Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) *...

247
: 2005 / 2006 "Cohesion in English" . .

Transcript of Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) *...

Page 1: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

����������� �����������

������ ����� ������� ����

��������� ������� ��� �� ����

���������� � � ��! "���� ���������#��

$%#� & :���#�

�����(�� ����)

���* � �+��!

�������� � ���

2005/2006

���������� ���������� ���������� ���������� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����� ���� ������� ����� �� �������� ���� ������� ����� �� �������� ���� ������� ����� �� �������� ���� ������� ����� �� ��� � � � �

�� ! �� �� ! �� �� ! �� �� ! ��"Cohesion in English" " ��" ��" ��" ��....$$$$....�%� ��&�� '�(���) *�%� ��&�� '�(���) *�%� ��&�� '�(���) *�%� ��&�� '�(���) *

Page 2: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

������������� ��������

������������������ ����� � �������� ������� ������ ����

������ ���� ���� ! "��#� �$%& ����'� (�)* :�,�-

�.���/�� ��$%0 1���!0 ������ ���� .� ����� ������

� .����� ��� ���� �2���#�� �#3

������ �! ��" ���#$ %&�'( ������ � � ����� ����� � �)�

���� �� ���� *��+,������ � �)�� -#��+ ���(� ���� *���+,�.����

����3� �#��� 2005/2006

���������� ���������� ���������� ���������� ���� ���� ���� ���� ������ ���� ������� ����� �� ��� ������ ���� ������� ����� �� ��� ������ ���� ������� ����� �� ��� ������ ���� ������� ����� �� ���

�� ! �� �� ! �� �� ! �� �� ! ��"Cohesion in English" " ��" ��" ��" ��....$$$$....�%� ��&�� '�(���) *�%� ��&�� '�(���) *�%� ��&�� '�(���) *�%� ��&�� '�(���) *

Page 3: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��+�()

/�� %�� 01

Page 4: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��(,�� �-.��(,�� �-.��(,�� �-.��(,�� �-.

2���+ �� 3#(4 ��5� 6�+� 7���+ 8�9�� �:; <�=1 >��

?7�@& AB C� D� -;�<�EF �9#G �(�� �� 3#EHI �� �� J� K�B��

��:���:

*����+,�� ������ �������M����� >���� C��N� �:����

"Cohesion in English"? O��:�P� Q:; <�=� A9� R�(�;�� 3��I�

�G��� S �B Q�&��I -T UI�V#&�I >�� Q�5�� �(�.

� *��+,���� ���� �� � O��:P� >�� W���X� 3��I �:�� :Y�

�V�Z#�[ \ ]�9�[� ^� 01 _�� `��H� �Z#[ \ ]a�� ^�

U��(��� U��Z�� O�b� -T c(b�� U�d�� %�� ef9 g� ?�#$�VY��.

�(�N�hI �� 3#i �5�� � Q:; \ 3O��:P#F �&� �(F ?V j�B �

�9#� �������H�� �� U� ^��k�F U#�1 2�� �.

Page 5: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�$5��:

R�) KY�� O7��)� -&��P� U�i�I e9dcl�Z� . U���m �� �:�� n�P� -V� ?o��KY�� . ��� U�#���� �#a�p� #�h���� U�#Y� q���� >�� O �&�P� ��dj��� �� rH5� ?

%5� ?U5+�s� Ud��I� t)u v�� �[�Y��� �� q��B� ��Z�� U�T�#[ �#� .� � ��� w���Io� �;�x� >�� �xF�y� O ��l 01 ^�bm�9�� %�'Y�� ����mX� \ ���b(�P�

�; z��m �(� %(E�P� w��Io�� e[���� W:��� 6��9�+o�� Y��5�� e�5�� � ��A� ���#��; � ��m �#d ? ��Z��� 3�� {+�Y� �� {�m �i���� �Y� �|������

��EY� e[����� �#�(� �(. }+�(�� Ka t#)��� �V#�1 -&��P� . ��� ����mX�� Kz'B �)F ?O ���� ���xa �~*�E�I� �#'Y�� ��#a����� \ O�b5� �m��hP� 3#l��P�

�� �bm�9�� ���#��; �#d � ��m z#m ��(~��� \ 8��9��� ��+� ��� �� ��+�� �@ Cohesion in English " " � �� �'�� ^�(=�� �Y+ 1976 ��� ���� �;� ?

�9�h��� cbm�9�� �� AxY�� 3h)Y� 6�9dJ� >x� �VF ?�#'Y�� ��#a����� �+� ^�� � [ :Y� e�,� �;� �#����� 01 �i��� %xm ^� U� t9� g� ?6��� �:; \ ��� Q ��

�i����� ���& U���.

Nb(�� '�� �i�I \ O��:P� Q:; `�l�� e M��5�� �:; �� 2�b��� 6�,� c� ? %;�-�| �#�[��I �i�In�P� e)Y� �����)�� e5H��� U�a ]d��� \ �(�V� w�#��� ��

e[,� KY��� ���� 7�Y9���. z'B ?�i���� {a�& 01� �(� ?�+� ��� �7@& ]' �; � ?�~� �� �#����� �Z��� -�)� �i���� \ A��&�P� ����:� \ U� 6�(�� Q:; S �YI

�+� ��� � ?�#'Y�� ��#a����� �G1 \ I� %[��� �VYP� >�� �(�. 7� � ����I %;� ��+� ��� c� �dj� ���d1 >�� ^�5�X� �d ]�(�� ?6��� �:; \ cbm�9� �5F��

Page 6: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

O�m�� e� ^�5�� �i�����VY�( ��I ���* }�:� ?q�B�� ��z(5� �r ����" ]a��� 7��+ �i���� `�l�� �dj� ��* ���xa ]l��� ?�� � �#� \ ���m��

��xY� �)��+���#��;�� �)mo �� .

6787�� 9���:� ��.;&:

�N�� � ���� ����� A��&�P� �9�h� UI��l�! \ ��~� �� ��#����� ��Z��� -�)�)2003/2004( M��� �#�� >�� Cohesion in English " " ��#a������ \ Q�p��

O��:(� U��)�� U��'F �� e'F �i�I �Y#�� ���d�� ?�#'Y�� . >��� ]��9d� }�:� Y� 7@& �i�IU U#F �m��hP� e$��P� -;� \ 8�9��� . ��Y; ?{9��� �:; {a�& 01�

P� �:~ }�(��� \ v�@� �� � �< q�B� M�9+�%� �(#F >�E�I� ?`�l�: � ^� � k�F ?�+� ���� 8�9��� `�l�P� �:; 6��Y�I v�� �#����� 3&��P� O �a

%b��m 6jB �� ]xmo �d� �(#+ o ?�#����� �9�5(�� 7��p1 vi�I ^�5I ��9�G -V�Y� �[�B �i���� Q:; 01 �&��� ��� \ -�� �9�h�� %$j�< 3�

h�� e#�u �9�� \ A��&�P� \ Q��p�� M��5�� �:; �#�� ^�� � -�, M� �#'Y�� ��#a����� . ]��Ha� �:�� ��Z�� Q:; vi�I t)u ^� � � }�:�

�~� �� �#����� �Z��� -�)� �i���� �9�� U�&,. � -���YI� �#'Y�� ���m�� >���)�� M���� O�xa 6jB �� �#����� �����P� <���1

3#l��P� -;� �� ���I ��.)��#'Y�� ��#a����� \ �m��hP� .

Page 7: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

6787�� � <�/= >�� ���?!@�:

>��� %'Y�� w��Ij� t)! �'Y�� ���mX� >�� �9'Y� ��,� ���� \ %��(�;� ^�� M��� \ 7�& �� 7�lCohesion in English " "? rH� 8�9�� \ %��)I ^� AT

�&� {a�& 01 7���)�� M���� ������ �� _ \ 6���� �:; \ OAb� ��+� �#����� �o������ ��G 01 C�F �� �:;� ?�#��Z�� ��#a�����:

��xa 3d�� �; �����#��; %;��� ?��#�'Y�� ����mX� �+� 6�� \ ��m �#d � Q:�; e�bP 7����)�� M���� O�xa ]a�� r#�� � ���mX� �Vm�hI v�� �#��5�X�

�e$��P� Q:; >�� ���&��� ����" �xa ��V&� �� ���mX� `�l�� 01 ]d�hI ?���+,� .

�h�� tF� ?� � �(� /���� ������ \ ���mX�� t���I e$��� 01 ���� e��)P����#�����:

AB.�� /::

c(�d 01 �)��+ ���� �(� O��:P� -�)YI :�i���� -�d� �+� ��� -�d. �V�+�� ���mX� r���� �+� ��� ]��J� < \� �#� �� 6�(��+� �o�� >�� W�����

��h'P� �:; ��xa �Z��� ���F �G1 \ O���9P� ���mX� ��xY� ��� ���(�;� ����� ? ��Z��� ��+� ��� \ �V�a�5�� �V�#�, . ?�#'Y�� ��#a����� \ �� ����I ���* �

�Y� 6��� ^�� ����� ��& %#���� ��Y�� ��xa �G1 \�. 01 �;���� ]�d�hI �Y� ���mX� �+� ���� 6 �� ����I U��xYF ?� ��X�� �$���� c� Q@##s 6jB ��

��xY� � �:&���#��; �#d � ��m c���xY�� c� O �&�P� �dj��� ]Yz#� �(� . \� ��xa 01 ���� �GX� �:;^�& ��� �Y�#� . 8#m �$����� t����� �dj� ]+ �

]#)�a� �+� ^���� %���� q�B�� �#�a��� �a �� . ^��I�; �*��P q��I U�l� �:�� 6�bP� ^��+� ��� ^�I�; 6��Y�I ���:��� ^��+� ������#��; �#d � ���m

Page 8: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�$����� t����� �dj�� ��+k� �(~��� \ . �:�� �Hd�Y�� 3#+�I c�+� ��� cI�; \� ?��B� c�Z�� �xa ��V&� �.� �(V#F� ?6�bP� �����o� �G1 \ �V�� S �YI��

_�mX�. �m��hP� e$��P� -;, ����� �:; ���� � �)���P�� �#'Y�� ��#a����� \`�l� KY��

-&��P� ��+� �� UI��� ?7���)�� M���� �Y� ���mX� �;� ���m�� �B� �9a�& ]���YI ? �#��mX� �[�Y��� �+� �� ]#���� ���m1 O ���X� 7� �� �$�(.�� \ � � ��(�

\ ��#I ��, ���(��+� ���T� ���* �(� ?�#��mX� �V�(#d ]Yz#�� ?�Tj9��� ��Y��U#�� e#u �� ��u .

\ ���mX� U� R�)I �:�� ���� ��xa� � �i���� ?U�(VF ��5� }+�(�� Ka t#)�� w���Ij� t)! �'Y�� ���mX� 6�� \ ��¡� >�� O�(��� {a�4� �:; 01 ]d�hI

�i����� �V�dj��. c�¢P� r���� UI��� �)F �i����� ��B �;� ?2�b�� -�)�� \� ����#��; � ��#d

?��m £�)Y�� -;� K#f�I� U���� ](d 8#m M��5�� 6�m ���� O�xa ]��d � U��'F \ O ���� .M��5�� 2�b��� 6�,� c�'�� �i�I ����� �:; %��.

���u �7�EF �s��� ��� z[��P� �$��Y�� -;� >�� e(��+�� ?8�9�� 6jB �� �V#�1 e �(��"8¡ " ��E#�a ]a�� �i���� ^, �m�� ^� \ �i����� �+� ��� >�� ��o���

U�i��� ](d �:�� 7@4� -VF >�� 2���+ �� ����h�� 8¡ . ]�9p �:�; %�������h'(��? �($�d� Rj��� 3&��P�� �'(�� �($�d� ?? � �)���� KY�� >�� ���

%�[,�?��V� O��:P� -��f�� . _���� e5H�� >�� �h�� �7�& }�:�:

Page 9: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

P� ���)

C�D� ��5�� : �� ;�9$ 1¥ ��<@������ $#%

1.1�Z��� ���F \ ���mX� 2.1 ��#a����� \ ���mX� 1.2.1 �$����� � ��X� 2.2.1�$����� t����� �dj�

2¥ �<@����� $#% � 1.2 �#��mX� �[�Y��� 2.2 A(.�� ���m1 3.2 ���m1 O ��X� -+�

3¥ ,���� E ��<@� F�G�� ��5�� : ,����

1¥ H�IJ�K�� ���?�� L=�- 1.1c¦§�¢P� r��I 2.1 M��5�� 6�m ���� O�xa

2¥ ,���� 3¥ ,���� M�% N�5- ���s�

]9p����h'P� ($�d�Rj�,�

3&��P�� �'P� t���

��V��

Page 10: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

\ ��#����� 3�&��P� ���d \ eb(�I �����[ ]V&�� �h�� Q:; �#�¨ e#9+ \�

�l�P� -#('� �dj� ��* �#'Y�� ��#a����� O ��#9Y&,� 3&��P� K© �(#F� %�VF �l�P� �# �� �VY� ]#)�a� Ca� o1 ?8�9�� ��+�� o�� eN5HI .� ��[ ]V&�� ��

�#����� �Z��� \ �� e��)� �&� R��� ����h'P� �i�I \? v��� �|�* ����'�� %;� ?-&��P� KY�� \ �V�V&��}�:� ~ t���I ��xmj� ]�l� Q:�����'�� {a�& 01

�����'�� �i���� \ �V�V&�� v�� ? �;��H�� �i�I� M��+,�� t���I�? ^��Y�� %;�"�i���� >�� {#)�I".

QAB.�� 5=�:

�ªI �)�h� `�l�P� \ 8�9�� >�� ][�mzf�#����� £�)Y�� \ K: I R;�9$�� (S �T�U : 1 ¥ >�� ���� �#�[,� �'P� 01 `�&��� ��#����� ������P� K�© ��(#F

��� g �*1 o1 ?���x� �� �5F,�� 7� «� e)Y� 7��+ �m >�� �#��Z�� ��#a������}�* _.

2¥ � � 3#i ��:� �#a���5�X� ¬�Y�� t#p�I >�� ��� 3d�� ��*� �~ �[��� ��a�#9�,�UI �< ¬ �I� UY� ]&�fª�+� �:�� ]#a��a. 3¥ ,� >�� �(��o� R�� ��a�#9�� >�� ���u o v�� 3&��P� K© �(#F ]#a��a . 4¥ Y�� \ O ���� Rj��� �i�I ]��& K�P� �i���� �� �b�+� g� ��[� ? g �*1 o1

}�* _ ���. v�� ��'�� -d 01 AHª �(d -�� -+� e5� ]��& 8#m Rj��� �($�d ]�l��

U�i�I >�� ���u .

Page 11: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

5¥ e$�P� ­��� �j��� {�5�� ���Y�� Rj�,� 7� � ]9��. 6¥ }�*� ?8�9�� \ U#�� �(��P� 3&�P� ��[ -d 3l� 8�9�� �#EVY� %.�)I

�Y� ��[ >�� ���u o ]#a��a,� 3&��� ®�� ^� AT ?����� \ U#�1 O ��X� �:�; >�� ���u v�� �#a���5�X� �f�Y�� ^��Y� ���* }�:� ?6�)P� �� M��5��

3&�P� .M��� 6�bP� e#9+ >�� ��*��: Diego Marconi, Valensi Michel (trad)., "la philsophie du langage au Xxème siècle". Editions de l’Eclat. Paris, 1997.

����"��Y5#+: " O’kelly Dairine, "le problème de l’anaphore sans antécédent", Cycnos, Vol.18

N°2.

II R,���� (S �T�U� : 1¥z(.� M��5�� �'zf�� ]�l� U#F �m��hP� e$��P� -;� �. 2¥ 5� ��(�� � � ?%�[,� KY�� \ S���� W��¡ ����majuscule) ( ]��

¯ �)�� Q�9�a�®���� ­��� �V����5� }�*� �i���� \ �V#�1 Q�9�ao� ]�F ?. 2¥ ���*��h'P� °Y&,� -&��P� ��h'(�� e��)(�U� ��* 6�� �Y�. 3¥ �xF�! ?U�&, ]�(��+� �:�� ��Z��� %I �)�h� �;��H��� ��b�,� ]i�I

^�5�X� �d ���p�� �#Y9� ^�#IX� :�� cm� ?�m�� ^� \ �#Y9��� n�P� e)a >������� \ }�* 01 A�� .

4¥ �#����� �i���� ���* � ?�#����� 01 �#9Y&,� -���� 7� , � � 6�� ]i�I ­)F. 5¥ ��j� 3l�� �i���� ����; 01 �@� (*) KY��� �����; �� �;@##(��

1 ���� v�� %�[,�-#d���� �h+��� �V#�.

Page 12: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

6¥ ]xF��F ?e$�P� ­��� %�[,� KY�� \ {�5�� ���Y�� Rj�,� 7� � � ��i���� \ }�* >��.

7¥�i���� \ O ���� �#(���� ����h'P� -;, �(E�� ª]�l� . 8¥ ��#a������ ����h'P �m�P� -E�P� >�� ����h'P� �i�I \ ª��(���

����� t#�YI {�5P >�� ��(��� �(� ?R������ �F�)b��� �#����� �#����� �(xYP� ?{ ��h�'P� `�#� �9��o� c�� �:B�� ?%59��9�� AYP ��Z��� ����h'P� -E��

6�b�� c'�fP� W�G �� U��(��+�� /�hB �(! ? ���V�� %+��� �)�� �9� ?%#� �±�... ²1 .

Page 13: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

���� /��%,��

����(��

Page 14: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

0�$

��1�� (23 ��������

Page 15: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

1 .������� � �� �

���O.Ducrot ���� � « Le dire et le dit » � � 1984 ���� �� ��

��������� ������ ��� ������ �������� � ��� ����� ������ �� ��� ���

����! "���#� �! ������1 .�"���'(� " ���)�)*� +,! � ����-.� /�0)�

��1,�� "��������,��� ����� �#���� �� 2,34 �� ��� ���� .

50 ��� ��06 � �#��#�� � ���'(�� "���1� �,�) �����Frege 8Russel 8

Quine ( ���:� ���! ��'��� ;0 ��� <=���� 5�� ��,��� ��>��� �,��

��'��� ������ . , ! "���1� ��� �?�' "@Austin 8Searle � Strawson

"��� 5�� �>��� �� �� ,�� ���� 8A�*� �����, ���=:� "B��� ����� 8��1,��

<=����� 5����� ��,� 5��� ���� �)�*)(convention���'(� � .

��1,�� "�! � ���'(� �>���=�� ���� �� C��� 3�� C���3� ��� �:B��� �

����� 8C�� 3��"��� " D�! ��'E"���" ���=��� 8 "it " C� D��! ��'.�

�?���2.

� � ����G �1 � (John Lyons)8 ����;� ���'H� I,��;��� �1,�� "��#���

" ?������ C���3� ��� ��>�;�� �:B��� �6 ���'6 �:B! � ��� : ���' C���3��

?��� D�!���"3.

1 Moira chimombo & Robert L.Rosbery, The power of discourse: an introduction

to discourse analysis, p vii 2 Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia on Line.

www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/reference. 3 ,�'�#�#! 8' 4 �� � 8I�' �� L�,�� � ,�,� M���84 116

Page 16: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

� � ������ ��� +,������ �:B��� ���'(� ,?,' 8��1,�� �� ��������� "�����

������ �� ���� �:�0 � 4 �� � ����! 5�0 �� . ����� D� ���"car"

�� D��� +���� � �� ��G��� 1�� ���1,�� ��� ��� �B*) 8�,��� ��@�

�B�! <���...N�6 ( ��� I� 8"�1� ��� ����! 5�0� �� ������ O���� �

����! ���'(� " . P ��� ��� ��06 �� D�! 0;� G����� "� ���'H� �1,�� ��

C�� 3�� ������� ��� �:B���.1

�����,�� �� : ��Q@� ��� ��� 8C�� 3�� ������� ��� �:B���� ���'(� "� 1

����! ���'H� 2���� �� "Q����� ������� �� �;��0��� C�� 3� ��� �:B���.

���� ��@��� R�, �� � ����2:

Although I live near the university I always take my Boeing to go there because I

am too lazy to walk.

�� S�, �� ����� ��"boeing" 8 8+�>�0 D�! ���1,�� ��'� �� �� ��' ��

+�>�0�� D�! 1 +������ D�! ���'H� � � ������.

/�0)� ,� �2,3� � ���'(�' ,Q�� T�U�� ����� (Brian Fitch) D�!

���'(� ����, 2Q�0� 4�) �� ���' �3 T'��� �� ������ ��� +���=3 .

1 Moha Ennaji et Fatima Sadiqi, Applications of modern linguistics, p 206. 2 Ibid, p 206 3 Brian Fitch, Reflexions in the Mind's Eye : Reference and its Problematization in

twentieth Century French Fiction, P4.

Page 17: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

, ! ���,3� ���'(� ���P ,� ��0(� ��� ��,������) whiteside( � ����

��� �!�#� ���'(� V)�3 ��0�;� ��,!�: ��:��� ) 5���� 8"Q������ 5���

8;���� !������ 5������ ( ��) �>��, <����) ���� �@ ��!���� �Q��

��:����� (�� : C��� ��� 8�*�,�� 5����� 85����� ��� �� 8���*�� 5�����

5�����1 .

1.1 �� ��� ����� ����� ��:

T,' ��� S����) (Saul Kripke2 �#���� ���06 � +� ����� ���'(� �!

����� ��� ��)� ��� ����'6� "����� C����� ����'6 D��6 ��#Q �)� �����

(les indexicaux).

1� "B!3� C���� : �?�� ���S���� �� " !3� C����B D �� I� ��� L�� "

����'6 � �@� ���1,�� ����: �3" ��� ,� � 8 +������� �� V�����

�� +��@���� ��� ������ ��� (John Stewart Mill) C����� ��

B!3�" � 1 �� ��� W� .3

1 Anna Whiteside, "On Referring in literature", p. 175-205.

2 KLو Saul Kripke � �1940�#��#�� � ���� �� 8 S����� ������(CUNI) ���=;� "��� 8����� �#���� 50 ��� .���)����� �#�B#�� ���� �� ���.�� .��#�X� ��� 8+,�,! ��#�X� ��:

• On Rules and Private Language (1962)

• Naming and Necessity (1972) (La logique des noms propres, traduit en 1982)

�P � :Saul_Aaron_Kripke/wiki/org.wikipedia.fr.www

�P ��#� ������8 � ا 3 :,.�� ��, 8� � �8 ���4����� � ����82.

Page 18: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

2� ���� ��� �)� ��� : ��@� ������� 1�� +���P�� M�� 5�� I8you 8

yesterday8now8there8here I��� 5����� D�! ���'(� ,�� T�'

8��� �� ������� M�� ��� ,���#�� ��G� 5�� � A�*� ��� ��.

�#)� ,��� �0*�� �� �')��� �?��� ��G D�! Y�,� ��: I� D�! "�'�� �6

�!�:� ��G D�! ���! .A�� ��� S���� ��@� ����� (� �� ) I8you(

� +,��� ���?��� "������ <��� � ���� � ����'6 �3 "���� C���� �@�

5����� D�6 �P ��� � �����. ��@� : "����� ����� ��' "I" V��P ��

�� ! ��?�! �� ���� 8� ����� "������ <��� � ��� D�! ��'� ��� �?���

����� ����,) Diego Marconi ( ���;�" �Z� E���� ��6" ��� ����

��@Z� "�! � �@'�� ���� �� ������ " ���� ���� ��[[\��! �?�*� � �� �����,

�������] ,'� 1� ��@Z� "�! � �@'�� M"1 .

�� ������"I" 85�������� ���� "Q�������� �����,��� L�����

���� �� ������ ���� 8,��� ��] � 3 �� ���#�*� 4�* � D�! ��'�

�#�*� "���!.

���� "���� � +� ����� ���'(� ���P �Q@� �� � ����:

1 Diego Marconi, Valensi Michel (trad), La philosophie du langage au xxème

siècle. www.lyber-eclat.net/lyber/marconi/langage

Page 19: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

���'(� ���P � , ! +� ����� S���� ��� R�, ����� �#��� ��06 �8 � �@�

3� C���� �B! � " 8���� ��� �)� ��� �� ��] ���� ��� �)� ��� � � � �

��#�� ��G� 8������� ���G�� V��P� 8�>��=�� .

2.1 �� ��� � � ���� �� :

�� �?�' "@ 0;� ������� ����� ���,� � ��� ����� �?��� D��6 "����1� ��

4 ��1.

L�,.� I��� 4 �� "��� 0�� ��� 4 �� �' ����,� ��) �� ��� ����� "��

��@� ���*�,�� ���� � +��@� ����! ���� � � �*,.�� 8+��@� 2 ��� ��

������� L# ��� "���� ���P �� ��G� ���� �������� T�'��� D�! M,��!�

0)1� C����� ��,��� �0�����!�2 .

1 �P � : 4 8��P �� D�6 +C��;�� �� 4 �� 8_�#� ,�'�108

2 8#�#! ,�'�5��� <��� 4 832

+� ����� ���'(�

���� ��� �)� ��� "���� C����

QRSLا TUز

WXأ QZU تW\]آ- _Xأ – Waه – أfU- اeن-هWaك

Page 20: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

) �� 0������ S����� ��) /�=�� 4 �� �' "��1. ����� ���� ��

S���,(Teun Van Dijk)2 <��=� ���� ����?���)�B����� ���' �

������ � 4 ��« Some aspects of text grammar » � « Text and context »8

������� �� ����� �����P C��� � D���6 V,���� ����� T���'38

� <���� !�,1� M��� �� � ����� ��'� R��* ,�� � 3 O�=���� ���

����,��.

��� ������ � ��;��0� 4 �� �' ���� � ����#�� ,�,� /�0)� ���'(�

8��) �� S���E �� �@�,'�� ������� <������ ��� ����'(� O��=�� ����

?,' "� �� S�� <�� 8+�,� , ����#���.

,�'��!#�# ��� ��� V G �1 ���4 "?�:� A,���� ����!�� ���*�,�� ���'(�

����: D�6 ���! ��'��� �) ���� ��'��� �) ��� ��� �)#� I���:

1 4 8��# <�����31

2 ��� ��� ������ �� �����1943 �� ���� ��� �" ���� � �� " ���� ��� �� ����� ����

� ���!��� �!��� ��" ���#�� � �����$ %�&� ����� ' �(� �����)� (UvA) !*�� ���� �+�� � ��� ��� � . -.�� � /0��� ��1� ������ �� ��� 2�� �� -3& � �� 4�5 -���� " �!&�

6�� " �!� 7�8��� 9����� � ���� � �:��� � ������� � ���� 2�� �� ;& � ��& ��<�� � �����=� ����� . ������ � � �����)� � ��� �> � ��9����> � �����" ���� /<�� ��� . �!? 9 ���� ���

���� � � � �� (Pompeu Fabra) �����@� ��� �. ��� �� � ����8� ��� ��� ������� '�� %���0 �� 4�5 -��0� ���A� . �.��B�� /� �!��� TTT

)������ ����� ���� ( �!� �!���� =�� E ��� :POETICS �TEXT �Discourse and Society �Discourse and Studies. 3 5��� <��� 8_�#� ,�'�4 8 108. 4 8#�#! ,�'� 85��� <��� 4116 8121

Page 21: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

(� 2��;�� A,��� ��� ���' : <��� T�' +,'���� ������ A��� D�! ����

���! ��'���� ��'��� ���.

(� ,����� A,��� ��� ���' : � ��)��� ����� ��� ���� +,!����� ����� ��

4 �� C�=� .

� G�� ,: ,� G�� ��G3� ���'��� �)� ��� ��� D�!1 ���0* ,�'� ��� � 8

,�� ! �����'(�".�. SI�,������ )(M.A.K Halliday � ����' ����:�

(Ruqaia Hasan)���'��� ���)� !� ��!�� � D�6 ��� � 82 D��6 �� � ��� 8

, ! +�� (� "��� ���=�� ���'6 a� ��� I� *�G�� M���# � " V�� ���"3 8

��, ���� ��?�0/�0)��� ��� V��� D�6 5.

V���� �� ,�� B�� 8���� �3� <������� 4*� ����� �����, ����

(Jean Dubois) D� ���� ����� D#�� ,;� 8���! ,��!1� ���� �� ���'H�

���;� �1,��" �'H� I����� ���,�� ������ ��)�* � ���'(� C� D��! ��

�������* �� ����;�;' ������ C����� 8I������� ����] "������� ��� ,������"4 .

D�����! �������'(� V������� ����� , ����� S�������

"Dictionnaire Encyclopédique de Pragmatique".

1 4 84 �� b�� 8,� G�� ��G3�118 2 4 �� ��� ��� 8��0* ,�'� 2�0*�� "��� � D�6 �*,� 8 4 816 817 818. 3 ��# <�����8 4 173�178.

4 Jean Dubois, Dictionnaire de linguistique, p 404.

Page 22: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

V?������� �c (Anne Reboul)1�� �� S��� )2(JaquesMoeschler

�����;� ���'(� " ��� ��� ����� I��� ��� �Q�� +�� (� ,): B�'� ����� "

"����� � �� C D�6 "3.

,?,'�� �� �� S��� ����� �c �� ��@��� I����� ��#�� ��� _�� � �0�

" 5��0 ��'(� ������ � ���! ��'�� 2\0�*��� M�?�)� I��� C �� �� <�

������ ���� �������� "����� M,);� "4 8 >�;�� �:B��� ��6 �� C���3� ��� ��

?��� �� ���� C�� 3�� �� � ! �" �) ��� ��� ���1,�� 4>�)*�� 5��0 2���

���! ��'��� �) ���� ��'��� "5 +���P ���'(� �� ������ ��# �:��� �� 8

�,'�� �c � �����,� ����� �� ���,G.

1 R�G 8����� �c�� �� S�� � � ,����� �� 81956+���, 8 2) � �� � 8�#��#��� ��� ����� �

��,��� ��1,�� � +����� I������� 0��� 5�, )�� � +��@� 2)� � ��� 8V� �� ������ ������� T'��� . +G>�� D�! ��)'Neumann � � 1990 ������ ���?,: �#��#�� � �'��03 ����

V� �� . � � ��1992 ������ �'��0�� ��?,; 8��e����� V�� 6 �' Georges Kleiber ��� ����� � +C�#��� D�! ��)'�� . T'��� 0��� G����� V�0 �� ��G ��� ����,�� D�! ��)'�

� � �����1997 .�� � +,�,! ��#�X� ���: Rhétorique et stylistique de la fiction, presse universitaire de Nancy, 1992

�� � ��� �#Q��� <� �����,�� ���� �� S��. �P �: reboul-pers/linguistique/lettres/ch.unige.www

2 � � ,����� �� ��1954 # �� ��� � � V� �� ������ ��� ����� "�;� ���� 2) � �� � 82005 8

N���� "�;�� ���>� /�)��15 ������ 2005 .��#�X� ��� :

Argumentation et convention, Hatier, 1985 Modélisation du dialogue, Hermès, 1989

������ 2��� ����� �c <� VQ�� ���:

La pragmatique aujourd’hui, Seuil 1998 Pragmatique du discours, Armand Colin, 1998 Le dictionnaire encyclopédique de pragmatique, Seuil, 1984

�P � :moeschler/linguistique/lettres/ch.unige.www 3 Anne Reboul et Jaques Moeschler, Dictionnaire Encyclopédique de Pragmatique P.362

4 Ibid. P.362

5 4 85��� <��� 8��0* ,�'�17

Page 23: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�� �� ���'H� ��#��� � #�P��� �' �� ���P ���6 �� �� ���� ��� �����!

���� ��'� �?��� �)�� V:�� � 20�*���� "����� ��� "�; �����, ����0

� ?��� ��� D�! 20�*��� "Q�����1 ���� R��� �� �;�� :

_ �0���� � D�! f " ��'�"

" T�' = f 8"����� = � 820�*��� = _ 8��� =,'2

��� ���'(� �� ��!� ,��� D�6 S�, ��� �� �� :'6 ����� ���'6� C� � ��� .

A,�� +����� ���] ��� D��! ��'�� ,'�� "����� ����� C� ��� ���'6 #�

����� ����� � ����,�� ��� ��� ���?�)� ��� "Q���� ��G ��' 20�*���

)(mental model.

�'�)� �� ,�� ����� M�� D�! ,'�� �0���� "Q����� ��'� 8������ ���'6 ��

,� ������ 20�*��� A . ������! ���� ������ ���'6� C� ��� ���'6 �h� �����

����'(� "� �� ,��� 16 �� �@�� ���'(� " 1� ��0��� ��� ��� 8��G����

D��3�.

����) ! ���� �:B! �Q@� �� � ���'H� �;����� V������ �B* �� � � �?���

�� 0� �� 8���! ��'� �*Z�� ��'� ���,'� 4>��)*�� 5���0 2��� ��

� ���1,��� ���) ��� � . ����P ������ ������� ��� ����� � ���'(� �� ��]

+,�,! �P ������ �@�,' �>������ i��� D�! �� ���� � ����� GQ�� �� 8

, ! ,>����� ���� (� ��� G������ ���� ���� 5������ ���� +,������ �:B����

D�! �,� �� ,>�����T�'�3� ����,��� ��' ��:�� I�,���� ���P �?)* ��

� :� ����.

1 ��� ���=: 8������ ,�'� �) ��#�P��� ��� ����� � ������� ��134 2 �� "��! � ���� �� ��� D�! ���'H� �������� ���� +���! �� �� 8S�, ��� 2�' 8,'��.

Page 24: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

1.2.1 � ��� ��� ���� �� (anaphora)� !��"� �deixis)(

� ,>���� ���;� �� ����]�� (��� 8" �� ������� ������� ��� �:B! �� ,>����

��4 " . �� (� ����� �� � � +,������ ������� 4 �� ��� �:B! "��;��8 I�

C�� 3� "��! �"1 I����� ��] <:���� D�! ���'6 �� 8 . �� (�� ,>���� ����;��� �

����* ,��� ��� 4 �� �*�, ,��� �� ��� ����;� �2.

�� ��� 4�5 ���=�� ����� 2�& E �� ����� 4<���� �� G� �9����� H

��!!� �!!<���� �!!������ 1987/� I��!!8� "anaphore" ��!!�� 4!!�5Appolonius Dyscole

3 �/�!! :.�!!� ;!!�& ��?�!!*� -!! �!!8<�� " les deictiques " ) G�!!@" 4!!�0 ��!!�� �!!�� �?�!!*� (

�"les anaphoriques" ) 4�0 ���� ��� �?�*� G 9������ �� ( �

1 Patrick Seriot : « L’anaphore et le fil du discours (sur l’interprétation des

nominalisations en Français et en Russe) » Ive Colloque internationale de

linguistique slavo-romane, Copenhague, 27-29 Août 1987, p 147.

2 Geneviève Girard, les paramètres à la construction des l'anaphores, Cycnos,

Vol.18 N°2. www.revel.unice.fr/cycnos/document.html

�! B; :

Zribi-Hertz, A, De la deixis à l’anaphore : quelques jalons. In La deixis, Morel & Danon- Boileau (eds). p 603-612.

3 "�' +�� U�! 8��� � ���� +�' �� ,'� ������,� Adrien) (�"� � � (Antonim).

Page 25: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�' � /.��� 2�K 4�0 /��� ���� �� G�@ 4�0 2�&� L �K ���*� /� /.�1.

��� ������ ����,) Dairine O'kelly(2 � 8,>���� �! ��@�,' 5��� �

���� � � E ��;�"L� ��� "(CYCNOS)3 �� � �,� ���'(�� "���1� ��

I���� G������ D�! ������ ��� � �����,�� GQ�� "� S�� <�� 8��� ������

���:����� ���� )Karl Bühler(4 ��� ���� (� �,>���� 5.

� ��� ���3�� 2�� ��,) �! V �� ���'(� �����]����� � T'��� �� ����

������ ����) (Karl Bühler � � 1934��� ��

»Sprachtheorie, Die Darstellungsfunktion der sprache sprachen «

����� ���,��� �G���� ,��� �, )Donald Fraser Goodwin( D��6

� � ��G��� (�1990 ��� �� :

«Theory of language, the representational function of language»

1 Michèle Fruyt, Latling: 11th International Colloquium on Latin Linguistics, University of Amsterdam, June 24-29th 2001. www.cf.hum.ura.nl/latling/pa29fruyt.html

2 ���,+ � ��� ����� ������ ��� ����� � +���� 2) � �� 8Toulon� Var . � ��#�X� +,! ��� ������ ��G��� (� ��� ����� V�� (� � ����' "��� �� 8IG��� (� 2,3�� ������3�� ������ ���

���� D�!Modèles Linguistiques. 3 "L� ��� " � � ��?�� 8��� ������ +��='��� 2�,Z�� "� �)?)*� ����1985 ,�� D�! L�ll ��

1��� ���, �André Viola .��� � ������� ��' T�'�3� G��� �! �,) ������� ���G��� 1� ��Nice Sophia Antipolis

4 *� � � ,�� 8���;���� ���# �� i���3� � 41879e������� ����� �� R�* 8�� ����� ������

���� � 8��� ��� ��;�� �B* 8����� (� �! 2� �� ��� ��� �� ���� ������� "����� L��� 8����� � � ����� ���P 1934 .� �� � 1963+,'��� ���1���� �� ��#����� . �!���� �P �Britannica :

9017970-article/eb/com.britannica.www 5 Dairine O'kelly, le problème de l'anaphore sans antécédent, Cycnos

Vol. 18 N°2.

Page 26: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

����� ���P ��06 � S��� +,�,� "���#� 2���� ��� �� � . ����� ���� ����

/�0)�"deixis" ���'H� �,m,'� ��=�� ������ 2�0� �� ������� V)��

���� 6 �G��� I�(deictic center) "�� ���! 5�0� "origo " ��� G�� T�'

���G � "Q����� D�!� "Q���� ����1.

"?�:���� ���� ���� (� �������� (deictic expressions) ��)� ��� 2�'

������ : ���#�� ����)� 8����'�� 8"���� 8���G�� 84* �� 8������ 8C �� .

���� (� ,���3� ��06 � ���� R�, �.(deictic dimensions)

� ������ ��,��� � �@2:

#"$��1 �����$�� �� ��� !�� ��� � ��

��� ���% ����

C this) ��� (that) S��(

����here) � � (there) S� �(

4* I) � � (you) � �(

���Gnow) �Z� (then) �>,��(

"��today) "���� ( yesterday) L��/(tomorrow) �,](

���'come) ��� (go) ��2�(

��#�� ���)present) �=�'�� (past) =���� (future)��;����(

1 �P �:

Bühler, Karl, Sprachtheorie, Die Darstellungsfunktion der sprache, p.134

�=�� �P ��:

Stephen, C. Levinson, Deixis and pragmatics for handbook of pragmatics, Max

Planek Institute for Psycholinguistics. www.mpi.nl/world/bub/handb-horn4.pdf

2 Holger Diessel, Demonstratives in use and grammar, Max planek institute for evolutionary anthropology, p 4. www.unirsm.sm/dcom/2003/functional/abstract/diessel

Page 27: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

,?,' ���� ��������� �� 8���'H� �0� �@B@1 :

1� ��������� 0�'� I��� � ����� "B��� "�;�

2� V)���� ,���� � ,������ ���*�� "�;���

3� �)����� 2�0*�� 0*�� ,����

D�! �,��!�� �� 8�1����� �@B@ ��� G?�� 8�@B@�� �03� M��:

1� deixis ad oculus���*�� "����� � +�� (� I�

2� deixis am phatasma "�;��� � +�� (� I� � ���*�

3� deixis anaphoric )�� (���,>���� �� (

5�� ���� (� ��1����� <� ���'(� ��� " I��� ��0(� V� ) � ����

���� ��,���:

#"$��2 &�' Karl Bühler ( ) �� ��" �� ��� �*+

�� ��� � *, -� !�� # �� �)�

1� � ����� "B��� "�;�

2� ,���� � ���*�� "�;���

V)����

3� 2�0*�� 0*�� ,����

Ad oculus

Am phantasma

Anaphoric deixis

1 Ibid p. 6

Page 28: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

���: ���� ����, � ���P ���' ���� ���� ���P � �� ��:� I�,����� ���:�

��' 2��� �� C��� �� C�= D�!Cohesion in English 1 T��' 8

�� �)�*�� :

endophora , ! I�,���� ���*�,�� ���'(� D ��� ��� .� ���;anaphora ,� ! �����

������� 8 exophora ���� ���� �����;� �������*�� �����'(� I�ad oculus

�am phantasma2.

����� ���� "����� �:B��� M��� �Q@� �� :

��'�0)� I�,���� ��'�0)����� ����

Endophora anaphora ���;.�

ad oculus

Exophora

am phantasma

1 Dairine O'kelly, le problème de l'anaphore sans antécédent, Cynos Vol. 18 N°2

2 �P � V�����'�0)��� endophora �exophora , ! I�,���� ��' ��:� � �'#)�� �117

�118 +������ M�� �� .

Page 29: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

���:� I��� G����� ��� D�6 ���=6 ���� ���� ��� �� (�� �G��� ,� 8,>����� �

, ! �*c �� ��� ,���� ���1"Jean Claude Milner" . �� A��� ����

�� (�� �� ����� �� 8����'(� ���* �� ��� 3� ��� �� ��� ,>����� �

����'(� ���B;�1� 2.

������ ��� ,��� ��� /�0)� "��;�;'�� ���'(�) "référence actuelle (

! ������ /�0)�� ���! ��'��� �"��=���1� ���'(�"

)(référence virtuelle������ M� �� �! ������ . ��'1� �) ��� ����

�� ���� 1 ���� 8������� �! �,��� ��=���� ���'6 16 ��;�;' ���'6 �� ���

���! ��'� �� ���� T�' "Q����� �! �,�) T�,' � ����� ��6.

(� ��, �� ��o��'(� �) ��� ��;�;' ���'6 / � � ��=���1� ���'

� ,������ C �� � �Q�� �� 2�� �� 0�� �� ��=���1� ���'(� ,?,'

,�);��� �) ��� ���! B�'� ����� "�����.

��@� :le chat noir

� le chat noir est sorti de la fenêtre

1 ,��Jean-Claude Milner � �1941 ��#�X� �� � 8+,'��� ���1���� L����� L�, 8:

Ordres et raisons de langue, (1982), Le Seuil. De la syntaxe à l’interprétation, (1978), Le Seuil, collection « Travaux linguistiques » Arguments linguistiques, (1973), Mame, Introduction à une science du langage, (1989), Le Seuil, collection « Travaux linguistiques »

�P �htm.milner/auteurs/philosophie/fr.verdier-editions.www

2 Anne Reboul/Jacques Moeschler, dictionnaire encyclopédique de Pragmatique

p 349.

Page 30: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

le chat noir��� ,?,'� V)� �� ,Q; . �� ,� 1 8���! ��'� �� ���� ���

��0� ��� �Q��� "��! � C ,���8,���� �0: ���� �� ���� .

4* �� �>��= �� 8��=���1� ���'H� ����'(� �)� ��� i�� �;#

+�� (� C���� � . ����'6 L��� D�! ��;�;' ���'6 ��' � ���� 1 "@ ���

�! +�,�: ��] �� 8��=���1� ��;� ����� 8���# � ��;�;'�� ����'6 ,�,' D

� ��� ,��� �������'(� ���B;�1� D�6 �;# �� � .

���B;�1� D�6 ,>���� ���'6� ���� (� ���'(� � ����'(� ������� �;#

��� �� ��� � ��)�* M��� ����'(�1.

1 Ibid p 350.

Page 31: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

2.2.1� �� � .� ��� �%/�

���� 2��� ��,) ,�� �����,�� "cohesion in English" ����� ��

�� �� ��=� I��� ��@��� �?)*� 8��) �� ���'(� ����, I�,����� � ���:�

��' �'#)�� �2� :� ���� ����,��� 2���� �� :

Wash and core six cooking apples. Put them into a fire proof

dish

�'�# �� A� OG �� ��]��� �� "��;� �') � ���= 8N�0�� �

��@'���� ��� ��' ��:�� I�,���� �� "them " ��'� �� �@�� ������ � ,�����

D�! "six cooking apples) "N�0�� ��'�# ��( ��,>�! �#�P�� "�;� ��� 8

������� � 5��1� 5Q;'1.

���@'���� ����! , �� �� ���� ����� �����, (D.O'kelly) �� . ����

2(A.Joly) �����;� ��@��� ���� ��� :� � � " B�� �BQ�� ������� ����

�) I� ���� � . �� 8���'(� �0���� 5��1� 5Q;'�six cooking apples

D�! ��'Ethem8 B��� M�� �� � � ��] �� ��� ��'(� S�� 1�� �:����"38

1 M.A.K. Halliday & R.Hasan, Cohesion in English, p2

2 A.Joly� ��� ����� � ���� L���� ������ ��G��� 1IV �������� .

3 D.O'kelly & A.Joly, L'analyse linguistique des textes anglais, P 42.

Page 32: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

5��1�� ;0 ��� 0����� �! b� �� ����p� (concaténation) 8������� �

�P �, .���� � � .8��� ��� �1,�� ������ �� ���6 D�6 ,��� 1 them

5���0 ,���� D�6 ���� 2�'� ����1� �!������ D�! ���'(� 5��0 �!

I��P (adéquation isotopique) ���'� � "B�� "B��� ��)��� ��� 8 .

����� � �: ��h� �� �� ��� �,���� 8�P� �� ,���� +�!��� ��, ����1� �!����

Six university professors8 5��1� ,��� ",! � ��� ��� . M��� ��

���� �� ������ 85��1� 5Q;'�� ������ � ��,� T�,'6 �� ,� 1 8���'��

���� �� �� D�!1:

Take six university professors. Put them in a double-locked

room.

