stories o+ I) These eras"res o+ race int!e stories o+ I) are ,ade possi#le t!ro"g! a series o+ ontological andepiste,ological ,ane"$ers (Sha4 22:Q$ These mane*vers str*ct*re the emer!ence of aUUcommon sense re!ar#in! the bo*n#aries of 8G Gace, to!ether 4ith !en#er, is !enerally not incl*#e# 4ithinthese bo*n#aries nor is there m*ch c*riosity abo*t the raciali3e# fo*n#ations of 8G 8n this essay, 4e s*!!est that

race can #e integrated into t!e teac!ing o+ I) #- +oc"sing on t!e a-s in!ic! t!ese ontological and episte,ological ,ane"$ers str"ct"re t!egeograp!ies and politics o+ e@cl"sion and incl"sion in I) regarding:"estions o+ so$ereignt- and identit- nation and nationalis, 9oc*sin! on UUthis#o*bly constit*te# incl*sion eEcl*sion allo4s *s to not only eEplore the 4ays in 4hich race can be fore!ro*n#e#

in #isc*ssions abo*t soverei!nty an# i#entity, nation an# nationalism, b*t it alsoena#les an

e@ploration o+ !o t!e silences aro"nd race !a$e \\alloed t!e discipline toreprod"ce itsel+ in t!e i,age o+ estern ,an and t!e reat oers4 (Persa*#22:J$ The F*estions of soverei!nty an# i#entity, nation an# nationalism, have recently !aine# a rene4e#c*rrency in both the 4ritin! an# practice of 8G, as the mappin!s of ol# an# ne4 forms of eEcl*sions an# incl*sions

are le!itimi3e# thro*!h the pro#*ction of a some4hat ne4 !lobal sec*rity ima!inary< !e glo#alsec"rit- i,aginar- sit"ates \\danger44 glo#all-K danger \\is no longercapa#le o+ #eing ritten as "st \o"t t!ere4 Sec"rit- is not to #e +o"nd\it!in44 (5ampbell 002:1$ 8n a##ition to the eras*re of the insi#eYo"tside distinction so+"nda,ental to t!e con$entional .eld o+ I) t!e glo#al sec"rit- i,aginar-is no longer onl- contained it!in ,ilitar- sec"rit- disco"rses or t!edisco"rses associated it! political econo,-!e sec"riti?ation o+ identit-c"lt"re and religion nation and nationalis, !a$e all #eco,e t!e #ases o+

t!is ne glo#al sec"rit- i,aginar-)hile there is recent scholarship in 8G that a##ressesseveral aspects of the ne4 !lobal sec*rity ima!inary, the raciali3e# an# !en#ere# fo*n#ations of this ne4ima!inary have yet to be f*lly eEplore# 8n this essay, 4e s*!!est thatt!e glo#al sec"rit-i,aginar- +"nctions on t!e e@ploitation o+ diference and t!e geograp!ieso+ e@cl"sionsan# incl*sions that 4e #isc*ss 8n a##ition, 4e eEplore the 4ays in 4hich the raciali3e#fo*n#ations of this ima!inary intersect 4ith i#entity, nation, an# sec*rity to service the nee#s of metropolitancenters

I) is dea+eningl- silent on race/ ,aking it an ed"cationall-#ankr"pt +or, o+ knoledge prod"ctionC!in (5hristine B ;"Professor at the School of 8nternational Service at

-merican niversity, 5laimin! Gace an# Gacelessness in 8nternational St*#ies,220, 8nternational St*#ies Perspectives, @ol*me 2, p!s 0"0J, HBS5'7ost$Co,pared it! acade,ic disciplines s"c! as sociolog- ant!ropolog- and!istor-8S in !eneral an# International )elations I)Ein partic*lar are dea+eningl-silent on race 8S 8G concerns #emocracy, soverei!nty, state, !lobali3ation, re!ionalism, inte!ration,#evelopment, civili3ation, an# sec*rity, to name some of that 4hich si!nify the Nel#, #elimit 4hat can be aske# an#

ans4ere#,!ile legiti,i?ing respecti$e specialists as t!e appropriate knoersW!at ,a- e e@pect st"dents to #elie$e and t!ink !en t!e e@perts aresilent on race -s e#*cators char!e# 4ith a key mission of impartin! kno4le#!e to this !eneration of*n#er!ra#*ate st*#ents, 4e can enco*ra!e them to investi!ate ho4 the meanin!s of race an# raciali3ation

processes have shifte# or not in the theory an# con#*ct of 8S 8G across time an# place To #e a#le to do


