PowerPoint Presentation

1Coil Day

9:15 am, Wednesday, August 28th, 2013140 Cory Hall, Newest Instructional Lab, EECS Dept.UC Berkeley

2What Coil Day Will/Wont CoverWillWontC13 receive arrays for small animals at 3 TSample-noise dominance vs. coil-noise dominanceComparisons/contrasts to proton surface coilsProton trapsTuning and matchingC13 preampsQ-spoilingArray DecouplingCables and cable trapsBuilding skills and testing techniques not in the literature Volume coils (body coils)Birdcage coilsDouble-tuned coilsTransmit coils

3A Few References

D.I. Hoult and R.E. Richards, The signal-to-noise ratio of the nuclear magnetic resonance experiment, Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 24, pp. 71-85, 1976.D.I. Hoult, The NMR receiver: A description and analysis of design, Progress in NMR Spectroscopy, Vol. 12, pp. 41-77, 1978.P.B. Roemer, W.A. Edelstein, C.E. Hayes, et al., The NMR phased array, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Vol. 16, pp. 192-225, 1990.P.J. Fish, Electronic noise and low noise design, Macmillan, 1993.G. Scott, Build your own receiver coils, personal notes, Stanford University, 1997.J.H. Ardenkjaer-Larsen, B. Fidlund, A.Gram, et al., Increase in signal-to-noise ratio of >10,000 times in liquid-state NMR, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, Vol. 100, pp. 10158-10163, 2003.L. Darasse and J.C. Ginefri, Perspectives with cryogenic RF probes in biomedical MRI, Biochimie, Vol. 85, pp. 915-937, 2003.J. Mispelter, M. Lupu and A. Briguet, NMR probeheads for biophysical and biomedical experiments, Imperial College Press, 2006.F.D. Doty, G. Entzminger, J. Kulkarni, K. Pamarthy and J. P. Staab, Radio frequency coil technology for small-animal MRI, NMR Biomed., Vol. 20, pp. 304-325, 2007.J-X. Wang, N. Tian, F.J. Robb, A.P. Chen, L. Friesen-Waldner, B.K. Rutt and C.A. McKenzie, An 8-channel coil array for small animal 13C MR imaging, ISMRM, 2010.J. Tropp, J.M. Lupo, A. Chen, et al., Multi-channel metabolic imaging, with SENSE reconstruction, of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C] pyruvate in a live rat at 3.0 Tesla on a clinical MR scanner, Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 208, pp. 171-177, 2011.J.T Vaugh and J.R. Griffiths, eds., RF coils for MRI, John Wiley and Sons, 2012.J.P. Dunsmore, Handbook of microwave component measurements with advanced VNA techniques, John Wiley and Sons, 2012.B. Keil, Construction of receive arrays, ISMRM, 2013.4

LactateAlaninePyruvateRevealing Cancer Metabolism w/C13 Imaging

Pyruvic acid metabolizes into lactate & alanine differently in tumors, compared to normal tissue:The sign of pyruvate/lactate flips.Figue 4 from M.J. Albers et al., Cancer Research, 2008 (Kurhanewicz Group, UCSF).AtoD,representative H&E-stained sections and hyperpolarized13C spectra for one case from each of the histologically defined groups. The histology slides were processed using 5-m-thick sections and photographed with 40 magnification. The hyperpolarized13C spectra represent voxels taken from MRSI data sets and normalized to correct for differences in polarization and receiver sensitivity. The normalized spectra illustrate the strong correlation that exists between the amount of hyperpolarized13C lactate and the progression of the disease from the normal prostates to the low-grade primary tumors and the high-grade primary tumors.45

Figue 2 from M.J. Albers et al., Cancer Research, 2008 (Kurhanewicz Group, UCSF).Axial T2-weighted1H image depicting the primary tumor and lymph node metastasis from a TRAMP mouse with a high-grade primary tumor (A) and the overlay of an interpolated hyperpolarized13C lactate image following the injection of 350 L of hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate (B). After spatially zero filling and voxel shifting the13C spectra to maximize the amount of tumor in the voxels, a subset of the spectral grid was selected (C) and displayed (D). The three-dimensional MRSI was acquired with a nominal voxel resolution of 135 mm3and zero filled to a resolution of 17 mm3. The spectra show substantially elevated lactate in the high-grade primary tumor compared with the low-grade tumor shown in Fig. 3. In addition, the metabolite signal is significantly lower in the necrotic regions of the primary tumor.Lac,lactate;Ala,alanine;Pyr,pyruvate.