U:� 8��0(� ��� ��L�� �� U� ���� 2(Francis Cornish) ��:B���

1 Ibid. P 42, 43

2 U� ��� L�� ������,� 8����)��� ������ ��� ����� � ������ D�! �)'� 8M ��� ����� �

� � G��� ������1982+,�,! ��#�X� ��� 8�� � 8��G��� 1�� ��� �#�� ������� :

- Anaphoric Relations in English and French : a discourse perspective, Croom Helm, Londres/Canberra, mai 1986. - Anaphora, Discourse, and Understanding. Evidence from English and French, série Clarendon Press d’Oxford University Press, Oxford, avril 1999. - “Antecedentless” anaphors : deixis, anaphora, or what? Some evidence from English and French, Journal of Linguistics, Vol. 32, N.1, mars 1996, pp. 19-41. - L’accessibilité cognitive des référents, le Centrage d’attention et la structuration du discours : une vue d’ensemble, Verbum, Tome XXII, N.1, juin 2000, pp. 7-30.

�P � :fr.2tlse-univ.www

Page 33: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��� +,������them � six cooking apples �P ���� DQ �� ��:���

)J.Morgan( ���) ��� ��� 5�:, ��'6 S�� � ,��� ",! � �@�� 8 �

� �� ��6 �� ���'cooking apples six ��?��� +���! �����'6 ������ 11 8

��� 5������ ���E ��#���� ��='� �����*� " �� ���� ��'�#���them .

��:B! "�; �� M,��� �� ,�1� 8��������� ���� ��@���� V��.� �� ����

,>����� 5����� ���.

�� �*c ��@� D�6 �� �� ����� R���)Georges Kleiber(2:

Le Ministre de l'Education Nationale est en vacances. Elle

s'éjournera deux semaines au bord de la mer.

���� "�elle +���)� M�?��)� ;���� ���;.� I��� ���� ��@��� �0����

��� ���! 8��G���elle � 8TQ X��� D�! �,� le ministre ������� D�! �,�

�G��� �� ,);.� ����+�. ,��,' �� ���� 6 T,'� �������� M�� 2��] ��

���=�� ���! ��'� I��� �) ���." elle "

1 Cornish, F, Antecedentless Anaphors : Deixis, Anaphora or what?, Journal of Linguistics, vol.32, N.1 p25,26.

�! B; : Morgan, J (1978) Towards a rational model of discourse comprehension, in wltz, D.L (ed) Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing; 2, Urbana, Association for computational Linguistics 109-114

2 8��# <����� 4 29 830 �! B; :

Kleiber, G (1992) Anaphors- Deixis : deux approches concurrentes, in la deixis, Morel et Danon – Boileau (eds)

Page 34: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

"?!,��L�� �� U� ��� �� ���� ���'�� ���� ��� ���: Rosenberg 1

- Premier Prisonnier : Qu'est-ce que c'est?

- Le gardien : le potage du chef au vermicelle.

- Premier Prisonnier : elle est immangeable.

"����� ����� "�"il" D�! ���'H� " "le potage ����� �� 8"elle" <��

M�?�)� "Q����� ���;� I��� ���� ��@��� D�6 <��� ���� 8T X��� ���= � �

+��)�"la soupe".

�� ���� 0�; �� M�� 4Q*� �� � ����:

• 5����� ��� �:B��� Six cooking apples ,>�����them �� S��� � ��:B! ��

���'(�.

• ,>����� 5����� ��� ,������ VB*1� �?�#� ��� 8 ���� ��@��� 5��0 �! ���'(� "

<����� ,���(�� 8T� ���� ������ T�' �� .

• ) �� 5��1� �:B! 5Q;' ���'(� .4 �� ,��� 1 8�:B��� M�� 2��] ��.

1 8��# <�����4 32 833 �! B; :

Rosenberg, S (1970), Modern French : the neuter pronoun in adjectival predication. The Hague, Mouton.

Page 35: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

���4

��5�� (23 ������

Page 36: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

2 �� �������� �:

�� ������� ����P�� �� +���P ���'(� ����]B���� �������� "����� ��P'

T�' "����� �c�;�� I�?�#�� ?�) C��,;�� 2���� ��� 8�����#�� +��'�� �� �

� ������� "��� � �� ��,* � ���B�(� "����� �� �� �0��� ���� �0���� �

�;�@�1 8 ���� ������� ����P�� ����,� ���#�� "�!� �]B��� C���! "�� S���

���'(� �� ��.

�» V� ��� ���# «� � a� ���� � I�� *�G�2 S��� D��! ����, ���* .

��� I� *�G�� "��!� ������ "��! �� T�'��� ���#�� ����� �#)�

(� "����� �������� ������� ����@��� ������ D���! �?���= ��������8+����

8�����=�� ������� 4�*� ����� ���#�1� O��� �� 8���)���� "����

2��!(� M���� �' ��� 5��� �� ��� . � D��6 C��,�;�� 2����� �?� � ��,��

�� "�; I��� ���'(� V ��� � 2��0*�� C�G��� 0��� �� ����� �!8

�" ��� G?��M�� 1�?,� ���'� D�6 , ��� � ���� ����=�� ����6 ���'� ���

1 tuaLة، اKxyر {ا K|} ~xص ا��اه ،�x�S�L567- 563وآ�� ا.

2 "�! � *�G � ,�� 8,�'� �� ��! �� ,��'� "��;�� ��� 8I� *�G�� a� ��� ��467���

1075" .������� ���B�(� ���;@��� ,�G�� ����*� A��*�� "G���* ��� �; . ���#��� 2,3� � q�

������� "��! D � �;#�� ��)�� 50 ���� �#��#��� .�� � � 538�� .M��@c ��� : �)#��� 8V� ���

�]B��� L��� 8�' �� �.

Page 37: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

+�� (� "�� ���6"1. �,�� ��� ���;��0 ���� #� �� �����,� ����� S���

�]B���� �' �� 2� �.

1.2 ��� ��� �' ���

"l;\��� 8r,�#� sP#� � .�B� sV�' "@ 8t���� 8r"��� : u"l�\���2

O�� � �@B@ D�6 ������� � "B��� "�; � :V�'� 8���� 8"��.3

"�1�� ����= :������ +�� 4.

� �s+�:v@[X.� ��� -���:� 8�� u,: �� <l:�� r<l:�� ��A�l����

s����� .M.��]� :8I�� 8u".�\� � 8"B���� 8l ��� 8,w l�7N��

��, 3� ���' ��� ���5 � » 2��=�� V� �� 2����� ����� ��� «��

1 '� 8��0* ,�5��� <��� 4 8173. {|�K اK�x\uL اK�|} K�\uU Kx��L . ا�T ا�W�aL~، أ��t {|�K ا} ��Kر اK�LیK�\uU T، ���ح أ��xSL ا����LWU T، ت��x�u د 2

.202اKx\uL، ص ص وت��uU K�\uU ��x�u اK�LیK�|} T اT� ،K�x\uL ه�Wم ا�W�Xري، ���� اK�aLى و��Q اK��Lى، ���ح ا 3

.17وا��X أی�t\uU Wد أح\K اKx�L، أسWسWxت اt�Lا{K اtuaLی�، Wu]��U وت�|W�x، ص . 184 4 85��� <��� 8"P� �� ���55 5 ����' ���� D�6 ��� ���' ��� ��� �� ��,�� ��@� 8���' �� V��� �� �! �� V��� �� ,�'� �� .

�,� � ,�� � � L�, 3�� �0� �] � 654 �;�� �� D�6 ���]� �:� ,B��� � �; 8���� O�!�� ��

� � +���;��� "�;��� ��678 � � ��� ��� ���#�� "�! � L��,�� D�� T�' �� 745 ��� .. ����

�� � 8�#�X� �� ��@ 2��; +,�,! ��#�X� :�] 8S��� ��� ��#�� D�! "B��� � S����� b� � � 2��!(� ��

0�'��� �'��� 82��!(�� V��)�� ��! .�P � : 8���' ���" 2���� ���� �� 2�=�� V� �� " 5�;'

CG��� 82���� ,�! ��=��� ,�'� ���@! 2�� �������1 4 13 815 816 822 834.

Page 38: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

" ,�G� ���* ��� ��� � V������ ����*� ��� ��)����� A,� ��� "�=��

S��� ���".1

� ,� �" S��� ��� ��#�� D�6 S������ /=�� " ����� V������� "���:� �� :

I����� ��)����� 8I�� ��� +�� (�� 8, �� ,�G� "����� 8"�� � �� ��=���

8��B]� ���� ��� � ,'��� V�=���� 8+������ "B���� +�,3� ��� ���

A,� ���� �' " :��� �� "�?����.2

�1�)����� ����� (�� �>��=�� ���E ����'6 �)� ! � 8 ���G3� ����?���

,� G�����;�" � �� �) ! D�! ,�� �� ��;�� ��1, S�� 1 P�#�3� �� "�:

�)� !A�*� ��� ���,��� 0� � 82�0*�� �� A�*� C�G�� � +�����

D�! "�; �� 84 ���,�� �@���� ��� ��� ���� "�;� � M��� 5�� �� ���

�*c "�;� � S�� ,�� ����� "3

�"��; ��������'(� �)� ��� ����: D�6 ������� � :

1� ?��� � ��� G��� "�: +,�,'� ">��: �� �8 ,�>���� D�! 5�0� �� +,�!�

8I��' �� ,>���� "�;�� ��� � ������ (�� �>���=�� "�=� ����

V��P��� �1�)�����) �> �' O� ��(.

1 8��, 3� ���' ��� CG��� 85��� <���2 4 8908.

2 ��,�� ���� a� ,�! ,�'� ��� 8I��) 3� "� � �� CG���� 8S���� ��� ��#�� D�6 S������ /=�� 1 8

477 �=�� �P �� 8:"P� �� ��� 4 5��� <��� 855.

3 8,� G�� ��G3�85��� <��� 4 118.

Page 39: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

2� ?��� "�: ��� ,>���� ���! 5�0�� �'�#� ">��: �� ���� "��; � ��� 8

8��� ,>�!� ��� ,>�! D�61���� �� �� 5�� :

2.2���0�� �� �, :

��������� ��?���.�� 8�����)��� ���� ��, 3� ���' ��� ��� ��� ��=���

��� ���DQ �����2 .

� " �� D �� �� �P#� M��� ",; 2>�] �� 820�*� �� 8"Q���� <=� �� ��=���

���'"38 ��;��������" ��) ���=(� "��� �� ,�� ���� ��= S 3 �����

����� �>� ,�� S �� 8 � ��� � �� V�! ,: T?,'.� �� ��."4

1 8L��! �� _�#� �P �5��1� ����� � ������ ����� 8 ������� � ,>���� +���P� ����, 8) ��

8�������81997 8 � 4 �>�G��� ����13� 14.

2 5��� <��� 8��, 3� ���' ��� CG��� 828 4 911 3 D=���8I,�����1� ������� _� ، CG��� 38 4 137 4 R 82���� 8������2 4 8 6

4 85��� <��� 8S��� ��� ��#�� D�6 S������ /=�� 8"� � ��� �=�� �P ��77�79

K�WRLا

�\�RU

tuXي

تاt\Lصt  فا��Lو

اس\� Ry[� ا��W\�L ا¢�WریWت

Page 40: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

����= D�! ��� : �)�� �)# �1 . � �)# ��� ���� �����= D��! ��� :

O����2�) �� . 2��=� �@B@ D��� �)��� ���� : 2��) �� O�����

������2.

���=�� +�� �� �����:

1 , ! "��;�� ��� ,� �Benveniste �����: D��6 ���� �#�� ����� � 4* �� �>��= "?�: T�' :

���: �� ��)� �>��=il, tu, je �@� ��)# � �>��=� 8. tu, moi �P � 8V ) �� 4>�)* �?��� :

Benveniste, Emile, Problèmes de linguistique générale, Gallimard. 1994 p

197,199

2 �� ���'��� ,�! ������� ��� , 5�;' 8������� ����� 2�� 8I��� 3� ,��� �� �� ,�'� . /��) �*�

4 8M��,:298�300.

8U�: ,�'� �P �� 82��!(�� V�)��� �' �� � ������ 4239

Page 41: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

���0�� 1�$!(*)

����� ا

� م �

� م#"�

ض��� ن�$

ض��� ن�$ أو *� ض��� ر)'

ض��� ر)'

7�5–��5 20)� G� �N����� G� "�" B�5 /��3L PQ�� �R���� P� QB�5 �0��� � � �?�� G� ���5 � ���� �3�S�� G� ���5 ��� /��%� /��5 T�5 ��5 ���5 ���5 /��5

______________________

� ���� ����� ��&� ���&� �<� ��� &��8� ����&�� �0 �< 6104.

Page 42: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�� ,����� �?��.� <��� �� ���=�� ,� 1. � 5�Q��� ���,'� 8��� �� ��� �>��=��

��!(� 2 ��� ����� 2 ��� 5Q��� �*Z�� 2.1

"��� ���: � ,�� » 2���� ���� �� 2�=�� V� �� «�� "Q����� ���=

8��?�#� D��6 R��'� 2>���� ���=� 8+,�� ��� ����?�#E 2\0�*��� ���=�

���! ��,;� ���� �� M�?�#� � �)3�� . ��� ���@��� �� <����� ���.��

� ��x,;� ����� 8���'3�� ��'� ��Q*X�� 2�����2.

��;� ��� 8+,!�;��������� �1��' � 16 �;�� �� D�6 ,��� ���=�� �� � 8

8��>� @��" \��: "�1� D�! ��#�� �� � ��h�) .�E��= ,�G ( ,� 1� 8C���� ��G��

2>���� ���=�� ���6 <��� �� "�,; �� "3.

45 ��� 6$����:

�� ���=�� �� ���' ��� A�����;� ,� �(� 2�' <����� D�! ,�:

• 82��:3� D�! �,>�! ���=�� ��� ,� �(� � ������ ����� "?,; ��6

�' : ����� ���=��� 8����� ���!� ,�G C�� . ����� ����� ,:�

�' ���, Y�, ��6 2�:3� : ����=��� 8��E���� ��B]� 8�,��� ��� �

,�����.

1 8G���v0�� 8���� "B��� ,�! ,�'� 5�:,� 0�=� ������ 8 ���� I����� "������ �� +G�' �� D�'�

� �]B��� ����3 ��=��� 4 8G��!(� 5>�;' "��!270

2 4 85��� <��� 8��, 3� ���' ���941. 3 85��� <��� 8������ CG���1 4 881.

38

Page 43: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

• ��� 8,� �(� � ����� "� ��6 D��! ,��! ��3� ���= �� �@�� �

� ���=��� 8"?,;��� D��� ���:" L�� � h�] " "�� 3�145 [ D�! ,>�!

��G *�� D�! 1 "'���1.

"?�: T�' 8��,;��� P#��� L��� D�! "�;� �*c ��P � "� � ��1� <�����

O�� � �@B@ D�6 "?,;���2:

1��� P#��� � "?,;� ��,;� D��� ���;� ":�G� � M� �,: ��;��� " L� +���

] ��Z�20[.

2� � ��, P#��� � "?,;� ��,;� D���� ���;� " : �{�� "������� D���� �6��"

] +�;���124[.

3�� � "?,;� ��,;� D��� ���;� P#��� ��, " :D��� |�#�* ��# � L����"

] �067.[

�78��� 6$����:

��>�, M��*� ���� �*X��� <������ �� P#��� � ��,;� � ���=�� ���! "?,;��

�� � 8<=���3 :

1 5��� <��� 8���' ��� 4 8941 �=�� �P �� 8 8�' �� ��� 8>������� /��) �=��CG��� 1 8

461.

2 2���� ��� 8"� � ��� �P �82���� "B� ����� � � _� 4 8�:,�� ��� ,�! 5���176

��P � , .������� ����� �' 8I�,� �� ,��� ,�'�8 4 214،215, �=��� .� 8>������� /��) �=�

�' �� ��� 4 62،61.

3 82���� ��� 8"� � ��� �P ���Wج£ س�U 4 8177� �P � , . ����� �' 8I�,� �� ,��� ,�'�

4 8�������2148 215, �=��� .) �=�� 8>������� /��85��� <��� 4 61.

Page 44: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

1� .���=�� ���� �� D���� ����;� ��� �� ���= ": ,�'� a� ��� ��: "

]4B*(�1[

2� .� �� ������ ���=�� ���� �� �� �� ����� �,�#� ����� 8m2 +��� M,�

E� ����� ���� M�?�#s �' �G��� 2�� :.�.� B��! �m�;�\��! �.

3� �' M�x�#�� � ! ���*� ���� �� " �� ,�� � ��' 16 � ��] " ��@����24 [ I�

�� ,�� � ��' 16 +��'�� ��.

6�$�� 9�� ���0�� "�#% ��� ��::

,���(��� +��@��� <�� � ���=�� ���! ,��� �� �:���� ��] <�� � 2�����

<����� ��;�� �� . �� �� ���� ��;�� <��� ,�G ��� +��@���� +� ��� D�6 �@B@

D��� ���;� +� ��� D�!" : 2�� � ��� � ! � @� a� , ! ��� �� +,! �6

* "�� a� .��' ����� �� � i�3�� ������� 5� B�� "��;�� ��,��� S��� "

"��# � ���� ����P "] �����36[.

�� 3� ���= C��) �� � � ( 3 �,�#�� ���� 8+�� ! �� �@�� � ����= C

"�'�� �� 3�)���� � ( 3 ���������� �.1

6�$��" ��; ��:

�������� ������� i���� ������� ����� ��� 4* +���P D @��� �� �� @�� .

<����� G�?�' � �*�, � 3 D @��� !�� �� "� �c�;�� ��G � �������� .

8D @��� D�! ,��� <���� ���= �� "����� �c�;�� � ,� � D��� ���;�" : �6�

��� �� ��'�)�� ���:� �� �X��� �� ��#>�0] " ����'��9[ ���] ��;��0���� 8

1 � 8>������� /��) �=��4 85��� <��64 865

Page 45: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

����= D��6 , ��� �� ��, ������ <���� ���= D�6 ��#�� , �� ,;� ��)�'

D @��� 1.

�� ��] #�� � D @��� D�! �P��' ������� ���B��(� +��#�� ��� �� +�

� ,?�;E �' �� 2�� ��' � �� ��� C����� <���� ���' � �� ��� V�3�� D @��

����� 2) ��.2

�:/��� �� �<: ,;� �;��0��� 2��� � +�' �� T�,' ���]B��� ���� ��

����:�� �>��=�� � "�@�,'��#�1�.

�@B@�� �]B��� "��! �!G� ��#�1� 2���� �������� ������ �� ��@����

�,����< �]B��� "��! +,'� M��� �� ��� ���� 83 ��#�1�� ,);�� 8 ��,����

������ D�6 2�0*�� ��� 2�0*�� D�6 ������ ��.4

1 8���;��� ����� �;� 8>������� "������83،82،75 2 4 8��# <�����84. 3 �� G���(� 8�! ��� I,�' ����� ,�'� 5���� 5�;' 8I��#P�� @����� ,�'� �� a� V0� �P �

4 8G����� "�!42.

8���#* "� ���� ,��! ,��'� 5������ _�� 8��]B��� "���! � _�=�(� 8 ��G;�� 2�0*���

���CG 4 4 8157.

4 8 ���� I����� "������ �� +G�' �� D�'�5��� <��� 4 8265.

��G;�� 2�0*�� � 85��� <��� 8 4 158 . ����� "�! 85�! G�G��� ,�! �� ������� � 8<�,����

4564.

Page 46: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

O����� 2�0*�� D�6 ������ �� : D��� ���;�" : ,�;� �,�� ���'��� �*� ����:�

�?,6 �>� ">�] " "���88889 [ ��;� ������ ,��� ��� : ?,6 �>� ��C�� ,;� �� 6� 8�

<����� 0� � P�;�( 2�0*�� D�6 � ! �,!.

������ D�6 2�0*�� �� O����� : D��� ���;�" : S�#�� � " � ��6 D'] " L ��

22 [ M,�� ���: "@" u"l�l� �u����] " L ��22[ �B�* ��� "�� � � ��#�1�� 8

���: � 2�0*�� �� ��; 1�"" � " ���: � ������ D�6""��"1

3.21� !�� 4�� �� �, :

" ���6 �� �� <=� �� �� +�� (� "��"2 ��� @� �� ,�'�� ���6 ���6 �� ���� 8

���� 8T X��� �� 8 u�l� � � 8 uMl�� � I� � 8������ �� ����.� 8�!��� ��

D @��� : ������� C1��� 8��) � ��� C������ 8���� V�3��3 .

� D�! ��� �� �� �*, ,: +�� (� C���) ��� �@�( 2��0*�� V��� �*, ,:� 8

0?���� ,�#E�) S�� �@�( �� 2�0*�� V�� <� ,���� "1 �*, ,:� 8 D��! ���1,

,����)S�� 8S�� �@�(4.

1 �'� 8���� "B��� ,�! ,�'� 5�:,� 0�=� ������ 8 ���� I����� "������ �� +G�' �� D <���

85��� 42668 267. 2 4 85��� <��� 8I,�����1� D=���219.

�P �� : 4 85��� <��� 8S��� ��� ��#�� D�6 S������ /=�� 8"� � ���122 . 8���, 3� ���' ����

4 85��� <���974�976 .�'�� 4 5��� <��� 8U�: ,246.

3 4 85��� <��� 8A, �� �0: 8"� � ���109. 4 85��� <��� 8U�: ,�'�4 245

Page 47: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

� ������ D�6 �� .�� ��' �� ���� �� �� 2���;�" : �� �� 6 ��,�!�: �� �"

] +,>����24[ ��� �� S� �� ,������ 8S�� � �� S� 1.

� @B@�� "��;�� ��� ,�),��� 80��� 82��: ( , !L��! �� _�#� B;

�!U��� ��� � »�?)#��� _� «����� �?�#� ��� 82:

���= �� + ��

2�;�� ��,

S�� = �� + S

2�0*��

�� + � + S

,���� ��, +2�0*��

<=� 8"��;�� ��� D�6 ���=6 L��! �� _�#� , ! +�� (� "�P � 1�,� ���

U��� D�6� ������ D�6 �� � ��� 80;� ������ D�6 �� � �� ��� ��� 5?�� T�'

������ ��]3.

1 4 85��� <��� 8S��� ��� ��#�� D�6 S������ /=�� 8"� � ���124 2 4 85��� <��� 8L��! �� _�#�104 3 4 8��# <�����109

Page 48: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��,���:

*5� � =��� 9�, ��!� � � =��� ��: 9�, ��!� �

,�#� D @� <��

����

��

���

���–���

����

2��:

� .�

)Q � 8�Q l��(

2��:

T X�

�–�

I�–M�

M��–���

I��

��–��

x x )*(

����

C1X�

1��

C1��

C1X��

����

S����

S��

Sl ����

Sl ���Sl ��

0���

S� �

0���

T X� S�

S�

Sl �

S �

S1��

����

S��

Sv ��

,���

S�� �

�"@

,���

T X�

S�

S��

Sv �

S>���

S�1��

______________________

(*)D @��� A��� D�! M� � I� �� ���;� ,��� 1 .

Page 49: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

2� � ,�� "��� �� T�' �� O�� � �@B@ D�6 "�; � +�� (� "�� 2��;��

�� ��] 80?����� ,�����S��� �����;� " :2�;�� I� �! ,���� �� 2� � ,:�:

• D��� ���;� �� ��� ��P��" :D��� �� S ���� S� ��� "] �017[

• �' ���6 �� ��� ��P��" : �� a� "��� " D��� ���: �" ��� "#�*� ���

� ���Q�� ����! �� a� "��� a� D�6 ���'� C �� ����6U� 2�� "

]A�� ��10[

�' ��'�� ����'� ,���� I� �! 2�;�� �� 2� ��" : ������ ����� ,���

M?�,! �� ���� ��� �� ��� �B;� "] 4);��15[1

���6 8,����� �� 2�;�� �! �P �� i�� 8���6 �� ��� ���� 8��� 2 �� D�6

������ ��6� ����'�.

��;�I,�����1� D=���2������ _� � �� �"C����� �� � 1� �)3�

D�6 ��� �� � �h� 8�,��� �� ����: ���� C��� 8L��'� ,�� � D�6 16 +�� (�

�' ,�� � ��] L��'�"� ��� S�] " "���63 [S���� 8,�� �� M���)��

��'�� �� D�6 ��� �� � �6����'6�' �,�� �� " :a� "���] " L ��3[ 8

"�� �Q�! ��� ������] " V���37"[ 3

1 4 85��� <��� 8��, 3� ���' ��� 980. 2 M,B�� �! �>� V��.� 1� ��*�X��� "B:�� P'� "� 8I,�����1� ��'�� �� ,�'� ��,�� D=� ��

�� � . V��� �� e��"2��'�� ��� ����� _� " � �683�� . � � ��� �� ��684� �� 686�� .�P � : 8I,�����1� D=���"2��'�� ��1 �' �� � ������� _� " CG��� 81 4 812� 13.

3 8I,�����1� D=���5��� <��� 4 8221

Page 50: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

���� ��� 8���)�* +�� (� "�1 ���� �����_�#� R�'� ��� 8L��! ��

��: L��'� �� 8��: ����� D�6 . +,!�:� ����;��� ���'(� +,!�: 5;' � ��

�� ��� ��:����� ���'(�1 :

��� 5��� �� ���:

L��'�)���6 �� � (� (� "��+�

��% ���� �� ���:

I����� ��] <:���� ��: ����� +�� 6 "��

5����� ����� �! T�,'�� D�6 � ,�;� ��:����� ���'(� �! T�,'�� �6 . 5�0��

���P� ��'�� D=;�� ��;�� ����� � �� �� �� ��'�0)� +,! 5����� D�!

��'��2.

�� 8I����� T'��� � ����� �G�' �� � ��� �� � 5����� �� �������3� A�

�� � �� �� � �� 82�'� �;'B��� �;����� ������ �������� 5��� 1 ��

�� ������� �)� �� �� �� � �� �� � ��� 8�Q�� 2����� ���� ��0;��

����B�� V��P.3

1 _�#� 4 85��� <��� 8L��! ��125 2 , .8_� � ��� 2'�) 4 ���;��0� ����� �' �� ���P � �����,387. 3 8������ �#��5��� <���4 862.

Page 51: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�0�'��� ����;@��� ��!���1�� �����0�� V��P�� O���� �� "�;��� 5���

�� 84 ���;����� "����� ��� ��� � ������� .1

4*� ����� 1� !�� 4�� �� �,�:/��� �� �,;� ��� ��,�� �B� 0�����2 �

����»������� ����� "�! � ������ ,�;!« ��� �?�� +�� (� "�� �! �@�,'

������� i��]������� 0�; �� � S�� 4*� � 8���! ��'.� �� ���� ��� 3:

♦ ,):<����� ��� � M��='( G��� ���� MG��� ��G � 5,G�#�� ��;�

� ! a� =� ��,�����:

0� C�'0��� V�� I��� ����� �'��� ����� ������ "�'���-

�0�: a� ,��! ��* ��� ����� "���� ���0�� ; �� ;�� ���

����� ��� ��;��:

� �,�� �;)�� ��� ���� ��'� "����� ��=�� ��� ���� �� ��

1 Jean Dubois, Dictionnaire de linguistique, p 116

2 ��'��� ,�! ��,�� �B� �� 8�=#����� 80����� ,�'� ����� �� �� � "�!,��849 �� O�� 8��

������ T�,'��� �;#�� 8"����� �� ����]� � �#� �) ��: 8������ ,�;! 8������ �� ���G��� M��� 3�

� � �� 8�>�P ���911�� .

���� <��� :IG] ��(8"B�(� ����, CG��� 83 4 851�53.(

3 ��� ,�;! 80�����4 8�! ,�� ,�'� _� 8������� ����� "�! � ���17.

Page 52: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

♦ ����]� 2\0�*��� +,B�� i����� 16 C� �� �� � G���� 1 � 6 D'

����� 20�*� 5,G�#�� ��;� 8���6 +�� (�� :

"��@�� >�� >��c S>��� .<������� ���� �� � ��� ��6

♦ �� �����6 �� ��� ��' ���� ,���� �� 2�;�� T�' �� :

,�G ,������ ,�G ���

♦ ,): 2�;��� ��;'�� ��#��� �! ����' D��� ���;� " : ����� I���� �����

"���c" ��Z� � " I���� ����� �XG� 16 S �,*Q� �6 ���#� ����� Sc� ��6�

������ "� ���'��� ���� "�� "���c ����] " C��� 3�36 .[

♦ ,� � � D�! ���: ���6 �� ��� ��� ,�� ��� �� M,�� ,�� ��� �� ��' " S�>���

"��� �� A,� D�!"] +�;���5[8 ,�� V�)�3� ���� "����� " ���: �" �����

2����� �� �X� ��;# � "�� :G� ���� +B)�� ����;�� "] +�;���3[ "��� �?� �

� ���6 �� ��� �� D�! +�� (�"�����"S��� ��,� .

�� �� ����3� � 0�; �� M�� 0����� 4Q*� ������ ��:

G��?��.� ���� +��� 6 "��� �G] �� ����� G���� [����

����� ,���� <��?��� ��� .i ������ I� ������ r,l������<

E: �� ��l��' ����� �����2� 2��;��� M����;' �� ,�.� ��

��� ����.���� ���;' �� ,�� �l �� ��' .M,�� V)���� ��QI

Page 53: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�' �� 2� � �,�� ��� +�� (� "��� ���=�� ���'6 �! T�,'�� ?" �� ,��

���� �'� � �� ����� T���� � ���'(� �� 4�*� �� � ��� 8�]B����"

���'��� ���� +,������ �:B��� ����� "� � P'B ��� 8���]B���� ����' ��

� ���� ���! ��'���� �*�,��� A����� ���� 8���'H� ������ ,��� �� ?�� ��

���*�� A������ . ��� ����E �����,��� T'���� ������ �� �>������

��) �� ��� ����� �������.

��;� ��� ������� ������ �,�;�� ,�! I��#�� ��#��" ��� ��!����� 4�*

� �� 6� 8������ �� � ,�� 1 �� 4>�)*�� ������ i�� � ,� . �� ���

"����! " 1 ��� ������� �� ��� ��� � ,�� 1 4>�)*� ,�# �� � �� 1

A�*� ���� �� ��� � B�@� ��� ,� � 16 ������� ����� � +���P ,� ,�� "1.

��� �C��� ���� ������ � @�� � ,�� �� ��� B*�, ,� �� ����] 1�

�@�,'�� ��� ����� . � �6 ���@�� ��:��� �� �� 2���� �� �?�� +��@� �����, ,�

����� "����� V:� ,;� 8�'��0��� ���=;�� �� ���� "�� �� � �, �#:�

?,; M����, ����� D�! 5Q�! ��, ! ����� T���� ��� " �!��� �G�� �������

R��� �0 �� ���;� " +,��� �����, �� ����,�� M�� �� /=���� �� � 6

�� � ��> ... � �,�� �� ������� ��;����� S� �� 4�* �� � � �, ,;�

M��� ���� M,'� ��� �6 8D��,;�� 2���� ����: ,: ��� ��� ����,�� M�� ��� @

��! �P �� i�� ������� �� ����� �����,�� ���0� �,� ��?�: �����6 ����,��

I���� ������� 2������ D�! 5�0��� ����� ������,� ���� �,��"2.

1 4 8���1,� ������ R��� 8������� ������ ��� ����� 8I��#�� ��#�� �,�;�� ,�!56. 2 CG��� 8T�,'�� ������ "�! � ������ ���=: 8�!��� �G��24 8360.

Page 54: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

����4

���� �� �6 ������

Page 55: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��� ��� 8�������� ��� ����� � ���'(�� �;����� �>����� "�� i�! ,��

D��6 5��0�� ,���� 8+������ �� �@�� "�;�� I� ������ O�=��� �:B!

1� 8������� �����! � ������ G���6 �� ,� 1 8����� T���� � ���'(�

��� � � D �� ����6 � �P ��6 16 ���G �� ����P� �Q@� �� 3 ) �� 5��1� �

��M���P� .

/�0)� �*�"5��1�" ������ I��� D ����� 8I�,���� ��:�� ��' C����� 8

�������� i�� , ! +,! �� "S�����"'1 � "S����"2 �#�#! ,��'� ������ 8

/�0��)�"0�������"3 .�����! "���� ,��;� _���#� ,���'� ����� � 2�����

"Cohesion in English" D�6 " ���G��� 1� ������ � "'B�� " �������

/�0)�""'B�� " ���� � D ���� ����"��P �� D�6 +C��;�� �� 84 �� "4.

" ��)�*� G?���� ���1, ����0 �� ���"��0*" ���� ���:B���� �)� ��� 8

) �� �������� �*�, +������� �������� ��,'����� "5 . A������ D�! "��

�1,��� ������� I�' ��� ��)��� �)��6.

����� 4 �� C�G�� 0��� ��=� � 3 �����1�� +,'���� ��B)�� �� ,);.��

�� ��7 .

1 �P � 8�=� _B) , ! /�0)��� ��� ,��" "�!� 2�0*�� �]B�4 ��" 4 8263

2 8_��)� ,��"I�� �� 4 �� ������� �' " 4 8154 3 4 85��� <��� 8#�#! ,�'�96 4 4 85��� <��� 8_�#� ,�'�108 5 4 85��� <��� 8�=� _B)254 6 4 8I�' �� T���� � ������� ����P�� 8"������ ��� �! �P �325 7 4 85��� <��� 8�=� _B)263.

Page 56: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�� 5��1� ��,?,�' ��� ���) �� �������� ,'� ,� �����, �1� ������

(Robert-Alain de Beaugrande) �������, b ������#��� ��

(Wolfgang Dressler) 1.

� 0�� � ����3 ��P �� C�G�� 8�� �;� +����= D��! ��@'���� ,Q�� 84

"� ����� ���,) Dilin Liu( ������ "���� b��� ��� +��,��� +���� �� 8

������ ��G��� 1�������� ���;� +���= D�! �?'�� T�' 8+,'��� ���1����

) �� 5��1� ���P� ���0������;� �"Writing cohesion" �� ?�� ����

������ � �����2 .

������ �������� +,�� �� � ��,;��� �>����� A,'6 � ,� �q �� �� � ��

1993 ��,?,' ��� 5��1� O�� 3 ���0�� ������ ��' ����, I�,���� ��:��

��' 4�) �� ���� D�! "��,: A,�� . �����,�� M�� ��� 5670 �����

A��� D�!15 ��� �@ .?��� ���0�� +�,: �� � 4��) �� ����� +C��: D�!

�>��� ������ � "�'�� D�! "��,: A,� L��5��1�3.

1 Robert-Alain de Beaugrande & Wolfgang Dressler, Introduction to text

linguistics, XIV congress of Linguistics, Berlin 1987 p 2, 3

www.beaugrande.bizland.com/introduction_to_text_linguistics.html

2 Dilin Liu, writing cohesion, FORUM, vol 38, N°1, Janv-Mar 2000. www.exchanges.state.gov/forum/vols/vol38/n1 3 Wong. Tai Yuen, Textual Cohesion and Reading Comprehension, Master of philosophy in Education Thesis, September 1993, Faculty of education, the Chinese University of Hong Kong. P. 51-68 www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/ceris/cumphil/93tywong/

Page 57: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

���Q��, ���� ���, � )André, G Turcotte( ����B�� ��;� +���= D�!

��#�� ���'6 ������ � "�'�� �>��=�� ������ 2Q �� �Q����L8 +��P ��

I��� ���;� � ���� ��� T'��� � ����� ��� "����� ������ �� +�'���

��� C��" : � � �� �1 C�� ����� �Q��� ���� �#�� �� +,!������ G����

CAF" " ����� ������ T��' ������ � ����) ,�� ��� � 3 « lion »

�� ! ������ �� 1,� ��0� ��=� � +�� ��� ! A��*� ��;��0� . ,����

_� "�, �!�� V) 8 ���� ��P "�� �!�=�� ���� ������ ,�!� « lion »

�>��=�� ����� � 3 ���� TB@ A��"...1.

"�� "����� D�! �?��� � 3 V����� �� ����) , � ��! � ������ �

,���� ,:� �� �� I�' �� �;��0 �! V�* �;��0� ����'� �)3� 4 ��

����� D�! ��# �:��� � �P��'� A�*� ���� 4 �� ��� ����� �]��)

�:���� . ��� ����, D�6 �� 8��0(� ��� ��" ����,�� �������

2���� �������� "��;��0� "� ���� ��: 4 �� ���' �� ���� C��: ���'

�)3� 4 �� ��)# ���'� �� . ���'�� ��� ������)#�� D�6 V,�� ���

�� ��@�� ) �� S����� +,'� ��� �*�,��� 4 �� C�G�� �� +,�#�

�4 �� �*�, ��� ���� ������ .D�6 V,��� ���� ���'�� ���� S�� 0�=

4 �� ��� ;0 ���� ������ "��� 1�b ���I��� R��� �� �� �>#�� ����

8�' R�, �� ���� D'� S���� I����� ,���� I� ����' � ��;0 � �*�,�

���� ���� �) I����� R� �� ���� b ��� 4 �� �>, ! ���! 5�0� �3

M,���� 0� �� 4 �� � 5��1� 5�;'.2

1 André G, Turcotte, La cohérence textuelle : une affaire de lecture, Correspondance Vol 4 N°2. Nov. 1998 www.ccdmd.qc.ca/correspo/Corr4-2/Lecture.html

2 � !a� ,�! '�) 8���� "����� <�� 1 �� T�'�� 82���� �������� ����,�� ������� ����, 8

8�����,�/researches_and_thesis/our_library/Arabic/org.arabicwata.www

Page 58: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

4�*��� I��� )Aiwei Shi(1Q;'��� �>����� L��, ����� 5��B� �;

�� �)�� D�6 ��G��� (� �� ������ ����! � �B* ������,: ��� "� ���,��

�������� ����Xinzhon Teacher’s College ?�,� ��� T�' +,�� L

������� �@��@�� � ��� ���08 ��� ! ��'� I��� ���;� � 5?�0�" �����

������ � 5��1� L��," ��� ) �� 5��1� 5�;' � ���'(� ����� D�6

� ,��"Cohesion in English" � ����� �G���2���� �� . ���,� � "�:

���'(� D�! �GQ��� ) �� 5��B� �;;'��� �>����� L��,� �@�� ��,���

��G��� (� ����� �� �� �� �)�� ����� �� � ��� ���: �� ,�� ������ �

��:������ �������� 8�������� 8������ �#�� 2 ����� 4*� ���� .,���=�

� �� V) � �� � ������L��, 8 "��>� � ��� 8���0� ����*� A���

� ) �� 5��1� 2 ���� "��!���� S��� 8��3� ��,��� b>� �� �=��

������2.

� ) �� 5��1� ���P� +�!��� �� ,� 1 � � �����,�� M�� �� 4�*�

0� D�! ��:B��� 5��� ���� ��P� �� �;��0�� ���� 8����6 "����� ����� /

��)�*� �0��� 4 ����� �� .� ?��� ���,� � ?��� ���� �?=# ,:�3.

1 �� � 4*� �� � ! 5�#� �� � 8������ ���P +,�� � ����� 82,3�� ��G��� 1� ��� ���

��G��� 1� ������ ,>�): ��� 8������ ���P � �1�;�� �����,.

2 Aiwei Shi, The importance of teaching cohesion in translation, Translation

Journal, Vol 8. N° 2 April 2004. www.accurapid.com/Journal.

� �=�� ��;��� ��� ,����com.translationDirecory.www

3 �P � :� ����� ���6� "�' ����. 4 8"������ 2�0*�� 8I��0! G��� ��!308.

Page 59: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�������� /��%,��

�������� ��

Page 60: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

0�$ 7��8�9�:�� ��� -�� ;���5�

Page 61: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

1.1� ��>�?�8��� &���

<(4 .<. -��� @ A:

,�� I�,���� ,����� �, ���� ����� � � 1925 ���� h� .?�* ������ ��� R

����,c� �� �)�� ����� � �G��� �, � �� M����, +,�� D�! ��,�� �)' 8

R����� ����� �� �� �)�� ��� ����� . ��� ������� "��� �� �)�� ����� L?�,

��P �� #�P��� �' �� �?�0� . 2) � �� � �� �, � ������ ���� 1965 8

� � ��1976 ������� D�6 �; � ��� ������ � ����� �?�.! T�' �������

,�� .� �� �� � ������ ���� 2) � ����'q �� �� . 2�I�,���� �������

��� ���3�� ���� �#��� 2�� ���� ����;�� ���� ��@B@ ���' ��G��� (�.

��#�X� ���1 :

��� �#��� :

• Intonation et rythme, 1985, Paris : Centre National de la

recherche scientifique

�� ���3�� :

• Halliday et al. 1972, Linguistik, phonetik und

Sprachunterricht, (ubersetzt von Hans Dietmar

Steffens), Heidelberg : Quelle & Meyer.

��G��� (��:

• Intonation and grammar in British English, The Hague :

Mouton, 1967.

1 www.xrefer.com/entry/442303

Page 62: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

• Explorations in the functions of language, London, Edward Arnold, 1973.

• Readings in Systemic Linguistics, Batsford, 1981. • Spoken and written language, Victoria : Deakin

University, 1985. • Current ideas in Systemic Practice and Theory, London,

Pinter, 1991.

Page 63: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�( �B�� ��%� :

��?)' ������� M����,�� ���, D�! e�� ,��� (Edinburgh)8 ������

���� � ������ � L��,�� � ������ .� 8�������� 8I���� ����� � � ?�.!

� � �� � ���;���1994 . 8����;@�� 8�������3� ���� � T�'�� +,�� ���:

4 ��� 5����� 8I�' �� ������� �1,�� �����.

���#�X� ���1:

• Language, Society and Consciousness, the collected

works of Ruqaiya Hasan Vol 1

Edited by : Jonathan Webster , june 2005

• Semantic variation : Meaning in society, the Collected

works of Ruqaiya Hasan Vol 2

Edited by : Jonathan Webster , september 2005

Q��� <� 5�� ��� �#I�,���� ������� ������� :

• Cohesion in English. London, Longman, 1976.

• Language, context and text : a social semiotic

perspective. Deakin University Press, 1985.

1 www. equinoxpub.com/books

Page 64: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

2.1.��#��� "�* ��� ��/

��� ��8 » Cohesion in English « � � /0 /��� /����� ��� 1976 �

/� /.���� ���367 2�" 2!8)� /� !��0 �2�!8� ����3 �*� �&)8 ��!��� �!� 2�!8)� T�� �@� ��� �/�& ��K� P��$� /� ;�3� � ��3� �

» « Programme in linguistics and English Teaching ��!� 1968 /!� P�!!�» /�!!�� 2!!8�L 2�!!& ;!!& " 9!!���«/ �!!�0 !!&�

»«Grammatical cohesion in spoken and written English � ��� )N�� �3 � E� :����� 7 ���� ��!���� �� �@�� ���� ���� � ���� � E �� 28)�

��� ��� / ��� :

» Programme in Linguistics and English teaching «Schools Council � )� T�� �@� �.�K /� ��� /� ��W �& � ��� �� 4��" 2�8)� E� 2�8

/ ��� » «Cohesion in English P �@5 &� 7 ���� ��� �� �K 7�� /�3� � E �� /��8)� P*�� ���� . ����3 /� ���� PN�$�� �' �

��9����L ���� �� �8�� :��L X�*�� 2���� �2�8�. � "�0� "$+��=3 �*� 2��� /0 %� 0 �� ����?� /���0 �3: 1HL ��')� :�� 2HL ������ ��� � � :�� 3HL 7���� :��� � :��

23� ���)�� Y� P���� .�� �28)� �� ��� : �� �� �6�� �:��L Z���� ... ���� ���&� �� �� �&��8�� T�� /� �K=�� I�*�� E� �[�5

7���� �#�� �� :��L .

Page 65: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�2�8� ���� �� :��L ��K� �� �� 4�5 2�" 28)� �� / ��� :.��� �� ��� 4�0 ��� : � �P�&� �2 � ��L ���&> 28� L � � ��!����� :��

N<&�� L �8�0 ���L :6�� �� ����� L5 :��.

2����1 �2�� "$+�� ��*3��&� 2?�� '�0 �. �\� ���L� �K=0 ��� �� . �� ��9����> �� 2N3���� ���&> ��8� B��� �8�0 ��� 2� �� �����

���<�� ���� %�@> G���� �?�*� . ��K�� ��&5 4�5 ��&> ��<��� ���� � : �� 4�0 2�&� ��� K 4�5 ��K��� ��&> ��<�� �� ����<� ��&5�

:&=� 4�0 2�&�.

�����4��2�� "$+�� �"���#�5 �:��L ��#� /� ��3� �'#�� ��� � 2 � �� ��� ������� 7�&�� ]����� 4�0 .��� �'� ��&> /0 P����� � 4�5 X���� L5 ��� ���� �8��� 2��$� ��� L� ���( �8�� �8�0

'< � . 23�: .oneI must get a sharper . is too bluntMy axe

$��� 4�0 28&� /� .��0 � �� ����3� ]��� %�& �3��

��� �X �� �3=3 4�5 ��<�� ��� : ����)� 2 � ��L ����L 2 � ��L ���<� 2 � ��L �.

.���1��5� "���#�5� ��� � one H� onesE��� ��& ��H� same . /� 2� 2����\��one� ones�?�� ����� � ��\� �8��� 2�� � �� ���

����L �0����� . ���� '�� ��� L& ����ONE ���� � �LQ� ��� �8�0 � ��A� L '����

���* /��� /$� ��K�� ��� ��<� L �'�(they, you, we) � ��0 � �.�&�)����� % �� ... ([�5. �8��� ��same P����� % �$! K� �� /���� (the)� 2�� � 2������ ����� �0����.

Page 66: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

���� 2 <�� � 61 �+�� "���#�5� ��� � ��� ���do �0����� ]���� 4�0 G�3�� 2�)�� =�� /���� � ��� �� %�3� 2����\�� �����)� be� have �

� 7��� 1��8�� "���#�5� ��� � ���not� so 2_� ���� �8��� � ��\� L ;�& � 2N3�� 2 ����� �� �8�0'��� ����.