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so !oe$er is to ass",e .rst t!at t!ere is so,e consens"s in o"rpro+ession it! regard to t!e rele$ance o+ racein 8S 8G - #earth of #isco*rse saysother4ise Despite and #eca"se o+ t!is race l"rks still in st"dents4 atte,pts to,ake sense o+ p!eno,ena t!at link t!e local and national it! t!einternational and glo#al8f 4e respon# to st*#ents F*estions an# comments either by associatin!race eEcl*sively 4ith the past, an# or insist on its irrelevance in the present, 4e r"n t!e risk o+

perpet"ating(an#, in the process, relinF*ishin! opport*nities to better #eal 4ith the conseF*ences of$ anentrenc!ed #elie+ t!at in$okes race !ile o#sc"ring it at t!e sa,e ti,e 8nthe rest of this essay, 8 Nrst i#entify an# #isc*ss this belief after 4hich 8 oer a fe4 s*!!estions for ho4 e#*catorsmi!ht be!in to consi#er inte!ratin! race in teachin! *n#er!ra#*ate 8S 8G Gace *neF*ivocally mattere# once*pon time 8mperial preocc*pations 4ith the presence an# problem of inferior UUothers reveale# that race 4as

central to the theory an# con#*ct of 8G in its early years (e!, @italis 22$ 'stensibly, race4sdisplace,ent +ro, t!e center and its e$ent"alperceive# #isc*rsive an# performativedisappearance can #e traced to \\enlig!tened44 progressin to4ar# mo#ernity t!atackno4le#!e# an# conde,ned t!e irrationalit- o+ deter,ining indi$id"als4 andgro"ps4 $al"e, 4orth an# ri!hts base# on physio!nomic #ierences Th*s,!at re,ains toda- is,erel- t!e depolitici?ed \\$is"al44 aspect o+ race 8n#ee#, 4e still UU!a3e *ponphysio!nomic #ierences b*t 4hat 4ere UUeEtraor#inary !a3es (to borro4 rrys, 22, concept from to*rismst*#ies$ 4ith their *nashame#ly mali!nant attrib*tions an# conseF*ences have become increasin!ly an#

or#inarily beni!n 4ith the passa!e of time an# *n#erstan#in! ma#e possible in part by lessons from conIict,e#*cation, aor#able travel, an# mi!ration 8t is this sense of or#inariness or UUmatter"of"factness that,

nonetheless,arrants ac"te attention not #eca"se all p!eno,ena are race#ased and !a$e to #e e@a,ined as s"c! #"t t!at !at !as #een le+t"naddressed contin"es to dra its s"stenance +ro, !ile den-ing !-!o and it! !at conse:"ences t!e ,eanings o+ race and race/,akingprocesses ,a- or ,a- not !a$e s!i+ted in tande, it! a rapidl- c!angingorld B- re,aining largel- silent on race8S I)ina#vertently s*stains t!eresilience o+ a #elie+ t!at conLates p!-siogno,ic diferences it! c"lt"raltraits and state o+ de$elop,entP*t in another 4ay, t!ere is seen to e@ist \\proto/!ites44 !o i+ gi$en t!e correct enco"rage,ent g"idance #l"eprint andso +ort! !a$e t!e capa#ilit- o+ organi?ing t!eir societies and relating to

ot!ers ,"c! in t!e sa,e a- as t!ose in t!e so/called ind"striali?ed estThis belief is informe# by an# informs its correspon#in! schema of a linear #evelopmental tra+ectory on 4hich toi#entify, position, an# eval*ate people an# societies %ost notably, the calibration of s*ch a tra+ectory has chan!e#

over time In t!e past p!-siogno,ic c!aracteristics ere considered ke-deter,inants o+ t!e \\ot!ers444 orld$ies social organi?ations c"lt"ral$al"es and so +ort!(ol#ber! 00