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Rat birdcage coil: normal rat injected with hyperpolarized urea . Thiis makes it possible to image the urea filtrate in the kidneys. This has potential use as a non-toxic perfusion measurement (at present, the only alternative involves nuclear medicine scans, but many patients with congenital kidney problem are children, who we wouldnt want to expose to radiation).Images courtesy Galen Reed, Vigneron Group, UCSF Mission Bay 3 T scannerC13 image (from double-tuned tx-rcv birdcage coil)The colorized C13 image is overlaid on an H1 anatomy image, also acquired w/the birdcage coil.7

C13 imageColorized C13 image overlaid on H1 anatomy imageImages courtesy Galen Reed, Vigneron Group, UCSF Mission Bay 3 T scannerRecent results: tagging hyperpolarized urea with N15 and exploiting long T2

Images courtesy Peter Shin, Vigneron Group, UCSF Mission Bay 3 T scannerAnesthetized rat in two 4-ch C13 paddle coilsTail-vein catheter for injection of hyperpolarized pyruvic acid (C13)C13 Parallel Imaging

Ch 1Ch 2Ch 3Ch 4Ch 5Ch 6Ch 7Ch 8SSoSImages courtesy Peter Shin, Vigneron Group, UCSF Mission Bay 3 T scannerC13 images from each of the 8 coils in the two paddles:Note: these two 4-ch paddle arrays were designed for human liver and brain imaging. It would be nice to have smaller, animal-dedicated, phased array coils for better sensitivity.10

Hyperpolarizer (GE Spin Lab)Photos: UCSF Mission Bay

Small vial (made out of PEEK plastic) for pyruvic acid and/or urea. If both are polarized together, the urea is put in the vial first, then the vial is dunked in liquid nitrogen and frozen, then the pyruvic acid is added on top of the frozen urea. They are frozen separately to prevent mixing.The pyruvic acid is mixed with Trityl, and pipetted into the vial:Then the vial is put in the hyperpolarizer for 2 hours (3.35 Tesla, 1.3 oK).11

Double-tuned, C13 & H1, birdcage rat coil (tx & rcv for C13 & H1)Double-tuned, C13 & H1, birdcage mouse coil (tx & rcv for C13 & H1)Photos: UCSF Mission BayAfter the pyruvic acid and/or urea is dissolved and removed from the hyperpolarizer, the spins only stay aligned for ~1 minute, so its immediately injected into a rat or mouse and imaged.

These are two commonly used birdcage coils at UCSF Mission Bay. The rats nose sticks out this end and is cupped with this anesthesia hose:12

Photos: UCSF Mission BayFor parallel imaging on a human subject, these two 4-channel paddle-shaped C13 receive-only arrays are available. The paddles must be used with a C13 transmitter such as this clamshell-shaped one (in Helmholtz coil configuration):GE designer: Dr. James TroppJ Magn Reson. 2011 January; 208(1): 171-177.

Eight C13 preampsGE 8-channel C13 rat coil (from ISMRM 2010 abstract)Inner cylinder: 8-ch C13 receive array, around the circumference of the cylinderOuter cylinder: Birdcage C13 transmitter13Hard to see in this photo, but wed like to have a copy of this 8-ch C13 receive array, as it would be useful to a number of UCSF researchers.

For parallel imaging acceleration, we like the geometrical configuration of having the 8-channels wrapped around the circumference of a cylinder.

Inner cylinder: 8-ch C13 receive array, around the circumference of the cylinder1415

For Coil Day, were going to build a similar rat 8-ch C13 receive array, along with the associated preamps.

For the C13 transmitter, well be using the clamshell tx which already exists at UCSF Mission Bay. Our rat cylinder will go inside the clamshell and both will slide into the bore of the 3 T scanner (where the body coil is used for H1 anatomy images of the rat). 16

17Sample-noise dominance vs. coil-noise dominance...still to do ...18Fill factor: metric regarding the geometric coincidence between the coil and the sample

Fill factors original definition: measure of the fraction of the (solenoildal)coil volume occupied by the sample

Fill factor = (Magnetic energy stored inside the sample volume)/(Total magnetic energy stored by the coil)

... and some more slides still to do...