23� �8�0 2��$� /��� L ;�& �:��=� <<&� =�0 2 � ��L � ��\�one �do� �soL�K �� =�� �� �� �5 /��� : � �8�0 4�5 X���� L5 .

2 <� �K=0 2_� ���� � 2Q� ���� /� �K=�� 4����.

�����9����� "$+�� :�*���:��L ��#� /� ��( �'#�� ��� " 2 � �� �)8� " 4�5 X���� T1� `�<� 4�0 �*�<� W �� �. �� �� G�@=� 7�

�< � ���� . 4�5 ��<���61��� :�* ����L �0����� 2� � �� P�& ��� 23� :

Which hat will you wear? -This is the best )a7����� �� K ���HT�� Q]�� [2*�" (

1 �; :�*�� � ��� � ����)� �0����� 2 : Have you been swimming? -Yes I have

) aI �� �� 2�H��� ( � ���� <�! "%�� :�* :

Five pounds How much does it cost? - ) a-��3 ��H'��� ����(

��� =��%�� "$+�� �� �� 4�5 /3& � :.����"$��� - �8<\�� �-0���� 9�� 2��� ��� �<���� :�� �K=0 :N<&�� '�� ��� ������ 6�� G . ��<��

4�5 ��9����> �� 28�� : 1;�>) "$�additive : -�� 2_����\��and � or

1���adversative : ��� � ���yet� but 1���causal : 2N3���� �2��� /� ��<��� K=0 /0 �d �\� ���

��� ������ � � .�� �� ��� � .�so, thus, hence, therefore... [�5.

Page 67: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

1 ��temporal : 23� �8�0 28�� �� 2�����then, next,

after that, subsequently G 9�� /� ������ ���9� E ��� /0 �� ���� 6�� .

2����� =����� "$+��1������ ?��#5�6 /� ���" � ���� X��� ���

�L X ��� :N���� ����� �8�0 ���� ��� ���9����> �� �8�� :� �� �� � ��( �8�� < .�� /���K 4�5 ��<��� :���� �9=�� � � ���#).

���� �8<\� �8�� �� P� �� -�0 �� ��� �� ����� �8�0��� %�05 ��0 �� ��� �� :��� . �� :��=� �� ��8� ���� G��" � ��A�

! �K� �� /���� ���.��� ��&e ��<� ��� ��K����� ��9����> .the ��� /��> �� �� 2N3���) 6�@� �2��� �%���� �2)�� (... �� �/��� �� �

;�&)��$�� �%��� ���*K .(/��� �� /0 23� ��� ���� : Can you tell me where to stay in Geneva? I’ve never been to the place.

�9=�� �� 2N3���� ������ :��=� ��3� 2�@� �� �� ���� ��� � �#)

/����� /� �K=0)23�:����� � 2�@� �� � ��� (����� / �0���� 4�5 :��� 2=� /� `�<� '��0 P.���� ��.���.

���9����� "$+�� �� %�� �� ���)�� �� �� / ��� 28 �� 2�" 28)�

/ ��� ��� ��< �� 2�8)� �� T��� �� � G�* 4�0"5� @ ��?��#" �:��L 6�� �K=0� �6�� 2�� �6�� ��')� �*�� . 7���* :��L�

7���� �#�� �� �8�� /.���� 4�5 ����� -�" P� ��W -���� 6�� :��� . � �6�� G 9�� /� ��� ����L :��L :N<&� 7� A� L /�& ���� 6� �� �

'� �< �� 2��� E� :�� 7� ����� .

Page 68: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��A��2�� "$+�� / ��� �'����" 28)� ��� "5� "� *#?��#" 2��&� -��� � �8��� /� �K=�� X�� 7� � �� ��')� 4�0 ���0 6�8� �� ��

Y_��)�� �8��� � �K��L . � 4�0 ���� ����� ��0 �)8 � ���� 2 S� : N<&�� P�� L : �!� :!��

a6��

Page 69: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

����4

������� ��

Page 70: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

#"+� #'���

#7�

1.1. � )� 4"(��

1.1.1C��

T�' �� +,'���� ������ G���� ����� �� ��0;� ��G��� (�� "Q��� <��� ��'

) ��� ��,� ��,�! �#)� � ��� 8M��;� �� ��0�� ��� ��� ��6 ���� �)#�� ����

!���� ,��� �� �� �,m'�� B� �Q@�� <0;�����0���� ��] ��� . ��� ��

����'�� ��� �)�#�� 2���� ���.

���� ",*�C text) ( ����� 8<0;� I� D�! ��1?,�� ��� ��Q��� �

�,m'�� QB� �Q@�� �� D�! ���0 ��� ����� 8�:�0 � "� ��� ."�� � ���! +,!�;�

�� � �)�*�� � �� �� R��� ?I� ��� ��6 ��) 4< D' ",! �� 1 ���� 8

��� ?S ?I� ,��� .!���� ,?��� �� ��� 4 �� �� ��� G����� �6� ���

���� 1 �1�' ��>�, ,��� 8����, D�! ��3� ���� � �� �0���� ��]

"P�� � ?��� ,: �� ���� 8���� ,���� ������ "�C��: �B* �� ���Q�����

"���0 . �� �� ��� � ���'h� G?�� � � �� ������ �P'B��� ��� 1 ��� ���

4 ��] �� �� � 4 .

� ?��� "���� ,��� �� ,� B� 8��!�=�� ����! ,��� ��� i�#��

����] � ,�� 1� 4�) �� � ��� ���EB��� . ����! V?���� ���' �

): ������ �! 4Q �� G?��� ��� ��G��� (� � 4�) �� 4>�)* ,�,' ,

�0���� ��] ��� . C�� � ��#)��� ��� ��Q��� � ��>�, ��3� �� ��� U:� E ��

������ � � "��� �� ��, ��� �;��� W � �� ����� "��� ������.

Page 71: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

����' 8��� �� ��@ 8����� �� �:�0 � ?4 �� ���� �� ����

� 8������� ��'��� D�6 ,'�� �\@� �� 8C ?I� ���� �� ����� 8����� �� �

"���� ���0 �>�� "��� � :� � D�6 �@���� C�, ���.

+������� ���' +,'� L��� 8�����1� � ����� +,'� �� 4 ��

���' A,�� ,m,'.� 1� ������ �� . O� � � D�! � ��'� ���6 �P .���� �@�� 5��

��� �@�� �;��0� ������� 0�� �� �� 8������ �� <��� ���' +,'� I� 8���

T�' ��� 8����� �!������� +������� +������� ������ 0���� �;��0��"= �� :

��Q�=� +��#�� M�� �� ��] 8A��) ��,'� �� A��� ��,'� 2��� . 4 ���

! V�*� C �� �� ���� � � ��] ������ �� � �>� L��O� �� T�' �� �� .

+,'� �Q � D�! 4 �� D�6 �P �� ��'�.�����) : T�' �� 1 +,'�

"�'�� T�' �� 1 ������ �� +������� �)Q� ��� 8D ���� T�' �� �� ��Q ��

T�' �� ��.�5�E �� (realization)�*c � IG�� "�P ��# I� .

�� ��� �� 4 �� �?��� 1 ( *��"� .E5� �.� �� 8 M��� M� ��� ��6� 8���� �#

��� 4 �� C�G�� ��� I� ��� R��, 1� �� ��# O�Q �� ,��� <Q:� B� �;��0��

V�*� O� �� +,'� � 4 �� +,'�� 8+������ �� ������ C�G�� ��� M,� .

2.1.1F���� �'��

"��#� ���.�F��E�� (texture)�! ������ ���! �#)� ��>B� ����#� ��)�*

» 4 �� ,���« . MG?��� �� ���� b�� 4 ��B�� �! �� �)�*��� 84

���!1� ���� �0�'� �*� <� +,'�� �#�P�.

Page 72: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

b�� �� 5�* �� ��G��� (� ����� �>��� � T'� 2���� ��� �� .

�) 8+,'�� ���� �� �@�� "=� ��� 8��G��� (� �� <0;� I� � ��!� ��6

�Q�� �� ,� B� �,'� 5�;' � ������ �����!� ���� ����� "���� D�! M

b�� �� �>�0!6� ���� ��.

2�� � ������ �������� ,��� i�# 8I,�!� 0��� ��@�� �,� �

N�0��:

[1 :1]

into a fire proof dishthemPut . cooking applessix Wash and core

�� A� OG �� ��]� �� �� "��;� �') � ���= 8��'�#

�� /=���� �� them +������� ���� ��'�#�� D�! ,�� �� �@�� ������ �

D��3� ������ � . �#�P��� �6��� ��� (anaphoric function)�� them

Q;'�) ��� �� ?��� ,?'�� Y��� �1?�XE S���� 8������� 5��Q� 5

�� �CG� A�'3�� ��A�*� C�G��� <�� ,:� ��# 4 �� .

�! b� b�� ����%/���Q1� ��� ��:�� them � six cooking

apples� 8 M�� 1� �#� � � 3 ������ �0; �� M�� D�! G����� "���� ��

�@� �)� �� ������� them ������ �#)� ,�� �� ! 5�� C D�

M��� . 5��1� �� 16(cohesion)� ��'.��� �) ��� �� �� ,���� 5;'

���! ��'��� �) ����(referent)2�'� ���,'� ,���� L��� . +������

i���1� ,��� #�� 1 A�*�(presuppostion) �� ,� 1 �� M,'�

�� 2���� . � I,������ �Q@���� �@,'� I��� ���#�� �@3� �?�#� �� ����

������� �=�! ���� ��' O������ ������:

Page 73: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

]2:1[

So we pushed him under the other one

�*Z� �' M� ��, �����

�yso ،him ، other ، one ه»ª ا�L\[� ا��yاضWت آ�xZة وه� tUجtدة �y اW\]¨Lت

�xحW��yج\[� ا �y واردة W¬X� W¬�y�RU T¨\و  ی.

��9�� ��� ��:��1� �:B��� them � six cooking apples ��� 6 o

�B�'.�! ���� 8��# C �� D� �� ��� �� � =� !�(coreferential) �6 8

� S�� 1� �����: �@� b�� �� �;Q;'� �����!�� ���'�� M�� � 5��1� ����!

��� ���'(�them � six cooking apples���B!� 8 )?��� �� �� �� ! �

�B* ( 1��'� ,>���� �) ��� ,���them �) ���� �� �@�� ������ �

��'��� six cooking applesD��3� ������ � .

�� 8b�� �� � "��� �� +,�'��� ��� ���� �:B��� ���'(� 5��0 ���.� 1

+,�'��� �;��0�� ���� 1 ���=�� ������ �� ��� 8A�*� ��:B! ,��

� �,� ���� �� ���� 8�� ! ������:

[3 :1]

into a fire proof dish the applesPut . sapple six cookingWash and core

��'�# �� A� OG �� ��]� N�0�� �� �� "��;� �') � ��'�#�� <= 8

�) ��� "�;�the apples ����� ����� �B�* �� S��� ��:��� �#�P��

apples �:���� ��the ��,>�! ��B�� .� V������ +�,� V>��P� ���� ��

)(definite article 5��0 ,��� D�6 +�� (���'6 <� 5��� C ) ����

����� A�*� V>�P� ,��� D�6 �� �� �� � S��� 8+,�'��� ��#�P� � ��'�

5B0(� D�! ��:��� . ����@��� #�)� (�)2( I,>�! D ��� ,��� 1 M� ,� :

Page 74: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

[4 :1]

� 5'�� ,'� 1 O�� �� A�� C� �'� a-None but the brave deserves the fair

b-The pain in my head can not stiffle the pain in my heart

��: � "�3� ���� �� � ��� 1 ��� � "�3�

D ��� 5��� ����the �P � 2.4.2��#�� .(

3.1.1 *��"���

/��� /�0)� 85��1� � +,'�� ���' �! ����Q�� /�0)� D�6 R�'

��?��E � �� ���� 8��:��� �;��0� �0����� �)� ��� �� R�G ���P�*�����

(tie)��� �:B���� 8 them � six cooking apples ��@��� �

[1:1] �0��� �Q� .

�� 4 �� <0;� 4>�)* ,?,' �� � ��� �0���� ,,! �B* ��

��!�� ��.

��@��� #�[1:1] "�� ���! 5�0 � 4�* O� �� ��� 0;� ,'�� 0��� ,���

�� ��� )�)#��2.( ��@��� � ��0��� B�� ,���� [3:1] O� �� ���,'� 8

"���'(� " ��� ��,>���� �:B��� � �@���them � six cooking apples 8

*� O� �� ��� �*Z� ��� � �Q@��� V����= ���� apples ��� P#'�� 8

��'�#Q�� D�! �B�'E ������� �� "� �6� D' :��1� �@3�� ������

L,���� �)#�� � 5��1� �� O� �� ��� U:� .��� 8���# .

��:��1� �)>�)* �B* �� 4 �� ���' �� 0����� "��#� �Q���

0�� 3 ����P B��' "?,;�� i��� ���' ���@�� �)#�� � ,���� 8b�� ��

R��� �� . 5�0 ��� ��� 5�#��� �;��0�� M��� +��@� O�� � ����, ����

Page 75: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

���;�� ��� �� � ?��� 4�) "�P � 5��1� ��� �:B���� 2������

O� � ,,! T�' �� ��#�*� ��#�X�� �#�*� O�� � ��� � ����� 5��#���

�� ������ �� 0���������� �' D�! .

��� 82���� ���� �����3� ��)#�� 5��B� �#�*��� O�� 3� �Q� :

��,����1� 8�����'(�)(substitution 8 V���'��(ellipsis)�� 8���)�

(conjunction) ������ 5��1��(lexical cohesion) V���� ,���� 8

��,;��� � "��:3� M��� �?��)4.2.1( �� U:� .��� 8 Q��� "��#� �� ���)#

4�* �)�.

4.1.1. � )�

�*�, +,������ ��� ���� ��:B��� �� ,);�� 8�1, "��#� 5��1� "��#� �6

4 � ��?�� ��� 4 �� .

,��� ��' 5��1� ��P�#�"G (interpretation) � �� �) !

�6 �*c �) ! ���� D�! 2�0*��H� ��1 T�'� 8�*Z� ��� � �� ����

?�� ��� T,'� ��'� 8��3� D�6 O������ 16 �@�� "�� B�� 85��� �:B! L

�#��� ���) ��� b�,.� "@ ���Q�:3� D�! 1��'� 4 �� � i�#���� i.

0������ "��#� /�=�� +,�,� �;��0 M��� . ���@��� D��6 O��������

[1:1]8 ���� i�#them �� �Q@��� �����#� �*c �>� six cooking

apples 5���� 5�;'� �� ���� i���1� ��� 8�;����� ������ � +,�����

4 �� b � �;��0�� M���� ������� . ��!,�� �?�� � ���@�� ������ �������� �:

Page 76: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

[5 :1]

Time flies �xی� _�tL1(ا(

- You can’t; they fly too quickly �;>�� �!��� ��0 � 8<�0� 1-

�) �Q@� �� 8B��� �) �� �� ",! D�! +�� 6 ��� D��3� ������ ��PE 1

2���.� ��' 2��0��� "�#�� C�� � ����#�� ���� 8���'3� 2��] �

�� �@�� ������ �� i���B� .�! �?��.�� �;� 1 0���� �B* �� � � 5��1�

�@B@ �! ��,,! : V�'�� ���)You can’t ) �)#��4( ��'(� �) ��� 8

they ) �)#��2( ������ ������� fly ) �)#��6(.

�>������ �� M,���� ��'.�� 8I����� "�P �� �� CG� �� 5��1�

V�'��� ���'H� ����P �� ... �� ����� � +,������ N�6 5��;' �� ���] 8���

� ���*� D�! ,��� 1 ���' ��� � 5��1� ��= �?�� �� 2�'� �>����� M��

�) ��� ��� ���;.� I��� i���1� �?��.� �*c �) ! ,��� D�! . /=���� ��

���� ���*� ��apples ��:B! "��; �6 8��� ,' � ��:��� +�: ��� �� L��

������ M��� ����P ,� ! 0�;� ��:��� ���� ��0��� ����� �� �;���� �

�� fruit )�)#�� �P �6( .���� �� �:� _�=��� �=�� �'�') �,��them

���P ���! ��'� ��� ,�� ��6 16 ��:��� +?�: ��� ��� L�� � 5��1� ����� 8

�� @1� ��� ��>�;�� �:B��� � ����'�� ���.

�B�* ��� ���1,�� ��:B��� :��� 5��1� �,�� I� I���� "��P

������ . ��@B@ "�=� ���#�Q �� ,,��� "�P �� � D�! ����� _� �����

�� ���#Q �� �� ������"�������� :" �1,�� A�����) �����(8 A������

������� I�' �� )��� 3�( �>B�(�� ���� �#�� A����� 8) ��������(.

____________________

)1( ��0� �:���)time flies(88=; � �:��� D ��� � time flies ����� � 8��# �:��� � �

2����� �!�� 2�'� 8��G��� (�.

Page 77: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

����� 5Q;' )�# E ( ����,� 5;' ��� 3�� ��� ��) �� �@ �# E (������ .

D�6 D ���� �; .� 8������� ��'�0)��� ������������ ���) D�6 �������

���� ��.

4���� )��L�� �#�� (

�� ��� ) ��)�� � �&�� �7�&�� ������ �#�� (

'�8� '/� ��� )�?=�> �#�� � �������)� �#�� (

<>� �� /�0)��� Y�,�» ����« ���*� I� I�' �� ������ ��Q �� D�!

���' �� D ���� ������� .� "��) �)� ,��� 1 �;�0�� M�� �� ��,�#��� ��

�' ��� . �� ����! �@�3� ����� �! �?��.� 8����� � ���Q��� +,!�;�� 2�'�

��,�#��� �B* �� �:, �@�3� ����� �!� �' �� �B* . ��:B��� 5�0 �

"���� 0� �� D�! ��:��1���� �B* �� ��� �� 5��1� �! �?��� T�'

��,�#��� �B* �� A�*� ��� ��� �' ��.

,��� D�6 +�� (� ���� ���!� -"� . � � � �I�$�� . � � �#� 8

��@���[3 :1] I�' 0��� ,���) �0���� �� ! �?����� ���'(�(the 0����

����)����apples (.

<������ T��@��� �@�� �)#�� � +,����� 5��1� O�� � �6 ) ��,��1�� ���'(�

V�'���( �� O� ��� 8���' �� I���� ��� 8���� L,���� �)#�� � ,���

L��*�� �)#��)�)���( � ��� ����>� �#)� I�' ��� 8��!�Q �� 0?��� ���

���� �?��� D�! I�'� . 5���1�� I��' �� 5���1� ���� G���Q�� "��

���� � ���! G����� ���' 1� 0;� +,'�� ���,� ��3� �;�;' � ������

"�;��� . ��� �� ���� C��� 5��1� �! T,' ��' � � D�! ,����� "�" ����'

Page 78: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

������ �� " ���� D ���� �*, 1 �='� ���� �:B! � � i�# �� 2�� B� .

:���� I��' �� ������ "�P �� �B* �� 5Q;'� � ��� ���1, �:B! 5��1�

' ������� �0; �� M�� � G����� ����� 8�1,�� "�P �� �� ?��� 5�Q;' T��

��,�#��� �B* �� �*Z� ��=��� �' �� �B* �� 5��1� ��� � i�� .

��?��.� I��' �� 5��1� O�� � i�� �� ����: ��� V�=E �� � ���

"���� �� "���P �B��* ���� ���:�0 ��� ����G��� (� ��� ����,��� ���� !

(intonation system) ��@��� ���� D�!�:

[6 :1]

Did I hurt your feeling ? I didn’t mean to

�� ,):� "� oS�!� � �'�� ��

� 2�'� V�'�� �0���� �� �@�� ������ 5�Q 1I didn’t mean to M��,;�

hurt your feeling��*��� D ���� I� 8�=�� 0���� �0���� �� 8 V» but «

)��� ( ��� �� �B* �� � ! �?�����(tone) ������ �#�� ��'� �� �� ��� "Q�� 8

���� �' �� D�!:

//2.Did I/ hurt your/ FEELING// 4 ^ I/ didn’t/ mean/ to//

�0��� +,!�) +�� ,�� 8�� �@�� ������ #�4 (rising-falling tone).

P � 8"�� �� "�P /�=��� +�;#�� �4.5S� � +,����� �1�'(�� .

Page 79: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

2.1��"���� �����" . � )�

1.2.1�����" F����

��� � +,'� L�� � ��� ��� 4 ��(structural unit) I��� D ����� 5��1�� 8

��� � �:B! L�� ����� . 4 �� C�G�� ��� �:B��� �� ����–�����

���' � ���,3� �� ���;#�� ����� 8������� D ����� �� ��� �@� ���� ��

+������ �� ������ C�G�� ��� 0�� �� �:B��� � ��.

T�' <�0��� +,?'�� �:B! � �� ���» 5�Q« +������ �� ������ C�G��

=�� �� �� ����b�� �� ��PE� _� .�)� ! I�' �� D�! 8��� V���� 8�� �

�Q@� ����� ���*�, +,'�4 �� �� �CG� . , ! 4 �� �?��� �� ,'3 ���� 1�

� � ��� T,'��� S��� ,'� "�: ��6 A�'3�� �� 8��;�� /) ��6 ���� V)

��� 8���� ������ �� �CG� ��� ��� ��'� �� �� �Q@�� 1 C "�':( ��P �� ���

� ��'�� ��"������".

[7 :1]

Then I will come to my mother by and by- they fool me to the top of my bent-

I will come by and by.

����: �� D�6 �� ��6� ���'(� D�! �,: D):� D�6 � ��@��� –����: �� .

�@,�'� �� ��:

[8 :1]

… But what I want to know is-yes, some ice, please-what this government thinks

they’re doing when they spend all that money on building new schools. What’s

wrong with the old ones?

...�� ����� ,�� �� ����S�=� �� 8b�@�� i�� 8"� ���# �� � ����'�� M�� ,;� ���� ��'

o���,;�� 2�! �� �� 8+,�,� L��,� C� � � ����3� S� �� V�)

Page 80: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��� 8"�! �� ���) �Q� � �� ���� ��,'��� S . ��,'��� <��� ���E

�� � ��� �0���� �� 3 �;�Q� �������� ��!������ 8�������� 8����� 8���' ��

������ �#�� ��,'��� D�! ��# C �� 5�0 ��(phonological units) 8

���� �� �!������(tone group) ����#Q�� 8 (foot)>����� <0;���

(syllable) .b�� �� �! ����Q�� ����� � ��6 �� ���� .

�� ��� O� G���� � � ���' B� 0;� +,'�� ���� �� 4 �� �?�� ��6

���*�,�� 4 �� ��:��� ���#� :�� �� �#�P�� �0���� ��� ���# ���� �6 . ���

� �Q@�� +�,� �� �,�� ��6 � +,'�� ���� � +,�! �)' 1 4�) ��

������ "= T�'� N�6 ����� (� �����Q �� 8"�'��� ��@�3� 8�� B!(�

���� ��@��� � ��'�� �� ��� 8B��� �) ���� ,' � +,'����:

[9 :1]

� ��*,�� O� ��No smoking

2 <0; 1 2>����� ! Wonders never cease

�� ��:� ,������ "�� ��Read the Herald every day

+,'���� ������ G��� 4�) �� "P�� ���.

�� 3 ��� ��� ��:B��� ����� ���! �#)� 4 �� G���� A�*� +������

.� 4 �� �*�, 5��1� ,��� ����� 85�Q 4�) �� ��� 8�����0 �#)� ���,

–b�� ����� ��� ��] �*c C D�! . 4 �� � ?����� ��:B��� i�� ,��

���� 8� ?����� �� ��� T�' �� �����' ���� 1 4�)*�� ��� D�!

����� �� +������� ��� � +,'� ��� 4>�)* 1 ��� ,' � 4 �� 4>�)*� .

����� � ������ �6. � � ��� ��� ��] ��:B��� M�� D�! �)�* �#)� �,�

���1, +,'� �� 4 ��� ���1, ��:B! � '�:� ��� �� 4 �� � ?�����.

Page 81: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

2.2.1���$�� #7� . � )� J

��] �� 3 �=�� ����� ��� ��� ������ �*�, ��:��1� ��:B��� ,�� �� ����

8�� ���� �;��� +�;�� ,���� ��P ������ �*�, ,�� ��' �:� ����� ��� ��

���' �� �� ��� � ��:��1�.

�;��� ������ �� 3 ������ ��� � 5��B� ������ R�' 1 . S�� <��

��@� 8���# � ��:��1� ��:B����:

[10 :1]

If you happen to meet the admiral, don’t tell him his ship’s gone down.

�:�] � �#� �� M��* 1 �����3� \����:� T,' ��6 .

D�! V��Q�� "�him � his D�! ���'(� �0���� 8 �@�� V) �� � 8

Admiral ��� 8��� �� �)# ���� �,�� �� ��6 ��'�� �� ��� � ��# C

���� ��@���:

[11 :1]

Mary promised to send a picture of the children, but she hasn’t done.

��# "� �� �� 8��#0p� +��) ��� �� I��� �,!�

l,��- �done � � sent a picture of the children C��� ���� ��� ��) 1�

1 �� +,'�� ���� � � ���.

������ ,�,'� ��>,�� ��:��1� ��:B��� ��) 1 . ���1, �:B! 5��1�

M,��� �� ,� 1 �6 ������ �����= ���.� �*c �) !� 4 �� � �) ! ���

4 �� �*�,– �P �4.2.1��#�� ��� ��] �:B06 ,?,'� 1 4 �� � ��:��

Page 82: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

���' �� �� ���� . ���) ����YQ��)�� i���� ���=��� ��0��� ,: i�#����

��:��1� �:B��� D �� D�! �@X� 1 ���� �� ��� T�' �� ��0��� 1 �� .

���' �� �� ��� +,'� D�!� �� 3 5��1� 5�;'� ���� +,'� ������ ���E

�)*�� ��� D�! �;��0 ,�,'� "�; 4���� ��5��1� �! . ���� D���

�@���� ?��� +,'� D�! ���'(� �� ��6 8� ,� B� +,'���� ������ �*�, ����

���=�� ,!��: � �Q@�� ��]��) ��#�� ,?,' ,!��: ,��� ��

(pronominalization) �� � ������ �� �� 8 ���� +,�!6 �� ,' D�6 ,?,'

'���+, ��@��� 8���=�� �0���� ����6 ���'(� �� �� �@ +�� ����6 +�� (� , !

��;�� � ��� 1:

[12 :1]

John took John’s hat off and hung John’s hat on a peg.

OG ��� ���: 5Q�!� ��� ���: ���2� l� D�!

��� ,��� i�# �)John ( +,'�� ���:� ,'��) hat( 1 80;� ��� ��6 ,��

�>��=�� ������� M�� ���'(� 5��0 �! ����Q��.

John took his hat off and hung it on a peg.

OG ���2� l� D�! ��;Q�!� ���:

��:B��� ���# � ��.�� 8������ �� � D�6 O������ ��� _� �� � ��.�

� �:B! �� �� �=�#� �*c �) !� �� �) ! ������ . �;������ ������ ��

������� �� �� i�# 8B@�one � it ��) ! �#�*� 5�0� � ?��� �����

������ �� � � i���1� ��� b�,.

5��1� �� +,�,'� �1�' ����, ���.� 8BQ�=� ���� ,: ��� �� ��]

�#��� ���) ��� ���� ���� ��� ��� ��'� �� ��Q � ���� � i�#���� i 8+,'�

�����0� 5�Q��� 1 ���� �� 8� ��� ��� 8���# ������ D�6 ���C�� � �� ��]

��:��1� �:B��� . 8��� ��� ������!� G���� "��#� �� ���! �#)� 5��1�

Page 83: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��:���1� �:B��� �� +,�,'� O�� � � "Q�' ,!��;�� M�� �@� �� D�6 ���=6

�' 8���'(� 5��0 2�0 �� S� �)�* �0����� ����6 +�� (� �� ,� 1 T

� ?��� 0�� D�! M��� , ! ��'(� �) ���) �)#��(2 . 85���1� �Q@�� 1

V�'��� ��,��1� �0���� � ! �?����� ) �)#��3� 4 (8������ 5��1��

) �)#��6 (������ �� �� .�)��� ���' �� ) ��)#��5 ( ���� � ,���

B! �! ������ �)�* ���' �� �� ���� �0��� ��� T�' +,?,���� 0���� ��: .

��@��� ���; �]13:1� [ I� ��� M��P � I� � ��] ��� ]13:12: [

]13:1 [

It’s raining.- Then let’s stay at home. ����� � 5� � ��6 8�0� �� 6 �

2 ����� � D;� � 8�0� �� � ��� Since it’s raining, let’s stay

at home.

,��� �! �P �� i�� ����?��� �:B��� I� 85��B� �;Q;'��� ���1,�� �:B��� �6

����@��� B� � ���� � I� ��� 0����� 2��] ��.

���3� M��� +G?��� +���P � � D�! ������ �*�, 5��1� D�6 �P .� 1 82

����� . i?���� 8 4 �� � ?��� ���! ��:B! �!���� �� �:B! �� 5��1�

I�' �� 0� �� �3 ������ �� � � b�, � ��' ,��;� ��=��" ������� ,���� "

���' ���� �) �?��� 4 �� C�G�� "��� � S B� ��=� . ���:B��� ����

� +,'�� ���� � ���)� ! � ��� C��� ���� � ��:��1��1 .

D��! 2����� ���� � +,����� 5��1� ��@�� ���� 8���! +,!�;��

�'�=� �@�� D ����� +�: �@�� �@3� ���� T�' ������ ,�,' A��� : ��P

���� 8b��� �� ,�'��� �,)��� �� 3 ����� ��� �@�� _�=�� 5��1� 0����

��� � ��:B! S�� D�6 ���=6 ,��� ������ �*�, . ��P 8�� 4 V)� , !

G?��� I��� 5��B� �?����� 2 ���� �Q@�� S�� �3 ����� ��� �� 5��1� �����

Page 84: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

L�� +������ /��)� 5��1� �� #*.� 1 ��� �� ��] 8�*c �! �) » ��:B!

������ 5�� ��« ��� 0�� 1 �:B! �0���� �� �� ��� � �� �� I�� �� ����

���' .

3.2.1 � *7�� ���" . � )�

�� �� �*c "�� ,?��� L�� 5��1� �� M��� 5�� �� �B* �� /=��

2�0*��(discourse structure) . O� � ������ Y�, ��� 2�0*�� �� � �6

� ?��� +,'� �� � D�! ��1?,�� /�0)��� ��� ����.�� 8�� ��� ��8�!� �� D

�� +�;#��� �������� � ������!�=�� +,'� �� 0���� T,'� .

���� 82��0*�� �� +,������ ��:B��� ���#� 5��1� "��#� <=.�

������ 5�� �� � ��� � +,'� ,��� ���!� ��, 8�� ,' D�6 �#�*� �;��0� .

8�;�� ��� C 0��� +�Q����� ��� ���(� �� �!���� D�6 �� � ��� ��� "��

��:B! �B* �� 0�?��� ��"�� ) ����� �� �)� ��� ��@c ����'�� � <= 1

���' �� +�G������(syntactic parallelism) i������ "��!� (metre)

����;���(rhyme) ( M���� ���� ��� ��� ���� ��:B��� �� � ?��� �� ��� 8

�;��0�� : � I� R� ( �!�=���� ���1?,�� �>���� 4 �� . D��! � ,Q�� ��� ������

CG�� ��'�� ����0� �� ���*�,� <=�� �� ��� � � ����'��� ����� � S��

4 �� �� . �>������ O����� � �� ������� ��'� �� �� 5��1� �?�# �� � ���

��;�� ��� �� ���� 0��� ���1,��.

��,'� 2��0*�� D .� L��� �� ���6 @� � � ���� ,); 1 ��� � ,

�� � �� � ,��� _�=�� �,�� �6 8��!�=���� +,'��� �� +�;#��� ���Q��� i��

��� ��,�Q��� � ��� ��� 82�0*�� ������ �� O�� � i�� � �:3� D�!

Page 85: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

i��� �� V>��P� ����� ���� 5Q;' ��?��� ��� � ��:B! ���P6 �� ���6

��� ��,'��� <���� ��� ��� ��'�� �� ��� D�!3� ��,'��� ������� ��, . �6

���� �� S� �! V�* i�� D�6 ��=�� B�� "= �� �:B��� ����0

������ �� ��!�� C�G�� ��� �� CG� � . ����� D��! 8�?��� �� � ��� 1

��@��� ��� ��� ��#�P� �:B! ��� ,��� 8��@���]1:1[ �Q�� E T�' 8MB!�

+,?,'��� ��� ��� ���,3� +��) ��������,�����) . �� A��*� ��� �� � ���

5��1� "��#�� � ���1� 5��0 �! ,�,'��� O� �� ��� �� �>� �?�� ) ��P �

�)#��5( .� ���� � �� 8������ �*�, � ����� D ��� �� �,,! ,?,' �� � ���

O�� �� 8��@��� +,'� ��,��� (modification) 0�?���� ��(connection) 8

����,���(transitivity) �����?����� D���! I���' ���� D�� �E�� �� )*(

(modal structures) 1 ���' �� 8C�G�3� ��� ��:B��� ,?,' ��� 8N�6

������ V� )� � ���� �;��0��� 4 �� � ����� D ��� O���� C�)'6 � ���

"��;�� ��� ��� ���,3�� . ��! ��;��� ��� 0�� ��#�� S�� �! �=�! �?��E ��

� ����� 8������� �)�* ���B! �B* �� S��� �� ��� T�' �� i���� ��=�

����0� 5��1� "��#� ���.�.

_____________________

) * (�@� ����#�� "��'3� D�! Y�, �� +,!����� ����3� �;�0 � ��?����� ��,!����� �� ���?�����:

2�� 8���� 8�� ��'�...N�6

Page 86: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

4.2.1)� ���) �%/�= . �

�, �� ��;�� ��� ��:B! ,���� ��P ����� 5�� �� �;�:, ���� 1 ���� ���

��� ,' . 8D ���� T�' �� ����� ��� �:B! ,��� ������� ��'� �� �� �,�� ,:

T��' �� ����� �� �� ���� ����� 0���� A,�� � ���'6 D�6 ��' ��� � � ���

���� "�'�� D ����1�� b�� S� � ��� ��6 .

�� � ��� 1?=� /�#)� ����,; ��#�� �� ��GB�� ��;>B��� ���, �@�� .

� R� ( �����= �� ��� ���� ��:B��� �� 4�* O� ,��� ���

b�� �� : "� T�'�7K �'� 9�� �� ��� .��* �� � �'� #�"G . 5���

��� ���� �;��0 T�' �� 5��1�� ��3� �� �) ! ���� 2Q�0 ����� 8�)�

���� �*c �) ! D�! ���'(� 2�0*�� �5��� S� � ,�� 2�0*�� � , .

�?�� ����� ��@��� :

]14:1[ ���: �� ��� He said so

�6 8+,��� � ��� 8���;�� ������ M�� ���E ��� ����� � ���� ��� �� V��

�� ��� 8���1,�� ��'� �� #�"G �� ��� % ��: ��� ��� "��� 1 �� 3 » he «

���: �� "�� 1 �� .5����� ��� �*c ���� D�6 O����� � ��! S���(context) 8

M����� 5���� ���� I� . �������� �������� D���! ���=�� ����� 5���0 ��:

]15:1[ C �� ��: ��� John said everything

Page 87: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�� �� "�� 1 T�'John���: �� "�� 1 �� . ��� ���� 5�� S� � ���

����@���]14:1[� ]15:1[ . ��@��� #�]14:1[ ���) ��� ��'� 8he � so

��� ��� �� � �� ���� � +,���� ������� �>��� �� D�6 �'=�� +�� 6

0�'��� . ���.� �*c <0;�� 0�� �� � "�� ��!��� �� ������ M�� +C��: , ��

�� ��he��� I��� D�! ��;�� ��� 5�0 � 1� 8���: John �� everything

��=6 ����� �,)� I� ,��� +���=��� i�#� 1 ���B��.

�� �?��E �� �,� ����� ��� 8�,�;� �@�3� CG��� ,,)� �Z� �' �he

�so���� ��#�� �������� ����� ��� ,�� 1 ��� ��;�Q� . S�, �� ��!���

+� ��� _�0E ��>�� �B* �� �*c ���� �� ���� ,���6 D�6 ���'�� : ��

�@� ����� :��1� �@3� S�, �� � ��� 2���� L# �� o��: ���� 8o��� ��::

]16:1[ i�3� D�! C�;��1�)*( Lying on the floor

�@� ����� � i���1� ,���� +�� 6 ��� � � ,�� 1 T�'he �� so .

,�,� �� ��X��� _�0 � ���� 8M��� "� "� �� �B* �� 5��1� ��P�

who is?)o��(Q��� i�� ,��� P'B 8L� (ambiguity) 4*� ����

�� ,:� 8+�Q;���� ��������� ����� 4 �� ��:

]17:1[

What was John doing when you came in ? o\��� ��' ��#� ��� ��� ����

Lying on the floor. i�3� D�! ��;���

_____________________

)* ( �� ,);.� Lying on the floor" i�3� D�! ��;��� " ��@��� �]17:1[ � " D�! C�;��(�

i�3� " ��@��� �]18:1[.

Page 88: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�?�#.� T�'Lying �� was lying) ��;��� ���( �� L��� is lying

)�Z� 5���( . �@� A�*� �1��'� ,��� :

] 18:1 [

What is your favorite pastime ? o��=#��� S���� � ��

Lying on the floor. i�3� D�! C�;��1�

�� �)�* �>� ,��� � ���� 1 8;>B! "��#� 5��1� �� �?��� �� ����

�:B��� �� �� ��:��1� �)� ����*c� �) ! ��� .

�'� 2�)� ,:� 5��1� �� �*c O� � �@�� _�=�� ��� ��P��

M��] � . ��@��� 4*� ���� � ���]15:1[ 4�* i���� I3 ,��� 1 � �

�) ����John ������� 8John said everything �! ��X���� /�� 1

����John8 � ��'�� �� ��� He said everything4*� ���� .he ���

�@� ������ � �,� ��� ,::

]19:1[

I was introduced to them; it was John Leathwall and his wife. I had never met

John before, but I had heard a lot about him and had some idea what to expect.

���G� ���@�� ��� � �� 8"���6 ��?�! .�� ��� ���:� "� I,�� ��@��� � ! ���� ��� 8 �,�� ��:

� ! +���.

"�;� John �� �� 5��1� �� �� �� ���� 8�?��� � 3 ��:��� �#�P��

����) �)#��6 (��?�� ��# ������ �) ��� ���*� � �Q@��� 8

�;�@� �0���� ��� �� ���� ��0��� ������� ���) ! ���*� �� . ���� ,:

� ����� �� �;��0� "� �@�� ���� ��� 8���� 1 ,:� ���! ��'��� L# ����'�

��3� ���� D�! ���'(� 5��0 �! . ��@��� �! ��: ��� ���:]3:1[ 8MB!�

�*c ��@� ����:

Page 89: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

]20:1[

Jan sat down to rest at the foot of a huge beech-tree. Now he was so tired that he

soon fell asleep; and a leaf fell on him, and then another, and then another, and

before long he was covered all over with leaves, yellow, golden and brown.

L����� 8"� �� ��!��� �,� ���� �P'��� S� � ��� 8+������ ��G�� +�� �P �' /�����

!��� A�*�� �:�� ���! �0;���� �� ����� 8C��#) 5����� ���� D0�� /�)� �� ��.

0��a leaf) �:�� ( ��beech-tree) ��G�� +�� ( �� _�=�� �,��� 8

�� � ��] ���) ��� 8��G�� +�� �:�� � �:���� �� "�� 8���'(� � ��

���� �� �� D�! ������ �� � �� ��6�:

Before long he was covered all over with oak-leaves

���, ��� 5����� ���� D0�� /�)� �� ��!��

�� ��P.� ��� 5��1� +�: ��P.� �� ���� 8���� �0* ,���� ���?�; 1 � h�

�@� _�=�� +,>���� �)� ��� ,��� D�! ,��� 1 5��1�he � so D�! ��

+,,���� ��� 3� �� �� I� �*Q ,: ���1, �:B! ���:6.

� �@� �)� ! �0���� 0���� ��� �*c B� �*Q� ,:but) ���( 8

later on) ,�� ����( 8in that case) ���'�� S� � () �)#��5( ���� � �� 8

�*c� i���� ��� +,��� �:B! � 5��1�. ���=�� ��3� 5��� �� �����

��@��� ���� D�!� 8+���P� �� �� ���� ��0���� ��#��� ����� :

]21:1[

First, he took a piece of string and tied it carefully round the neck of the bottle.

Next, he passed the other end over a branch and weighted it down with a stone.

?�� "@ 8����G�� 5 ! ��' ��� �� ��0��� ��'�� �� ��0: �*� 81���)��� D�! �*Z� V�0�� �

��' �0���� �� G��.

Page 90: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

82���� �� "����� ��P � �� ��0���� ��#�� I� 82�0*�� � ����,� ��

��@�:

]22:1[

First, he has no experience of this kind of work. Next, he showed no sign of being

willing to learn.

@ 8����� �� O� �� ���� +��* ��� ��,� �� "� ���,��� �Q���� � ��]�� ,�,��� I� ,�� "� "".

�� next ��G�� � T�,'3� �� ������ D�6 1 ��'�� <�� D�6 . ��@����

���� ������� ���)��� ������� ��P �#�*��� 2��� � ?2) ����� �� ��

���! �#)� ��;0 ��� �:B��� O�� � �Q@�E ����: ��!����.

1� "��#� �h� � �� <0;� I3 ���� T�' ���1?,�� ��:B��� �?��.� 5��

5�0 � 4 �� �#�P� I,X� �� 2��� �� . � "��#��� ��� VQ ) �� � ��.�

�� 8+G?���� +,?,'� "��:� :�� 8V�'�� 8��,��1� 8���'(��)� 5��1��

�Q@�� I�P L��� D�! ��?�: V� )� �� 8������ ��"< (types)

B��� +G?���4�) �� V)�� ����! �>��� ��?� �� ��� 8��:��1� �:

���'��� . ���B! �B* �� 4 �� � "��:3� M�� �� V ) �� ��P��

� ?���– � S� �� �� �3�� ������� i�� ���P 8V�'�� 8������

8�*c C D�6 , �� ����,�� O�=�� <0;��� ���� �� D�6 �� ��)�*

��� ��� ��6�» �*Z� C �� «5��� S� � ,�� ��#��� ����P . ���0 ,��

���1,�� �:B��� A�*� O�� ��0��� �� 85��1� "��#� ����'� 1� 4 ���

4�) �� �� O� �� � ,���� � � ��� ����� �@�3� �� ���'� I��� O� ���

�) 4 �� ���� �� ��#��� ���.

Page 91: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

3.1 -"���� . ����" . � )� :

1.3.1��% � )� � %/��� # $�

����P i�#��� �) ��� ���� ���� �� S� � 5��B� +��) 0��� �6

��@��� ���� D�!� 8�;����� ������ � +� ��� ,���� �����:

]23:1[

Did the gardener water my hydrangeas ? o ����� ����� D;� ��

- he said so �S��� ��:

0��3� � ��� 1 8� :� ���� /�=��� ,): ����;� ��@��� ��� ��� �

��'� �� �� 5��B� ������ �� ���'�� � '�:� ��� �Q@�� � 3 �� 2�'� ����!

��� ,�,'�� �3 ���P ����� ��� �������1� � D ,� �!�0; � �@� �������.

�����G � ������� ��� �� 5�0 : i�#��� �) ��� ,��� �� ����

� ,��� 1 ,:� 8��� �� ������ � �� �;��� ���� � ���� 8�� ���� �

�:B06 4 �� .A,' D�! +,'�� �� ��� � .

� �:B! L�� � ��� ��� 5��1� 8������ ,�,'� ,?�;� ��] ��6 ��� 8���

������ � ���� C��� 85��� C i���� ���0�� ��� � �0���� ��

1 "� �;����� . �)� ��� i��� +�� (� ��� 8��� i���1� �� V����

8�;���������5�� �� �� �) ANAPHORA .( i�#��� C �� ���� �� ����

� �� �������;�� � ��� �;��� �� ���� � �� �����0 �#)� + . ��@��� ��

��'� 8����he D�! Henry :

Page 92: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

] 24:1[

The first years of Henry’s reign, as recorded by the admiring Hall, were given

over to sport and gaiety, though there was little of the licentiousness which

characterized the French Court. The athletic contests were serious but very

popular. Masques, joust and spectacles followed one another in endless pageantry.

He brought to Greenwich a tremendously vital court life, a central importance in

the country's affairs and, above all, a great naval connection .1

S� � ��� S�� <�� 8_����� ������ 8�� 2����� 0B��� �� �, ��� 8I� � ,��� D��3� ��� ��� �G?��

� �#�� 0B��� G�� I��� ������ i�� .���� ,� ���� +,�� ��=����� ��;������ � �� . ����

� A�*3� �� +,'���� ��'����� i������ �����#�� ��G������� ���� �� ���'��������� � 1 ���� .

��� �U ��� I�'��� �; �� � 84�)*���� 8,B��� ��X � +���� ����� D���� 80B��� � ����' +��'

��0���.

i�# ���� ��@��� #� 8������ ��0� ��0;� ���� �� ���� ��such �� ��

M��� 5��.

]25:1[

Traveling with huge retinues of staff and servants, medieval monarchs demanded

a series of houses to take care of their needs. Their requirements were large.

Government went where they went- (it was still the King's government)- with all

its attendant staff and visitors. They were responsible for a large number of

followers, and visitors had to be entertained in style. They were expected to

dispense patronage and to entertain on a lavish scale. During the winter festival of

Christmas, lasting twenty days, they nominally kept open house. Richard II,

notoriously prodigal, entertained over ten thousand every day at his

places and even more over Christmas.