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)e+or,s

Non/re+or,ist re+or,s ke- to efecti$e re+or,s*re+or,istre+or,s are easil- coopted

Bond 7Kpolitical economist 4ith lon!stan#in! research interests an# ;', an##irector of the 5entre for 5ivil Society (Patrick, 22J, Geformist Geforms, ;on"Geformist Geforms an# lobal .*stice: -ctivist, ;' an# 8ntellect*al 5hallen!es inthe )orl# Social 9or*m, 5entre for 5ivil Society, http://ccs*k3nac3a/Nles/Bon#2Societies24itho*t2Bor#ersp#f$

8#eki4s pessi,is, is a tangi#le reLection o+ t!e loered e@pectations t!eorld elite reall- !as +or \glo#al go$ernance4 andorld/scale re+or,s -lrea#yin 22?, re!rette# cosmopolitan #emocracy champion Davi# 7el#, UThe val*e of the ; system has been calle# into F*estion, thele!itimacy of the Sec*rity 5o*ncil has been challen!e#, an# the 4orkin! practices of m*ltilateral instit*tions have been ero#e#?These latter three points of 7el# are, in#ee#, celebrate# by critics of imperialism, an# after the ; eneral -ssembly en#orse#

the S occ*pation of 8raF in %ay 22


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neoli#eral precepts -t 55S 4e have seen fo*r positions on ho4 to not +*st re+ect b*t propose an alternative politicalframe4ork The #ebate 4as stim*late# in .*ly 22Q by the presence of Samir -min, 4ho 4as the key promoter of the UBamako

-ppeal, a #oc*ment #rafte# Nve months earlier at the )S9 in or#er to f*se socialism, antiracism/colonialism, an# (national$#evelopment The secon# position 4as an ar!*ment abo*t U)hy Bamako #oes not appeal by fo*r 55S associ"ates: 9rancoBarchiesi, 7einrich Bohmke, Prishani ;ai#oo an# -hme# @eriava They acc*se# the -ppeal an# the )S9 of #e!eneratin! into anor!ani3e# net4ork of eEperts, aca#emics an# ;' practitioners The )S9 elites col# instit*tional an# technicist so*p,occasionally 4arme# *p by some hints of tire# poeticism, can provi#e little no*rishment for local s*b+ectivities 4hose #ailyresponses to neoliberalism face more *r!ent nee#s to t*rn every#ay s*rvival into s*staine# confrontations 4ith an increasin!lyrepressive state Thir#, another very stron! tra#ition in the )S9 is represente# especially by the 8nternational Socialist ten#ency

an# 9o*rth 8nternational stran# of Trotskyism, 4hich see their role in the 9or*m movement as establishin! socialist conscio*snessan# ca#re (as 55S associate ;!4ane ar!*es is nee#e#$

Non/re+or,is, is t!e sole ,et!od to c!ange*%cc"p-,o$e,entBa"ens 11K#irector an# fo*n#er of the PP 9o*n#ation, a !lobal or!ani3ation4orkin! in the eEploration of peer pro#*ction, !overnance, an# property (%ichel,'ct ?, -re ;on"Geformist Geforms the 4ay for4ar# for d'cc*py4allstreet >,PP 9o*n#ation, http://blo!ppfo*n#ationnet/are"non"reformist"reforms"the"4ay"for4ar#"for"occ*py4allstreet/2/2/?$

Strikin!ly, three F*estion of po4er is rarely raise# in #isc*ssions 4ithin the 'cc*py movement, at least to onelistenin! from the o*tsi#e 6et, p*sh their claims far eno*!h, ask 4hat in reality is nee#e# if they are to be met,an# the F*estion of po4er looms lar!e B*t the very or!ani3atonal ethos of the movement militates a!ainst

confrontin! that fact t!e ,o$e,ent is against !ierarc!- against controls +ordisc"ssion and de#ate and openness against decisions ,ade t!ro"g! t!ee@erciseo+ poer G it! a deep desire to see t!e +or, o+ organi?ation itint!e ,o$e,ent reecting all "se o+ poer aplied to t!e societ- at large