1 Olive and Nigel Hamilton, Royal Greenwich, The Greenwich Bookshop.

Page 93: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

No single home could possibly cope with the organization and material products

needed on such a scale.1

��� ��� 8",*��� ������ �� ��*= �� �' �;�� �#��� ������ �� ����� ��0� � D0���� ���;�� S

"�����' ����� .+��@� "����0� � �� . 2�� T�' 2�� ����'�� � ���)S���� "�' ��G� 1 ���(�

�����G� �����! <� . ���G�� ���=�� 2�� ���� 8"�� ��;������ �� ���� ,,! �! ����X�� �� ��

� � <:�.� � +��#'���� ��;�� �� �� "����=��� ���!2��' ���� . ,B�� ,��� I� �� �������� �B*

���! ����� +�!, ����� 8���� ��� ! "�, I��� 8/����� .�� �� V�=��, II8 �� 8������� ��� ���

4* V1c +� ! 5�#� �����M��): � .

�@�� �����=�� ��,���� ���� ���� "�P �� ���� ���� �� ��� I3 ��� ��A����� ��� .

�!GQ �� �� <Q:� �� ���� ���(tendency) 5���1� O�� � VB*�� V�* .

��@� �>� :��1� �) ��� ����he �� one Q�� 8 ����'(� �0����� 5��

�*c �) �� ��,��1� �� +� ����� ���) ! i��#��� ��) ��� ���� ��'

�� �;����� ������ � ���� �' D�! �,?,'�+� � . ��@�3� �� R��� �� ����

��,��1� � ���'(� ��' � 1�����.

8��:��1� ��B��� ������ � ����'�� ���� G�� -< ��� ����� ��' ����it

D�6 ��' �� �� 8+� ��� ��;�� �� ������ D�! B@�it 8������� S� � �*c

�� �@��@�� ������ D�6 O����� I���=�� ��� +���@� ���� D��6 �� �������

������ G�����it I������ �) ��� ,���( ������� . ��@��� � ,����]25:1[

� �Q@� ��:��� ����� MB!�:

medieval monarchs…their…they…they…they…they,

D�6 ��*3� � ��)���Richard IID0���� ���;�� S��� �! 4�* ��@�� .

1 Olive and Nigel Hamilton, Royal Greenwich, The Greenwich Bookshop.

Page 94: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�@� �� ����� �� �,� ��:��� ��B� TB@ ��� S�� �*c �short 8

Johnson over Jordan� Johnson:

]26:1[

Short places Johnson over Jordan squarely in the tradition of expressionist drama.

He says that Johnson is a « typical Briton », an « English Everyman ». He regards

the play as an imaginative presentation of the mind of a man who has just died.

But, he adds, priestley is more interested in Johnson living than in Johnson dead.

In this the play is expressionist in its approach to theme. But it is also so in its use

of unfamiliar devices-the use of masks, the rejection of the three or four act lay-

out of the plot. And, finally, he points to the way in which Johnson moves quite

freely in and out of chronological time.1

��� VQ )"�� ����,��� ���� "�������� ����,�� � �:,� . �� ��� �� �� ��:" �0���

���� " .M?�� ��� ��� �;�� �����* B�@� ��'����� ��!�� . ��� 8V�=������� "�� ��� ���

������ �� �@�� ���' ���� ���� ��P � �� ������ ��'����� ��� S��� ���� � ����

(theme) 8�� :3� "�,*��� ������ ��] �>���� �������� � S��� �=�� �� 8� �)#�� R��,6 ",!

������� ���' � <����� �� T��@�� . R��*� �*�, ��� ���'� ��� �� S?�' �;��0 D�6 �� � ���*��

��*��� ������� ��G�� .

� M�� �Q� �� 0������ ��@� �,�#� ���� ,: ��,���� �� TB@��� ��B��

����:

1 Gareth LIoyd Evans, J.B Priestley- The Dramatist, Heinemann.

Page 95: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

Johnson Johnson over Jordan Short

�]\�L1ا Johnson (in J over J) Johnson over Jordan Short

������2 he Johnson

������3 he the play a man who has just died

������4 he (2X) Johnson

������5 its … the play

������6 its …it

������7 he Johnson

�@� �����! �0���� 0���� �� 5��1� �*Q� ��'but) ����( 8so) ��6( 8

in that case )���'�� S� � (later on) ,�� ���� ( �#�)� i���1� R�'�

<0;� D�6 ������ <��� �'�=� 2�0� ��� ,���� 8+,'���� ������ �� ��0�

��� <�0;� ��� ,'�� ��@� ,��� S��Carlyle 0����� +�,� "��; T��'

on the other hand )A�*� ��� �� (�;����� +�;#�� 0������ ������� .

Page 96: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

]27:1[

How much is still alive in England ; How much has not yet come into life ! A

Feudal Aristocracy is still alive, in the prime of life; superintending the cultivation

of the land, and less consciously the distribution of the procedure of the land, the

adjustment of the quarrels of the land ; judging, soldiering, adjusting ; everywhere

governing the people,- so that even a Gurth, born thrall of Cedric, lacks not his

due parings of the pigs he tends. Governing;- and –alas- also game –preserving, so

that a Robin Hood,

a William Scarlet and others have, in these days, put on Lincoln coats, and taken

to living, in some universal –suffrage manner, under the greenwood tree!

How silent, on the other hand, lie all Cotton-trades and such like; not a

steeple-chimney yet got on end from sea to sea !

+,���� ���G 1 V�� 8���� � � � �,����� D�6 ,�� �� "� V�! ��!�0:(� ��0��;��3� ��G 1

� 8!� D ,�� ��)'��� <�G�� i�3� �!��G D�! V� ����� <��� � ��'���� ��' ���B*��

i�3� .QP � "��' �� D' 2� �� ��� "�' ���� �� � 8���B*�� I?��� , ��� "T���

)(Gurth �,�! ,�� I��� 8S�,��� Cedric)(���!�� �� ��G� *�� "'� �� D;� ���� �;' ��#� 1 8 .

A,�� S��� 8,�)�� D'� 8M���'�� 8"�'��,�� ��� (Robin Hood) 8������ "����

(William Scarlet) ���)�� �;��0� 8U���� D�6 ������ ��� �� V0��� "��3� M�� � ���*c�

�� ������ +�� �' 8�� ,' D�6 !�����C��=*!.

8A�*� ��� ����� ����� ����� ��� �0;�� +���8 "� � *,� ��� ,�� V:�� ��� 1� �! R�� ��

�� D�6 �'����'�!.

� ����� �� ,,! ��� ��; 1� ��� "� �6 A�*� +�� ������ 5��1� V�*�

4 �� � M��� 5��� "� �) ! ���*1.

Page 97: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

]28:1[

I screamed, and my scream went wafting out on the night air ! And some

neighbours who -they were my nearest neighbours, but they were still some

distance away- came rushing along. They were awfully good, and they said

afterwards they thought I’d been being murdered. Well, I couldn’t’ve made more

noise if I had been ! But I’d surprised myself-really, the sound that went floating

out on the air I didn’t know I had it in me, and they said it would make my fortune

if I sent it to Hollywood. And I may say it surprised the thief sufficiently that he

dropped my handbag and fled. Fortunately I wasn’t between him and the door, so

there was no harm done and I didn’t lose anything.

- Fortunately for him, or fortunately for you ?

- Oh, for me; they generally carry knives.

- I know; someone was murdered in the main hotel quite recently.

- Oh yes, yes, although people did say that there were wheels within wheels

in that. But you get between a feeling thief an his exit, and he’s bound to

be carrying a knife. But anyhow, the only thing I lost was my voice. I

couldn’t speak for a week afterwards.

����� ?�� � ����* <#� *�) �'��� 8E�*�) ! ���� 2�:� "� 8������� i�� �6 O����

��� ��PQ#'� ����G� 1 �� �� ������\:-� � � � ��Q P "� � ����: "@ 8,' ,��� D�6 C�#0� �� �� .

'-� �� !�0��� ��� �� 8� �'S��� � � �� �@�� ��= T,!�# ����� �� � �� V�!� ��� "�

������ D�6 ����� ��6 +��@ � 5;'� ,: � � ����:� 8�*�,� ,���� ���� � T�� � I��� ��)��, 8

2��� ��;'� D;�� � � ���,� #�� ��� 4��� ���� � � ��:� ����� . ���� � �� ��� "� 8P'�� ��'�

'� "� S��� 82����C I� ��*� "�� ��= I� T,.

H oS� ��� ��� "� �� ��� ��� P'�� ��'�

H ������ ����'� ����! "� 8� ��� ��� 8�c.

H +��): +,� � � ��>��� 5, #�� � "�,'� �E: 8V�!�.

H ��,�;� � ��,�;� S� � � �� ����: L� �� �� "]� "� 8"� 8�c . 4� ��� ��� �� ���

�� 8����* ����� 2���� ��� ��'� ��� � � ,��3� � . �,;� I��� ,�'��� C ��� 8��' �����

O���� +,�� ��,�� T,'�� <0�� "�� �) ���.

Page 98: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�,�� lost )�lost my voice ( lose )�(didn't lose anything 8

0���� +�,� �B* �� S�� �,���anyhow )��' ����(8 �voice) ��) (

��;�� ��� 5��: scream) f�)(8 noise ) ��=( 8 sound ) A,�

��)�� ( 4 �� � +���� <0�;� D�6 ,�� �� O� �� ��� �� V� >�B� �����

����� ��] �@,�'� � �)�*.

,��� <� 8�='� ��,>�! �:B! 5��1� �� �Z� ���] D�6 � ��!�

M��� 5�� �>� i�#� i�#� �) ! .B� ���� �����*� �� i���

���� � �� ���� M,�� i�#��� �) ��� ,���� ������ ����6������ �� ���

CATAPHORA.

�#� �) ! ,��� , ! 0;� G����� ��P��Q �,��� T��' _�=�� i

M,�� �� �� �;��� ��6 ���! ��'��� . ��) ��� ����P� ������ 5��1� ��� ��6

������ �� �@�� �) ��� ,� B� �@�� �� ��?�� 1 8��3� ��� ����� ,���

�� �����;�� ������� ����@�� D����6 ��,����� ����� � ��3�.

B ��6John John ����'(� � �����;�� ����'(� ���� i:� I� ,��� B� 8

��,���� . �@� ���,� ���this) ��� (�here )� � ( 5�'B�� D�6 �� �� ����

��@� 8��,�� �� C �� ������ ,�� ��:

]29:1[

This is how to get the best results. You let the berries dry in the sun, till all the

moisture has gone out of them. Then you gather them up and chop them very fine.

�' V� ���@�� O, 8b>� �� ��'� D�! �)' �;��0�� M���]�� � [ Q�*� D�' L�� �� ��� 4

������0 .�;�:, ���� ������� ������ "@.

Page 99: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��6� +,�'�� ���� �� �@�� �� ���'3� 2��] � i�#��� �) ��� �?��� ,:

���0; � ��,���� ���'(� D�6 ������ � �� � �� ������ 8S��� ��� "� (colon)

" : " ����'�� 1 ����� +,�'�� ��>B�6 ���� � ���G� ������ ��� � "]��

,���� O� I� �� ��� � �:B! . D�6 +�� H� ��0; �� ����E ��,���� ���'(�

�����3� ��#>�P� A,'6 ���� 0;�.

1 4 �� � �� �) ! ����� ��GB�� �������� �� �� A�*� �� ���6 S� ��

��@��� ���� D�!� 8"�;��� � ,�� ���� �:B06 4 �� � ,��:

]30:1[

Did the gardener water those plants ?

o���� �� S� ����� D;� ��

��'� �� ������ ��those S��� �;���� +�� 6 D�6 I� 85����� 4 �� D�!

T�,'�� � ���� �� . E �� �=�� ������ ��� ��� I��� I��� 0�'��� D�! ��'

���'���D�!" "�;��� 5��� "(context of situation)D��� ��� �,�� T�'

������� ���� ,:� 8��'�� D=:� ��6 ����6 +�� (� ����� +,�);��� ���� �� :

"� ���� +,������ 8S� � ���� �� S�".

���'(� �� O� �� ��� �� �I�$� 7 �� �, EXOPHORA ��� 3 8

�:��� ���� �� ���� 4 �� R��* � ,�;� � ���) ��� ��� <�� 1 �� 3

4 �� . � 8b � ,: ���� 8G����� ���� D�! 4 �� �� �CG� �Q� ���� �� �

5���1� ,���� ���� "��� ���� I� � � ���� 1 ,: � 3 +,>�� B� ��� �,��

����] �� . �����'6 2��] � ��� �)�* �) "= ���� �� �� i�# �����

��:��1� . ��� �����*�� ���'(� ����� ���� :� � � +,�,! '�� ��

Page 100: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

������ "���� 84 �� �?��� ����� V����� +�,� D�! ���'(� � �)�)*

O�=����� 5�� ��'.

8B�)�� ���>�, L�� �����*�� ���'(�� ���*�,�� ���'(� ��� 5��#�� �6

��'������ �������� ,��� ��� +��)�� ��� ,: B@� ���,�� ���'�� ��

(stage direction)@� 8�����] �� ��:

]31:1[

How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank!

Here will we sit, and let the sound of music Creep in our ears.

�#=�� 5�� "� � ��� ��;�� C�= 2�!� ��!

� ��c D�6 �Q��� D;������ ��) O, � 8L�� � � �.

Q�� �?)* ��6 �@� �>� ��'����� �����" �#=��C��=*��) "a grassy bank (

/�)�this) ��� (� here)� � (!,>�� S���� ��B* � �� ,:� ���;�� �P � �

������*– �����;� � ��P <����� �3 �����*�� ���'(� ����� B��� 5����

����� ��� ���� ��� 1 �1�' � ���� ��# � �� P#'�� "�;��� ������ 8 C���

�� 4 �� ��� �"�;� . V�= �����"C��=*�� �#=��" D�6 1� � �?��)

_����� D�! +,'�� <=� �� R�*��� R�'�8 �� ������ ��) ! ��� �����

���� �����*�� ������.

,�#��� �� ���� � � � �:B�� 5��1� ��� G����� D�6 M�� 1� �#� ��

4 �� � C���h� 5��1�� "�P �� . V��.�" 5���1� " ���� ���(� O������

"������ ������� �� �� ���(� I� 8������ 4 �� ����� ����� � +,������

i'� ;>B! "��#� ���� 82���� �� 5;'� 1� � �)� ��� ,'� ��� ��6 16

��:��� ��:��1� �:B���L ���*� T�'� » D�6 �� � « "GB���� ��*c C .

0���� ���'�� M�� � ,��� ����;� � �� 8;0 � ���� #7� 4 M�� ���'(� ���

Page 101: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��,���� ���'(�� ����;�� . I� ��=�� C����6 ��� 5���1� ��� C�� �� M���

�������������������������������������:B���

4 �� � . ���*�,� M��1� D �.�� 8;�;'�� ��G�� � 4 �� �� � . �������

�*Z� ��>�, ���,'� <�� �6 ��:��1� �:B��� ���) ��� "=�.

� "�P �� =2 �

4 �� � =2 �

)��G��(

�S¯ K�W} John1 2 John

���P ,>�!John : he

5'B�� D�! ,>�!)���P( he : John

��� �) ��� ,��� �� ���0�� �� I��� �) ��� D�! 4 �� � �� �@ ��P� I

"������ ��] /�0)��� � ����;�� ���'(�� 8������ 1�� ��P�(unmarked)

"������ /�0)��� �� ��,���� ���'(�� ����;�(marked) . ���'(� ��P�

�:B�� 0;� ��,�����D���#� �) �� ��>�, ��3� �) ��� ,���� Q"GB��� i .

5��1���*c �) ! D�6 �� � �) ! ,��� =;� C���h� . G�� ��' �

����� ��,)� �) ��� ��� � MB!� S�� D�! � ,�� ��� ��:��1� �:B���

�*c �) !.

2.3.1 4 5���" C��

�:B!� 4 �� ����0 �! ��)#�� �� C � �@�� T,' �� �Z� �� �

"�;��� 5���� . ��@�� �,� �:

Page 102: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

]32:1[

Although the light was on he went to sleep. Although the house was unfurnished

the rent was very high. Although he was paid a high salary he refuses to stay in

the job.

"� �� 2�� 8�>�=� ��� _��)��� �� "]� .��#�� ����(� ��� 8G��� ��] ��� ����� �� "]� .� "]� �

����� � C�;��� i�� ���� D=�;� ���.

TB�@ ���� ,��� ���� �� 8_�=�� �� �� ���� TB@�� ����� M�� ���

� ?�,� �� ��>�� ! ���*�(corpus) ����, �� S� �� 8��G��� (��

?��� I�' �� ��� �� �� � : +�,3� ����� ���� ���G��� D � Although 8

�! ����� ����� �#�)� <0;��� 2��� �B*(� ��, A�*� ������ �� D

�,'�� B�� �� ��� � ��� +,'� 5;'� I��� C �� ��� ����� "4 �� " 1 ���

����� 2�� �;��0 D�! ,���.

�*�,�� 5��1�� ���' �� +�G����� �� O� �� ��� 5��� 18 ��>�� ��)�* ���

� O�� � � D' �� 2�'� �� �� � 1 V��� ��] � �� � 82�0*�� �� A�*

����� �� ����� �! b� 4 ����� . ���@��� �� ������ �� ��;�� ����

]32:1[ 4�* O� �� 4 � ��� �) �Q� : ����� T�' ����� ��' 4

�! +���!@�"! (citation forms) ��� ! C� ���: ,): ��,*�� .

�� �� ���� 0�� 1 �� ,��� ���), ��� �� ��>�� �#) � ���' �� +�G���

����� ��' 4�) �� . ��@����]32:1[ �� ��)��� 4�) �� 2�� �� ��*��

�� �CG� �� �)��� �����;� �� <� ����� ��� �Q� � 8��G��� (�� ��;0� �� ���0��

������(drill).

���� ���� ,' D�6 <0;��� +,!�:��! � �)�* ���� 4� �� �� ��' "��'��

�� 4 ��] . ���;� 5���� � ���� ��, I��� R��� I� "?�;E 1 �' �� "�'���

�� 1 �� �) �@�� ��� ��6 �� � ���=6 "���; I3 �;���� 0�� � ��� �

Page 103: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

� ���;� 5��� �6M���!�Q��� ������� 4�) �� 2�� �� �CG� ����: �� �

4 � .c 0�'� I� � �) �� 1 �� ����� �!����� S��� ��� �*

����� ��' 2�� � 8,�,'� 5��� � 84 � ����;�.

����� 8� � �� :� �� � � ���' B� ,��� �� �� ��@��� D�! 2���� ��� I�'�

��'��� � ��� "CB 1 "�;� � �����P �@� P'B ��IONESCO8

the bald-headed primadonna �� ��� "���� �,���� /=� �� ��� 8

����� 1 �� ����� �#)� I����� R��� �� ���' ,?,'.� ��' ���;�� �� <

��!� �� �'�=� �='�� ��� ����� : �*�,�� O� ��� ���*�� O� ��

�=�� ����;��� �� 2�'� ������� /��#��� ����� 1 ��� 8C��� ,' D�!.

�� �=�� <0;��� �) � ?��� ��#)� �;�� ������� ��'� �� �� ���� � 8i�

5��1�� V��E� �� ��� �! ��;�� �� 0���� ��� � I� . ��'� �� ���

0�'��� �! ����� �� �� � ���' � <=� 8����;���:

- T,'� ���� - ����� ��, �� �� - ��3� 5��� ���

���;��� 8���� ���)# � ���� b�� �� ���*��� �*�,�� ����P��� �6

�� ��' ��� �� �)#� 1 <����� �� �� "B��� �� <0;�� !� ��,� 2��

������ . M�� ������ ��=� I��� L��3� _� I����� L��,�� ,��� ��' ���

���,'� 5��� 8��#�*� ��!� D�6 "�; ��P'B� ��' <=� � h� "��'3�

Q@�� ����� �*�, ��:B���� �' �� �0���� �;;'��� D ���� ��) � �

O� �� 5���� 8��,�#���� ��:B���� �*Z���� +,��� +G����� "������� �����

<������ "�����)���;��� 2���� ��(�����,�(�� !���1� 0�'��� I� 8

��� ����� ���� � ����P��� 2) �� .�� 3� �6� ���� �� �������

�� S�� D�! +�B! ��� ��# �:��� � �� ��� i�# ��� 0�'��� � ���

,' 5��� �� �CG� �� ��� I����� S������ �;����� 0�'��� 4>�)* ,�

Page 104: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

"�;��� . 8� � ����P�� �� ��!���� ,�� ���� �� 2���� ��� � � ��� ��

���������"������G��� (� � 4�) �� 4>�)* ��� �� . 4��*�� ���

�� ����� 5,� ����, ����' V�� ��,� �� 84�) �� ����;��� �Q� 8<�

� ��! 5�0 R��* ,�� T'��� �� ����� 1��� . ��� ������� i�� 4*� �

������ ���;#�� � +� ����� ��)��:

���� �64 5� (situation) ��� ,�);��� 8» "�;��� 5��� « b�,.� I���

84 �� D�! ��@� ��� �� ������� ��] ������� <��� D�6 �� 84 �� ���

1 � � 16"��#��� ��� �� � ��'�� �� ,� . 4 ���� C� @� 8��'�� �:��� #�

8��,;��� M��" � 8����� �� �� ���� IG��� 6 "�� �Palo Alto

��� 2 �� ��P� 8�� ��#����� �0� � ��,��� C������ 8+��� �� �� �=*3�

+��G��"1 84 �� ��� "�;� �� �CG� ��� �,�� ���� 8 ��) ",�� ������

5��� �� 6� ������ �������� ���' �� 0�� 3� �� �������� �� 8�� ! ������

������ �����*1�� �)�*�� �����*�� �������� ��3��"����� ���=� ��

�� i���� 8������� 8������� ����0 4* �� ������ �� 82���� ��

N�6 ��)(� .��� �� 2�0*�� �� O�� � ,�� 5��� �� �CG� L;0�� ���' �

Q�� �=��� � �������� ����� � ��'�� �� ��� 8"�;��� 8��'�(� �� ������ 5

Q��� 1 ����� ��' 2�� V��� �� 16O�� 3� M�� �� O� I�� 5.

� � ��� ��6 I� 8"���� A����� D�! ��) ��� "�;��� "���� ���E 8+,!�;��

�� ��' +�=�'� �! ��@� � ��� B� ������ ��>��� L��, � ������� ��;#)

�� T��� ���John Smith+,���� D�6 T?,'��� �� G �� Jones8

���� ���Robinson 8 ������Brown �C��� C�@B@�� "�� � ���*c�

�� ,�,'��� � �� Burnley <�� D�6 T?,'� ��=�'� �� �� � ��� �� �� 8

��! ��06 � ���0�� ��� ��� ��!���� ���X� . ��,�#�� 4>�)*�� �� 1

8���� 2�� 2����� �)�* +G�� ����, ����� �� 2���� �� ��������

Page 105: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��?��� O�� � D�6 O������ 4 �� 4>�)* _� ���� � � �0���� ,�X ��

"�;��� �� .

3.3.1D"=� ���� �� N" ��" 4 5��� . �� �

<=���� �� (Malinowski) � "��# 4 I5��� . �� � �� 1923 �����

��» D ���� D ��«(the meaning of meaning) �� ,�� � )Richard (

��,��� (*)(Ogden) ������� 8T��� (Firth) 4��)*�� ��� D�! M,��

��� ! �' T'� � "in society Personality and language " � ��

1950 � ����:� �������� �� ,,! �� ��!� 8 ��� ������ �� � ���� �����

�� G���� (Hymes) ��Models of interaction of language and

social settings 8 VQ )G����?��� �� ��@ � "B��� "�;� ���� ��)*� ��

�� : ������� 8����� ��� 80�'��� 84 �� A�'� � �� ) ��@3�� i����( 8

���� � O� �� 8������� 8_�#��� ���!�#�� ���� . �� D��6 ��P ��� ��� �� �� E �

"B��� "�;� �� �CG� �Q� � ��� ,' � 4 �� .

",:I�,����) Halliday (U� ���� (MacIntosh) L ���� (Strevens)

� �,?�� �@�� B��� The Linguistic sciences and language teaching8

L����C/7 �)?��� �� 4 �� ��G?��� ������ �@B@�� ���� ��� ��'�:�� "�;��� ��G :

��# $��� (field)#=!�� � (mode)" �5��*�� (**)(tenor) ) �� ��'�0)��� ��Q �

�� �� ���?,:Spencer I������� Gregory � Linguistics and Style( ��

?����� ����� O�� 3 "�;��� 5��� ,�,' ��#�� V)�� ���! "���#��� ! � .

______________________

(*) ����������� 2�����,������ )G.K Ogden (",����� � ) I.A. Richard( ��������� "the meaning of meaning " � �1923 O����(� "��! D�! ��,��� ��1,�� ������ ��� �=�!� 8

�# (�� �#0���� �>���� T�,'�� L# �� "�! T'��� C�= �� ��!���(� "P ������ ��� �� . �P �" ��,����� � ������ " 48� � ���� ���� 8������ L #����75�76.

)** ( "����0;� ,��� �@B@�� ��'�0)��� M�� field 8mode 8tenor D�6 : 8�� ��� 8������:B�����>����� 4 �� ����, ��06 � ����� D�! .�P �4 8>����� 4 �� _�# � ��0;� ,��� 18.

Page 106: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

# $��� ��� I��� V,��� �B* �� 84 �� ��� �� � I��� 8���� T,'�� ��

�) �� T�,'�� O�=�� D�! ��6 I�'� ��� 8����� D�6 2���� �� "����� .

#=!�� �� �� S��� "=�� 8T,'�� � 4 �� �#�P� �� �� +� ;(channel)

����� ���* ��–�:�0 ��� �� �� ������� 8������� �� +�='�� �� ��!� �

));�� �� ��� ��]B��� ��� 3�(narrative) ������� 8(didactic) 8

!� :(��(persuasive)8�������� �,�� phatic communion)(N�6 .

�� E�5��*�� ��>�,�� ��!���1� ��:B��� O���� I� ���,3� �!�# O� D�6

����� ��� ��� ��>�;�� �Q:X���� .?,'�� �� �� 8������ �� �� ,�:B��� �#)�

4 �� "�;� 5��� ��!���) �P �language and social man I�,������(.

"������ ��@�� ������ �#)� 0�� �� 8������� "������ �Q�

8����;��� ���� �� N" ��(register) 8������ �� ��� �)�* "�: ,����

�;��0��� �� �� .0�� ��Q��� X?� �� �Q �� ���� "�;��� "���� ,�,' � �

O�=���� +,�� ,�,'� � �#�� ��6� 8"�;��� S�� � �@�� �:,� 4 �� 4>�)*

���;�� C ��� 16 � ,�#� 1 ���� ������� �� . � ������ A��� �! T,' ,:

�� � ��� ��Q�: ��� V')�� � �� ���'��� C��'3� "�!����� �� �>� ��� �

"��:3�� �)�*�� ��������� i�� � �,: ��6 ��� 8O� �� ��� �� 4�) ��'

������ ��P'B��� i�� C�,�6 � ��� �;��0��� �� �� 8������ �� �@B@�� . ��6

�� 1��� � ,,'» )* �� �!�#��� �B* �� ������ i��� "���� ���� �

������ ���� ,��«� �� 5�0 � R��� �� �� � 8 8����� �� ���* ,�

�;��0� :»M��! �� �@��@�� � �#0� "�« .O� �� ��� �@� C� � +,�!6 � ���

�#)� � #=� ��6 �)�* "� �� ��: �� �����' � +�@�� �� 5;�� . ����

(context of culture) ) �*c "��#��� �����l�( ���� D�! � ��0� I���

' � �������� T�,'3� �� �� �� 8A�*� ��!���1� �>�� ��06 � �#0 +��

����;@���. �� ������ A��� �� 8���1,�� 0�� 3� +��) 8 ����� O����

Page 107: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�� D ���� ������� ,���� +,?,'��� V��P�� � ������ �#)� ���*�

����� M�� 5�;' � ������ . 1 �� 2���� �� �) �� ��;�� � �0�� ��6

5��� V)�� 2���� ���� �;�;' A,� � � �?��� 8�# c ������� 4 ��� 8"�;���

������ A��� .

A��� D�! I�'� ��� �) �Q� �� <0;��� S��� ��6 8���! �#)��

S���� ���� . ��:B! ,��� D�6 ���=6 8b�� �� =;� 8A�*� +������

�) ! D�! �) ! ,��!� I� ��:��� ���� I��� O� �� �� ���1, �*c

"��� 1� �� � ��� ���, 8M���#�(coherence) �?����� ;�;'�� D �����

� ! : T�' �� 1�"�0��� C�; 1� T�' �� ���� ����>� �#)� ��� 2�'�

��=��?����� S�� � ��� ���� ���1,�� ,������ +,,���� ���,���� �� ) 8��!���1�

��!�G �� 8��������(8M����� )*() (moods q�)�� 8modalities)( 8 +?, ��

intensities) ("B��� "�;� � "Q����� �*,� �)�* A�*� ��� ��.

"��#� ���� ��6 ����. � )� "��#�� +,�#� �;��0� ���� �� N" ��

(Register) ��� ��,?,'� ��� � ��� C�� . ��� 2�0*�� �� <0;� �� 4 ��

���'� �� "�� � :��� 5��� T�' �� ������ A��� � ���@ ��� "�;

��� �*Z� ��, 0� �Q�� #�� 1� 8:��� ����� ��� ��� ,' � "�� ��

+���=��� �*Z� "G��� 1 ���,'� �� . ������ �,� <0�;� C� 6 ����

85��1� ,��� ",�� �)�) �Q� 1 �� ��� �1,�� ��;��� D �����

____________________ )*( �� ��0�*� <� "Q����� ��?�X� I��� �)���� ��!� "?,;� ��#��� ����! 0�� ���' ���;� �����

4�*�� ���0* �� "Q����� ��� V:�� . �P ���� ����� ��'�0)�� ,'���� "����� 5�� 2���

82�����0 2 8494.

Page 108: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

1 �� ��� ��>�� �#)� ��:��� ���E <0�;� W �� �' ���� ",�� �) ��

"�;���� D ���� ������ ��� �:B! ,�� 1 8������ A��� ���@ . � � �,�� �

b�� �� D�! ���' �B* �� ���;�� �� <����� ��� ,� .

� #:��� 1 ��,���� V��P�� �»4 B��« I� »D ��B��« O� ���

� ��� �>#� 4�* .� � B�'�� ���� ,��� �6 ����, �� b�� ��� ������ C

���� D�! �) � � S�� � 2����� 5B0(� D�! b�� I� ��� L�� ���#

S��� �� ���6 �:� � ,�� ��6 4 � � D�! <0;� I� . i�# � 8A�*� +������

�� ��� 8���'�� M�� � �)�*�� ��#�P� �� ����� ����� �� "�; �� ��� ��

0;� 4 �� +��) � ��� "��;�� .'� ��) ��6 �� 4* ���� ,�� ���' �� ,

�;��0� ��=� ��� "����� �� ��>�� ! �;��0� ��*� ������� �� �����

4 � ������ �,��� ���'�� � � �� �� ,��3� ��� 8�� �� �� �� �,� �����

����! V���� ���� �� "�;��� "���� i��� �0��� �� � D�!�.

B� � <:���� � 4 B�� ,��� ��' �� +���� �� � ��#03� "

��� � ����� 2����� C��� �� ���!� S�� �� @� � �>�,��� �������

,): �! 4 B��.

5���� 4 �� �:B! 4*� ���� �����=6 ��0; D�6 +�� (� �,��

���;� . �;@�� �;�� +�?��� ,� "�;���� 4 �� �:B! ��� � ����,'6 �Q@�

?��� I��� �� ����?�' 4 �� D�! � . ���� �0�� "�;��� �� O�� � ,��

���� � S�� ��@�� I� �@ ��,� ����� ���� "�;� _�=�� ������� ��] �������

8�*Z 2!1 �� ����: ���# ������ ���� ,�� T�' ",;�� +��� ���# ��]

N�6 V�P �� 8N�0�� 82����� 8C� ���� ��� � ���,� ��� � � �� .� �

8����;� ������� ,��� ��, 2�.� �� �� ��;� �� ���� � � ��'����� D��

I��� ��� "�! D�! ���� �� C���� .

"P�� � ��'�� �� ��� ����� ���� �0�� ��0� �� �� O�� � ,�� 8���;�����

+��'��� ������� 8+������ +,?��� <�=��� ��' �������� ������� �� :� ���

Page 109: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

����;@��. ����;��� ������� �� ��� ���� ���� ,' � ����� � � ����� ��� ,:

���� ����� �� 4�*� +G����� . 5��1� ��� �� b�� �� ��!� ���@� V�*

�� ! ��� ������'�� ���� � . ��' ������ ����=6 ����, D�6 R�'

��� �#�*��� 5�0�� I� "�;��� O� � b�� �� ��� �:B��� 4�) C� �� �����

���1, ����� ��� � �#�*� O�� � ��� .

��?��E ��� �� �@�� �0; �� 5�� G��6(Ellys) �� 1 ������=� �� 1�8�

(delcacy of focus)� ��;��� ���'�� . <=� <�0� 1 � � /=���� ��

� ,'���� "�;��� ��� �)�� ,'"�#�*��� ����;��� ."� �:��� ����� ����� � "�;��

A�*� <=��� � ��#�*�� <=��� � . ��)#�� 2�' "�;��� V) ��

� ����� ��'�� 2�� ���� I���=��.

� ��� 8A�*�� ���' ��� ���=� ���' �� +Gx����� ���B��� � ��

N�6 8��'� ���' �� 4 �� 4>�)* . ���: �� ��>�3� 4*� �����» ��

� ��) �� ���� ,�����# ������ A��� o « 8���� ,' � D �� B� �

� ���4�) �� ��� ���� 0;� ��� �� V�* ����� ����;���� . �#�� ��'

�����0� � �� 8��! <� T?,'�� �,��� ���� <� �@�,' C� @� C����� D�6 �#0��

��� �� � ��� ��� 81 �� "�;��� �?�� ��6 �� ,�,'� ��� � �� ��6 ���B! S�

4 �� � �?�) D�! �@X� �� ���� 8��)* �� ��:B��� VB*� ��P ����� .

b�� �� �� ,��� i���� L��� D�! �Z� ,'� � :� � � � ,�!�

�=���� ",! �� :��� � 1 �� �) <0;��� �Q� � �� ��6 . �� ��,� <:���� ��

4 B�� ,� : ������� ��'� �� �� �����0� � ������ � 4 �� ���,� ,�,'� .

����� �)�* 8��P ��� ��� �� ����� � ��, ��6� b�� �� �� ����, ,�� ����

������ �@� � ?��� �0; ,��� �� +,�,! ����� ,���� � ��� B� 8�:�0 ���

�#)� ���� b�� �� �3 ���� 8,�,� 4 ���,� �� ��# 4 ��"�:� �� �@��" .

� L�� � �� ��'.� "�;��� 5��� � >G� �?�� I– ���! � �?�� �E; l�

Page 110: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��;�� C��� �� M�' � � �� T�,'�� ���� � ��:B!� D�! �� �;��0�

��;��� ��� �������(� � �� ",� T�,'6 ��, 8T�,'�� b�� .

1� �����= �0� L�� O�=���� +,�� ������ �� D�6 +�� (� �,�

b�� �� R� ( ����� �@�� ����� ��� b�� �� +,�� ���� 8� 5��� "���� �� �:� �

4 �� ,?,'� ����� "�;���8�������� ������� �� �0���� � . ,�� ��'�

���.� 1 8������ �#)� ��,� ��� 84 �� �*�, O�=���� +,��� ��������

���� ���=������ 4�* �� ���� ��@���� 8S��� ��� +���=��� b�� ��

5Q;'�5��1� ��� �������� 0�� 3� �0���� +��*3� ������ � �)�* ��

Complicated… difficult, easy and greater time... long...

short…

Q;'� ��� �@�� ��=��� "���#� 0�� �0���� 5�;�:,.

]33:1[

Throughout the long history of mathematics, men have always wished that they

could calculate more quickly. As each mathematical discovery was made and

knowledge advanced a little the calculations facing mathematics became more and

more complicated and demanded an even greater time. There are some people

who like doing long and difficult arithmetic, but most of us do not and are eager

to finish our sums in the shortest and easiest way.1

O���� ��;��0� 2��'�� �� �Q��� �� ��� (� D � 8���=����� ���0�� N����� ��! . ��� �� ����

��?�0 �������� �?� ��=����� ���� �1� B��: �� �����'�� �������� �h� 8� ����=����� �������

�@�� �:� �=�� 2Q�0� �@��� �@�� +,;�� �'�)� . ����� "��;�� ��,��� L� � S� � �����0 �����' ��

S�� ��#� 1 � �P�� ��� 8���)��]�' [������ ���)*� �@�� �;��0� O������ C�� ( ��:�?�.

1 F.B.Lovis, Computers I (Contemporary School Mathematics, First Series),

Edward Arnold.

Page 111: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�:B�� 8����� � ������ ��� �� +,'� � � D�! ��6 4 �� D�6 �P .� �� ����

>����� <0;��� �:B��� ���' �� �������� �� ���� ������ �:B�� ���1,�� �� ����

������ �#�� �� ���� .��;� "�P �� +,'� �� 4 ��� �1, : D ���� �)��

5��B� ���1,�� �:B��� ��#� D �� T�' 5����� �.

����;��� +��)�� 2�' ��:��1� �:B��� ���* �� ��� 3� V�*�

4 �� ���1,�� �� ���� �� N" �� : ��� ����� ��] �@,�'� � b�� �� V�*� �

��3� b��� �� �,�� ����� �?�#� �� ���� 8������� ������� ����� � b�� �� �!

<�#�� ��)� ��;� ��' I,�! ��] �@�� �,��� 2�� ��' ����] . I��'�

��� �����0 �#)� ������ A��� �������� D�! ��6 4 ��"">B� " �!����

����;��� "������ �� � ?��� " �B�* ��� �Q� � ����0 ��)���� T,�'�� �

)������( T,'�� A��� D�! ������ 4�*�� CG���� 8)�� ��( ��� ��:B����

����� ��� ���,�)�;��0��( . ��������1� O� ��,'�� 5Q;' 1 ��CB��� M��

��� � B@�� ��#03� ����� � �X� , ! �� �� ����] 84�) ��� ��0�� ��

�� � D �� ��� �� 3 ������ ��! V �� �� ���� S��� ���� �� ��� 8"�;�

5��1� ��� b�� �� �@�� ��P��� ,��� . ��� ��� ��� ���� ��:B��� �6

O��� � <���� �� +,����� S��� �� 4 � 4 �� ��)�* �Q@� 5��1�

4 �� � M�* I��� �� �� T�' �� V�* ,:� 4�) ��.

�� 3� �� ��!� S�� � �! b�� �� b ����1,�� � : �)�*�� ��� 3�

5��1�� �)�*�� ��� 3� � ������ A���� . O���� �� ������ A���

�� "�;��� ��:��� �� �?��� V )� ��0� �#)� 0�� �� ���1,�� ��� 3�

4 �� +,�� ,?,' :L� '5� �P ��� ?��� <��� S�� � ��� 8<��3� D ����� 8

� 8��!���1� �� ��� �=�� ����@���� N�6 ���)���� 8�������)�P �4.3.1

M� ,�( . <��� � ���! �� 8��� ���� ��:B��� O���� �� 5��1� & '<

Page 112: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

C"'�� ��=�� �������� �� ��� 0��� � 4 B�� �! 4 �� G?��� ��� 8

i���.

�1, C� �� �>� � ��#��� �� 84 �� �� �� ��� 5��1� 5��� 1 .

4.3.1 -"���� 4 M�� �� . � )� � =� :

��,��� 4Q*��15��1� � ��� �?���� I����� "�P �� � ����>��� �� �����

�� ����� :��� �:B!� .

�� ?��� �@B@ ,�� ��#�P� ����>�� ������ � �@� ���1, -�=���

(ideational) ������ 8 ��'�" ��(interpersonal)�� ������'��

(textual) . ������-�=��� ���� � ��P� 8I����� "�P �� �� CG� ��

» ���=��� « ��� ����� �#�P� �� D ��� #"����G� D�6 "�; �� �� C :

���� CG� (experiential) ;0 � CG�� (logical) . ��3� CG��� 5���

I� ������ ��@�� +� ��� ,� �#)�»��;@�� 5�����« ���� 2�'

��� ����)Malinowski .( �@�� CG��� ����?��.�� ��;0 ��� ��:B��� �!

?����� 5 �� +, ��0;� +� ��� ��] �;��0� ������ . �?����� 5Q���

��'�" �� ,�,' "� ���� ���� ��!�G ��� �������� 8��!���1� V>�P����

"����G" "����� :�# � ����'�� ��=�����,� "�;��� � �:B! ��,� M��

��;��� C .� 4Q*� �� � ���� � "Q����� "?,;� I��#�� ������ �� � ��;� �

������� ��, � ��,;� �,���� �?����� �� �� 8P'B��� ��,.

?��� ,��� ������ ��� T��@ ��'�� "�P �� � 4 �� �� � I��� ���

� "=�� I����� �� �>����R� ( ����� ����� I��� ��# D ����� 84 ��

Page 113: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

/�)�� ����� ��� <� �:B! � �;�� �� 8O�=����� �;��� ����!<��

"�;��� 5���.

�?����� �����'�� ��P � �B* �� ���*Z� �� ������ ��>G� �#)�

�P � �' �� � �)�* 2���� �0���)1.4.7M� ,� ( . 8��@��� ���� D�!�

; "�P � �?��� C�; �� +���! �� "���� �� "�P �! ���� C�; � ��� 8

.�� ������ +������ "����������� �� �� �����0�� ����Z� �B* �� �� ! �?�� .

����� R��* 5�;'E �� D ���� 0�� � �=�� "=� ) �� ������ �� ��]

�� � �� �� ��� 8"�P ����"����� (information)�� �,��� 84 �� 2��

�������� ��,'� �Q� �� 8S�� ��� ��� ��������� ����� T�' �� �>� � �!

+�0���� �������� �*�, G����� L��� D�!(given)+,�,��� ���������

(new) : <����� V�0 �� +,���B� ����: ������� "����� ������ �� I�

)+�0�� ( ����: ��] ������� ������ ��� +,���B�)+,�,� .(.�Q;' 2 ���� ��� 5

�������� +,'� �! ���� T�' "�� �� �0���� ��G��� (� � 4 �� D �� ��

���� ��"�$�I=.

5��1�� 5��� I��� ��� ) �� ������ �� :���� CG��� ��� . 0���

+,'�� �0; � ���0�;� S��� � 8�������� �� �� �;�@� �0���� 5��1�

) �P �2.8.5��#�� (8 4 �� ���� T�' �� ��� �� � �������� �� � ���

"���� �� �� � � ?��� �#�P� ��� �)� ! � ���)'�. 4 �� � C ���

��0(� � � ��� ��G �" D0����–,�,��� ." �� A�*� ��� �� 5��1�

�� �� ���!� ��,� �,�� ��@�' �*c �) �� 4 �� � �) ! 0�� ���'� ��

�� 5��� 4 �� � . G��� �� � �� "]���� ��� � +,'� � �������� +,'�

�' �� � �� ?����� �� ��� ��� ��,'��� �����")��� L��;� " +������ 8������

...N�6(��:��1� �:B��� ��,?,' ��� � ��,'�� ,��� 1 ��� 8.

Page 114: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�� "�P �� � ) �� ������ �� CG� �� ��6 5��1� ����� ��� I���

8��� ��� ��'� �� �� i���� ��=��� �0��� ��] �)� ! �)� ��0���� "�

������ �*c �) ! D�! �) ! ,��!� �B* �� . �Q� �� �>����� ���

�#�P� ���� 8����� � ����� ���� ���'1� �� �CG� :��1� ���'1�

+,!���"�P �� :�� 0� ���� 1 T�'� 5��1� ��,� �:B06 �1,�� .

5.3.1 . � )� 9��

� ����! ���@��� ��:��1� �:B��� +��) 0��� �6"equals") �,���(

�"and") � :( ��� 3� ���� ��� ��� U:� � 8<����� ���'(� 5.��0\

I����� "�P �� �� A�*� C�G�� � ��� �;����� ������ 5��B� A�*3�

� �)#�� � �� ,' D�6 +�)*� �;��07��)#��� O� �� � :� � ,�� 8 .

E "�P �� �� 8� ��� ��� 8M�� 5��1� O�� � �! ������ �>��� 4�*�

5��1� 5�;' � "��� �� �� � S� � I�' �� ������ . ��'� 1

4* �� ���= ���Phe ��'�� ���� "do" ��=E#��� nevertheless")" <�

S�� ( ��� �=�� ,���.�� ��G��� 1� � �' �� V)� , ! +,'�� �'#) �

�)� ��� M�� <��� "=� 2���� ��� ��� 8������ ������ �� V�'�� +���P

4 �� � ?��� ��� �� 3 . � "������ M�� A,'6 D�! I�' �� �������

4 �� +�!, . +�!,�� M�� ���:� ��6��0�'��� � �,�� ��6 I��*� ���� N

������� I���=�� _�#��� D�! I�'�4 �� ,��� .

�' �� � ��� � +,'� D�!�� ������ D �� � ��� . �:B��� �� ��� ,,'

���P�� 2�' ����� ,,' ��� ������ �*�, +,������ �)� ��� ���) �� ���

��:B��� M��� �;;'��� �>�����(� ��� ��:B��� M�� �@� ,�� 1 8 ����� ��� ��

Page 115: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

����� ���� ��=� �� ��������� �)�* ���' ,��: ,�� 1� . ������ S���

��@��� �]32:1 [ ��' I�� ��@��� ��, ����� ��� ���� ����� ��� ,:

<0;��� "���� D ���� D�!.

��� ��� 85��1� �0����� ����� i��� ��=�� 4 �� ��� 0��

� 1 � � 4 �� 4>�)* T�,'6 ��, ����� �� ������ D�! U�� Q�� ���

D ���� � I��� ���� �� ���, . ���� I��� <0;��� ��� 4 � D �� 4 ��

�>�G�� O���� �0���� �� 8,'�� ��� D �� �� L��� 4 �� �@�� �� .

S�� � ��� ��� ,�� I��� 0�'��� D�! 4 �� �*�, ���� �� D �� ,���

��:��1� ���:B! � T'� �' � 5��1� L�, ��' S��� 8A�*� ����

��� �� +,'�� �� � �� ��0���� 4 �� <�0�� �� ������� �>�����.

Page 116: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

"��

���

1 :

���

� 3

� � �

� :$

� 1;

?��

#5�

���

�+�/�

�� �

� ���

�� �

1�5�

�� ��/

7��

+��

1$ ��

1

$��

#��

18(

���

1���

�#��

)7

� ���

)

(

7�

��� �

�D(

� ���

��&

:

����

E���

:� �

�� �

�&

:� �

�� �

�&

:� �

�� �

0

:

%� �

:�

��

K=0

%� �

:

%� �

� :

�����

�� %�

&� :

?��

#5�

��

����

P

��>

� ��

�"

��

�8� �

-���

�����

������

�� E

�9��

��

&>

��

�����

%�S

2

� ��

L

�� ���

�)� �

0���

:

)��

*>

���@

� �

����)�

�0�

����

:���

�)� �

0���

��

:

P�&

/�9�

�>

(

6�@

2�

)� ��

�8

28

��

���

���

:��

L

����L

�0�

����

:

����L

�0�

����

:���

�L �

0���

�� :

:&�

5

PK��

�@>

��

���

�#� �

0���

��

:���

�#� �

0���

�� :

����#

� �0�

����

:

P

�#�

��

<���

28��

Page 117: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

<� ���� ��@��� ���=h� ������ ��,;��� M�� "* � G��� 5���

�:��� ��' I,��0��� :

]34:1[

The Cat only grinned when it saw Alice.

'Come, It's pleased so far', thought Alice, and she went on.

'Would you tell me, please, which way I ought to go from here?

'That depends a good deal on where you want to get to', said the Cat.

'I don't much care where-' said Alice.

'Then it doesn't matter which way you go', said the Cat.

'-so long as I get somewhere', Alice added as an explanation.

'Oh, you're sure to do that', said the Cat, 'if you only walk long enough'.

��� ��' �=��! ������� �0;�� �#��L�l�[�.

" �Z� ���] D�6 <�� ��3� 8��� " ���� L�l�[������.

"������ ��� �� ����� 5��0 D�! �Q�, ��"

�0;�� �����" :2����� ��,�� ��� D�6 ���� �,: D�! ,��� S��"

���: L�l�[�" :��� D�6 ���@� "�� 1"

�0;�� �����" :�6����� 5��0 I� "�� 1 �"

���=��L�l�[�/�=�� " :�� ���� D�6 �)�� ����0"

�0;�� ���:� " :#�� �� �� � ��6 0;� 8��' S�� ����#� 8�c.

����� �� ,� 8��*3� �� �,� ��' ��do that��P �� ��� ��' ��#� get

somewhere . ��� ������ 5��1� �0���� 0��� M��,� ���� where

you want to get to ���which way I ought to go . ����) �6oh

�;����� �P'B���� �0;�� 2��� 0�� 0�� +�,� �L�l�[3 . �h� �;��0�� L# ��

� "B��� �0;�� ��0�;� I don't much care where " 0���� +�,� �0����

then . V���'�� �����) �6where i���# (I) get to � 8care���

I don't much care �� ������ 0�� want .��'(� �) ���� that �

Page 118: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

that depends ��X� i�#� 8L�l�[� � 8������ it D��3� �P'B��� � L�l�[3

�=�� ���'(� �0���� �0;�� i�# . ����1� �Q� � ���*�� L��l�[� ��0;���

D�6 <��� I��� ������ �0���� ��:��� ��B� <�0;��� �� D��3� ������ .

<0��;� �� 5��B� ��P ���' ���@�� �)#�� �� +��*3� +�;#�� � ,���

A�*� . ��,����)1 (��� ����� �' � 5��1� �:B! �?���.

Page 119: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

2 .�� ���

1.2 ��$� 7�� �� ��� " ���7��� �� ���

�* S�� �)� ! D�! ��� �� �Q�� ���� �)?)* I��� D ����� ���'(� ��)

�*c C D�! ��' �� ���1, ������ � ����� #� 1 �� � I� 8/�0)���

�)� ��� M�� �@�� 8������ ��� ����G��� 1� � C����� �>��=�� �

� ��;��� ���,�� +�� (� .�� � �>� �� �! ��@�� �,� �:

]1:2[

a- Three blind mice, three blind mice.

C���! ���>� �@B@ 8C���! ���>� �@B@

See how they run! See how they run!

! V�� �P �I�� ! V�� �P �I��

b- Doctor Foster Went to Gloucester in a shower of rain.

He stepped in a puddle right up to his middle and never went there again.

���,�� 2�� ���� D�6 ����� 8�0��� �� ���� �'

]�� [�� �@ S� � 2��� "�� M�)* ���] D�6 �'��� � D �.

c- There were two wrens upon a tree.

Another came, and there were three.

+�� �� 5�� ����) � ��

�@B@ ��'�)�� 8A�*� ��.

Page 120: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��@��� �)a ( ��'E"they" D�! three blind mice ���@��� ��� )b (

��'"there" D�! Gloucester ��@��� �� )c ( ��'"another" D��!

Wrens.

����� �*c ���� �� �������� +,���� +���= D�! �)� ��� M�� Y�,

<� �� ,' D�6 ��� S� �� ��:��1� �)� ��� :�� . 4�*�� O� �� ��� ��

5��1� ���� �� � ��� �� ����6 �� � �� �������� �)�*�� ����0�� MG?���

?���� C� ��;��0� I� ��'(� D ����� �������� M�� V��� 8��,�����

�� ���) �������6 ������'(� "��� ����� C����� 3� ����� V .

(� ������ � 5��(� ���� +�� ��# C �� ���P ��0���� "� �� ���'

2�0*�� � �� �@ . ������� �see how they run! ��� ,�);� 1 8they

,���three blind mice) C���! ���>� �@B@ ( ����" ����� �@B@�� ���>#��

�# c �� ! � @,' ��" �)� ! <��� �� ��>�;�� +,!�;�� � ��'� ���� �� ���� 8

'(� ���" V����� +�,� D�! I�' " 8���G��� (� ������ �� 8����E �� � ���

�� � ��� ���� D �� �! ���� I��� �) ���"V����� " ,������ ���� ��

) �P �2.4.2 ��#�� .( L���� �� � ��� �� �����= L��� . �� !�, 1

�� �?�) the �'H� �� ���; �� �#�� �6 ��'6 �) ! �� � ���� ���

4�)*�� �� V����� ���1, ��)�*.

5��� D�! ���'(� 5��0 �! 4�)*�� ��� 5�;' ��>,�� ����

"�;��� . ���' �:B! ���� I��� ��,��1� VB* D�! ���1, �:B! � ���'(�

) �)#�� �P �3��#�� ( �� D�6 8A� � ��� 8G����� ��� �B* �� �)� �� 8

' 0� � <=*� ��,��1�"��) I� : �) ���� ��,��� � � �� ,� 1

,'�� I�' V ) D�6 �,����� . 1 T�' ���'(� D�! ,��;�� ��� 5�0 � 1

���! ��'��� I�' �� V )�� L# �� ���� �� ��'(� �) ��� � 0� �

Page 121: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

5��� 0� .� S��� 8�1,�� A����� D�! �:B��� ,���� ��P 4>�)*��

!,�� 1� ���1,��4 �� � ����# +���=��� ��� �� ��,���� ���� �6

��@��� � ��'�� �� ��� "�;���]2:2[:

]2:2[

For he's a jolly good fellow <>�� 5��� ��

And so say all of us �� ���� � ���� ���;

�� �� 4 �� ��P.� 1 T�'he���=�'�� ��� ��� ������ ���� �� <� 8.

��� ���'H� 5����� �� �� � "�;��� D�! ���'(� �� B�� � =��� ,;�

�� �� �:B��� M��� I� �@ �� � 4 �� �*�, �*c �) ! D�! ���'(�

�� � 5 � .�,�� ��;��3� �� 8���� /=� 1 M� �� �� "]� ���� 1�;�� ���

o �� ,' D�6 ��;0 � "� ��*��� . 5�� �� ���� ����;��� ���'(� �� ,��3� ��

����� C�;�� � ��) �� ���'(� : D �� I�"S���� M�� I��� C �� " � 5���

C �� D �� �>�;��"�# c ���6 E�� � I��� ." �� ���� 4 �� � ��=�' C

"�;��� � ��=�' � ��� �)�* ���' �� .A�*� �;��0� S�� A� � . ���� �6

. �� ����' � ��@��� ���� D�! "4 �� �;���� " � �������� � � �,���

P#��� "GB��4 5��� . ����G��� . ,��� A� �� �,� ����� �� ���

������ �B* �� ��;0 � ��������)��'(� 5���� ,�;�� ��, C D�! �

"�;���( ����;��� ���'(� �� 8)"�;��� 5��� � ,,'� �� ��� C D�! ���'(� (

��) �� ���'(� D�6)4 �� � ,?,'� �� ��� C D�! ���'(� .( �,��

5��� �� � ��P ��� ��� �� ����;��� ���'(�.

0)� ���� �� � :� � � ,�#��� �� � � A� � ������ �)�* �'�

�!��� 5��� �� ��� ��� 8��$� 7�� �� ��� exophora) �� (exophoric

reference � ���*�,�� ���'(�� ����;� ���� (endophoric reference)

4 �� �*�, ���'H� ��� "���:

Page 122: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��* ���'(� �)� ! ��� �� ���� 8���! ,!�;�� � �� ��6� 8���*�, �� ���

5����� D�! ��6 ��' �� ���*�,(anaphoric)5'B�� D�! ��6�

cataphoric) ) +�;#�� �P �9.1MB!� .( i�� ,�,' �� "���� ��� � Q����

�������� �#�*��� ��1����1 �;�� 8����'(� �)� ��� V ) � ��G�����

����'(�.

��*�� ���'(� ������'(� D ���� V,��� ,��� ���� �)� ����

@� �������� �John )��� ( ��) tree+�� ( ��run) A�� ( ��'6 D �� ���

� ?��� C�� 3 C���� �� 3 :N�6 ����! 8��,���� C�� 3� �� V ) 8I,�� C .

���*�� ��'(� �) ��� �� ��] �� ���� 8C I� D�! "��� 5�0.� 1

���= D�6 �� �"�;��� 5��� D�! ���'(� + . �����*�� ���'(� �� �� 2�0

���� �� ,�);��� <0;��� ����� ��GB�� �������� +,���� ���*�,�� ���'(��

8��1�G�� ��� ��6 �,��'� ��'(� �) ��� ����� . �� ��0;� <�� ��'�

����� �@,�'� :

]3:2[

That must have cost a lot of money. ���@� ����� VQ�� S�� �� ,� 1 .

��&>

��8�� ) ��&5�06�� 2� � 4(

���<�� )h�� 4�0 ��&5 6�� (

]{[± اL°ح�[ �KRی�

]��W�Lا ±]}[

�x]|�

Page 123: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��� ��6 �� ������ ����� ��� S�� 1that 8�����* �� ���*�, ���'6 ��'�

5����� T,'��� ��: ��� ���� : I've just been on holiday in

Tahiti) � ��0! � ��� � ���� (��P � ����� ��� ��� ���� �� D�6 �

�P��� ����'�� ���� �?') ��6 D'� 8���@3� ��=#�� V'�� �� �!����

O� �� ��� �� L�Q��� �1�' ��P �� ����]� 8/=�� ��] ������.

���*�, � ��� C��� ���'H� ,�1)��) ( �����* ��)����;� ( ��

��'��� C �� D�! V?���� �� ,� 1 I� 8�� 2���� �� 2��� i���� ���!

�� �;��0�.

�� ��0� �#)� ������ ������ � �����*�� ���'H� �� �� ��,;��� ���.�

��� +G����� "������ . �1�' �� ����! ��� D�! 4 �� I�'� �� ��'.�

�����1� � ��� "�;� "�;��� ��� ��6 �����*�� ���'(�

)language in action( ���) ��,� ����� "�; T�' � ���� I� �@ �

�!��� ,���� O� �� ��� �� 4 ���� 2�)� �� ����] S��� ���� T,'��

� ?�� ��� 8>�� ���� I� ��� ��,I��� ��� (Jean Ure) ������, �

������ ������ V�*�� .

���� �)�*�� ��� �� �� D�! ,������ �0; �� M�� , ! V:��� "���� ��

1 �����1� � � �� ��� ��] �� �0��� 8���' ��] �� �� ",! D�! �,

I� ��� ,�;��� < ;� ,� ���,; S�� 1 � � <� 8+,;�� ���'3� 2��] � . ��'�

����'(� �)� ��� +�@� D�6 ����� <��� ���� ��� ��] �� ���' ��] ��P

�� �3 ��� ��] ��6 �,� �� 8�����*�� ���'(� � �������� ��] ���=��

+,,'�.

��#03� �!��� ���� ��� +���� ��� � � �� ��6 �����*�� ���'(� ���E

���:3� . "� ���� 8"� � ���)�� ��#03� �)�* 8"� �� ���� ���!�#� ��' ��

Page 124: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��P ��0� �#)� �����* ���'6 �� ���)h� C�� 3� D�! ���'(� �0����

0�'��� � C�� 3� M�� ,����� ����� . ������ "�;� �� <:�.� 8�;��0�� L# ��

���B��� +,����� ��� � ��'�� �� ��� 8"�;��� 5��� �� ������ �����=��

M��! �� �@��@�� � �� ��� +�)��� ���� ��� ���'��:

]4:2[

Child : Why does THAT one come out ? �#0�� : D#*� �����A�P� C �(*)o

arent : That what? "3� : oS�� ����

Child : THAT one �#0�� : A�PC ��

Parent : That what? "3� :o S�� ����

Child : That ONE! S�� �#0��Q�!�� :

"3� : �� S�� ���� o C Parent : That one what?

Child : That lever there that you push to let the water out.

�#0�� :C���� R�*�� � ���, I��� S� � �*��� S��

��� 8 ���� C �� �' ��Q� �� � ���h� �� �#0�� ��� � �0*� "� 1 �� 3 �

"����� ���'� �� +���=��� ,��� 1 ������ ��'� � ��,� �� �� "���

�!�#�� ��,�#�� ��'���� � ��� �)'�� ��� ���.�� 8���*Z�.

�?����� ��) Bernstein ( �0�= I��� "B��� ���� �� �� 1��!

1"�� (restricted code)�����*�� ���'(� �� +������ ��� �� �

S�� ��@ +��@� ��,� �;��� ��= ��@'���� ,�� T�' �� �0�����.

_____________________

(*) ����one D�6 A�*� �1�' � "��E �� � <� 5����� �'�;� �� 2�'� C �� D�6 ",'�."

Page 125: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

I� "�;��� 5���� ��0���� T�' �� ��#)�� : �� �� � �����*�� ���'(�

,?�;�� ��� �� �,� ��: �� ���� � ��� 1 � 3 5������ . ��0;� �*� �

��� �����0; �� M�� ��� /= .

���?�� �� ���� �� ������� �1����1� ��� G����� � ���"5����� ,��: "

5����� ,��: ��, �� ������� �1����1�� . ��);�� 8��@��� ���� D�! 8A� �

�)� ����� �������G ����� ���) Perter Hawkins( T�'�� ���� 8

"B�� ����'� ��� � ����=� D�6 8T'��� ��!���(� +,'��� � ,!���

3� ,;� 8������� �;�0��� �0����� �;�0�� D�6 ��� � 8����*�� �� � ��#0

<��� ��#0p� ��?,:)04 ( �� �);�� ����' "� � 2�E0� ������ ��)

M�� �������)�� . �� ",;�� +�� ������ �,1�� D��3� +��)�� �@�E

�� �P +���� �@��@�� +��)�� �� �G ��� +��� �� +���� �� �� �@�� +��)��

2��� ������� +��)�� �@�� 82=��� ���B! ���! �,� ���� +,�� ��

��#03� .��);�� �� �����:

)1 (

Three boys are playing football and one boy kicks the ball and it goes through the

window and the ball breaks the window and the boys are looking at it and a man

comes out and shouts at them because they've broken the window so they run

away and then that lady looks out of her window and she tells the boys off.

�� �� �� ���� +���� ,�� D��� ",;�� +�� ������ ,1�� �@B@ ,1�3�� +��� �� +���� ��?��� +� ���P �

������ ��� +,?����� S�� ��P "@ ����� S��� +��� �� ����� "� 3 "���! f�)� ��� R�*� ����6

,1�3� �*?���.

)2(

They' re playing football and he kicks it and it goes through there, it breaks the

window and they are looking at it and he comes out and shouts at them because

they've broken it so they run away and then she looks out and she tells them off.

Page 126: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��#�� ��� %���� ��� �B�� /� ��� ���� ��<� %�� /� ��� �� �'��0 i�8� h��� '��5 /. �� ��� �#� �3 � �� B��� ����� �'�"�'��.

L���� ������ �� <��3� ��)�� ���;�� R�'� 1 8D��3� �);�� �

D �� ��� ����� ����3� ��)�� R�'� ,: �� �@�� �);�� � ��� 8�);�� . �);���

�� � ! �,Q�� �� 5������ +,?�;� ��] D��3���:���� �@�� 0�� �� �� �@�� �.

I�' ��] �� �� �� ��� � ,��� 1 8�);�� �� �@�� ������� 4*� ����

,� ���� 0��� ��]�" 5����� ,'" T�' �����*�� ���'(� D�! ,�� �� 3 8

���� ����1there, they, she, he��)�� ��,� . �������� �� P�'B �

! �)' 1 � � A�*3� D���5� ���������� �� ���� . �,���they 8he 8

he and she ��� �� ����� D�! three boys) ,1�� ��@B@( 8one boy

),��( 8a man and that lady )+,���� S�� ���( L ���� D�! V�� � 8

�������� �� ��#03�� ��3� 5�� ��6 �� V�� �� � ���� �>��=�� �B* ��

�);�� �B* ��. �� b �� �� 2�)�� �� L��� through there) ���

S� � �B* ( �through the window) +���� �� �B* �� .( 5��#�� �6

�� �� �������� ��� G�����three boys) ,1�� �@B@( 8one boy) ,��( � a

man)��� ( '�� 1� ���� ,' � +,,'� ��] �� 8�*c �>� i�# 1

)* I� ,���� 5������ ,' �@� 1 ����� �� �*c ���� �� ��=6 4�

context bound) . I�' A�*� ��� ���that lady D�! that ���'.��

,��� �� 8���*G ��� (Hawkins) 2�� ��;0 � ���� �� a lady . ������

���' 4*�the � "���(�� +��,��� through the window �P � 2.4.2

��#��.(

��6 "B� � 3 ���� 8�����*�� ���'(� D�6 ������ ��#03� "B� G?��

������(neighbourhood speech)���:3� ��#03� �!��� ��� I� 8 . 1

�����* ���'6 �� � � 1��'� �,�� � ��� ������ "B� �! ���;�� A�� "��

Page 127: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�� 3�� ��#03� 0���� �;��0 �� S B� S�� 2��� 8����! ��� � C

C�� 3� �B* �� "� �� ���� "�0����� . �!��� �!�# , ! 8"�;��� 5��� �@��

8I,���� 0�'��� � 8��0� �#)� ���:3��"C�� 3� " "��� S� � +,����

C����� .S� � ��;@ 5��� I� ��� � ����� ��G*� �=�� ,��� T�'� .

�� ��] ��� 8��� � ��� �����*�� ���'(� _�0 1 S��� ��� ,� �� ���0

�@�� _�=� ��� ���� . ����0 �6"+,�,'��� +�# �� "���� "��� � ������

���� "�� � �0*�� �� � 1� 8����6"+,�,'� " ,��� ; /�0)� ��

���)�� M�� � ��=�#�� ��]� 8����! ��� � 8+�# ��� "B��� 4��* D�6 ��'�

���1,�� .1 ��� �� "B��� ��� �@� �6������ ��!������ <���� �� 2�'�

�;�@� �0���� �� �� ���� �0����� ��!���1�8 �#)� �*� ��' 8��@���

����� �� :

" � �?���C �!��� 8�������� ���;@ �� 8�'Q����� ���;�� � ����;��� ��,'� 8

����0 +,� � � R��G3�� 8���:3� ��;������� ��#03�."

V)��� /�)�R������� "CB� 1 ��:��� D�6 �; ��6 . ,��� �6��� ��

D�6 ,��� 1 ������� ������ 5��� � +,�,'��� +�# �� ���*��� b>� �� D�!

5����� ��) 1 � 3 ���� 8+,�,'� �����!�� 8+,�,'��� +�# �� � �� G�!

���:3� �!���� ������ ���1,�� 2����3�� I����� .� ���� � ���� ��6 �

+,�,'��� +�# �� ����0 � ���� ��� �@�� ������� ������ ����0.

�1����� +�@�� 5�# +,�,'��� +�# �� +,�,! ���P� <�0��� ,��

�*� 8����>��� ��)>�)* A,'6 � 5����� ����� �� 16 8�����*�� ���'(�

(� �)� ��� ������ �� �� �� 1�� � ������ M�������*�� ���'(� � ����'.

�����* ��'(� �) ��� ���� 1 �� 8��� ,' � ���*�, ��"��'6"

���'(� ��)�* S��� �0���� ��� 82�'� . ��3 ������ � ��� �� ���'H�

,'�� �c � �����*� ���*�, �� 8�����* ��6� ���*�, ��6 . ��� � A� �

Page 128: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

V� )� �� � ��� �)� ! �� �)#�����*�, �� �����* ��' �)� ��� �� . ���

+,��'� ���E ���� ,' � ���'(� �:B! : �0���� � ��" <=�� � �P �

�*c ." 0;� ���*�,�� ���'(� ,� 8S�� D�! � ,�� �� 5�� ��� 8A�*� ��� ���

��:��� . � �����*�� ���'(� "���S ��;��� 5���� ����� 0�� �� 3 4 �� "

� "��� 1 �� � 16S �� <� ,'�� <0;� <0;� 4 �� �� �CG� BQ� .�� �*c

L��M� �?�! ��� 5��(� � � ��� �� � "��� 1 ��6 �� 8.

��#)� ���' 1� �����*�� ���'H� B�>= ������ ���E � 82���� ����

��)#��� . ���'(� <� i��� �� 5�� ��' ����� "�� ����4 �� �*�, .

�� �� ��;0 � �@� �� � ���� i�# 1� ������ ���*�,�� ���'(� <� ���� �

S��� 85��1� � "���� I��� ���� �0���� � ���� ���'(� �:B�� 5�����

����,�� M�� 5��� � �����3� ��� �� . ,?,' ��' 8��# �:��� �� T�"<

�' ���" �� ��� ��� ����� � ���'(� L��� D�! S��� "�; �' � ���

��'(� �����*�� ���'(�� ���*�,�� ���'(� ��� G����� ���!� ��, . �6

��P ���' I3 ,� 1� 8���'1� ��� S��� �) ! �� �� ��'(� �) ���

L��� D�! "�;� �� I����� "�P �� � �� ���� ���'H� �#�*��� O�� p�

?����� "��#��� b�,E ��' M�*Q I��� L������ 4�*�� �� �� D�! 1 ���'H� "

4 �� �.

2.2 �� ��� T�"<

���'(� �� O�� � �@B@ ,�� : ���'(�� ���� (� ���'(� 8�>��=�� � ���'(�

� ��;��� D�! ���,��.

Page 129: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

� �#�P��� D�! ���,�� �>����� �0���� ���'6 � �>��=�� � ���'(��

� �>� �B* �� "B��� "�;C7!��) (person) ��,���2.(

2�' ������ D�! ���,�� �>����� �0���� ���'6 � ���� (� ���'(��

��5��) ��,���3.(

�0���� "� +� ��� ��] ���'6 � � ��;��� D�! ���,�� ���'(��

� D�! ���,�� �>�����.� * � L� ! �� "<) ��,���4.(

"�����2 : ���>�� 1; ��*3�

���L�� �?)� ���&�� �)�#��

P�8� 6�@� : �N����� )�<�(

�R���� )/�(E� �//�� ��( 6�@)��/���( 6�@�( ��( 6�@ � �N����� ) ��/���( 6�@�(

���� ���( 6�@ �S� ���( 6�@

G�@� �/���( 6�@� �8� E�<� �G�@ �.��� 6�@

U[¨� وجtدي

آ[\� اKRU �x�x��Lل

KuUد) ض\�x(اس~

me mine my

you yours your We us ours our

he him his his she her hers her

they them theirs

it] its [its one one's

Page 130: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

"�����3 : ���!3� ��*3�

���L�� �?)� ���&�� �)�#��

P�8� ��<� : ���K ��� ��&�

#"$��4 : �� 5��� 9�� ����� �� ���

���' �� �#�P���

V )��

��;������� � �� : 5��0��

"���� ��� ��

VB*(�

) � 5��0 1 I�1��� (

�)�*�� � ��;��� :

KRU /�]�yل KRU :�}�yل ¯���x / إ�Wري

) ¶]Sأس ��Xا(

RX_ ��فsame identical equal identically

similar additional similarly likewise So much

other different else differently otherwise

Better more ·Lإ so more less equally ]tRXت اW�\Lر�X واW\\¨\Lت[

¸�x ا��W��X ��W��Xا

اL¨[\� اKRU �u]U �x�x��Lل /KRUل

KuUد ��ف KuUد

this these here] now[ that those there then

the

Page 131: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

����(� �!������ �*�, ���' �� ��'� �� �� ����'(� �)� ��� <��� ���

� ��;��� D�! ���,�� V��P�� i��� ���� (� V��P�� C� @��� . �� �����

_� i��� ����1� �!������ �� �� �G��� �#)� "?,; �� ��6 I���=��

(� �' ����] �� �'�=� �@�� ��'�0)� ������� ���')1.(

��� ���� �� ��,��� <=* ����1� �!������ ��;0 ��� �� ��� �6 �I��=

������ (Head) � #R�� (Modifier) I���*� . ?,���� ��)� ��� "�= ���

��� �;'1 �)� !� ����>��� ������ �;��� �)� ! . <�=��� � G����� ����

��� �� �� ?,���� �)� ���1,�� ��'� �� �� ���� ��8 �'��=� ,��#��� �� S���

_____________________

)1 ( ���' <�� ����1� �!������ ���' �6I�,���� �@� 8+�� � ��] �,�)� � M���P 5��� 8 :

English System Networks (1964) .8�P � 8��) �� �����,�� � ������(�

Ruqaiya Hasan, A linguistic study of contrasting features in the style of two

contemporary English prose writers, University of Edinburgh Ph.D thesis, 1964.

G.J Turner and B.A.Mohan, A linguistic description and computer program for

children's speech; London, Routledge et Kegan Paul, 1970.

� O�=����� 5��� _� ,����:

J.McH.Sinclair, A course in spoken English : Grammar; London, Oxford UP.,

1972.

��)#��� ���'�� ��� � "��� � �;'1:

M.A.K Halliday, Meaning of Modern English, London; Oxford UP

/�0)� ������ �=# ����)� ��"�$���� 1,� � /�0)���(� 2�����1����� �@�3� ������ :

� � ������ T�' ����,)6� ����� � /�0)��� ���� I�,���� ������ �� ���,'�1956 �! B;

W.S Allen) 1951( 2����� �! 8I�,���� 2�' 8����#�� �!������ VB*� �� �*Z� 2����� 8

����� ����1� �!������ �� <� 8��#�� ������ �� ,� 1 S��� 8�� ,' D�6 ������� ��1� 2�

��06 D�6 � � ����1� �!������ /�0)� �� ��� 8�1�'�� <��� � ����#�� �!������ /�0)�

��1� 2����� �! V�*� ����#� .

Page 132: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��'�0)� �0���� ����>��� ������ 5��� I��� ��,��� �� �.� � #D��

(premodifier)�� � ����� I��� ��,�.�) #D�� (postmodifier) #� 8

���� ��@���:

]5:2[

The two high stone walls along the roadside

5��0�� � �� ��0 D�! �������� �����'�� ����,���(*)

� ����>��� ������walls �� 5����� �,���� ���� 8The two high

stone�� 5'B�� �,���� ��� �� �?�� .along the roadside

�� "�! "�� 8L � "�� �0���� ��0� �#)� ����>��� ������ �! �?��.�

���= . ��� ��,��� ��; �� � 0;� L ��� C���� 8���'3� 2��] ��

��,�#�� ,� �� "���� C����� �>��=��)��#�� �P �.(

D �E ����1� �!������� �*c ,�� <� � ��G ������ ,���� ��–

�! �?�� �� �� ����� �#�P�� 4�*��)"����� ���� ( <:���� �� +���P

)4.3.1��#�� ( 1 �� � "]� 8�,���� � ��!�� "��:� T�,'6 D�6 I,X� ��� 8

?��� �� �; � ��� � ����,� 8� ��� ��� 8�@� �� ��� ��!�� ��>� B�� ���E�

��1,�� ��06 � V�*� #�P� . � �� ��� M�� �)� ! �@�-� !��

(Deictic) 8-�� �� (Numerative) 8�'�'7�� (Epithet) 8��'���

(Classifier) 8D"����� (Qualifier)���� � ��� 8Q�!�� (Thing) .

___________________

(*) ���� two high the �� � ! ������ D @��� D �� ��= �� �������� D�6two �

��G��� (� .�� 5'B�� �,����� 5����� �,����� ����>��� ������ ���P( �� ��� D�! �P�#' ���� ���:

5��0�� � �� ��0 D�! ����,��� �����'�� ��������.

����,��� : �����'�� �������� 8����>� ���� : 5��0�� � �� ��0 D�! 85��� �?,�� :5'1 �?,��.

Page 133: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�' �� ����� �� I� � ��]5:2[������ V� )� ��*3� �0��� �?��.� 8

)0;� +,'�� ���' � ����� ��?�'� �!���� �� ( 8� ?��� V>�P� 5Q;' ��

�#�P�� �� � V ) �� 0��� ��0� V� )� ��.

5��0�� � �� D�! �������� �����'�� ����,���

�� ���� 5��� �����"��������" �� I,�,��� 8,,'� �� ��'�� ����0� I�� (�� 8

�*c "?��� �� ,,! "��quantifier "�� � �# )���� �� � �)�)*�� 8

V ) �� ����;� � 1 V>�P��� V� )3� �;��0� ��� 8"�! "�6 �� L �

�' D�! �# )�� I�� h� ��� ��@��� ���� D�! ��� ��� 8+,'�� �#�P��

8��P ��@�:

��� ��� "�,;�� ��'3� "����

Their famous old red wine

��'� ,�� "�,: "� ��� � Deictic Deictic Epithet Classifier Thing

C I�� 6 �)�)* �# )� I�� 6 Determiner adjective adjective adjective noun

"�� ,,'� �� �� ��

The two high stone walls along the roadside

��Wل سKRU ل  ح� رأسKRU

t|Uب ��ء K} ��x�¯ �Sa�Uدي إ�Wري

Kد KuUد اس~ اس~ RX_ {] �|¶ ج\[� [

±a|Lا :�x��aU

�x|ت��ی

ا�صWaف

Page 134: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

) �� ��famous –��� �� � famous victory ���� � �) �� 8red

–��'�� � red paint ���'� CB0��)�)*� ��� � �� ���� .( �6

��?��� ��?�'� ���� +���! �� ��'�� ����0� 2�����(rankshifted relative

clause) ���� ���� �� �� (prepositional phrase) . �)� ! ��P ,:

C �� C� @��� +,'�� +�� �� �@�� �������� �� ���"Thing" �� "���� <� 8

D�! �,� 1 ��� �5��� &*���(coordination) ��;� �� �)� ��� �� ���

��,�#�� ��,'�� ���– � 0;� ,'�� C � ����� ,��� boys and girls

)�� �� ,1�� ( � 0;� +,'�� �)�)*� ��� ,����hot or cold tea

),��� "� �*�� I� .(

8����>� ���� ��>�, � � ,�� 8�� �;��0� V�* �� ��;0 ��� �� ��� ���

�;��0� ��� _� ����� 8������ �#�P� ��� � G��� 8���� V ) ���

���� ��,��� �B* �� �=��:

�� ������ ��G

These two customers these these two

�>��G�� ���� �� @� ���� ���� �� @�

����

����>�

�,�� ����

����>�

����

����>�

�,��

C �� I,,! I�� 6

I�� 6

I,,!

I�� 6

� ��: ��the old 8�)�)*�� �#�P�� ����>��� ������ �#�P� b�, 8

� ��: � �@������the red) D ���"��'3� ��� �� " ��@� :I'll take the red

���'3� 2� �� (�# )���� ����>��� ������ b�, . ����>��� ������ ��� ��'

� ��'�� �� ��� 80;� L � "�� ���� �� 8���� ]5:2 [ �� "�! "�� ��

Page 135: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�=�� ���=) . ���� ������ � +,�! ��P� I��� ��� (� I,�#��4�� 8

�� ���� ��� ��� �@� :

������ O�0���� �,: 2Q � �4�)� "�1� D ��� 1 �� ,);� I��� " ������

����(� "(nominal word) 3 "?����� 00*��� � ����.��� 8������ V� )

"�(� D ���2 I� 8����; �1�'�� <��� � " ��@�� �����!�� ����1� ������

��0� C ��" :Q ; � � ,,��� "��� 8�� �� )"?��� ( ,,'����40 " ���=��

L ��� "��� "���� "��� . ���� ����.�4�� 4�� "< U$�� 4�� ���� ��'

�� L ��� "�� ���� �����= <� "���� "�� Q ; �� 2�� ,���1� 8���=��

"���� C���� �3 0;� D ���� ���� "�1� �����1 4�* +,�,! 5�0� ��

�>��=��L ��� C���� D�6 L��;��� . ���� ��4�)�"�1� D ��� � ��'� 3 8

"L � "�� "5����� �� S�� /=� ��' 80;� . �1����1� <��� 2Q � �

"�H� A�*3� ������� �� D�!� �)� ! D�! ��1,�� ���� ����� ��–

"���Q��� �B����� 8��������(nominalization)�!� ��� ���� .

2�)� ��> 1 P�#�

��> 2 ���� ��5 �� �.�&� =) � �� (

���* ��0 �� ��� �� )3ا¢س~(

����� P�8�

Page 136: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�?,�� ��,� +,�! ��P �� ����= �� "�! "�� ����>��� ������ � �� ��6 . �6

��� � � ����� ��'� G���� ����1� �!������ _� � ���' � <����

������ �� �,;�� ��� ���] D�6 �� ��� _� � /�=� "���� �� ��� ��� 8

5��1�� 5�� 2���3 ��)#�� . S��� 8C�� 3� V� )� L ��� C���� ���E

V>�P�� "���� D ���� �@��� 8��=6 4�)*� i�� �� ��'��� ��

D �� � 2������ �# )��� 8�)�)*�� 8I,�,��� 8I�� (�C�'7 �� . "�;�

�C��� ,' D�! +,,'���� +,,'��� ��] ������ �0���� 4�)*��� I�� (

) a train� ���0: � 8which train? – o���0: I� � 8all trains – ���

����0;��� ( ���'(� L��� D�! ��>�;�� ������ "=�)this train � ��0;�� ���

– my train –I��0:�( 2���� �� ������ �0���� I,�,���� 8)two trains

–����0:� 8next train ����� ��0;��( D��! ���'(� �0���� �)�)*�� 8

�!�� V ) D�! ���'(� �0���� �# )���� 8��)�* )- express trains

����� ����0:� 8passenger trains � ���������� �����0:�( 2������ 8

��� �� +G?��� �:B! D�! ���'(� �0����)trains for London �0: ����

�, � �' � 8train I'm on��*�,� � � ��0: ( . D��! V>��P��� M��� �*,�

��#�P� �� G��� T�' ��,��� ��;0 ��� �� ��� �B* �� ����(� �!������

������ �#)� ��,��� ����: ���� L ��� C���� ���E S��� 8�,���� . +,�!�;��

��=6 4�)* I� "���� C����� �>��=�� ��; 1 ."= �>��=�� �>� �� �0

C7!�� � 1D�� ��: �� �0 . ��)� ! 8�� ��� ��� 84* �� �>��= ���E

��� ��� �=�# I��� 4�)*�� ,,'E ������ ����'6 . ���] �>���=�� ����

+,,'���) ��@� :something � �� C � 8everybody �4* �� ( ���

� ?��� ��� �� � �;��� ��=��� 6 1� 4?)*� ��] � I� ����=6 �����

��� 4�)* . 8���� ,' � �)?)*� S��� �� 4�* 3� "���� C���� ���

�� ���'�� ��� ���� ��,���� ��; �� �����that Charlie Brown 8

Page 137: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

beautiful Buttermere �� V�*� ��,���� �� ��� �� �; � �#�P� M���

���� 2 ���) ��@� : P � 8V�'�� ��;� 1 #)��� �?,���� �)#�� �4 .( ���]

L �� "�� ����>��� ������ � �� ��6 �,���� ,��� � �@�� ���0�� 0� �� ��

���= �� "�! "�� � �� ��6 M,��� ",!�.

!�#�� ��,��� ��� ��� �:B��� ,�� 8���*�� (submodification) ���� ����

��=6 V)�� B��: �,���� .��� �@�� ��!�#�� �1,(Submodifiers)

�@� V��P�� � ��0� �#)� : very)�,�( 8 equally) I������( 8

too)�=�� .( ���� �� ��� �� �����prepositional group) ( ��?�'�

�@� �����in every way) '�� �� �� � ( �in every way valiant

attempt) '�� �� �� � �!�� ����'�( .�@�� ��!�#�� �1,���� ��� +

����] � ,�� �� ����� �)�)*�� � .

� :� � , ! +,�,! 0�; � ����(� �!������ �� � D�6 �� �� I���=�� ��

5��(� . �!������ V��� ���� 8V�'�� ��P �� �,)��� ��@�� ��� �

������ b�,E ������ ���P C D�! I�' 1 �!����� ����'�� ����(�

�#�P� � ����>���A�*� . 5��B� A�*3� O�� 3� �! ���'(� G��� �� �6

�*�, ����'(� �)� ��� <��� ,�� T�' 82����� ��(� �����0 ��

���� (� V��P�� C� @��� ����(� �!������ ) here� � ( 8 there)S� �( 8

now) �Z� ( �then) �> �' ( � ��;��� D�! ���,�� V��P�� i���

)(comparative adverbs . �� ��� � � ��� �#�P� I,X �� �� ����

"�������� " ����0�� 1 ��� � �� 1 ��� �� ��] 82������ �# )��� C� @���

8�*c C � ��'(� �) ��� ���� ��� 8S�� ��� ��� �� ��:��� ���'6 b�,

I�� 6 ��@� 8����� ���'� ����(� �!������ � 8��0� �#)� : ��'that

D�!box � ]6:2: [

Page 138: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

It's an old box camera.- I never had one of that kind.

���,: ���) ��c �� 6 .�O� �� S�� �� +,'�� D�! �,�� �?)'� "� .

�!������ � ��#�P� L��� D�! ">�: ��] ����'(� �)� ��� V� ) �6

���'(� O� L��� D�! �� ����(� .� )�� ��� ���.� � ���1, V "� 1�

���' �� �#�P��� 2�' . I��� �� ��� ���'(� O� 0��� 8��# �:��� ��

����'6 �)� �� ��� �� ������ V� )��� �' �� � M�* . "�� �� ���

��'�� D=:� ���� �� ���� ���@�� � :� �:

3.2�� �0�� �� �� ��� :

�>� "=�� �0��� �@B@�� V� )3� 4* �� �>��= � ��@���(personal

pronouns)����l��� ��,?,'� 8(possessive determiners) ) +,�! D��

"������� ��� "possessive adjectives ( ������� �>��=�(possessive

pronouns) . M�)� ! �3 I,��;�� �' �� � �>#�� M��� "�! "�� ,��� 1

<� �#�*� V� )� D�6 � ��3� �;�;' � �@� �� ��� ��� ��� �����,� ,?,�

4* �� "�P ��� �,'�� ���P :

Page 139: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

0;� ,'�� "���I

"��� �� �@�� we

"B��� ���,�

20�\*���)���0�\*��� (you

4* �� ����he

! �:�

T X�she

,,'� �:�! ��]it

A�*� ���,� <��they

"?��� �:�! one

~]¨�\Lا

�SUد

Page 140: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��,� �� �� :

"B��� ���,� *� ���,�A�

,,'�

"�����

20�\*��� �:�! �:�! ��]

"��� �:�!

he him

his his

One

I me

mine my

you you

she her hers her

it it

[its] it

more than more

we us ours our

yours your them their

they theirs

one one

_ one's

5���0 �! �� C D�! ��' �� 8����'6 �)� ! �)� ��� M�� �� ���E

"B��� "�;� � M��, �� �#�P� ,�,' . �� ��� ���'(� "�P V��.� C7I!��

)person( ����� T�' 8"person " �*�� D ����� ��� 4�"��," ���>#��� 8

� ��,��; ��� V����� : #"+� C7!��8 � ;�� C7!�� 8 V� ;�� C7!�� (*)

,,��� ��>� <� �*�,� ����� �� � 6�$��. ��1, � ,������ ��'�� "�P ���

O� �� ��� �� ��>�, 5�0 � ,��� ������"��@��� " ��� MB!� "�P ��� 8�� �;��0�

____________________ (*) ��� T��@�� 4* �� ��� 820�*��� ���= �� �@�� 4* ��� 8"Q����� ���= �� ��3� 4* ��

2>���� ���=.

Page 141: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�� M��� "�� 8��,�;� �� ��=6 ,�;� ,��� <� ��G��� (�� 4�*�� "�P ��

��� ���)* B�� �1�����1�� D��� �� S�� � ��� � :� ���we 8you

�they.

/�0)� �,�� ,:! C7 ����� "=� "�P �� �3 8B��: BQ�=� "��)* B�� "

)�)Q* � ��] �0���� �� �:���� D�! ���, I� 8��)* ���G 1 �� ( ���

��� 8��,���� C�� 3� D�! ���'6 I� ��)* ��] B�� �����!�� ���'(� "=�

D ���� �! �?�� �� ����� ,�,' ��� � ���' �� ��'�0)��� "P��

����� �;��0�� M��� ��,��� ����� 8����,�� O�=�� �>#�� 0� �� �� IG

����� ����� �0��� ���� ."�� ������ ��6 �>�,��� ��� ,:)* ( ,?���

��6� 8������ ���: ��� ��� ���� �� ,�,!3�� V��'��� �='� �;��0�

�� �� 1��#�� B�;@ /�)� �� ��!��� 8�:, �@�� ���� 5�;'� ����'� T�'

2����� . ;�� /�0)����"person " ���P ��� D�6 � � 1 ��� ,' �

�,���� ����� ������ ,?��� �� �� 8�����.

1.3.2 C7!�� 4 M �� ��)�� ���� �� :

"�P � ,);.�C7!�� C�� �� 4�* � D�! ���'(� ��0���� "� �� �>�����

) �!���� ������ �B* �� +G?��� ��' G��� �����*1� �� +���

��� ����� G����� "�� 8"B��� "�;� � ��G����� ��#�P�� �)�*�� ����0��

��P�� C 7!+� 4@��"< #/7 �� #'�" �� ����� �� �"W�X� ��� ��

A�*� ��� �� ������ :��� . ��3� V�0�� ?��E �4/=�� ��"<���,� ��

_____________________

)* ( "������ L��;�� � �� ���� �?��� "B��� "��:� �� "�: �� "u����) "��� 8������� �� � 8�P �

4 8������� ��'�0)���271.(

Page 142: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

E�= ����>* 7���" 4"����� ��� ?��.� ������ ����,�� ���� . ���� "2\0�*��� "

�� 1,�"<����� " ��"<����� " D �� _��:1" 4* ��X� -P�� 4�= ��� LD��

5�.�� �)���� "��,) <�� �� O���1� ��*� �� �! MG���� . �� ��

�0���� �@��N�7< ���"<+Gl����� ������ :�� "=� ��� 8Q ; � � "�����

2\0�*���� . �@��� ��3� 4* �� ��� 4* �� ��,��;�� ��>#�� � G����� "�

��� ��(we, you, I)�@�� 4* ��� A�*� ��� �� T�)one, they, it,

she, he.(

����P��� ,'�� �� ��� �*�, M�� 4* �� q�) �� ���) �� ��P :

�� ���� S���� �� �� ����! � S�� �� C��� . ��3� 5��0 ��6 &'

Q ��+� !�#�� V )�� 8�� �0�� ����>� ����� ��!� 8–,�'� �) !� �

�) ��6 �� ��� ����1� �!������ �!������ S� ��� ��' 8+,'�� ��

B!�� ����(�(one, they, it, she, he, we, you, I) ���) �� ���� 8

B!�� �,!�� C I� ����1� �!������ ��� ��' �1�'�� "P�� � �#�*�

(one, them, it, her, him, us, you, me) . V ) �@�� 5��0 ��6�

����� C��� ���� ��� ��,,'.�������>�

its ], hers, his, ours, yours, mine) [ (theirs,�,��� ��

(one's, their, [its], her, his, our; your, my) ��@��� ���� D�!� :

a) I had a cat I: S�� �,

�!�� ���= ����>� ����

b) the cat pleased me me:S�� � ,

L�� B!�� ���= ����>� ����

C) take mine mine: S��� ,?,'� ����>� ����

d) My plate's empty my : S��� ,?,'� �?,��

Page 143: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�� P'B oneS���� �,�� ��P� 1 /� � � <� ����>� ����S���� ��P/ 8�,��

��; �� � ��� : Do they pay one's debts?)"� ��, ��,?,� ��(8

��;�� � ��� 1� :Do they only pay their own debts?8

��Do they also pay one's?�;'1 � ?��E � i��� . ���) ��� �� ��,�

its��P� 8�)'�� ���� /=�� 2�� ,��� 1 � � <� ����>� ���� B��

�@� �1�':

]7:2[

You know that mouse you saw? Well that whole there must be its.

o�\��� I��� ��#�� S�� "��� �� � � ,� 1 S� � ���� S�� � �'.