-narchists are clear on the point non"anarchists are not, an# their vie4s vary 4i#ely The role of !overnment ass*ch, of the state, is involve# it is a tricky F*estion, 4hich the tea party, for not entirely *nrelate# motives, hasans4ere# one 4ay, a 4ay clearly *nsatisfactory to most, yet a clear sense of the alternative is yet to be #evelope#

)e$ol"tions in$ol$e a ,aor s!i+t in !o e@ercises poer at least initiall-and t!e occ"p- 8o$e,ent is not at t!e point !ere it sees itsel+ needing toaddress t!at pro#le, +rontall- And it is pro#a#l- rig!tK re$ol"tion does notsee, to #e on t!e ta#le as t!ings standVI+ t!at anal-sis is rig!t non/

re+or,ist re+or,s end "p as t!e onl- a- to goan# 8 believe the 'cc*py movement 8 in

fact reIects that position Look at the vario*s form*lations, placar#s, intervie4s, #eman#s, manifestoes that havecome from it, an# yo* 4ill see claims for +*stice, eF*ality, free#om, , +*stice, in many spheres, b*t not #eman#s forthis reform, that bill, s*ch an# s*ch a taE, this or that chan!e of re!*lation Y altho*!h these are often components

of claims that are ma#eO(ooking at t!e role t!e %cc"p- ,o$e,ent pla-s it!in t!egeneral +ra,eork o+ t!e opposition to t!e stat"s :"o s"pports t!isconcl"sion as to t!e pri,ac- o+ non/re+or,ist re+or,s The 'cc*py movement hasthree key characteristics:O9irst it percei$es a co,,on t!read a,ong t!e disparatecriticis,s cr"del- represented #- t!e +or,"lation =+or t!e ] not t!e1]3 it! conLict ine$ita#le as t!e 1] resist t!e clai,s o+ t!e ]KVSecond it #rings toget!er it! a deepl- +elt #road dissatis+action it!speci.c criticis,s o+ t!e pre$ailing order and in a ,"t"all- s"pporti$e andc"lt"rall- ric! en$iron,entKV!ird it sees non/$iolent #"t direct action as

a necessar- ,eans to i,ple,enting its clai,s in t!e +ace o+ t!e resistanceo+ t!e 1]V'n the Nrst point, the common threa#, there is less else happenin! %any of the !ro*pin!smentione# above lack an analysis of the ca*ses of the #efects that campai!n a!ainst, or ten# to place the blame onsecon#ary factors: the me#ia, the election la4s, contin*in! racism, lack of re!*lation, etc, 4itho*t probin! the#eeper str*ct*ral iss*es #ivi#in! the 00 from the that 'cc*py sees as the *n#erlyin! iss*e %ore on thisbelo4O'n the secon# point, the brin!in! to!ether: the eort is not *niF*e - n*mber of other movements havesimilar aims an# composition: the international Social 9or*ms, the loosely"or!ani3e# anti"!lobali3ation net4ork,the Gi!ht to the 5ity movement, ;ational Peoples -ction, *nion an# labor"comm*nity coalitions an# 4orkerscenters, %ove'n, Gestore the -merican Dream, an# many othersO-n# on the thir# point 'cc*py is virt*allyalone, an# this, perhaps, is 4hy it has so F*ickly an# so #ramatically !aine# s*ch 4i#e"sprea# s*pport, has been4elcome# as at lon! last representin! a Sprin!time on a par 4ith the -rab Sprin!, an# on a scale an# in a manner


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approachin! that 4hich is felt necessary to match the scope of the problems of o*r times %cc"p-ing3 is adra,atic action idel- recogni?ed it! positi$e national andinternational resonance and ill pla"si#l- re,ain an appropriate !all,arko+ t!e ,o$e,ent

COINTELPRO Aff and Negative Upgrade - Northwestern 2015 6WS

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Transcript of COINTELPRO Aff and Negative Upgrade - Northwestern 2015 6WS