������>��� ���>#�� ��� �>� �� � "�P �� �*�, ��=6 G��� ,���

��>��=� . , ��G��� (� � 4* �� "�P V��� "������� "B��� ���,� �*�I"

" 2\0�*���� "you" 2������� ���\0�*��� ,,! ��� G��� I� "�;.� 1� 80;�

� ,���� �� ��!���1� "������ 2\0�*��� ��� !���1* . "�=� ��� S�� <��

�@��@ ���)"we" ���� ,: 8���*c 4�* � �� �*c 4* <� "����� �@�

* (� G?��E ������ �� ��G��� ���thou) V���� 8,�#� (�you) �� "��'1� D�! Y�,� ,�#� �� <��

PQ#'��( ��� ����' ��� �#�� G?��E ��� ���� 8tu� vous . � �,���� ,�� "� G����� ��� �� ��]

i�� C� @��� ��G��� 1� ��!?� <��� 5��0 � �!��� ���� ��� ��� �� � ��#���� �������

���G�� . ������ �6thee�� 4�*�� "C�:,)3� �#>�0 "(Quaker) ,��; �� I� +� ��� L��� 1

����� � �)� "�,*�� ] ."C�:,)3� �#>�0" � � ��?�� �� ����� �#>�0 � 1652 ,� D�!

L��� R��� (George Fox),��� D�6 �!, 8������ "�P �=��� 5B*3�� ���.[

Page 144: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

2\0�*���)\0�*��� ����� (���� 1 ,:� "� �� �� �,'��*.

D�! ��' �� S� I� 8�)� ��� :�� 4*� ���� �,� �'=�� G����� �,��

2\0�*��� 1� "����� 1 8A�*� ���,� . ��� ��?��� ��)* ���) ,���

8�:�! ��'.�one ���� 8"����E�� " ��� �#�� ��on ���@� ��� 1 �� � 16 8

�@� �!�#�on .� �� "��E �� ���� 8���� ��@��one D�6 0;� �� �@��

<��3� ��� �� ��� �#��:

���) �6let's try �� ��3� ���) � try ��� 8let's us try ��=

� ��3�let) � ��'�� �� ���let John try... N�6) O,���'.� ��� ((

��"(you) allow us to try)")) � � (�'���� � � /������ ( ���� T�'

��us"B��� ���6 �?��� I��� 4* �� ,���� �� . 8�1�'�� M�� �@� ��

"�;�us��0� �#)� ���� .

]8:2[

They couldn't do a thing like that to one.- One never knows, does one?- It makes

one think, though.

����0�� "�S�� �@� C � "��;�� .– "��� 1 oC���� ����� 8�,�� C���� .–] ��� [ <� 8��#� C���� ����

S��.

���� 4*� ���� ������3� ��G��� (�� �� �0����� ��G��� (� ��� 5�� ,���

one������ �*�, : �� P#' D��3��one ���� � �� �� �@ �����P , !

������ . �� ��,�! �#)� ���,��� �� �@�� ���he:

* �� D�6 +�� (� �� �"4* �� "�P "��3� ��� � ���� �;���� . ��>�, �� ��3� ���� � �!�#���

�) !"���=��" �#)� "Q����� ���*1� <��� � 8���,.� ��>�, 2\0�*��� ���� ���'�� M�� � ���� 8

�:� �� �@�� .�� ���� 8A�*� +������ ��� ����(you) go!) 2��� (�let's go!) 2�� �( ��=� T�' 8

let's ��>�, "you ." ��6let's �,��� 1 let us ���.� T�' us �� ����� I,���� 4* �� "�P �� �CG�

2\0�*��� ,����.

Page 145: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

] 9:2[

One can hardly expected to reveal one's/his innermost secrets to the first casual

enquirer, can one/he?

<�0�� �� �� 8�>�� ��3 ��#*�� M����� #� C���� �� <Q:� �� ���� ��Q�:/oC���� <�0�� ��) *(.

:�� ���"A�*3� ���,3� " ��?��� ��] �� :'� ���'6 ��' D�! +,?,

C�� 3� �� 4�* 3� . ����� � ��3� L�,�� �� ��>#�� D�! V?���� "��

2��0 ��� ��� ��� ��G��� (� :they 4�* 3� ��� G����� ��, <����

8C�� 3��he8��� �:�! ,�#�� she 8T X� �:�! ,�#�� it �:�! ��] ,�#�� .

��'�� 4�* �� � ��'� �� ���'�� �! ������ "��C�� �� A�*� � .

�0���� 5�*�� D ,3� 2����� D�! ���'(� "it ��6 D�!3� 2����� D�!� 8

�0����it �0���� �� he /she �Q@�� ���?����� �� ���� ,,! D�! �,��!�

���� O� ��� "Q����� �:B! � ������ �#)�) 8�!�G��� ����'� O��G� B@�

��l���� P'� ����' (� ���=�� )* �� ��=#� . ���'(� ��� ��'�

���) ����E 8M,�,' ��, �� �� � ����� ��, ��� 6 D�!he �� ��� 8

���� ��@��� � ��'��:

]10:2[

If the buyer wants to know the condition of the property, he has to have another

survey carried out on his own behalf*.

6I� ��� ,��� �� �< ���' V��� A�*� � ����� "�;� �� ���! 8���w�l����*c 4* �0���� .

�� ��� ���' �� ��'� �� �� �������� ��] ���)�� �� ������ �� �� ����

+��@� ���� � ��'�� .�*c ���P� ��� ���� "� 3 i���� ��� �� � �� ����

)*( �� � ��� one D�6 "��E ���'�� M�� �� 85����� 2�' "��E "C����."

* The Legal Side of Buying a House, Consumers' Association

Page 146: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

D�! ,����� ��,���� C�� �� O�=*(he �� she) she ��he1��'� ( �

�1�'�� M�� �@�.

���� ,�� �� �)�� ����� #� 8L ��� T�' �� G����� ������ �� "G�E 1

� 0;� +,'��he� she <���� 0;� +,'�� ���� ��G��� (� � ,�� ���

they) �����;��ils� elles .( ������ �� �� �� � ��� 1�he _�0�

� � ��)� �� ���� ��""������ ��] ������ " ������ N��� D�6 ,�� ��

�������, ���� . �#�X� �����Breakthrough to Literacy Teacher's

Manual "he"� �#0�� D�! ��1,�� "she" L��� D�! 8������� D�! ��1,��

C�� ���'3� 2��] � "� ��#03� ���� �� . � �1,�1� ��� ��P��

���� ��@���:

]11:2[

It is most important to note that a child who tells his teacher an imaginative story

which she subsequently writes down for him is not engaged in creative writing;

but in creative speaking.

L���� "� �� ���� �� ��Q���� �����* �): I��� I��� �#0�� �� ��� �� �,� "���� ��������

!�,�(� "B��� �� ��!�,�(�.

���� I��� L���� 2Q � ��!�0�� "� 3 ������� �� �� ��#�X��� �� S 1

�6 ��P� �� ��)* q�) �0���� "������ �#0�� �� �� D�! ���'(� �� �

��@���.

Page 147: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

2.3.2 N�7< ��"<" 4/=�� ��"< :

�#�P� ��� ����'6 �)� �� ��G��� (� ����� � +�@�� �>��=�� q�) ����E

�� L�;� ���� ��@���� 8��'�=� ��@�� D�6 R�' ���: � � ���,� ��:���

��� �@,�'� L�l�[�(Alice) ���G3��:

]12:2 [

'Aren't you sometimes frightened at being planted out here, with nobody to take

care of you?'

'There's the tree in the middle', said the Rose. 'What else is it good for?'

'But what could it do, if danger came?' Alice asked.

'It could bark', said the Rose.

'It says "Bough-wough"' cried a Daizy : 'that's why its branches are called boughs!'

"S�!�� ,'� ,��� 1 � � ������ � �� V�*��� � ��'� ���� 1� "o

H "�� � �=�� �� �� ,��� �� 80���� � +�� �� ,��"+,���� �?,� 8

H " ���� ����0*�� ���' � ��# �� ��!�0��� " ����L�l�[�

H "/� �� �� ���h�"+,���� ���: 8

H "bough-wough" 8+��G �*�) 8" �� �)]� D��E S���boughs.

��'it � 8���� <��� �����P� its D�! +,'�� +�� the tree) +�� �� (

��1� �)� ���� �>��=�� ������ �@� ��,;�� 8����: ���'6 8��!�� � <���� ��:

��B �� ���� �� ����3� �P � 8���! ��'� 2��] <�i��3� 2 �3�

)The White Rabbit( � 8S��� �'�=� "L�l�[�2>����� ,B� � "

(Alice in wonderland) �)#�� 812 ����0� 8 :

Page 148: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

]13:2[

'They told me you had been to her "� ���*���, ! � � S

And mentioned me to him' M, ! �����"

1�@� ������� +,�);�� ,���>�� �V>�G 4 � .

"B��� ���,� ��� G����� �� ,� 1 S���) �@��� ��3� 4* �� (

A�*3� ���,3��)T��@�� 4* �� .(4* �� ���.� ��:��� M,'�� T��@��

����: ���'6 ��0� ��' ���) �3 "GB���4 �� � 5��� �) ! D�! . ���

q�) �:B06 4 �� D�! �����0 �#)� ��' 1 �� �@��� ��3� 4* ��

��6 �?�X.�� <������ "������ �)�*�� "B��� ���,�� ���! ��'��� ,,'� T�'

*�� ���'(� �0���� �����0 �#)�"�;��� D�! ���'(� I� ����� . ��� ����

��>,�� ���� G����� : ?,�.� 1 I��� T��@�� 4* �� ��� 4* �� "�P �*�, G?��.�

"�)* "–���, ,�.� 1� "B��� "�;� T�' �� ��� ) 0;� # ��� �#��� ����

" �@�� 1� ��3� 1("� �����.� ������ �@��� ��3� 4* �� ���� 8���,� �

"B��� "�;� .q�) ��' ��' � "�;��� D�! ������ �@��� ��3� 4* ��

4 �� D�! ��,�� �� ����: ���'6 ����� T��@�� 4* �� q�) ��'.

�� ����#�� ���'(� 2���� ����I � you����1� ",! �� 1 : ����

�� ,� ���� "B��� � ����: ���'6 ������� ����� � �B�'�)"� ����� (" ����;�

MC��: ���� 2���� 20�*� �� �1�'�� S��. ��@��� #� ]34:1[ �� ��� 8I

�you ��� ��� ���! ��'� L�l�[��0;��� . �� ��� ���; �]14:2[

]14:2[

There were a brief note from Susan. She just said, "I am not coming home this

weekend"

����G���+G��� �P'B� . 0;� ���: :"O���3� ���� � ����� D�6 c 1".

Page 149: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��'� T�'I D�! ����: ���'6 ���;��� +������ � ��G��) Susan ( +,�����

�@� ���� 8D��3� ������ �she�� �;����� . ����;�� ���'(� �1�' � M��

+� ��� ��] � �� �6� . ��G� 1I 8"����� D�! ��'� � �P �� � ��! ���

���� ,�,'� 4 �� . D�! V���� "� "����� D�!�I � you �B* ��

"�;��� . 84 �� � ��� ��' "B��� ���,� �� ���, ������ �' �� �� +,�!

�� ,� ���� "B��� �1�' ��.

,��� ��,�! �#)� T��@�� 4* �� ���) =; 8S�� L�! D�!�

��� � ���! ��'����� ��] 4 �� ��P� ����] , !� 84 �� � �� �.

D �� �6"2\0�*��� �� "Q����� C� @��� ������ 4* �� " �,?,'� ���� ,���

���P �� T�'�he �:��� "�! "�� �� L � "�� ��0� �#)� M����� i�#�

����� ,�#� . ��#)� �@��� ��3� 4* �� q�)� ���� 8��# �:��� ��

�0� �����*����: ���'6 ��' �� �8 T��@�� 4* �� q�)� ���� ��� ����

� ,���� �� C �� 4* D�6 �����* ���'6 ��' �� ��0� +,>�! ��#)�

B��� �) ���� ��@��� ��P� �� ����� 8"�;��� 5���:

]15:2 [

Oh, he's already been?- Yes, he went by about five minutes ago.

5�� 8�� o � � ��� ��� � ���' � � 2�� "� 55>�:, .

���� �� D�6 2����� ����0 �� he � �:3� D�! 82����� ��� ��� �'=��

M�P . �6",���]M ["�;��� 5��� � " � ���0 ,��� +���=��� �� 1

�# c S�� D�! � ,�� ��� ���!�#��� S��,6 ����8 /��� "�;��� 5��� �� �� ��

;'���] 1 5��0�� 5� .' MB!� ��@��� 0�'� ���� �� ����T, ��� "� ��

Q����� P'B� T�' ����3� ��)'�� 8,�; �� ��'� ��� 8��3� "4�* 3�

����� ����,� 1 �� ��0�'� ����� . �@���� 8����� ��,��� ��# �:��� ��

Page 150: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��he ��� �'=�� ���� ��� 8��P 3� �! 2>�] 8���'�� � �������� ��� .

8A�*3� ����'(� �)� ��� ��� ��� ��'�� �� ��� 8���*�� D�6 ��� �� ����

�����;� B�� � �� T��@�� 4* �� q�) ���'( ���)3� ���)�� �8 ���

�����*�� ���'(� �� ������ �; � ���*�,�� ���'(� . �� � ,�;!1 2���� ,��

���'(��%/����� �#)� ����;� ��) �:B! �� ��,��1� �� �� ��) �P �

�)#��3 .( 8��� ������� �� � ������ ��) � 4* �� ���'( ��0� ��

��:��� .Q@� 84�) �� �� ,�,��� �� �@�3� V )�� T��@�� 4* �� q�) �

��:��1� �)� ��� ��� �� �����.

4* �� ���= ,��� 8���*��"S�� ��� "we� �� � ���� 8 D�! ��'

Q����� ��] 1 20�*���� "")� �� � � ("0;� "B��� ���,� M� �� � "=�� .

?��� �� � ��� ���� 2>���� �>��= �� ���= �� �� <)2\0�*��� ,����

I� � �,� ��he/she/they� I �� he/she/they� I� you ���'�� M�� �� 8

���! B�'� =;�� ���� � ����"�*Z� ��,�� ."��� 8�����* ���� �� ��

,�� L�>� ����� ���we?,'� �� �!������ D�!� ��� D�! ���'H� T

� ! ��>�] �� ��� +�=�' ��� ,:� 8������ . "��#� ���.� �����""�;��� "

?��� ����#�?,'.� 1� �,8Lx�X��� ������� �� ����� ��� ���0�� ,������ ,

Q@�� ���#� � ���'�� M�� � � ����� 50� �� ""���*Z� "��� T,'���

)���*Z� "���� ����� ��(" . �� ���� ���we ��@� 8����: ���'6 ��'.� �� :

]16:2 [

My husband and I are leaving. We have seen quite enough of this unpleasantness.

2!���� �� #�� �� � ��� 8���,��� � �� ��G.

�� ����� ���E 8��;�>��=�� "B��� ���,� D�! ��' �� )Q����� "

2\0�*���� ( "= �� ���'(� T�' �� ��0� �#)� �����*I� you8

Page 151: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

� we D ���you� I +,>�! S��� �� 8�� ,� ���� "B��� � +,>�! /�)� 8

\;��� ������� ����� O�� � � �����0 �#)�)���*�� 4 . "�;��� 5��� "=� �

\;��) 4"���'(� 5���" �1�'(� ��� S��� 8��# 4 �� �� D �.� ���* ��� 8

���*�, ��3� ���� � � ��*�,� .\;�� � ,����) ���� ����� �� C���� 4

�� ��0��I� you���'�� � ��,������ . 82����� 4 �� D;�� S�� <��

"�;��� ���*�� 5������ �P#'� 8�,'�� B� �#)� ��'.� �� 2���� ���� T�'

�@� 8��� D�! ��6 �����* ���'6I� We �>��: D�! �� 8)?�: ���>� ( �@�you

������ D�! �� .\;��� 8�>����� ���� � T,'� �� ����) ���) ������� 4

8�� B!(� �� ������� D�6 ������� ������� 5>�@���� ��� (�� 8"�����

��@��� ���� D�!�:

]17:2 [

a- Dear Carrie: How are you? I had a strange dream about you last night – we

were wandering together through a dense forest …

G�G! I��� : ��=���� ������ 2��] "� � � S��� oS��' V��– �#�@� ���] � ���>� � � ...

b- I suppose my face must have given me away, for suddenly she swept

across and kissed me, but fortunately for my good resolutions she did'nt

linger close to me but promptly returned to her chair.

� 8 ��:� ��,; +��� �� 3 8 # � ��� �� �P�5� "� ���) 2��� P'�� ��'� �� B��0

� � �����,�;� D�6 �,�! �� ��!��.

c- Look around you. Just how much of you is projected into your

environment, and how much of IT is projected at you?

S��' �P � .oS�� G��� �� �� � � "�� S0�'� � G��� �� �� 0�=��� S � "�

d- The medical Director thanks you for your attendance at the X-Ray Unit

and is happy to inform you that your film is satisfactory. YOU SHOULD

Page 152: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

KEEP THIS LETTER AND TAKE IT WITH YOU WHENEVER YOU

HAVE AN X-RAY IN FUTURE.

S���G D�! S�� � �0�� ��,��� � +,'�3� �� S��) �� S��*� �� M?����=�.� �� . P#'�

���� ���*� ������� M��: ���� S�� �� ���;���� � .

e- You have been warned! !S���' " ,;�

���E�>��=�� A�*� ���,� D�! ��' �� ) ��,�� C�� � �� 4�* �

2\0�*���� "Q����� C� @��� (0� �#)� +,>�! "=� 8��he 8she 8it 8 they

?��� �=��� �"T��@�� 4* �� " ��we��=�' ��� ��6 . ��� �� ���� ���

���! ��'��� ���� �� �Q���� "�;��� 5���� "����� +�P D�! �,��!� �����*.

��� 85��1�� 5��� I��� ���'(� �� ,�'��� O� �� ����;�� ���'(� ���E

c S�� D�6 � � � �� 3 8�# 5Q;' 4 �� � �;��� ��0;� 0���� . ?,�' ���' T

1� �#�P��� �! �� D�6 �,�� 4* �� ���'( ��:�� T��@�� 4* �� q�) � ��

�1��'� ��:���� ����� �1�' �� �= ,� � ��� 84�)*�� ��� D�!

�@��� ��3� 4* �� . ������ �� �����* ���'6 T��@�� 4* �� q�) ��'

:�0 ��� RG��� �� ������ ������ � I� ������� ����� ��:��� � �)�* �

�B��� ��] 0� �� <� +, � �B��� 0� �� ���� . B� 8������� ����� � ���

<������ ,��� "B��� � D'� 8�����0 �#)� 8���P ���! ��'� �Q�� �� ,�

����! ���'�� ����0��� ��0=� � ��'� ��# � <��� S���� ��@� �����':

they are here!- who are? )� � "� 6! �o"� ��.(

+,>�! T��@�� 4* �� ���) ��� �� i�#.� 8A�*� +������8 ������� "� ��

���� ����� ��] "�;��� 5��� . 8 �@��� ��3� 4* �� q�)� ��3� 5�� ��6�

S�� VB*� i���1� ����. �� ,);� 8�:�0 ��� ����� ��I ����� ���� "�

you ,� �� "B� D�! �� +����� 8S�� L�! ��1, ,�� "� �� 2\0�*���

�� . ��)�*�� 4)\;�� O�� �� 8+�@�� <>� � � ��� 8�� ,� ���� "B��� 0���

Page 153: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��Q �� ����'� +�@�@���. ����'(� ������� ����� 8�������� ����� � ���

�����*��8 �� I � 2��� you ������ 8 �� ���)'� ������� i���

��'�=� ��B! �=�� ,� � ��� 8������) L��:(� ��B! ( ��� � D��! �,

�;��0�� M��� ������ ��].

"B��� ���,� A�*� ���,�

I 8you 8we ) you" � "I( he 8she 8it 8they 8we) "�*c )��" ( (

��0� : �����* ����'6)��:��� ��] :( +,>�!)��:��� :(

2\0�*��� 8"�����)��( 4* )4�* � ( C ��)C�� � (�;��� ���! ��'�

���;�� 82����)C��;��(

��� �@ : +,>�!)��:��� :( �����* ����'6 �)� !)��:��� ��]:(

Q�����2\0�*��� 8" 4* )4�* � ( C ��)C�� �(

�� "B��� ��� ,� �� ?��� "�;��� 5��� � �

Q@� ��� T��@�� 4* �� q�)� �� ���*� P'B +,>�! �� �� � � .

<�.� �� ������� �� ,�,'� ��] ,,�� 84 �� ���,� � M���P , ! 8he 8

him �� his . D�! ���'(� �0���� ������ "������)3� . M�� "���

*�,�� 5��(� � +���P�� 8����'6 ��� 5�* �� 3 P�'�� �� � 4 �� �

?�=�� �;�� ��� ���P �� ���� 0�����>u,��� ���'(� � ..� ��� ,,! M��

4�*�� ���� �� ��� 4 �� 0� �� ������� �� ����@�� ���� �� .

Page 154: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

3.3.2�� �0�� �� �� �Y� �' 7�� T�"+� H��

1.3.3.21D ���� �� ��� �" ��'�� �� �� :

���� V�*it :�� �! �>��=�� C �� �?��� 4* D�! ��' 1 �� 8

����� �# E �� ��� 82�'� I,��"S�� �� "–����6 +���! �� "�6� �� ��� ��

�����P B�� "=� �� ���� 8,?,'� ) <0;� I� D�! �=�� ��'E ��

�� ���� �BQ@�E �� ,' D�6 ��G���:

]2:18[ [The Queen said :] 'Curstey while you're thinking what to say. It saves time'. Alice

wondered a little at this, but she was too much in awe of the Queen to disbelieve

it.

]��l���� ���:": [����;� ���� ���Q�# � �� "��'1� +C� ' � ' � .��� ,);� S����: ." � �, �L�l�[�

�� "�� ��l���� �� �,� �#>�* � �� �� ��� ���� B��:]����:.[

D��3� ���'�� #�It saves time ��'E 8it D�! curtsey[ing]

while you are thinking what to say . D�! ���'(� ��G 1"C " ���

S�� ��� 4?)*.��� D ����� L��)I,�� C �� 4* (– ��3� 5��� ��

+,;�� +���P� �� ������� ������ . S��it ��)�* 0;� ��,'�� 1 ���� �� ���

O� �� ��� �� : ��*� ���! ,�� M��� T,�'� �#)� ��@��� ���� D�! ���

������ �P'B���� :it all hapened so quickly –�!��� ��� S�� \T,'� .

�� �@�� ���'�� ��… to disbelieve it ��'E 1 8itD�! Q�!

THING D�! �� #��) FACT:(while you're thinking what to

say…save time cursteying] that[ . ���' M�����'�� �� �Y� . V�*

,���� ���'(�0;� A,��� T�' �� �������� ���'(� �1�' �! +� ��'��� L��

�� �� 0;� I,�� C �� 4* ,��� ���! �������� �� ������ �� ����!

)���' �� ��'� �� �� :0;� "�� ,��� 1 8�������� �� ����� �� +���! �� (�

Page 155: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

O� �� T�' �� �� ! V�*� ��) �� ���'(� ���: �P .� 1 ���! ��'��� D�6

�� 6� 8��� � ���;����; �� ��:�� D�6 �?�'.� . �=�� L���� ���.� �����

���� �;��0G����� �! ��.

]19:2[

It rained day and night for two weeks. The basement flooded and everything was

under water. It spoilt all our calculations.

C����� C �� ��� �� L.�3� C���� ��] 8��!���� ,�� ���� � B�� �0��� 0:�� . �� ,��� �� ���

� ����' .

� ��6 I� 8��=�#��� +��G��� ��0�3� +���P �V��� (EVENT) 8���

+���P�� ��6� 8�����;�� � ��:�� ��0'�#)���� I� 81�@ M ��0�3� 0�;�

��� � �� �� ���� ���' ����! 8+��G��.

D�6 ���=6it ��P� 8this� that ���'(�� +,���� ���'(� � +�@��

��) �� .1� ���P� G��� ��� V?���� D�! C��;��� �������� +�,: � 5��

������� ��' ���! ��'� � � D�! 2�� ��� ) �� <0;��� D�!it 8this ��

that�1����1� M�� �@� � . �*�, �*�,�� 5��1� �� _�=�� �,���

S��� "��;�� �� "� �� �� ������� �� �� � �=�#� I��� <0;���.

2.3.3.2� �� ��� ��D����� ��$� 7�

"?����� ���=�� ",*�.� 1one ������� �����*�� ���'(� � 2�'� M,'��

�� �� �=�� ",*�.� �� 6�we 8you 8they � 8it ���! ��'��� �P .� T�'

"GB��(immanent)"�;��� ��:��� <��� � 8������ G�� ��6 8.

Page 156: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

)1( you � one : ��� �"�,c 4* �� " �@�: you never

know) �,�� "�� 1 � �( 8one never knows) �,�� C���� "��� 1 .(

����] ��� "G����"���� "�'� 4* I�" 8" � 2]�� 4* I�

��'���" 2��� , ! �)�)* 8one �@� ��� V��) <� :one must

accept certain standards) L���;��� i�� ��;� �� C���� D�!.(

We (2) : 8�@�� L��'� �� � ��� �;��0�� L# � ����.� 4*��

� ?��� �!���� S���� ��B* �� "Q����� ,��� T�' 4�* 3� ����

�@� 8���:

we don't do that sort of thing here) C��� 3� �� O� �� S��� "�; 1

� �( �� A�*� �1����� ,�� 8S�� D�6 ���=6we� �@� �!� � �� �� :

* �@� 8I���'� �\��we consider it our duty… ) � ���� M��� (...

�>��� �� ��G � i���� <�.

*we ��@� 8i������ D�6 2��0�� �� 820�� � how are we today?

)o"���� � ��' V�� (�� ,);.��" you �� i��� I��� D�����,� �# �����."

*we ��� � ������� )* B�� ��#)��� ���) B@� 2���� ��� �(8 ��@� :

we conclude therefore that … ) �� ��6 4�*�� (... ������ �3 8

Q�0 �0���� ��G��� (� !�� 2 C�� ��� q�) ������ � �0���6� B ��������

l�.� /�) �� ��!�� S�����.

)3( they : �����1� � �� ,);.�"?��� ��] 4�* ��� ""� 8 �

����X�� I�� 4�* � ���'3� 2��]"��0���� " �0����� �=�� �� ,);.��

"?��.� 4�* �V,�� ">B� �' D�! 5����� "� � :� ��� " � ��'�� �� ��� 8 :

They are mending the road out there

)S� � 5��0�� ��'�)� "�.(

Page 157: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

)4( it : ������ ���'3� � ����� ��Pit's snowing) @�� b�

0;��( 8it's hot today) "���� ��' ����(

�����*�� ���'(� O� �� �� �� �����* ���'6 �)� ��� M�� �� ��'E

����X��� . � ���� 2�0 �� +������ ��� ��� ����0��� �;��0�� /���

+,,�� ������ �3 ������ ����: ��] ���'3� 2��] � � 2���� ����

A�*3� �������#�*� ����0� "G��.

4 �� 5��� � �����*�� ���'(� "��� 1 . +�� (� �,� ���� ���

�����*�� ���'(� �� D�6"?�X������ " D�! C��� C I� 2�0 1 M��

� �B��� 5����� A����"�;��� 5��� A��� D�! . ������ ��� ���; �

"�,;�� I�� ��:

]20:2 [

They're digging up Grandpa's grave to build a sewer.

����;� "� ]�Z�[�!���� C� �� I,� ��:

��X��� _�0� ��0=� ��# <����� ,�� 1" :o"� �� "��� ������� �3 . ��6�

5����� � D �� B� �� 3 ��6 8L����� T�' �� ���=�� ���) ���� �Q��

�@� �� 3 ��6�he 1 ��� <����� D�! ��6 �?��� 8�;��0�� M��� �,�� ����.�

������ I���=�� /�=��� �! T'�� �� . � /�=��� ��� �@� ,�� ��6�

?�;� �� � ��� 8"�;���"� 4 � � D�! ,�);��� <0;��� � . ����� 8,�� "� �6�

0��� �)3� <0;��� �� S��� �=�#� 4 �� �� /�=� �! T'�� ��

��� <0;��.��� 16� 85��1� �0���� 5"� ��] 4 �� ��� . �� ���� ,); 1�

5�� �� 2���� ��� 5�� ��P T'� +��) � "� �������� M��� MG�� 6

�*c 2�� . ���� �� �� � 4 �� �� ����� i�#� <����� �� �� "�� ��

Page 158: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�����* 2���3 �) )����� 8�CG� �@�� � � "��� �>� ����� �� �' ��#�� ��

�,'�� V�0 (4 B�� �� ."��#�� "� � � D�! 4 �� ���� �,��� ���'�� .

������ �� �� (� �!G �� ���P� ��� ���.���� �*Z� 4* �� �� i�#

C�;��� ���P! ���: S B� �Q@�.� i���� ��� 8�)���� � 2]��.

4.3.2Z��� �� �0" ��=�Z��� ��R�� �C7!�� �� �0 ��=�:

�>��=� ����l��� ��,?,'� >� D�! 5�0 � 4* �� �>��= �! ��: �� ��

����l��� . �:B! D�! ���! ��'���� ���=�� �� ��� �������� �#�P��� �@X 1

��� �� ��>�;�� ����;�� ���'(� . ��,��(� �! ���'(� V�* ��0(� ��� ��

) �)#��3 .( ��@��� ��]21:2 [� 8��#�� )* �� ��'(� �) ��� ���he

D�! ,���� 8����>� ����� ���� ����=���) John ("�! "�� ���� C���

��l� �� 82 � I�� h� ���� ��l� �� 8� � ����>� ����� ���� ��l� 1

�� � ����>� ����� ����:

] 21:2 [

a- John has moved to a new house

�'����,�,� �G � D�6

b- John's house is beautiful. He had it built last year

�G �������� =���� "���� � M� �

c- That new house is John's

,�,��� �G ��� S������

����l��� ��,x,'� ��' �� ����)my 8yourN�6 ( ����l��� �>��=�)mine 8

yoursN�6 (�'��� �)' ��, 4* �� �>��= :��� V>�P� � ���! ����

Page 159: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

� +,�����]21:2 [ � ���� �����(�� �)�* A�*� ������ �#�P� ��� � ��

������ 2������ D�! ��)'�� ��6:

]22:2[

a- John has moved to a new house x. He had it built last year

�'����,�,� �G � D�6 =���� "���� � M� �

b- John's house is beautiful. Y. His wife must be delighted with it

���� ��� �G � �� ��.� ���G �� ,� 1

c- That new house is John's z. I didn't know it was his

���� ,�,��� �G ��� S�� �� � � "�!� "�

' �� � T�(x) 4* �� ���= D�! he� 8(y)?,'� D�! ��l� ,his � (z)

��l� ���= D�!his.

��� ,�� 1� 8��Q��� ���� � ���! ��'��� ���= ���� 8S�� D�6 ���=6

?���� � ����) D�! V John �� ���! ��'�� his � ]23:2: [

]23:2[ You really ought to ask Sally not to tell a story like that to all those friends of hers if she thinks they might be going to be working with John, unless she can be quite sure it's not going to go any further. I hardly think it would appeal to his sense of humour.

�� �S��! � �� ��; ����1 �� ��* � ��>�:,)� �� �);�� S� �@� <� ������� "� � �Q P ��6������ #� �� "� �� ���� �;@�� � �� ��6 16 8 .���!,�� ��'�� M,;!� 1 .

4* �� �>��= � ���'(� �)� ! :�� �! V�* ����l��� �>��= �� 16

+,>���� �#�P���� 5��� ���� .���'� ����l��� �>��= 2�0 S��� 8�����! �

2�0 ��' � ������� 8S������>��=��0;� �,'�� ���! B�'� A�*3� .

� 5�#�� ��� �P'B� �����]24:2: [

Page 160: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

a- John's is nice ������� ]�G �[ b- His house is nice ���� ��G � c- His is nice (*)

�)� ( �� 2��� D�6 R�' John's what?) � S��� ������o( �)2 ( �� 2��� D�6 R�' whose house?)o�� �G � ( �)�� ( �� 2��� D�6 R�' whose what?) ������� o(

��0��� M���P , ! ���l�� ���=�� 2�0� ��6 . B� 0;� ���,'� ���.�

���'H� . B@� 8��l��� ��1� ,���� ��=�' ����� �*Z� ���

John's �� my father's����>� ����� ��! ��Q�� 8 . ��#��� �@�� �� ����

V�'�� ���') �)#��4 .( �' D�! +,>�! 8A�*� +����� 8������� �>��= ���E

����'� ����'6 �� 3 R�,G� : +,>�! ���� �@� 8S��� D�! ���'(� �0���� 1��

C �� V�' �0����S������ . � S���]25:2[2���� 8 C 0;��1 ��=��

M��] ��, �� �@�� ������.

]25:2[

a- Can you find another programme? o�*c ���� �� ,� �� S ��� �� b- Can you help Mary? Hers has got lost(**).

,!�� �� S ��� ��I���o c- Can you hand Mary a programme?

?,; �� S ��� �� "I����o���� ��

________________________ (**) (*) ����l��� I���= �3 ������� D�6 ������� ���� ���� ���� 1 his� hers D�6 �B�'.�

������� � ���� ��@��� ���) ,�� 1 ��' � 8��# �:��� � S������� S����� . D�! ������ �����

���� �� �� : �]24:2] [��G �[ �� 8���� ��]25:2] [���� ��[ ���O�=.

Page 161: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��l��� ���=��hers i�#� Mary i�#�� ���'(� �0����

programmeV�'�� �0���� .

5.3.2 ������ �� ���

� ���� 8�Z� ���] D�6 �>��=�� � ��,���� ���'(� ��� "� "��>��=� ��' ��

� ��'�� �� ��� ��,�� ���'6]2:26: [

]2:26[

He who hesitates is lost. ?,�� I��� �� ,O�=

i�#� 1 T�'he D�! �0���� ��'� � ��� 5����� 4 �� � ���! ��'� I�

�� 5'1who hesitates . ��:��� �;��0� ��,�� ��'E �� ����� H� ��B*

<>�� �' D�!� ��'E ��� ��'� �� �� ��� 0�� 1 �;'1 �)� ! D�!

B06 ��� ��� �:) �P �4.2��#�� ( � . ��'E�>��=�� � �����0 �#)� ��,��

4 �� 5��� � "��� 1 �� "@ ��� 80;� I� � ��06 . �*�, ���'(� ,��

��� � �0���� ,,'� ������.

Q*� �� ,�#��� �� ���� q�)� ��,���� ���'(� ��� ��� ��� V>�P��� 4

�� �>��= ���� S�� T�' 84* �� �>��= q�) D @�E� 0;� 4*

���w�l���.

1� C� @��� T��@�� 4* �� �>��= it ��?)�� +���! D�! ��,�� ��' �� ����

��#���Q��(defining relative clause) � � ��'�� �� ��� ]26:2 .[ ���

i��� ��� "��'��� ���@�3� � M,� � ������ /�)� �����1� ��� ��

��,3�� ��]B��� 2����3� �)�*�� 2����3� � � L�;0��� . M��� ��@� ,�� �

� �=�� ��,���� ���'(�we � you �@� :you who doubt my word

Page 162: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

) Q� � ����� S>��� "� �� �� D ��� ����'( ,���� 1 � � P'1 8��� � ��

��@� ��,�,' ��] ��� � � ��,��you, who used to be so tolerant

)�� �,!� I��� � ��,� �'���� ��� (.(

2� ��X� ��� � ��,�� ��,�� ���'6 � ��P T��@�� 4* �� �>��= <���

��@� 8���� �� D�6 ���! ��'��� ���� :they are good these peaches

)+���� M�� f�*�� ���' .(

3� ����E 8�)�* ���'� 8��*3� �� it ���� ��' �;��0�� M��� +�@��

����� � �!�#�� � ��'�� �� ��� 8"��� �! b� �it's true that he

works very hard) �,��� ���� � � /�') .( ��] �� �� B�� �Q@�� �� ����

��,��� ,�.� 8�1�'�� M�� �@� � 0� �� �� "������that he works very

hard is true���)'� � ��� � ��� .?,'� ��,���� ���'(� M�� �@� ���E +,

b�� �� � +� ��� �#)� "��� 1� ��� � .

�� ��,���� ���'(� � ,'�� ������ ,���it?=��� 8:��� ��� �'

��@���]27:2:[

]27:2[

I would never have believed it. They've accepted the whole scheme.

?,)3 ��� "� �:]�� .[��� 00*��� ����: ,;�.

0;� ��� T,'�� ��'.� ��'it 4 �� D�! ) �P �3.3.2MB!� ( �� � ��� 8

���@� �� � ��� �@�� ���� (� ���'(��� ���'6�>��=,>���� M��P �@� ���� 8.

, ! +,>�! 4* �� �>��= q�) �� ���E 1 8��6 ��;�� �����

,��� D�! B��, ��� ,' � ?,�.� 1 ��'(� �) ��� ���P �� ��� �����P

���:��� 0 .?�X I� �����* ��3� "�;��� � ���'(� �,� ,: D�6 O������ �

"�;��� 5��� :?����� �����*�� ���'(� D ��� C��� �� "we 8you 8they

Page 163: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

� it� �0���� �� ! �?����� "B��� ���,�� 4�*�� �����*�� ���'(� D ��� �

you� I .Q� 1��:��� �0��� �����*�� ���'(� � . ��� ,: 8 �@�� "�;��� ��

�� 4�*�� �����1� ���' � 16 ��:��� �> �' ���� ��,�� ���'(�it ���

� ��@�� �]27:2 [MB!� .���� ��� �0��� �Q@�� �� ���� . <��� ���E

q�) ���� ��P �� �1�'�� "P�� S�� � ��� ����: ���'H� A�*3� �1�'��

�� T��@�� 4* �� �@��� ��3� 4* �� ��) �1�' i�) 5��� �

4�) �� .( ��)* ���) D�! V?���� � +���� ����) ,�� 1 +,�!

+,>�! . ���'6 �Q�� ",! <� +,>�! �,� ��' ����� � ����� ��,��� ��@��

��� �'=�� . ,���� 8�������� S� D�! ��#03� ,�!� 2���� ���� �����

� 5��� �*c 2������)��" :�� E �� 5>B�� ��] �� ." �����*�� ���'(��

����� �0���� +�� 6 8C �� �� "]��� D�! 8�.

4.2 ��� !�� �� ��� :

?��.� T�' ��P#��� +�� (� ��� � �� �� � ���� (� ���'(� ��'��� "����� �

���� "�P �� 2�' 82�;�� T�' �� � ��� ,�,' 5��0 �! ���!:

Page 164: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

,��'� the) ���(

2��:

,��� )2��: ��] ( 2��: : ,���:

,�#� :this that

S�� � >�; � )��� () S��(

<�� :these those

)C1X�) (S>���(

������ :here there

)� �) (S� �(

���G�� :now then

)�Z�( ),>,��(

����P�� ����� (� ��'Ehere 8there 8now � then D��! ������0 �#)�

���,�! �#)� ���� "�;� 8���G�� �� ������ � �� ����! ��� " I��� <:����

��� � �?��� I,�� C �� 4* <:�� 5��0 �! 1 8� ��� �' D�!�Q S

������� � . � ��� �� S��� ��)� �� 1 ������� � �B=E#� ����>� �#)

����1� �!������ �*�, . �@� "?���� ��� �@ �#�P�� "�;�that man there .

����� (� :�� ���)����1� (this those, that, these � the ���'E ��

� ?��� ��� D�! ��0� 8���� C ���� D�!� I,��� C� �� 4*� �

�� �Q 8������� � S ����1� �!������ �*�, �)� �� ��6 ��P �� . ���

I�� H� �������� �#�P���� "�;� ��,l,'��� V ) D�6 � . �� �����

V�P

Page 165: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

C� @�� <� ����>� ����� �� �?,��� C��� ��;0 ��� �� ���the �?,��� �#�)�

0;� . ����l��� C���� ����1� ����� (� �� E ,,)�� ��� ��)possessives(

�� 16 8�����>� ������ �� �?,���� C��� A�*3� � ��� �� �� ��� T�'

����l��� D�! ���,�� C���p� ��B* +,'�� ���) ��� � ����� (�– 1 T�'

I��� (� ,?,�'��� ���� G��� I� ,���)demonstrative determiner (

I�� (� ���=���)demonstrative pronoun (��� ��'�� �� ��� ,,'���

�������)possessive determiner) ( ���@�your ( ������� �����=���

)possessive pronoun) ( �@�yours: (

�?,��� ����>� �����

I�� 6that garden seems bigger that is a big garden

)���� �,� �;�,'�� S�( )�� �;�,' S�+��(

��l�your garden seems bigger yours is a big garden

)���� �,� S;�,'( ])�;�,'[+���� �;�,' S�(

������ V>�P� � �?,���� V>�P� ��� 5��#�� i�� ,�� 8����� (� ���' �

D ���� T�' �� ����>��� . D�6 �� .� ����>� ����� ���� I��� I�� (�� ,�'

4* �� ���= ���� . ��� �� ���.� 8��*����� ��'� �� ���it � the q��)

�� �)Q�;�that O� �� �BQ@�.� ��� �� ������# ����� 8" ,���'��� " I��� H�

��1�(nominal demonstrative) �� ��� "]����� >�; 1� ��] �� it

� ��) ! ����� �����.�� 8�>��=�� "�P � ����' ���� T��'� �,�'�� �,'�

���) �*�it ���)� ����>� ����� ���� ��' the I��� h� ����� ��'

(deictic)) �P �2.4.2��#�� .(

D��! ������* ���'6 ��P �' D�! �>��=�� �@� ����� (� ��'E

"�;��� 5��� � �� C . <�E �� ���.�� 8��P#��� +�� H� ����3� ���)�� ��

Page 166: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

� (� ������ ���! ��'��� C �� D�! �, +C���6 +��) � +� . ������ ��@�3��

V�� �' D�! �'=��.

]28:2[

Pick these up!

! M�� 0;��

]29:2[

How would you like a cruise in that yacht?

�o�*��� S�� � ��'� � S��� �

���� (� V��P�� ��� ��� �@������(demonstrative adverbs):

]30:2[

Leave that there and come here!

! � � ���� S� � S�� S��

���= 8"������ D�!�this 8these � here 2��;�� (proximity) ���

��� 8"�Q����that 8those � there ��� ����� 8"����� �! ,���� ��=�

<����� �� 2�;��– � �� " ����� 8� ,�'� �� 2��: ��] �� S � 2��:

��' I� � � 2��: ��]� ." � ������� ������ �� ��@��� ��� ,��� 8B@�

��� ��� ���� G?��.� ����� 6 �@B@ �� �!����" S � 2��: "�" 2���: ���]

� ,'� �� ." � ,���� ,�� T��' ��G��� (� � ����� �� ���� � "�P �� ��

this� here" � 2��:" 8that� there" S� � 2���:" 8yon � yonder

" � ,'� �� 2��: ��] ." I��� (� ���� +�G���� ������ M�� �@� � ,����

Page 167: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

T�' 4* �� ��P ��"this" 5��� "I) " "������( 8"that" 5���� "you"

)2\0�*��� (�"yon"�� �� 5��� he" 8she 8"it) �*c ��, �� ����(*.

��������� ��G��� (�� A�*� ���� �� (standard English) A�� ,� 1 8

�������"this "�"that" ���.�� 8"this " �� �,�,' �@��"that" �*� � 3

�� L�� ��' � ������ �0; "����� ��"that" �� 8������ �0; ���

E �� �0���� ��#"not this" . +,��'��� q�)�� 5�; � 2�� ��#.� �� ����

the� it �� that �� L��� this.

����� 5�� 2���3 � � �����*�� ���'(� � ?�� 1 : � ��:��� ���� ��

4 �� . �1����� �� ��]this� that 5��0 �! �?�#E ���*�,�� ���'(� �

� ���� ��� D�! ���'(������*�� ���'(� . "��#��� �� �,� �� "���� �� S���

"�;��� D�6 �P ��� �Ym�X.� � � ��� 2�;�� "���� . +�,� D�! ��# C �� 5�0 ��

V�����(definite article) : ����.�the ��' �����*�� ���'(� � �=��

� ��'�� �� ��� 8"�;��� �� ���! ��'��� /=�:

] 31:2[

Look at the flowers!

! ���G3� D�6 �P �

]32:2[

Don't go; the train is coming.

",�: ��0;�� 82�� 1

* �@��@�� ������"yon" � ��'� ��#E "T��@ 4* �� 2�;�� T�' ��" D�! ">�: "�� C�� ,��� ��� 8

����� (� �� i���� L����5 !� �� �>��=�� . 8,�.� ��@�' 8T��@�� I�� (� �� ��� �� � ��!

�� D ���� � T��@�� 4* �� <� S� � �� "�� "other")�*c(��,?,'��� ��� ���H� 1 I� o 8 . �� ���

he 8she 8it ��6 ���� "A�*� ��� ���� 2\0�*��� 1� "������" �h� 8"yon" �� " �� 1 2��: ��]

�*c � ��� �@�� � ��� 2\0�*��� �� 1� "�����"

Page 168: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

D �� �� ���the � � : ,�,'� ���' 1� 5����� M,,'.� ���! ��'��� �� I�

��=6 . �1����� ���Ethe ������ ����: ��,���� ���'(�� ����;�� ���'(� �

������ D ��� ��� 0�� ��6 �@��� �' D�!� �@��the R��* ��'.� I�� h�

4 ��.

������ �@B@�� ���;#�� � �@�� ��)#� ���� (� ���'(� U:� E� :1.4.2

8��>�; 1� ����1� ����� (�2.4.2 the 83.4.2����P�� ����� (� .

1.4.2 ��� 5 �� ������ � �� !�� this �these �that �those

8��G��� (� ��!?� <��� � ,>���� �#�P� ��?,X� +�@�� ����� (� M�� ��P

����P 5��� �@B@ ���� ,' � ��= ��:

)1( ���"2��:) "this 8these (�"2��: ��]) "that 8those(

)2( ���",�#���) "this 8that (�"<����) "these 8those(

)3( �?,�� ���)this� "�� <� 8N�6 8 ��@� 8�� :this tree is an oak –

���, ��� � +�� �� M��� ( ����>� �����)this 8"�� ��,� 8N�6 8

��@� :this is an oak ����, � M��.

��� D�! ,?,' �� 85��1�� �� ,' D�6 5��#�� M�� �� 5��

���*�,�� ���'(� � �)� ��� M�� ������ 4�)*��)��) �� .( U:� E��

#�� � ������ TB@�� ��!�#�� ���;:

Page 169: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

1.1.4.2 ���% ��:" ���% this /these #� 5� )that /those

�� �� ,��this� thatM��� 5�� C D�! ��P �' D�! . � ,� �

�����1 �!G "����� �� ���'��this �;��� M��\� C D�! ���'H�

�that 2\0�*��� M��� C D�! ���'H� .�; � �� ��]33:2 [�]34:2:[

]33:2 [

a) There seems to have been a great deal of sheer carelessness.

+���� ��� � ;�;' ���� ,��� �,��.

This is what I can't understand.

���� <�0�� 1 �� ���.

b) There seems to have been a great deal of sheer carelessness.

+���� ��� � ;�;' ���� ,��� �,�� .

- Yes, that's what I can't understand.

����� <�0�� 1 �� S�� 8"� .

�� _�=�� 5�#�� ��� 5���" 2��:)"����� �� "( ���;�"2��: ��] " I�

"�# c �E��� �� " �� 4 �� �" � 2��:" ��' � 8"�# c �\��� �� "�] �

� 2��: . ���! ��'��� ��� ��6 �@�� +,?, � �!G �� M�� �,�� *� ��

��@��� ���� D�!� 8�� �;��0� "������:

]34:2 [

I like the lions, and I like the polar bears. These are my favourites.

���0;�� ���?,�� 2'�� ,�.�3� 2'� .C1X� �=��.

- Those are my favourites too

��=�� S>��� �=�� .

Page 170: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

������ G�� ��6 � � 2�;�� �� ��!� ,��� : ���?,��� ,�.�3� "����� ���� "�

����! ��'.� �� ���0�� �� S��� 8_�=�� M�!� �� �0��� �� 2�'�

��these . �� 2�;�� ��X.� T�'� A�*� �!G S� � 8��� 2 �� D�6

'�� M�� �� 8���G�� T�' 0�� ���that =���� ��G�� � ���! ��'��

0���this��@� 8��;���� �� �=�'�� � ���! ��'�� :

]35:2[

a. We went to the opera last night. That was our first outing for months.

��=���� ������ � ����3� D�6 � ��� .��� � � � � ��G ��� S� � ��.

b. . We are going to the opera tonight. This'll be our first outing for months.

������ M�� ����3� D�6 ������ �' .��� � � � � ��G ��� M�� ����.

�� ���*�� �����1�� ��� ���; �this D�! ���'H� �����*�� ���'(� �

����� �� �G ���� :8N�6 "���� ��� 8_��)�� ��� � 8"��3� S� � �=���

"��3� M��.

���� �� ���� ��!G �� ���� ���E 1 . � �� ���' � ���B� ���� ��'�

��@� 8<:���� 0� �� ���*� 1��'� "� 8M��1� L# :

]36:2[

"I couldn't afford to learn it", said the Mock Turtle with a sign.

"����� S��� 1 ���: ��Q��� �>������� +�#'�����?�'� ."

"I only took the regular course"

"0;� ��P �� L�,�� E����"

"What was that?"" "Inquired Alice

"oS�� ��� ���� " ������[�L�l�

Page 171: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

����h� ��� � �L�l�[� ��; �� what was this?) ��� ��� ����( � �@����� 8

]37:2: [

]37:2[

a. what about this exhibition?

oi����� ��� �! ����

b. what about that exhibition?

���� oi����� S�� �!

<�� ��']37:2 �[ �@� �>� V�= � � ��'��� ��� 8 :"that I told you

is on now! Shall we go and see it") 8�Z� "�;.� � ! S@,' I��� S��

oM,�� � 2�� �� .( <�� ��' ���]37:22 [ ���� �� �,� ��'��� ��� 8

i���(�"that you told me was on earlier, did you go and see

it"") �\,�� � \���� �� 85��� �:� � ��� � ! ��*� I��� S��(" 1� 8

�:B06 A�*� �;��0� ���� �� ���� . M�� ��� OG� S� � ���� ,: ���

M�� �@� � �� 1� 8�#�*� �B��� ��� � 2�;�� +��� �3 ��������

�� _�=��� ,�, G��� I�� �1�'�� �this� that . ��,��1� � ����

��that � ������ ]38:2:[

]38:2[

But then, Mr Dubois reflected gloomily, women never had any prudence. Though

he had profited by this lack many a time, it annoyed him now.

,���� ��� 8S�� C�G6����, ��� C�� �� �� "� 8����� �:B06 +��)� . ����� 4; �� ��� �� <# � � � ���

�Z� �;�;� �� ���� 8+,�,!.

Page 172: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

?� � 2����� V�*� ��� ������ ���B*� ���' �� � ,�� ��G��� (� ��!

������ 0�� � 4*� ����this� that ����' G��� �����, �� ��] 8,>���

� ����� ��'� .I,��;�� O� �� �� 4)\;�� �� � 8��@��� ���� D�!

�����'��#03� �]�� ,� �� ����] 8that ������ "����� ,);� ��' this

����#�� D �� �! �?���� I���'�� ,���� �(immediacy) V���� D ���

(solidarity)���� ��� "���1�� M�� 1� � <����� <� . � ,� S����� ]�

�@B@�� +���)�� ��G� *�� �� ��:

]39:2[

And after a time those little pigs died.

+���)�� ��G� *�� S� ��Q��E ��G ,���

��; �� ��'��� ��� 8�@,�' I�� � � ��6 ���these little pigs) M��

+���)�� ��G� *�� .( 2�;�� ��) ����Ethis� these I���'�� ,���� �

i���� ��� �� �E� 1 ��' S��� ���� ��� M�� 1�� "���1� "�����'6 "

�:B06 :there was this man ) ����� ��� S� � ��� (,��� 1 T�'

this man0;� "����� ��� � ,��� � ��� "�;��� � 1� 4 �� � . 5������

��� D�! ,����� � M�@� ����� �!����� "B� � ����! ��� � �# .� ���

��\�� ��� "���1��.

2.1.4.2 6�$��" ����� that/this #� 5� these/those

<:���� 0� �� "����� D�! G����� ��� <�� : �,that/this ,�#��� D�!

(singular) ��,���(� L ��� C���� �� (mass nouns) �,� 8

these/those<���� D�! .?��� I��� S�� �� ��� �� 5�� "��� G \�'��

Page 173: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

������ ���== ���� ���� �������) I�this� that<�� "�� ��, ( 8��;��� �!

� ��� U:� .���3.1.4.2��#�� .

��'E �� �� ���h� <���� q�) �� �0���� ��� �� � ��� 8A�*� ��� ���

� ��'�� �� ��� 82�'� 5��� <�� "�� D�! 1 ����:]39:2[ D�! �� 8

,�#E ��!���� ��@��� ���� D�!� 8D ���� T�' �� <����:

]40:2[

"Where do you come from? Said the Red Queen. "And where are you going?

Look up, speak nicely, and don't twiddle your fingers all the time".

Alice attended to all these directions, and explained, as well as she could, that she

had lost her way.

"ol��� ��� �� " ���:C���'�� ��l����" . S:� �?�= 1� V0�� @,' 8D�!� D�6 I�P � o������ ����

A,.�."

��� � L�l�[� ��;��0 �!�=� �� � 8O�0���� �,;� 8�'?=� �������� M�� D�6.

,�#��� I�� (� ��'.� �� ���� S�� L�! D�!� C��� ������� ��>�: D�!

1 "� <���� D�! ���� ,' � �, �)� ! D�! I�' � ���:

]41:2[

I've ordered two turkeys, a leg of lamb, some cooked ham and tongue, and two

pounds of minced beef.-

Whatever are you going to do with all that food?

���� �����, E���0 �*�� 8��"��#��� �;��� "'� �� ���0�� ��*��0� ����� ��G * �*�� 8��'.

- o"��0�� S�� ��� ��#� ����

�� 8+,>���� ����'(� �)� ��� ������ ����0��� 0�� �1����1� M�� ���

�;����� q�)�� D�! 1 ����� D�! ��'E.

Page 174: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

3.1.4.2#D��" ������ ���= :this5� ���0= �]�, � #� this 4�� 6� �]�, �

6�

1,�� �#)� I�� H� ���.�)I�� 6 �� ( I� D�! �)' ��, ��'.� ��

C���3� �� V ) . ����>� ���� �#)� I�� (� ���� 8A�*� ��� ���

)I�� 6 ���= ( �� �� �:���� C���� D�! ���'6 � ����! ��� � ���)'�

�:�! ��] D�! ���'� ��'.� �� � ��� .�� 1� ���! ��'� D�! ��'.� �� � �

��@� 8��>��� +����� 4�*�� 0�'��� � 16 �:�! :

]42:2[

"Now the cleverest thing I ever did", the Knight went on after a pause, "was

inventing a new pudding during the meat-course. …I don't believe that pudding

ever was cooked"

"��� ��: �!��� C �@�� �Z" 8V:� ,�� L��#�� <�� 8 " ��=' �B* +,�,� 5 �; O��*� ���

"��0�� ... .��*�0 " 5 �;Q �� S� �� 5,)� 1."

��; � �� �@�� 5 �; ��� �� ���� ������ ��I don't believe that ever

was cooked 8��'�0 ?" S� �� 5?,)� 1 ) �P �]2:40 [�]2:41 .([ ���

� 8A�*� ���:

]43:2[

I must introduce you to the surgeon who looked after me when I was in hospital.

That surgeon really did a fine job, and nothing was too much trouble for him.

D# ���� � E� � ��' � D !� I��� _�?���� D�! S�?�!� �� ?�! . 8<>�� ���� �;�;' "�: _����� S��

���6 ��� ��� �,� ���) C I� ��� "��.

��,��� � ��� 1that surgeon �� that . ���=� ��'E �� ����� H� ����

���' � 8C��� ,' D�! �����*�� �� ����;�� ���'(� � 8�:�! ���! ��'� D�!

�� �:B! ��� �����! � �@� �� 0;� +,'�� i?��� T�' >����� O� ��

��@��� ���� D�!� 8A�*3� �)� ��� ���� ,'���� �) ���:

Page 175: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

]44:2 [

a. Do you want to know the woman who designed it? That was Mary Smith.

� ?�! �� +����� V�� �� ,�� ��)�� *( S� � ��T��� I���

b. Who are those colourful characters?- Those must be the presidential

guards.

o�� ?����� 4�* 3� S>��� �����>��� L�'�� "� S>��� �� ,� 1 .

� �����*�� ���'(� 5��0� �� ����this is John who's that? 8) ��

oS�� ( ������) (���*Z� D�! V?��.� ��'( � 8those are the people

I waw telling you about) "� ! S@,' ����� L� �� "� S>���( 1� 8

�,�� 5��0�let's ask this, I don't know what that's laughing

about.) ��3� � S'=� I��� S�� �� I�,� 1 8��� ��� � .(

��>,�� 5��0� I�� (� ���=���it 5��0� 1� he �� she . ���) ,��� �6

<����theyQ��� �:���� ����� �:���� ��] I�� (� ?,�.� ����� ���# �� �

<���� � ���� ��' �:�! ���! ��'� <� �:� �#)� ���;� . � ��� ����

��; ��let's ask these, I don't know what those are laughing

about . 4�)*�� ��� D�! �� ���� A�*� ��)�* ���� (� ���'H��

��>� ����� ��� �� ����� H� ��� ��'��� ����� A���� 5��� 8��

���! . D ��� 5��0� ��>�, �� �> �' D ����� "�� <� I�� (� ���E�� ��6

i�#��� �) ��� . S�� ��@��]39:2[ 8]42:2 [�]43:2 .[ /�') ����

�) ��� �;��0� I�� (� <�� I��� "�1� ��� "� ��6 D' �����0 �#)�

i�#���.

______________________

(*) ������ 4*� ���� T X���� ������ ��� ��G��� (� 5?�#E 1it ���� ����E �� 8��:���.

Page 176: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�@� 8��,��� ���� �� � ���� food � ]41:2 [ ��� ���) "�! P#� I�

�@�� �#)� ( �@� ��directions � ]40:2 .[ ���'(� 5��0 ���, ,���

� �@��� �1�'�� M�� �@� �that particular food" "

� those particular directions" �#�*��� O�� 3� �@�� �� ���� 8

�)#�� � �@�� ��)#� U:� E�� 8������ 5��B�6 . 8�*c 1�@� <= �

� "�� 1]45:2 [ �0: �� �@�� ������ � � �,� ��� ��6)cat( ����' 8

)animal ( ���� ��)trickster (�'(� �3 8 ��>�, � �� ���'6 �0;�� D�!

���)3�:

] 45:2 [

There's a cat trying to get in, shall I open the window?

- Oh, that cat/ that animal/ that trickster's always coming here cadging.

o+��� �� /�� �� 8��*,�� ���'� 0: ,���

- 0;�� S�� 8��/����'�� S��/� ������ S���?���� � � ��>�, �.

M�� � ���'(� ��� ,: 8<�� "�� ��, M,'�� I�� (� ���� � � i�# �

Y�, �� ������ �;�0�� D�! ��'E T�'� <��� ��� ,: �� ��� �;l��0� ���'��

4�*�� �) ��� 8+��)'� ��� �� ��] �� 8��=� 8C���3� D�!

� �;�0�� S�� �)�*�� �)� ��� ��i�#��� �) ��� � ����! ��'�� . � �� ��6

� ��@��� � ������]45:2 [ �� �,�there are two cats trying to get

in 2������ "��Q0;�� S� " .�0;� ����)3� ��0;�� D�! ��' . 2����� ���

those���� ��@��� � :those have to be kept out) S� C�;�6 2��

����* (��� .� 1 �� � 00;�� D�! �� 2�'� ��������� ��0;�� D�! ��'

"�! ���� . �� ��� ���; �]46:2[.

Page 177: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

]46:2[

There's been another big industrial merger. It seems that nothing can be done

about this.

���� �*c !� ) R��, � S� � .4*� ���� C I�� "��;�� ���� 1 � � �,����� .

L�� D �����"4�*�� R��, 1� ��� " ���""����� ��� D�! R��, 1�" �� ���� 8

� �,��� ��6 �P'B� ����this �� this merger �� �� this one . ,���

� ���� � ���']47:2:[

His hand groped for the knife. If he could only reach that he would be safe.

.,� �@'������� �! M .�� � S�� D�6 ��)��� O�0�� ��.

�,�� �� B�� � � � ���that �� that knife �� ���,��� � ��� 1� 8that

one . D ���� L��"4�*�� ������ S�� " ����" I� 84�*�� C �� S��

������ ." ,��� �� ��� 8��,��1�� ���'(� ��� 5�#�� _�=�� �Q@�� �� ����

���h� �)#�� ���,� � G3M� ,� . <���� ���' � �'�=� �:� G����� �����

L��Q�� ,��� ���'� <�:

]48:2[

How did you like the recitations? I find those boring.

S� ,�� o���B�� � S��� ��� �����Q��.� .

����E��� ���"I found) " ��,��� ( D� ���� �����those particular

recitations) �� ?����� ���B�� S� ( ��,���� ����� T��'�those ���

Page 178: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

those recitations ��those ones * ��' � 8"I find) " ,��� ( _��;�

those particular things) � ?����� C�� 3� S�( ���� D��! ���B�� I� 8

"����� . �� ��,��1� � � � ��� 1those ones� ���� 8 ��� ��,��1� ���

those recitationsD ���� ���� �?�#E� . ��� ���; ��'�there are two

cats trying to get in) ��*,�� �1��' ��0: ,�� (2����� ���� those

creatures have to be kept out 8) �����* D;� �� 2�� ��:��*��� S� (

��� L���� �����" � ����� 00;�� S� "�" �� ?����� ��:��*��� S� " 0�0;�� I�

���! �#)�.

��� ��' 8����� (� �� � �0���� �@�� ������ +,!�;�� 5�� ��� "��

���' 1 ���1, ,,' �� � ��� 8+,>�!)����'(� �)� ��� :���( ������ 2�0 8

'H� 5�:,�� 5��0�� D�6 �� E � �� ��6 V,���� B� �� "�B� ���P�� ���

��@��� ���, � i�#��� �) ��� D�! i��] ��, ��'E �� � I� 8+,,'���

4�)*�� �� . �@�� �� �;�0 D�! <�� "�� ��, I�� (� ��'.� �� ����

�=�#��� �)� ��� "= ����� . 8� ��� 0�� �Q�� , ! 8�=�� 5�0 � ����

�� �Q��� 5����� ��� ��6 I� <�� "�� I� I�� (� D�! �#)� "�1� ����

�@�� ���! . ��G��� (� � ,���� 8�:,� 0�� �� M�� ,?,' �� ����� �� L��

���� �� G��� �:�0 ��� : +,x,'� ��� 1 ��' 0;� ���� ���) ����� H�

��@� 8��?����� ���'(� D �� �� D �����:

* ��P 1these ones � those ones��G��� 1� ��!� "P�� � ���Q����� i�� , !� ������� .

D ���� T�' �� G����� 0�=��� "B��� � ����)�� ���� �����1 ,��G� ��� ,��� ���� . 1�@� "?,; �

�*c :Do you like my hydrangeas? – Yes I like those") "����� D�! �������� (" �� ����;�

Yes, I like those ones") ��� �������� S�� ?��(" ���� ,�� �� ���)�� ����E �� ����] 8one) ��

ones (�����1� ��� � +��)'� ��] �� � <� �����*�� ���'(� � . ����' <�� � �,��my one(s)

8your one(s) �� 1,� N�6 mine 8yours �3 I���= ��] � � G����� �� 16 8N�6 8mine

�yours� �@�� D ����� ����P4?)*��� ) . �P �2.3��#�� (.

Page 179: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

]49:2[

How did you manage with the new drugs I gave you?

o����6 S�0!� �� +,�,��� ���,3� \�,�� V��

1- //those /new/drugs up/set me// ;��= +,�,��� ���,3� S� 2- //^those /new/drugs up/set me//

"��� � � ��3� 2����� : �� ,);.� ,:"����6 �0!� �� ���� ���,3�" ��

"���! �#)� +,�,��� ���,3�" 0;� �� �� � ���� �@�� 2����� ��� 8" ���,3�

���! �#)� +,�,���" . D�!� 8V:���� �! ������� ��0� "?����� O� �� 0���

��@��� ����I don't trust these lawyers ") ���! �#)� ����'���(" 8

those french are so touchy) ����� 8P'B ���� ,: � � 84)*��� D

(those french people �=��� 8 "that Bach had genius" �� 1 J.S

"��>���� ,���� ��;� D�! 5�0 � � � ��� " �� ,);.� ���� "f�� ����� I���

� ����" . +,?,'��� ��] q�)�� �0���� �,��� ��� ����) 8����'� 8+,�,� ���,�

���� �#��f��� (6 V�=-� �� 2�]� � ��,>�! 2���3 S��� 8I�� 6 ����

i�#��� �) ��� � ���� �� ���� 4�)* I� ��'� 1 � ��� 8���'3� .

5�:, ��'6 5��0 �� I��� 8I�� H� 4�*�� �����1� ��� G����� �6

Vx��� �?,�� ��� �����1�� 5��� "?����� �����1�� 8i�#��� �) ��� <�

��] �?,�� �Vx��� .�that �� Vx��� ��] �� that Bach . ���' ����

�� M�?�� that fellow Bach��x��� /�)� � h� . � ��?�� ��6 8�@������that

�]47:2 [ ��"that knife"Vx��� ��] ��� . ��� M�?�# ��' ���" S���

C �� "��x��� ���.� ��� . � ��� ���; �:

]50:2 [

They wept like anything to see such quantities of sand.

����� �� ������� M�� �@� ���� ��' C I�� O��,�� �����.

"If this were only swept away", they said, "it would be grand".

���:" :��>�� � ��� 0;� ��� � m" �� "

Page 180: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

"This sand")����� ��� ( ��this stuff" ") +,���� M��( ��� 5��� 1 8

���'(�� ��0��� �������1� ���� �� ��� ����� H� ��) �� �#�P���� G�����

4 �� �*�, 5��(� � "���E �� "@ ��� 8����;�� .

4.1.4.2 9�� �� ���" 1 ���� �� ��� "��%�" :"this" that.

�� �@�� O� ���� (� ���'H� "?����� �(� ������ ��� 4 D�! ���'H� ��

� 5����� O� ��� 5��� ��� 8<?���� � �� 8���� � ! V�*� ��# �:���

�� 4 �� ��="+���P�) " �P �it � 1.3.3.2MB!� .( 0;� ��� 5�0 ��

��,���(� q�)�� D�!this� that<�� "�� ��,� �������� . ���� D�!�

��@���:

]51:2 [

�� �) ����G� ���?�� They broke a Chinese vase

1� � ��@ S�� ��� 1- That was valuable.

2� 1���6 S�� ��� 2- That was careless

�1� ��'E that C �� D�! "����G�" � �,� ���� �� ���� ��� 8that

vaseS�� �! �=�! . ��2���'E that ���� T,'�� D�! " "��u�\�

����G��� ." � �,� ���� ,'�� �u�\� �� �@�� S� � ��� ��6�those were

valuable ���� �� ���� 1� those were careless:

Page 181: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

]52:2 [

They broke a chinese vase and damaged two chandeliers.

��?��@ ��#��� �� �) ����G� ���?��

1- Those were all very valuable

�,� C� �@ "��� �� �� S>���

2- That was all very careless

� ����,� Bl��� ��� S�*

i�� C� @��� ����� (� �1�' "P�� 1��'� +,���� ���'(� i��

�)*��� ��G��� (� ��!?� . �� ����*3� ���)#�� � 8��@��� ���� D�!�

2>����� ,B� � L�l�[� ������� ,��� 851��� 6 �E� T�' ���� ��this �� @�

8+�� ��� !�that�� ��� !� ����� 8+this� 8���� TB@ those���� .

E���+,���� ���'(� � ���� 6 ��@B@� ,'�� ��� . ���� 6 ��� ��� ��� ���

+,���� ���'H� �*c �� �� 8���G�� D�! �� � �@B@ ��'E 8��:����) ��@�

]53:2�([ ���'�� � �����* ��'E �� � +� !� 8) ��@�]53:22([ ���*� 8

+,>�! � �� � ��� �;����� �����1� D�! ) ��@�]53:2R .([

* V�'�� ���' � � D�! 8<�� "�� ��,� I� 8�!�#�� ���=� ���� I��� I�� (� D�6 � ��'� �P .� . ,:

�� ��� that ��@��� � ]51:2�1 [ �� ��' ��that vase . �1�'�� i�� � B�� � ��� 1 ����

"��� p� ��",�;#� ">B� "�� I� ,��� 1 � 3� ��� ��� " : � ��'�� �� ��� 8��Q��� ���'(� �3 ��6

]52:2�1 [ � ��'�� �� ��� 8��?��� ��]46:2[ �@� 8<?��� ) <0;� �� 3 ��6� 8]52:2�2 .[

D ���� T�' �� V�'�� �! ���'(� V�* 8S�� D�6 ���=(��)M� ,� <������ <����� ���)#�� �P � .(

��� �� 8����� (� ��� ��' � ���'(� � ���1,�� 0�� �� 2��� 8����>� ����� �� �?,��� C���

V�'�� � 0�� �� M��� 2��� 1.

Page 182: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

] 53:2[

a- Just at this moment Alice felt a very curious sensation.

��� 8������ �:��� ��� �L����,� ���� ��=#� .

b- "Treacle", said a sleepy voice behind her. "Collar that Dormouse", the Queen

shrieked out.

"!����� 2): ��)" ��#�* �� �,�� ��) ��: 8" �,\:u�l;�� S�� D�! i�:�"��l���� �'�) 8.

c- One of the jurors had a pencil that squeaked. This, of course, Alice could not

stand…

�,�' ��) �,)� ���: ��#Q�'��� �>�� C�=!� ,'3 ��� . M�� 8L���V�:��� <0� "� 8<�0���...

���#� ) ���.� 1 ����' ,��)before she had this fit ����3� � 8

���;�� �� ���� ��i��3� 2 �3�S���� ��,�!�� .( ���'(� �! ��@�� M���

+,���� :

]54:2 [

a- "Give your evidence", said the king; and don't be nervous, or I'll have you

executed on the spot".

This did not seem to encourage the witness at all.

��" S,�� � l�,�" 16� 8���0=� �� 1� 8S���� ��: 8",�E���#�� D�! .

,�� �� ��x� � ��� ��� �� �,�� 1.

b- "But what did the Dormouse say?" one of the jury asked.

"That I can't remember", said the Hatter.

2�" �����'��� ,'� ��� o�,\:�l;�� ��: ���� ���.

"S�� �Q��� �� <�0�� 1 "���?�;�� < �) ��:."

c- ' "I gave her one, they gave him two" –why, that must be what he did with the

tarts, you know'.

R�" "�� @� �� ��0!� 8�,'�� ��� ��0!�."

� 1 ��� 8����� "�� � � 8S���� 4*� ���� ���� "�;� �� ,�"

Page 183: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�� ��; �� ��>�, ����� �� L�����6 �� ��� �) ! ��6 �� 8���' ��� � 8

�*c �>� "=� � � D�! ���6 �P .� �� �� � ��6� 84 �� � 4�* ��� .

�� ,;� �� ���.�this � ]53:2�� ( 8������� �;����� ������ D�! ��'E

�� G������ ��� � :��� �@� ��� 8O�=����� 5Q��� 1 +,�! ��� ����) L

����'�� �� ���' . �,�� 8+��@� �1�' � �������6 �� ��� ��0;� _�=��

��?��� ��) . �� 0����� �����1� <� ���.� �� ����it �>��� A,'6

��G��� (� ����� � ����>��� 5��1�.

!�� �@�3� ���)�� Y���� �������� � ��� M�� +,���� ���'(� � �

�) ��� I�� (� ?,�� T�' ��>�����"D0���� " � ,�#� �� ���� 82�0*�� �*�,

���.� �*c �) ! ����"�,�,� "��� �>��� �B* �� .

S�� ��@��]54:2�� [ A�*� ��@�� �� ����� 8:

]55:2 [

a- [following the white Rabbit's reading of the verses] " That's the most important

piece of evidence we've heard yet, said the King, rubbing his hands.

+C��: ,��i��3� 2 �3����� �� ����p� " [�Z� D' �� � ��� +,�� �� � CG� "�� �� S��" ��:��,� S'� ��� S����.

b- I come from Wolverhampton. – That's where I come from too.

������#��� �� E���–�=�� � � E��� S� � �� .

c- No one will take it seriously. This is the frightening thing.

��?,� M�*Q�� ,'� 1 .V�*.��� C �� �� ���.

���*�,�� ���'(� �0���� ������ ��0� �:�0 ��� ��G��� (� ���E ���� ���

��!��0� ���: �� � ��� <�� T�'� O� �� ��� ��(flexibility)* +����

���'�� ���'�.

* ��*���� "�,;�� "P �� �)� ! �����: � � ��!��0��� ,);.� . �� �� ������� ��'�0)��� "��� �P �

4 8�������195.

Page 184: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

5.1.4.2 ���" ���% ����X��� � �� !��

��� G��� ,���this � that �� G����� ���� 5Q�� �� 8+,���� ���'(� �

2�;�� T�' . �� ���.�this ����: B�'� ��6 ���� �� ��' � 8��,�� B�'� ��

that��: ��'� ��>�, �� . ��@�3� i�� �� ���������� � :

]56:2 [

a- Viola : I am all the daughters of my father's house and all the

brothers too, - and yet I know not. – Sir, shall I to this lady?

Duke : Ay, that's the theme.

]56:2[ � � )"�>� : 8�=�� +�*(� <���� �� ��� � �� ��� <��� � ��"�!� 1 ���� �

8I,��o+,���� M�� � � ��

."�� :������� � S� 8Mc.

b- Hamlet :

Do not look upon me

Lest with this piteous action you convert

My stern effects : then what I have to do

Will want true colour; tears perchance for blood.

Queen : To whom do you speak this?

Hamlet : Do you see nothing there?

Queen : Nothing at all; yet all that is I see.

Hamlet : Nor did you nothing hear?

Queen : No, nothing but ourselves.

Hamlet : Why, look you there! Look, how it steals away!

My father, in this habit as he liv'd!

Look, where he goes, even now, out of the portal!

Queen : This is the very coinage of your brain.

Page 185: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

2� ���� @ : �6 �P 1.

\��?�' I�G��� ����� ��� �� ���*"��)�� I��@� : 2�� �� ��6 2�0�� ���� �!

",�� �� 1,� O��, ���� 8��;�;' � ��.

�=����: o"B��� ��� ��� ���

���� @ :oS� � �>� A� 1�

�=���� :S�� �� A�� �� 8�:B06 C 1

���� @ : I� <�� "� ���=�� C

�=���� :� �# � ���� ,'� 1 8 1

���� @ :S� � I�P � 8�����!��#* Y�� � V�� 8I�P � !

U��� ��� ��� �,��� 8��.

������� R��* 8�=�� �Z� 82��� ��� 8I�P �

�=���� :S�;! �� O��*� ,��� ���

c- Cassius : That you have wronged me doth appear in this:

you have condemn'd and noted Lucius Pella

for taking bribes here of the Sardians;

Wherein my letters, praying on his side,

Because I knew the man, were slighted off.

S� U"�� = :W0*-� ��� ,: S � ��� �� �'=�� �,��:

\���� ,;������ B�� L���� �� � � I�� ��� �*� � ��Ll,��� * 81��� �� �� 8

���!(� ���� �*XE "� 8����� V�!� � � 3 � ! ���� <��,� � � �� .

� ,���]56:2 � [ ��: ��'�"that" �� 8)2 ( ���: ��'�� �1�' TB@

this" " I,�� ��'� ,��� �� �� 8this" ".

* Ll,��� (sardis) � �0;� 8��*��� � �,� � � � ������� I,�� 133 ����� ���,� 8,B���� ��:

��'��� ����� �� T�,'3� Juluis Ceaser ��� �� � Ll�E:� �� <0;���� 8 ����@3� � �,��� M�� <;

���' ,�� D�!45 ,��� ��� ,���� 8����� ���G6 2� � "�� L���� .

�P �html.sardis/com.allaboutturkey.www

Page 186: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��1� ��� ���.� �� ���this �� IG����� �����1� <� 8here) �P �3.4.2

��#�� ( ,�;� 8��,���� ���'(� ��� ��G��� (� � 5��B� +G?����� +,�'��� ���'��

� G?��this �� ��� �;����� � :� � � ��� ��� ��,���� ���'(� �! ��G��� "� 8

� ��'��he who hesitates .�� ��,���� ���'(� �)�* 8�,� ��>� � ��� �

V����� +�,� ,����) �P �2.4.2 ��#�� ( ���' �:B�� 5�;' �0���� �� ��� 8

��� ��� L��� ����1� �!������ �*�, 4 ��� �� x��� ��:��� �#�P� . 8����;�����

1 8��:���� S��� �� 84 �� � ��,�� ��'E �'�') ���'6 � ��) �� ��,���� ���'(�

�0 �!M��� ?"�� �� <Q:� 5��0 �! ���� 5�� �� +,���� 5�.

���" L�l�[� ":

]57:2 [

These were the verses the White Rabbit read: -[followed by the verses]

����: �� ����3� � M�� � ��i��3� 2 �3�: �]����3�� <�.�.[

Q �� ����� 0�� "� �� ����] 8������ �� ���'(� �0���� �� �� ���� �)

��� �� ��� � �:B! ��� ,�� 1 ��� 8��0; � ��,���� . <=�� ��� ���-.��

���'(� O� �� 5��� ,��� D�6 4�)*�� ��� D�! �� .� 8i'� >B�6

��,����.

�� +��*� �P'B�� ��� �this � that +,����� ����'(� � �� �� �� ����]

����� )�� ��>� �primary stress (�:�0 ��� ��G��� (� � . ��� ����

����� � ����'(� �)� ��� :�� �! ��� V�* . ����Q �� �� ��� 8���! �#)��

Page 187: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

(tonicity)* 8+,�,��� ��������� 0�� ��)� ��� �� ,�� ���' ���# B�

D�6 ��'E 1 �� 3 V����� T�' �� +,�,� ���� �� 8+,>���� 8M��� 5�� ��

���'3� 2��] � ���� ��]) �����'(� ��)� ��� <�� ���� <=��� V�*�

���� ��� �� ����] �� �����*�� ���'(� � ��������� +��� ����# 1�

M���� 5��� "� ���'�� M�� � ���! ��'��� �3 A�*� .( ���� �� �� ���h�

+,>���� �)� ��� 4*� ���� ��;�:, : ��� � +,���B� ����: 0;� ��� ��' � .

�� ���1,�� �>#�� �"new" �����: ���] "������ ������� �� ��������

�;���.� ���� �� 3 ��6� �;��.� ����� "� "� � 3 ��6 <����� ��� ��� +,���B�

4�*�� 5����� � �����; �� S���� ��Q:�� ��] �� ��� . 8��@��� ���� D�!�

�]58:2 [these �� ",�,� " �@�� ���;�� D ���� ����:

]58:2 [

The first row of cottages looked empty and decrepit. But behind them stood

another row, well kept and with small bright gardens. Whoever lived in these

cottages lived well enough.

�� ��3� V)�� �,�3� f��������� ����* . ��� +,�� ���' �� 8�,��) �*c V) ��#�* ,��� ����

���1 5>�,' .3� M�� � U�! �� ��f���V�� �' D�! ��=�� � �! U�! .

��;��0� ��� ��P�� 8+�@�� �� �� ��) �� ���'(� � I�� (� �� ��]

T�'� MB!� ����6 �� ��� +,!�;�� <��� �0���� ���� �� �� D�6 ���� �� �� E

,�,� . ��� ��' 8���'(� ���� ��� +��@� �1�' ��3� "�;��� � ,���

��@��� ���� D�!� 8T�,'�� ������ �P'B��� �� �����; 8+,>�! :

* ��� �� <0;��� �� I�� �� <0;���� 850 �� C� @� �'�')�� ���=��� � ���� �� <0�;��� <=� � �

����� _�=��� ��: I� �?���u���� +��l� ��=� I��� . 8������� �� �� ������� ��'�0)��� "��� �P �

4506 8131.

Page 188: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

]59:2 [

Where are you going? 6o2��� � � ��� D�

- To feed the fish. �S���� ��,��

- That's what I was trying to remember to do just now.

�0�=��� �Z� �� "�:3 M�Q�� ���'� � � �� S�� .

���� ���.� "� ���'6 �� ��,�� ���'(� ��� �� ���� 8 �@�� "�;��� ��

�;��.� ���! ��'��� .��P �' D�! �� ��6 �� ��,�� ��'��� I�� (�� .

���; � ]60:2� [ ���� ��' 8this ��� 8�,>�! "�?� ��E: ��" �� 8 ]60:22 [

.� ���� ��' ��� 8��,�� B�'"��'�� � ���:�� ��."

]60:2 [

a- I can't get any reliable INFORMATION. This is what WORRIES me.

��� D�! ��)'�� <�0�� 1��"����:�@�� . �� ����5�5�.

b- THIS is what worries me : I can't get any reliable INFORMATION.

�P@ ;�;� �� : <�0�� 1 ��� D�! ��)'����"����:�@�� .

�]60:2 � [ ��,��� ���.�this �� that � ��� 8]60:2 2 [ S�� � ��.� 1 .(

����h�this �� 8�� � 3 C��� ?,' D�! ��*3� � ���� �� ��,�� ��'.���

)2 (� �,� ���� �� ���� ) what worries me is this ���� �� ;�;� ��( 8

'.� 1 ��' � � ��)� ( 2�;�� ��� �@� ,���(reversal).

2.4.2 the

V����� +�,� S�E �� +,�!the ,��'� �) �� ��G��� (� ����� �' � �� ��

+�,� ���6 2� E� ,'�� V )� ��� ��(indefinite article) a 2���� 80;�

�@� ���� ���� ��G��� (� � �*c �) ! ,��� ",! �� S��the .��� ���

S���� 8��:���� �)� ��� �� ����� �!���� ���� �� �� ���� ��� ,��� 8A�*�

Page 189: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��,x,�'��� <�� ��)�)* 8��,x,�'��� <� ��#� ) � ,,� �� !�, 1

�����l��� C����� � ����� (� "=� I��� V )�� �� 8�)�*��) +�,� ����E

] ��,x,'��� <��3� V )�� �� �@��� �' D�! ��� �� �)�*�� �� ( ��Q@��

�� ���� ��,x,'��� ������� �!������:

I�� 6 ��l�

��'6 this that "B��� ���,�my 8your 8our

>�; �

these those

his 8her 8their

>�; � ��] the A��*� ���,� its

one's

���#��which whose

�� .�the'�� � ����� (� ��6 A,'6 �� Q5 � ��� 8+,�,!

����). �� �)Q�;� ���) �)3� � ��� that0;� �?,��� ��� . L# ��

���E 8�;��0��a �� �)Q�;� ���) one�?,���� �#�P� � +��)'� �� .

M� �� �B* �� L�� � �� ���� . ���.�the �,?,'� B��! 4�)*�� ��� D�!

I��� V )�� � !�� V ) �� �?��� 4* ,�,'� "�;� 8����� (� �@�

�0���� �B* �� 0;� S��� "�;� � ��� 8"�1� � ?��.� I�'� 1 �*c C �

�� 4x)*� �) ! D�!.

Page 190: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

���� �' �� D�! ��� _� ���.�� : ��)�*�� ��,x,�'��� ��� ���E

��)� ! D��! ���� ?,' � I�' �� 8���1,�� ��'� �� �� ��>�; � A�*3�

���� �) ��� ,�,' ���B* �� �?��� T�'� ����'6 . 8����l��� C���3 ��� ����

��� �@�� 4* �� � ���� �) : ��0����� �� ��>�� �� ��) ��� V?���

Sl�� .��� 0��'��� �� ��� C� �� 4* 82\0�*� 8"Q��� . ���� ����

2�;�� � �Q@�� ��� 8����� H� : 0��'��� � ��=�' � ��� �) ��� ,?,'.�

�:� �� �@�� ��,;�� �,����. ���� 80��'��� ���� �� ���.� 8����'�� ��� ��

� 4 �� � �� "�;��� � 8� �� . 4��)*�� ���) /�)E 84 �� � ��� ��h�

��:��Q� ���'(� �0���� ?" �� M��.

���� �) ��� �� �0���� � �� 8A�'� I� V����� +�,3 L��

��@�' +,���H� ����: � ���� ��GB�� �������� �� I� ������ ���:� ,m,'�

�,�.� .� 2�� ���"�;��� � C��� A�*� +��� 8o�������� M�� �! T'��

4 �� � �� .���*�, �� �����* ��6 � ���'(�� . �?��� 8�����* � �� ��h�

��;��0�� A,'h� �) ���:

)1( ,,m'� "�;� � �?��.�� ���! ���'(� " !�� V ) �� �?��� 4* . ��@��

� S��]32:2 [don't go, the train is coming) ",�: ��0;�� 82�� 1 (

��0;��� ,);.� T�'"� B� M�P � I��� ��0;�� " �� ����;�don't go, a train

is coming) ",�: ��0: 82�� 1 ( O�:� �� ���' ���@�� ��� ���.� �����

"�,0)� . ����;��� �1�'�� �� ���E� �� +� �����the ����'6 � �����*

�;��0�� M���:

mind the step���,�� �� � 8.

pass the towel�# ��� ��� 8

the children are enjoing themselves 8)������ ��#03�(

the snow is too deep 8)�,� 5��! b�@��(

Page 191: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

the journey is nearly over 8)����� D�! ��'��� �� ��( N�6 8...

)2 ( ���#�*�� � ���! ��'��� D�! V?���� "� �! �P �� i�� ������� ��]

"�;��� .�����*�� ���'(� � 4* �� q�)� "?����� �����1� �� � �� ���� .

����' � ��P��.

����! ���'��� V �)�� �� 0;� ,'�� �) ! ,���� ��P� �� � ��� 81��

8B@� L� ��� 2���] ����' �� i�#.� �:3� D�! ,'�� �) ! ,��� ��

8L���� D�! �,� 4�)*��@�:

the baby ") our baby(" <�=��� 8)� ��=�(

the government") of our country(" ����'�� 8])����' [� ,��(

the time") now .(" �:���)�Z�(

��@� 8��� V )�� �Q@� ���'(� �3 ��P� �� ���� 8�� �@ :the stars8

�@� 8������ V )�� BQ@�� M���!�� 4* �� ��the child � as the child

grows, he learns to be independent) ���� �� "��� �#0�� ���� ����

B;�� ( ��the snail ) ��G�'�� ( �The snail is considered a great

delicacy in this region) �;0 ��� M�� � ��� ����0 ��G�'�� ���.� .(

����*�� ���'(� �� O� �� ��� D���8,?,'��� "�;��� D�! ,��� 1 I��� 8�

�� �� ��� - �<"�;��� � ,m,'��� O� �� �! MG���� .

4 �� � ���� �� ������ �,)�� ���.� : 8���*�,�� ���'(�� ���� �� ���

��� ���� �=�� ���'�� M�� � ,���� : D�! ���'(�� 5'B�� D�! ���'(�

5�����.

)3 (� ���'(� �)' ������� 5'B�� D�! ���'(� �� ��,���the O� �� �

I� ��� . �� ���.� 1the D�! :��� �' D�! 5'B�� D�! �:B06 ��'.� ��

Page 192: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��>�; 1� ����� (� VB*)this 8these� here( D�! ��'.� �� 0;� � ��.� 8

���� ����1� �!������ �*�, �x,�� �) ! . ��@�3� i�� �� �����:

]61:2 [

a- The ascent of Mount Everest ������ ��� D�6 5Q����

b- The party in power "��'�� 2G'��

c- The people who predicted a dry summer ���� �#�) ���Q:� ����� L� ��

d- The longest stretch ��03� +,���

e- The best way to achieve stability ���;�1� 5�;'� �=�3� �;��0��

�� ����the8��>�, �� ��� ������ +�� 6 �� o�1�'�� M�� �@� �

������ �����: A�'3�� �� . 2G' I�� ,��) I� ����� ������� S�� D�6 �� E

+,���H� B��: N�6 . ��P� �� ����1� �!������ �� ,���.� ���'�� M�� ��

����the . ���.� 8A�*� +������the ��x,���� �)� ��� �� D�6 �� E ��B!

��,�,' �� � D�! ����6 �P .� :V )�� �� 0;� �)� ! �� ��� �� "�# "����

�?,���� � +,?,'� �� � ��� ��>��� "�1� �� x��.� .� ��,�,'�� �)� ���

of mount Everest 8in power 8who predicted a dry summer 8longest.

�� (e) <0;��� �?,���� ,��� best…to achieve …

)4( �� �� 8����;�� ���'(� ,�� 8���*����',�'��� +�� ��� �� �1�'

��� ���� �� ����3�� the��:��� . S� � �'�=� �@�3� �1�'���

��#��� ��?��� P#��� ���� ���� �� . ��@� :hall � ]62:2[:

]62:2 [

She found herself in a long, low hall which was lit up by a row of lamps hanging

from the roof. There were doors all round the hall, but they were all locked.

V;?��� �� DQ�, /���)��� �� QV)� �>�=.� ��� 8���0� i#* � 5��� � ���# �,�� . S� � � ��

�;��� ���� � �� �� ��� 5������ 0�'E 2����.

Page 193: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

V,��� �� �� V,��� D�! ���'(� ��� �� ����](near synonym) P#� �� 8

���'(� V,��� �*cC�'�(� �0���� ����;�� .

�]62:2[ �0;�� � �! ��� �� ���� �� _�=�� �,�� 8) 5��1� Pl'1�

"#��� �� ���� ��� ������.(

]63:2 [

"how are you getting on?" Said the Cat, as soon as there was mouth enough for it

to speak with. Alice waited till the eyes appeared, and then nodded.

"S��' V��""B��� �� ���� �Q�� �� ,���� �0;�� ���: o .��P �L�l�[� � ' "@ 8�� ���� ���P D'

����� .

� ��� ,�� �� ��) �� ���'(�� +,���� ���'(� � ��� ����it 8this

�that . ��@��� ���� D�!�the prospect � ]64:2[:

] 64:2[

" A nice mess we're all in. Pictures in the papers and reporters coming around".

She paused, obviously visualizing the future in a series of crude, highly-coloured

pictures. He tought that the prospect was still not wholly unpleasing.*

" � Q��� � ��0�'� ���#')��� ,>����� � ��)�� 8+���� �0�� �" � �� �� � /=���� �� 8�\#Q:� 8

����3� +��@� ��) �!���� � ��;���� D�6 �P .��� ��] ���� ,�� "� 5�3� �� ?�P.

* Agatha Christie, Pocketful of Rye, Fontana Books

Page 194: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�� .�the � � � �������� ��� 8������ �����: D�6 A�*� +�� "5��� I�" 8

"�� �! ���" 8"�� I�5"5����� 4 �� �� ��,���� �� ,�1� 8 . 5Q;'.� �� ����

"b�� ��."

�� ��0� �� �#�P��� ��� "�! ��� S� �the +,>�! �#�P� � : �� � I�

5����� 4 �� � ���'(� �0���� ���@� ,?,'E . �� � ��'� ���6 �� .� 8<:���� �

"��v��� �� �@ +�,� ."�'(� �� ��6 ,�X �� �� � 5;'� ����� 16 ���� ����;�� ��

the4�)*�� ���B* �� . _� 1 �='��� ����;�� ���'(� �� 1��'� ?/)�

�1�'�� ����]� : ���.� 8���,��� "B��� �the����>� �#)� ���* ��'� .

�� ����� �#�P� �� ��� �������� �:�0 ��� ��G��� (� ��!?� "P�� ��

��� ���'(���,� . ���� ���'H� M�� �#�*��� O�� 3� �� �� M?�; �� 2�� ��

�,����� ���)' . �� ���P I� �6the D' �� ��#�P� �� ���� �� ����

,'�� �c � V>�P� TB@ . ��@��� ���� D�! A� � :

] 65:2 [

Last year we went to Deven for a holiday. The holiday we had there was the best

we we've ever had.

D�6 � ��� =���� "���� ��#�,��0! � . �=�� � �� S� � ��� �=: �� ��0���]��0! [��� �=:.

� �the 5'B�� D�6 �� .� ��� 8��,�� ��'.� we had there ����: ��'.� ��� 8

�� �@�� ���P�� ��'� T�'� �=��holiday D�! holiday ������ �

����;��.

AG�� B� ������ S�� �� ��� ���� �� ,� 1 � � � :� ��6� . �� ,;� � �Z��

�)��� ��# ��@���:

Page 195: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

]65:2[

(cont'd) The people we stayed with had four children. The eldest girl was about

nine

)<�� (��#0� ����� "��,� ��� "��� � @�� ����� L� �� .� � �������� ���' � A����� � ��

]����! ��.[

The ��� ������ �:B! ��� ,��1 ���,�� 80;� I,�� ��'.� �� ��3�

people5����� <0;��� � �*c C � . � I,��� ��: ��'.� ��� �@�� ���

,'�� �c : �� D�6 �� .� I,�� ���eldest V?�� "� �" �3 ��:� 8girl

�� 0��children.

���'H� �@B@�� O�� 3� �� � 1�@� <= �� �=�� � ��.��:

]2:66[

Look at the moon! The daytime moon always seems so sad.

��;�� D�6 �P �! .�,� � �G' ��>�, ��� �� ��: �,��.

�� �@�� ���P�� � � ��'.�the D�! ��,�� daytime D�! ����:� 8moon

85����� 0;� ,'�� ��: ,���� ��,�'3� ���'(� D ��� �����* ��'.� ���

,�,'��� M�� H� ��1 � 3 ��;��� D ����� �=��� . M�� �@� ,� �� �,� ��,� �

��!����� ���'(� �� �1�'��.

"���� ��] ��'6 I�� 6 �� � � ��;� V����� +�,� �#�P� 4Q*� �� � ���h�

>�; � ��] �� . �� 4�* ���! ��'� �� B�,� ���! �*, I��� "�1� ��

+�Q��� � ���� �����=�� �������� ��� . �������� S� D�! I�' 1 ��

���� ?,' � . �"V����� +�,� " V����� D�6 +�� (� � ��#�P� �� D ���

V����� � ����� "��� �� ��, .����� ���� D�! � Q�, 1 �� � ������ .

� �� ���� � ,���"0�'���" 84 �� 8�� ��� "=� <��3� D ����� 0�'���� 8

Page 196: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

���;@��� "�;��� . ,��� 5�*� 84 �� � +��'� �������� � �� ����the �0���

��� 8����'(� �������� D�! I�' �� ������� ���� ��P� �� ������ ���

:��� A�*� +�����.

3.4.2�� &"�M�� ��� !

�� ����� �� � ,��� :here 8there 8now� then �� <� now ��,� ��

��:��� ���� �� �,� . ��,�'� A�*� ����� �! �� � �@B@ G��� D�6 R�'

D�! ����' ����� � �#�*� V>�P� ��� �� ��� ���� �;��0��� 2�E 8������

�:3�:

1� I�� (�there ���=�� �! Gm��.� there� ��'�� �� ���

there is a man at the door

2� I�� (�now 0�?��� +�,� �! Gm��.� now� ��'�� �� ���

Now what we are going to do is this

3� I�� (�then 0�?��� +�,� �! Gm��.� then� ��'�� �� ���

then you've quite made up your mind?

��� +,!�;������� : 8������ �#�� ��'� �� �� ���� (� ��] q�?)�� 4Q�;E

1 ,: � � <� ����� (� 4Q�;E 1 ��' �,��� � ���� �� VB*� I�

���'then .� � � �� �� � 0;� ����� (�. here IG��this

� there IG��that ��@� 8����'6 �)� �� :

]67:2 [

"Do you play croquet with the queen today?"

" ��l���� <� �������� ����� �� o"����"

Page 197: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

"I should like it very much", said Alice, "but I haven't been invited"

" ���@� S�� � 2]��" ���:L�l�[�" +?�!,� ��� ��"

"You'll see me there", said the Cat, and vanished.

" S� � l \ u��\� "�#*�� 8�0;�� ���: .

D ��there D�! ��'.� ���� V�P� ��: ��'.� �� "playing croquet

with the queen" . �� �� ��'.�here� there 4 �� D�! ����P

D ��� ���� ������ D ��� ���� 1 ����]� 8<?�����"���!1�" :" ��� �

���!(�" 8"���!1� S�� � " ��@��� ���� D�!� :

] 68:2[

"Of course it would be all the better", said Alice:" "but it wouldn't be all the

better his being punished".

"���� �=�� ���� ,: 8<�0���" ���: 8L���:" ��:��� ���� �=�� ���� 1 ,: ���"

"you're wrong there, at any rate", said the Queen.

"��' I� � 8S� � �>0*� � � "��l���� ���:.

��� ,: 8��:����� M�� �@� �here �@� ��,�� B�'.� this ��@��� �� 8

]32:2 [ ��,��� ����this �� here ��,���� that �� there . ���E

����� (�this 8these� here�� +,�'��� �,�)��� O� �� 5��B

��,���� ���'(� :�' D�! ��'E �� ��G��� (� � +,�'��� �)� ��� �

Page 198: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��� � �:B! �� 0�� 1 C D�! 85'B�� D�! ��) ��P *

) ���'(� � � ��;��� ���,� ������ �! ��@� �������� +�;#�� � ,���

�,� ��,� ��� ���.�� 8��,����.(

����� (� �)' �� �G��then� now��:��1� ��#�P� � �@�� .

�� I�� (� �����1��then��G�� D�! ����;�� ���'(� ��=� I��� �� .

M� ���" I��� ��G�� �U��Q�� ���! ��'."

]69:2 [

In my young days we took these things more seriously. We had different ideas

then.

� "��� ��@�� ��,�� C�� 3� M�� M�� ���� � � �� .��6 �#�*� ����� � �,� � ��.

������ �)' �now D ���� ���� ���� �� �1�'�� S� � " ���=�

�Z� T,' �� M�� ���3�" ��@��� ���� D�!� 8]70:2� [�]70:22 [ T�'

�� ���;� ������ ,���then:

]70:2 [

a- The plane touched down at last. Now we could breathe freely again.

���*� i�3� +�>�0�� �?�� .�,?,�� ���'� LQ# �� � ���h� �Z�.

* �� � ��P �@� ��� � ��,�� ���'6:"here in London" ) �, � � � � ("there on the

opposite page") ����;��� �'#)�� � S� � .( ��� ���:this� that � :

" this mania for washing cars; that turkey we had for Christmas "

) /����� ,B�� ,��� M� ,,!� I��� ����� S�,�� S�� 8 �������� ���� L���� ���( ������1� ��=��� 8

�� 4�*��those� "those who")����� S>���( D ��� 8"the people who") ����� 4�* 3� (

� ��'�� �� ��� :"those who predicted an earthquake") ��G��G� ����� ����� S>���( 1� 8

(� ��� � :��� 5��1� � ��@�3� M�� "������ ��� ��,���� ���'.

Page 199: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

b- Why not tell your parents? Then we can stop pretending.

C�!?,(� �! V:� �� � ��.� S���� oS�,��� ��*E 1 "l�.

�� ��� ���.�� �����1 5��� �then �P � 80�� +�,�� 7.5��#�� .

4.4.2 � �� !�� #"� 1��7< �M�/�

���,� � �)�)* ��=E#� ��P� I�� 6 D�! I�' +,�,! �����! ,��

������ . �� ����] V��E �� �>#�� �*�, ��>�, ��"2�0*�� �B=E� "

(discourse adjuncts) . S�� ��@�� :in that case 8that being so 8

after that 8at this moment8under these circumstances.

������ �)#�� �P � 8����� h� 1 0�� ���,�� ���'�� ��� � 5��#�� .

�1,�� A����� D�! ��� "�� : �����!�� ���1, �:B! �� D�6 ��>,�� �P .�

� 0�� +�,� �� � D�! ���� ,' � 0�� +�,�I�� 6 ,l�� C��� 8��� 5�;' ��

,��� "� �� ������ � �*c ��'6 �) ! �� . G��� ���:6 �=�� ��� ,�����

�@� �)� ��� �� R��G� ��� !� 0)�� U?� �as a result� as a result

of this .0�� ���,�� ���# �;��0��� ���B� �?�X.��.

���'(�� 0���� ��� �*�, <:���� � ,��� ��>,�� ��� 1 ,:� 8�0; �� M�� �

��06 � V� )�� 2��� D�6 ���' ��?��� . 4�) �� ���' ���� ����

�� i��]3� ��� �� �� ��:��1� ��)>�)* �P ���� �� �� ��;��

����'�� ����,�� ����6 D�� .?)� 82���� ������� � � �

A�*�� �� �;��0� �=����� �1�'�� .� �!��� �1,�� �@���� 0* � ���: �

���� 5��0�� � �����1� � �*� ��# �:��� �� 8������ ,�,' �

���!1� .

Page 200: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

5.2 �� 5��� 9�� ����� �� ���

+�;#�� � � ��;��� D�! ���,�� ���'(� �)� ! ��,� "�,; "2.2 MB!�

) ��,���4(���� "�P �� 2�' �� 8:

�� ,);.�"������ � ��;���) "general comparison ( ��� �� T�' �� � ��;�

� ?��� ��)�*� ���!� ��, �0���� ��� �� ",!� : ��>� �� ���� �� ����

��#�*� �� ����� � �� �����# ) ��= T�'"different" �� �� " L��

��# "�"��� � ��] .("������ "� �� �?��� V ) �0���� ������ � ��;��� �!

: ��� ��0 23��� ) 7�@5( P=��L

���<�� 7� ���

�8� ) 7�@5 ��W( �8�8�

Page 201: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

V��P��� ��� ��) MB!� ��>�;�� � V��P��� ��� �� ��� �)#�� "

��)�#� .(� ��6 ����1� �!������ � ��� �� ���I�� h

) ��@� :identical ��B@��� � � the identical two cards – ��:�0���

���@������ ( �)�)*� ��6�)��@� :identical ��B@��� � � identical

two cards two – ��:�0����@���� ( �#�*� ���� ��� �� A� ��) �P �

1.5.2��#�� .( +������ � V��P�� �����=E#�) ��@� :identically – D�!

�@��� �' � � identically the others performed � ���*Z� DQ ]

�@��� �' D�! ( D������ �"��B� 5��� &"�M" �B� 5 �! ��G���� 8

5��� �"���E��� 5��� &"�M��E�� ���* �� � ��;��� ��� � �Q@� ��

��@� 8��,���� V��P��� ��� �� :bigger) ����( 8better) �=��( 8faster

)O���( 8more quickly) �@�� �!���.(

���"�)�*�� � ��;��� "(particular comparison) C��� � ��;� ��

�� 8V��P�� �� ��� �� �0���� �=�� �� ! �?��.�� 8O� �� �� "��� T�' ��

� ��;� �� � ��,�! V��P� ��� � �� �?��� V ) D�6 � 1 .

��� 1 �� ��� ����1� �!������ �*�, 8��>�, ��'�� �� ��� 8��� �� ���

�I�� h I,�,�� �� ) ��@� :more � more cards –+��@� ��:�0�(

�)�)*� ��) ��@� :better � better cards –�=�� ��:�0�� .( ���

��6 ��;��0�� A,'h� ��� �� V��P����=� +������ � ) ��@� :better

�the others performed better – ���*Z� DQ ]]�;��0� [�=��(

�*�, �0���� ���'�� M�� � ��P� ��!�� 1,�� �� �)�)*�� ) ��@�such

�such good cards – 8+,���� ��:�0��� M�� �@�identically – �' D�!

�@���� � an identically designed house � �' D�! "?�.) ���

�@��� ( I,�,�Q�� �*�, ��) ��@�so � so many words (����=� ) ��@�

Page 202: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

equally � the others performed equally badly – ���*Z� DQ ]

I������ �>�� �;��0�� .( V��P�� �� ��� �� ��� ��' 5�� I� ,��� 1

�;���Q� � ��?�)�) ��@� :slowlier, slower(

��Q��� ��) ��@� :-more lengthy���@� �?�0� more lengthily 8 ���0�

�@�� (G����� ���� �#�P���� D ���� �� �� �@�� 1 T�'.

!�;�� 5�0 A�*3� ��� 3� D�! 5�0 ��� � ��;��� D�! ���# +,

���'H� : D�! ���'6 �� ��:��� ����� �� 5����� D�! ���'6 ��� �� �� ���

�����* ���'6 ��� �� �� ��� ��� 85'B�� . �! +G��� ��@��� #� �

��,>���� ��] ��1�����.

� ������ � ��;��� � :� � "���1.5.2�� � �)�*�� � ��;��2.5.2 .

1.5.2 �� ��� �� 5���

�� �*Q� �� ��� �� ����� 8C�� 3� ��� ��� �� �! ������ � ��;��� �x��E

�Q@�� T�' 85��0��"��>� �� " � ��'�� �� ��� ��# C �� B��]71:2� [8

� ��'�� �� ��� ��>� �� ��� � ��' �@���� ��]71:22 .[��� ���� �� B

� ����,.� �����#��� ���� ���� 8�@�� ",!� 5��0 ",! �� 8���� ����

��'�� �� ��� 8VB*1� �� 8��� �� ",! ��� ,'�� D �� � �1,�� "�P ��

�]71:2�� .[*

* ��@��� ���� D�! 8��:����� i�� � ��� �� �1, G��� ���'1� ��� D�! ,���

��� ��] �*c 4* "�� �@��� ��]" 8��� �! V�*� 4* " �� ��� � ��]" .

���V�*���� ���� B� � ����� .,>���� ��:��� � ���@ G��� I� ,��� �,�� 1� .

��@� ,���� �� �@��@�� � �#0 <� ���� ���'�� � S��� b� �� �1,�� i����� �! "��

M��! : 2� �� �����o ."3� : 2����S�� "! �� .�#0�� : �! ���� V�*� �� ��

Page 203: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

]71:2[

a- It's the same cat as the one we saw yesterday.

L�� M� ��� I��� ��# �� 0;�� ���

b- It's a similar cat to the one we saw yesterday.

L�� M� ��� I��� ��� � 0: ���

c- It's a different cat from the one we saw yesterday.

L�� M� ��� I��� �! V�*� 0: ���

���� �� C �� ���� 1 8����'6 ��)�* �� ��� ��"like) "�@� ( 1 ��

���� �� ,�'like something') �� C �@�( �� �� � � ��;���� S��� 8

���� (� ���'(�� �>��=�� � ���'(� 2 �� D�6 ���'(� ��� � . ��=�

�1��'1� �� ���# �!������ . ���! ��'��� ,��� �� ���� 8� ��;��� #�

4 �� � �� "�;��� � . D�! ��6 ��6 ���'(� ��� 84 �� �*�, ,�.� ��h�

�6� 5����� ��� � ��] �� ��� � ���� 5'B�� D�! �)��:��� .( ,��� S�� <��

���*�, � ��;��� ��� ,;� 8��=6 ���'� � ��;��� �– ��� �� �! �?��.� T�'

��� ��,���+G?��� ���� ���! ��'��� ���P ��, .

� +,����� ��@�3� <��� � ,��]71:2 [ D ����� 5'B�� D�! ���'6

I� ��� �� ���' �� � ���! ��'���� 8the one we saw yesterday) I���

L�� M� ��� .( � ��;��� ���,��same 8 similar � different D�6 ��

2����o ."3� :"� 8�� .�#0�� :�����' ��,� ���� .) �� C �:3� D�! S� � I�

��� �� S� �.

Page 204: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��� �� �� ���# �;��0��� 5'B��those )S>���( D�6 who predicted

an earthquake )��G�G� ���?� �����( A�*� ��@�� �� ����� 8:

]72:2[

a- We have received exactly the same report as was submitted two months

ago.

���� � � "?,E: I��� ��# ���;�� � �;�.

b- There are other qualities than conviviality needed for this job.

����� ���� ����0��� � � ��� ��] A�*� 4>�)* ,�� .

c- Find a number equal to the square of the sum of its digits.

+� ��� �' ���:�� O���� <���� ������ �,,! ,���.

� ���! ��'��� �@��:

the one that] was submitted two months ago[ 8conviviality 8

�the square of the sum of its digits .���� M�� ��,���� ���'(� ,m,'E

��>�, ��'�� �� ��� ��:��� �#�P� ��� ��� ���� ��6 �� �� ��� V�0 �� .

C���� ��0���� " �� 8��:��1� ��,���� ���'(� �1�' ���E

+,���� �� ��� +�@�� ��>� ��] 8� ��;��� :

]73:2[

The other squirrels hunted up and down the nut bushes; but Nutkin gathered

robin's pincushions off a briar bush, and stuck them full of pine-needle pins.

Page 205: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

G���� ����� �#��� D�!� A�*3� 2�� ��� �,�0)�8 ��� ��� L��,� <�� ���� D�!� �

��� )�� +��6 L����,� ��G*�� I���� ,���� +��� .

��'other D�! ��,�� � � Nutkin8�� �� "]�� �B)# � ���) �

��'� �� �� ��0��� ��] ��� 3 :��� ����@� �� 16 ��)��� �0; �0����

���; � 8��� ���:

]74:2[

The blow would have knocked anyone else cold. The champ just leaned to one

side, then straightened again.

����� ,'� I� 2�) �� /���� ������ �� ���, .��� �� D ' � 0;� �0���8�� �@ "�;�� "@ .

3�� � ��@�]75:2 [ �� ���! ��'��� ,���.� T�' 8�����* ��� �� ����

"�;��� :

]75:2[

a- I was expecting someone different.

�#�*� �)* <:�� � �.

b- Would you prefer the other seats?

?=# ��3� ,!�;��� �oA�*

� ���! ��'��� �?�X.�)�( �� "different from you" )S ! V�*�(

��"different from that person there" ) 4* �� S�� �! V�*�

S� �( � �?�X�� )2( "other than those you seee ") �� S� ��]

����( �@� � ?��� ��:��� � ����: ���'6 B�'� �� ���� S�� <�� 8:

]76:2[

a- Jennings is here to see you. – I was expecting someone different.

�� �S���� � � .–�#�*� �)* <:�� � � .

Page 206: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

b- They've given us special places in the front row. Would you prefer the

other seats?

���3� V)�� � �)�* ����� � � ��)?)* .� ,!�;��� �?=#E ��oA�*3

,��� ��@� �*c �! � ��;��� � ���'(� ����;�� �] 77:2 [T�' ,�� such

�!������ D�!���1� � ��?����� of midly but persistently depressive

temperament) ���� ���� V�#* ��>�� R�G�:(

]77:2[

Gerald Middleton was a man of mildy but persistently depressive temperament.

Such men are not at their best at breakfast.*

������,�� ,��������� ���� V�#* ��>�� R�G� �� B�� . ��' ��'� � ����� ������ C1X� �@�

_��)�� ��0� , !.

���0 ��� ���� ��0;� ���! ��'��� ���� �� ���� ��� � ��'�� �� ��� 8

3� ���'(� O�� � �@� 8 A�*so � ]78:2� [�such � ]78:22 : [

]78:2[

a- 'Everybody says "Come in!" , here' thought Alice, as she went slowly after

the Gryphon: 'I never was so ordered about in all my life, never!'

' ��;� ���� :"�*,�! "� � ' 8 � P L�l�[��� � � �� �� �' 8�:�,�� C��� C0 :' �,�� ��� "�

�,�� 8��' ���0 ���,�� M�� D�6 +�����!.

b- 'I see nobody on the road', said Alice. 'I only wish I had such eyes', the

King remarked, 'To be able to see nobody – and at that distance too!'

'5��0�� � �,'� A�� 1'8 ���: L�l�[�" .�� ���� ���� �@� I,� ��� �� 0;� E�� �" 8S���� P' 1 8

' ,'� ��X� ",! D�! ��,�: ���3–�=�� ,���� S�� ���! '

* Angus Wilson, Anglo-Saxon Attitudes, Secker ad Warburg

Page 207: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�) ���� ,: �� ���6 �P .� '+���P�' ��@� +����! ��' ��' 8the same

questions arise )�>����� M�� �@� ��P( �;���� �� :� � D�! ����: ���'6

�������.

E �>��=�� ��� ��� ������ MB!� +������� ���'(� R��� <��� ���

����� (�� . �� D�6 +�� (� �� � ���same 8similar 8identical 8

equal� different� �� O� I� �� +���=��� ���'(� ��= 1 : ����

�@�� �� ��>� ��� ���;.� ��' 8�='� �#)� ���*�, � ��;��� ��� �� . D�!�

��@��� ����:

] 79:2[

a- Most people have the same breakfast every day.

"�� �� ��# _��)�� ��0� L� �� "P�� ��� �.

b- The candidates gave three similar answers.

���� � ����� TB@ ��' ���� ",:.

c- All parties showed an identical reaction to the news.

��� �,�����*3� M�� �@��� ��� ,� V��03� <.

D��3� ������ �]"��0#�� [ "��3� �>��� ��# " <� L�Q��� ���'� <�" ���#

i���� "�=��� ��� ��� ." �� �@�� ��" �� �� ���� ���� � " � �� �@��@�� ���

" ���� �;��0��� ��� ,�" . �� h� � � � ��;��� C���� ���1 �)�)*� �� I 8

��6 ��6� ��#�P� � ��� 8�,���� ���� ,: I,,! I� �����1� ��� �

(�I�� �� �;��� ���� : ��� ���:]80:2 � [ T�' 8different �� I��� 6

� 8��'6�]80:22 [��'6 ��]� �)�)* �� T�':

]80:2 [

a- They were a different two colours.

��#�*� �� �� �� � ��.

Page 208: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

b- They were two different colours.

��#�*� �� ���� ���.

D��3� ������ �"��������� �� ���� �! ��#�*�" �� �@�� �� 8

"i���� ���=�� �! ��#�*�" ��� 8���� ������ �����1� ���.� 1

�� ��3� D ���� � ������� �@�� O� ��� � ,'� ;�� �� �,� �� ��]

������ � . ������� ��Pother 8additional 8else 80;� ��'(� D �����

���E 1 8A�*� ��� ���equal ��� �� �� ���� 8��,�! �#)� ����'6

��' 0;� �' �� ��� D�!E �@� C���� �?,�,,��� 8"���� 8O� ���.

#"� �$"� .��� other" else : 1 G?���else I��� ,�'��� <=����

� � ��� �� 85��� �� 1,� <�� I� 82�'� ��?,�� ��� �:B! � M�*

�=�� V��P��� C���p� 5���� someone)�� 4* ( 8nothing

)C 1( 8everywhere) ���� �� � ( "��#�1� ���,3 �� 8N�6

B���> ��who where, what,8N�6 . ��'�other ��� 8��� ��"V�*� "

�"��=6" I,X�� 8������ �� ,Q���� ",! D�6 +,�,! ���� �:

]81:2[

I need some other clothes. – As well, or instead?

A�*3� ����3� i�� D�6 R�'�.� ���@�o�=�! ��

2.5.2 �' 7�� �� 5���

?��� ��)�* 2�' C�� 3� ��� � ��;��� �����: �! �)�*�� � ��;��� �x��E ,:� �

�*3� M�� 5��O� ��� �� "���� +�.

1� I,,���� ��) ��� � �� ! ������ "� 8"��� 2�' � ��;��� � �� ��6

?��� �0���� C��� 8����(� �!������ �� � �*�, �� ��;��� D�! ��, "

Page 209: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�@� :more) �@�� ( �more mistakes )�@�� C�0*� ( �0����� ��

��?����� ����!�� �?,���� I����� ��� ��;��� V���P���@� ":

as � as many mistakes.

2� ��;��0�� A,'h� �� ! �?��.� O� �� 2�' � ��;��� � �� ��6 :

� � �� �0���� C��� ����1� �!������ �*�, �)�)*�� �) ! �

��;�Q �@� �: easier)����( 8more difficult) 2�)�(

� easier tasks )���� "���(� more difficult tasks) "���

2�)�(8 �0���� ����;� V�PQ ��@� �� ��!�� �?,�� �:

so � so difficult a task) �,� ���) ����.(

2 � ��@� 8���;� V�P �0���� ��6 ������ � ��=#� ��:

faster) O��� ( �cambridge rowed faster) O��� b����� ���

���'( ��;� V�P �0���� ��6 �Q?,�� � ��@� 8V�P�� ��!�� �:

as � �@� she sang as sweetly) ��@��� ������ �Q ].(

������ � ��;��� �@� �=�� ����'6 � �)�*�� � ��;��� . ,��� �� ,� 1

D ,� �� ���� 8D�!� � ��� �>� �� ��;�� ��B* �� "� ���'H� ����� ��

"��� �� O� �� T�' .����� ��'� ��� �� � ��;��� D�! 1�, ���� <�����

� 2��0� � h� O� ��V������ ���� <0;��� � S�� ��@�� 8���! ��'� .

]82:2 [

'Take some more tea', the March Hare said ,to Alice, very earnestly.

'I've had nothing yet', Alice replied in an offended tone, 'so I can't take more'.

"I� �� �� ,�G��� ��� " I���� 2 �3� ��: 8[3L�l���,�l� .

",�� C I� ��� � "�"����� 8L�l�[� � ��� ��� � ",�G��� ��� � �� <�0�� 1 S���."

Page 210: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��@� 8�*c �>� ���'(� ����� ���� �� ����" : S� �� ��0� +�� �� M��

+�� ��" ��@� ����;� �� " :"�,:� +� ! �� ��0� +�� �� M�� ." ���� ,:

�� ��� �� �= �*Z� C �� ��� 1� "?�)�� ���) � ��'�� " ��)'��

����� 8��� ���� D�!..." ����� ���'1� ��� D�! � ��;��� " T�'

����� ��B! I� R� �� +�='� ���� �� R� ��� ��,� +�='�

��@� 8��?���� ����;� ���! ��'��� ���� ,:� 8������ :

]83:2[

We are demanding higher living standards

D�!� �� ��� ������� 2��0

��'��� ���..."�Z� � �,� �� S� ��"

��=#�� "�� � ����! �@�3� � ��;��� "�� �@�� :highest" D�!3� " ���

�0���� ��"�*c �� D�!� ."����� ��?��� �� 3 ����'6 ��=#�� C���� ���� .

�,��� ��P �' D�! ��� �� 2���� �����Vx��� . � � �,���x���V

V����� +�,� ,���� +,����� �;��0��� : #�the highest mountain in

Europe �� � the �� D�6 highest… in Europe ,�);��� ����� ,?,'E

)�P �61.2MB!� �� .( 2 ���� ��� 4*� ���� ��� �� ������ i�� ��

G��� H� ���� � ��)� D�! �' �� ��Q��� 8�� "�� �� B�� ��=#�� "�� 2

V����� +�,�� � ��;��� . S���� ���� V������ � ��;��� ��� ��G��� (� G?��E

?����� �����*�� ���'(� ��� � ��;��� C���� D�! ��� �� ��� �� ��

� �1?,��� ����������x��� �@� 8the milder tobacco) V*3� q���(

� ��] 1���� ��=#�� C���� D�! A�*� ��� ��x����� ��] �@�a latest

notion is…) ��*� "��#� �� ... ( D ���one of the latest notions

)+��*3� "���#��� ,'�.(

Page 211: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

8��,���� ���'(� ��@��� ���� D�!� 8+,����� ���'(� O�� � �� ,��

�� ����:

]84:2 [

a- There were twice as many people there as last time

��=���� +���� � �� �� ����� 4�* 3� ,,! V�l= S� � ���

b- He's a better man than I am � �=�� ��� ��

c- There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in

your philosophy.

�� 8i�3�� � ��� � C�� � ,���������� 8S#��� � �� "�' ��� �@.

�]84:2� [� ��;� "�� �#)� I,,! �0���� "��� T�' �� � ��;� ,��

�0����� [the people who were there] last night���! ��'� �#)� .

��)2 ( � ��;� "�� ��#)� �)�)* �0���� O� �� T�' �� � ��;� ,��

�0�����I A�'3�� �� I am] the man that [���! B�'� �#)�.

R ���� ���! ��'��� :

the things that] are dreamt in your philosophy [ � � ��;����

� L�Q��� i�� ,��� D�6 �� .� ��@��� ��� ���� 8A�*� +�� ��?��more 8

� �=�� ,���� ���other) ���� �P �1.5.2MB!� :( � � ��;��� �?�X

"������"� D�! C�� 3� � �� ��� C�� 3� �� ���� "� ,��� � 1 ��

O� �� T�' �� V�* �� . ��� ��� ��,���� ���'(� ������ ��@�3� M�� �@�

����1� �!������ �*�, ���! ��'��� ,��� T�' . ���: �� ��@�3� S����

]85:2 [ � ��;��� "�� ���� T�'� ��� ��� ��,���� ���'(� ��� � � ��=E�

������:

Page 212: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

]85:2[

The little dog barked as noisily as the big one

��= L# � /� ���)�� 2����]2���� [������

� �@�� 1 ��� 8����! � ��� �?��� C � � � ���! ��'��� �@�� 1the

big one � ���� the big one [barked] . �1�@��� /=���]84:2 [

�]85:2 [ +���=��� ���� 1 ��,���� ���'(� ��� � ��;��� � ���! ��'��� ��

�� ��� � ���� ����P . � ��'�� �� ��� ���� ,:�John is older than

Peter) ��� �� ���� ��� ( I� � ��;��� � �@�� �) ��� i�#� 1 T�'

1� ��'� �1�'�� i�� � ��� 8��3� �) ��� �� C �) ��� i���

����;�� ��� MB!� �?��� ��� ��P#��� B� � S� ��� . +���P�� M�� �Q@� 1�

����� ��� �� ��� 85��1�� 5�� 1 �� 3 � ����� ��'� ��'�� �:��� �

�����,�� �� ��@��� � ��)#��� ��'� � ��#)� " T�'� +���� . �� �����

�;��� C���� �! A�*� ��@�� ��,�� ��'E �� � � :

]86:2[

a- I have never seen a more brilliant performance than last night /last night's.

��=���� ������ � � � �'�� �@�� �G�� � �,�� �� "� /��=���� ������ G�� � ��.

b- She has a similarly furnished room to mine.

D�! +G?��� ���] ���,����� ��� � �'.

�� L�;��� ���� ��@���� :��1� D ����� ���� A�*� ��@�� ,���" L�l�[�":

]87:2 [

She thought that in all her life she had never seen soldiers so uncertain on their

feet: they were always tripping over something or other, and whenever one went

down, several more always fell over him,…

���,�� M��� ��,?,�� �,� � ����' ���0 � "� �� � �Q P : ����� 8�� C D�! ���Q@�� ��>�, �� ��

�:�� ����@��� ���, 0;� 8"�,'� 0;�...

Page 213: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�� ���;��� �) ���so uncertain on their feet . D�! ��6 4 �� I�'�

��0; ��,�� ���'(� �� D�! �Q1,.

�����*�� ���'(� ��� ��@�� � �Q�# �� ����� �� ,��)�� ��;� ���

"�,� ����" 5B'�� ��:� 8+,�)�� "�' D�! Y�,�� ��!��� /�� ���" ,�� ��

���� C���� ���� ��o "

�� ��� � �� B� �����*�� ���'(� ��� � ��;��� �� O� �� ��� ���� ����

������� +��'�� � �,� ��,�! �#)� �������� �P'B���� : � ,��� 0��

���� � �� ��� �� ��� ��� ����' �� �� �) �� 8C�� p� ��'�� <=����

�*c :not so much noise!) ����= D#� (8go slowlier! ) 2���

C0�� ( 8I need a sharper one )D�6 R�'�A�*� %�& �3��(8

mine was much prettier) ���]����� I��� C �� [1��� �@�� (N�6 . ,�

��;��� �L�l�[�M�� � ��;��� ���) "=� �;��� ������ ��' :

"curiouser and curiouser!") �@��� �@�� ��=�( �� ��� 8� ��� �� 8

4 �� � 5��1� 5;' �� 3 ����;�� ���'(� O� �� 8��>�, ��'�� . �����

#�� ��� �'=�� ������ ��@�3� ���:

]88:2 [(*)*

a- Cassius : Ye gods, ye gods, must I endure all this?

L����� : o��� �� �?�'� �� ?�! �� 8���Z� ���� 8���Z� ����

Brutus : all this? Ay, more! Fret till your proud heart break.

L���� : � ���@�� �� o��!�� k��*#�� S��: ��� � �� D�6 2.

b- 'When £8,000 is a minor matter, it must be really large-scale crime that is

in question?'

* ��'��� �� L�;����'�� ���Julius Ceaser �� ����� "����.L����� L����� ��� ����

��'����� M�� ��0��.�;� I�� �� Julius Ceaser � � S�� ���� 844 ,B����� ���: . ,����� � ��'����� 4*��:

www.mcgoodwin.net/pages/otherbooks/ws juliuscesar.html

Page 214: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

� �� D�8000<��� 5�0 D�! ������ �;�;' 5��� ��3� �� ,� 1 8� �� ���� �� � .

'Bigger rackets go on'.

�� ����� �,���!

c- Apparently Brown resigned, when his proposal was rejected.

�� �,�� ������'��:� i�.� ��' ��;�� .

- I wish he could have acted less precipitately.

��?�) � �!?�� �:� ��� � � �� D �� .

� ����;�� � ��;��� C����more 8bigger 8less precipitately �?��.��

�@� _�=�� �� � �� � ���! ��'���this 8£8,000� resigned . 8,���

��0� ���� 4 �� � ,?,'� <0;� D�! �=�� ��?��� ���'6 8V���� �� ���

��@��� ���� D�!� 8�:� _�=� ��� :so many � ]89:2:[

Here the Red Queen began again. 'Can you answer useful questions?' She said.

'How is bread made?'

�,?,�� C���'�� ��l���� ��,� � � .���: :"o+,�#� ��>�� D�! ��� �� ����0� �� oG�*�� < ).� V��"

'I know that!' Alice cried eagerly. 'You take some flour-'

"S�� "�!�" �*�) 8L�l�[�+, � " .5�:,�� i�� I�*".

'Where do you pick the flower?' the White Queen asked. 'In a garden, or in the

hedges?'

"o+,���� ��#0; ��� ��8(*) " 8C�=���� ������ ����" o�;'�� � "� �;�,'�� �"

'Well, it isn't picked at all', Alice explained: 'it's ground-'

"�:B06 V0;.� 1 8� �'" ��?�� 8L��� 8".� � 6D'�."

_______________________

)* ( ��� L��Q�� ,���"flour") 5�:, ( �"flower") +,��(

How many acres of ground? said the white queen. 'You mustn't leave out so many

things!'

Page 215: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

+��� "� (*)�C�=���� ������ ���: o=��3� � ."�@��� C�� 3� M�� �� �� S��! 2�� 1+�!" )**(.

���E �� � � ��;��� C���� ����0 ���� �)� �(� ����' 4�* ��� +,�'���

� ���'h ������ �#)� ,>���� �����*�� ���'(� �� 1,� . �� 2��� ��� �����

<:�.� . ���'H� B� ����� (�� �>��=�� �� �� ��=8 ���] ����-.� ���

"GB��� I��� . �� �� �@ ����� ����� ����� ��'�0)� �0�� : D��! ����'6

"B��� ���,�) �)���� ����! � ����� ��� ���,�( �� 2�;�� D�! ���'(�� 8

"�;��� D�! ���'6 ����� � "����� . �>��= "�;" T��@�� 4* �� " �� 8 0;�

�� � ����� ��;��� ��#��� ���� i'�– C� �� 4* �� �I� I�

� 20�*���� "����� ���� ��,>���� �#�P8 +,>���� �#�P��� �� ,��� <� _�=��

��] 1 ��� �@ ���E �����* ���'6 . �� ��;��� ���' � �:B��� �� �� "]�����

/=�� �� � ����'6 ��>�, �)?)* I��� D ����� /�0�)��� ���� �) ( �� 16

�� ��� �� � ��� C��� 8�)�*�� �����0 ;��� �����: C�� 3� ��� � �� 2��� 8

���# I,������ A����� � �� �� ���� �0����� C�� 3� ��� �� 1��'6 .

A����� � ���! ��'���� � ��;��� "�� �� �� <;� �� �� � 8A�*� +������

�1,��) 4 �� � I�( "�;��� � �*Z�� 4 �� � ���,'� ���� 1� . ���E�

� �� ������]89:2 [ �! ��>�� 1�@� �� S� B�� �����* ���'6 ,���

� ��;��� C����:

] 89:2[

(cont'd) 'Fan her head!' the Red Queen anxiously interrupted.

)<��" (�'������ ����� I?�� ":�5�;� T�,'�� C���'�� ������ ��0.

'She'll be feverish after so much thinking!'

��@��� ���#�� ��� ,�� ����'� ����!

______________________

)* ( I���� �'����� L��;� +��3�4840+,��� .

)** ( ��� �=�� L�Q��� ,���"ground") D'�.� ( �"ground") i��(

���! +,!�;� �� � ��P V���� _�=�� <����� �� ���;�� ��PE� 84 ��

�*�,�� 5��1� .

Page 216: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

���� 8������ � ��;���� �='� ���*�, �=�� ��� �� �)�*�� � ��;���

�:B06 ����'6 ��] �� ������ . �1?,�� �0���� �� ! �?��.� ���'�� M�� ��

���) � ��!��ly � 8equally2��;�� ��� D�! ��>�, :

]90:2 [

They asked me three equally difficult questions.

���� ����)�� ������ ��>�� TB@ .

��'�� M�� D�! ����� �� . D ��� ���� +,>�! ��� �� �� ����:

"each as difficult as the other") A�*3�� ���) +,'�� ��( �� 8

�@� ����'6 ��]]79:2 [MB!�.

3.5.2 #"� �M�/� so �such� as

�� +G���� �)�* �P'B� ������� M�� 2Q�0 D�! ���,�� ������� ���

� ��;��� . ���) �* +,'�� ����� ������ ��>,�� �����!� �����such ��'

� 8�� ���so � ��' ���P ��� ��' as �,?�;� ���P ��� ��' (bound

adverb) . S� � 8<:���� �� 2�;� � ��� 8��� ������ 0����� ��� ���.�

D �� � ������� M�� <���"��� ��" �#�P��� 2�' �� �� ���� ���*1� "�� 8

��>� �' D�! ���' �� .

����Eso� such �� ��@��� �0���� ",' D):� D�6" ����� 8

5�:, 5��� �=�� � � ,���"���?�* 1 ,: ���, D�6."

Page 217: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

]91:2 [

a- The war scenes in the film were so terrifying.

� � �� �,� ��!�� "��#�� � 2�'�� ,��

b- Our neighbours are such a nuisance

� ���� �,� ���!G�.

� ��� ��� ��'� �� �� ��,�� ��'.� �� ����]92:2[

] 92:2[

a- The war scenes in the film were so terrifying that many of the audience left.

'�� ,�� � � ���,�] ������� �� ����� �,,! �� ���,� �,� ��!�� "��#�� � 2�.

b- Our neighbours are such a nuisance that we may have to move.

� ������'��� � ��! �?��� ,: � � ���,� �,� ���!G� .

� �1�@��� ��'.� ��*����� ��'� �� ���]93:2 [ �� 1 � � <� �=�� ��,��

���:B06 S�.

] 93:2 [

a- He hid in the shed so that no one would find him.

,'� M,�� 1 D' ��0�(� � ��*�

b- Our fear of her was such that we dared not contradict her

��=���� D�! ��� "� � � ���,� �,�, ����! � ��* ���.

Page 218: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�Q@�.�]92:2 [ �]93:2[ ���! ��'��� �3 ��,���� ���'(� � ��>� ��] �1�'

����1� �!������ �� �CG� �Q@�� 1 . ��P 8S�� D�6 ���=6so 8such� as

���� D�!� 8����� ���! ��'��� ���� ��' ��,���� ���'H� V������ O� �� �

��@���:

] 94:2[

Such an efficient man as John

So efficient a man as John

A man so/as efficient as John is unlikely to be mistaken

��'.� 1�0��� � ��?�� ��� ����

��'Esuch � so ��� 8�����* as 1 T�'� ��'6 �) �� V���� ��] ���

�����*�� ���'(� � ����.�8 M��� ��,�,'�� ���' ��� . ,�� ��' S���

��; �� � ��� 8B�;@ � G� ��'� �)* ]95:2�[ ��; �� � ��� 1 ���� 8

]95:22[�� ���� ����� 80;� ��,>�! �#)� ��*3� ��� ��P� �� ����� 8:

I didn't expect John to beat Peter) �� <Q:�� "���� 2��� ���.(

]95:2[

a- I never thought he was so strong.

�,� I�: � � �,�� ,;!� "�

b- I never thought he was as strong.

+�;�� M��� � � �,�� ,;!� "� .

��� �� � ���as � ]95:22 [ ���=h� ��,�� ��'�as that��*3� � 8 <�

,���Q;' �� �����*�� ���'(� �0���� 5that .���.�� ��@��� �

"����(�" �! �*c 1�@� so�����*�� ���'(� � .

Page 219: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

]96:2[

I wish you were not quite so deaf – I've had to ask you twice!

")� �� "� S � ���� ���,�� M�� D�6 –��?�� S���� �� �! ��� !

������ �0��� D�! ,'�� �c � ��,�� ��'� � � <� .�� �� 16�)� ��� M

����� (� � ��'�� �� ��� �����*�� ���'(� ��:��� � +�@�� ����E 1.

� Q�� � ��;��� C���� �h� 8�;��� � P'1 �������� (� �� �@�� 4 ��� 5

���E �so 8such� as��0(� ��� � ��0� .

� �! ��@�� � ��= �� � � 5�� ��;�� � ��� C��� ,>��� ������� �

������ � ��;���) ��@�] :77:2 [�]78:2 [ � ��;��� � ��!�� �1?,�� "�

� �)�*��]89:2 .[ A�*� ��@�� �@B@ �� �����:

]97:2[

a- He seemed most upset.- I never knew he cared so.

�,� �;�: �,� .–���,�� M�� D�6 "�� � � �,�� "�!� "� .

b- Let me have men about me that are fat!

���� ����� 0�'-� !, !

Yon Cassuis hath a lean and hungry look.

D ' �L�������>�� +�P �P � .

Such men are dangerous.

���0* ������ C1X� �@�.

c- 'Are five nights warmer than one night, then?' Alice ventured to ask.

"��6 +,'�� ���� �� +���' �@�� ���� L�* ��" ����] o L�l�[���X����.

'Five times as warm, of course'.

"<�0��� +���' �@�� ���� L�*"

Page 220: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

D�6 5?�0 �so� such��,��1�� �)�* A�*� ��:��� V>�P� �

) �)#��3 (����)�) �)#��5 .(

����.�so� 4�)*�� ��� D�! ������� D�6 ��� �� S�� ,���� +�@�

��=E� �� !�� �,��� �'�� . �� �?� .� 8��0(� ��� ��more� less ����

� ��=�]98:2� [�!�� �,�� � ]98:22[

]98:2[

a- He seemed most upset. – I never knew he cared so. – He used to care even

more.

�,� �;�: �,� .–�,�� "�!� "� ���,�� M�� D�6 "�� � � .–�@�� "�� �� �,�! �� .

b- He comes every week. – I never knew he came so often. – He used to

come even more often.

O���� �� �� .– ����] �� ��� � � �,�� "�!� "� – ����] C���� D�! ,�!� �� ]�@��.[

���more� less ��� ���� ��� �Q@�� ��' � 8� ��;so C�� � ��� 2 �� D�6

A�*�� �� �;��0� ��:��� ���� ���E �� 8A�*�.

8D ���� T�' �� � ��;��� C���� �� E ������� �� ,,! ,��� ���*��

� �Q@�E� 8A�*� 5�0� D �E �� ���]99:2� ���:[

Page 221: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

]99:2[

a- 'Oswyn then says that a well-drilled equerry took two steps forward,

received the picture from you, and took two steps back. He was

accustomed to the whole manoeuvre, that is to say. And then the visit

ended. Would you say that's right?'

'Nothing of the kind, my dear follow.'*

��;���G��� ��6 ���� ����� Q 8"��3� D�6 ���0*� "�: 8�,?�� ��m�,�� 8 �0����� 0B��� � �=

V�*�� D�6 ���0*� "�:� 8S � +��)�� "��� . �� � "@ 8���� +��� ��� D�! ,��� � � D ���

+���G�� .o/�') S�� �� ��;� ��.

'G�G��� ;�,) �� O� �� ��� �� C 1'

b- 'If we'd gone on pretending long enough, I believe we might have been

happy together, sometimes. It often works out like that'.†

2 –" ��� C�,�� ��� �� � ���h� ��� � � �P� 8���#��� ��� ��� 1?�0� C�!,(� � � ����� ��

�� ��' . =#� �� ����]]��3� [S�� �@� D�6".

c- Walk right up, and take the box where everyone can see you. That way it

won't look as though you're stealing.

R�5�� S �� �,�� 1 �;��0�� M��� 8<����� S��� �� ���� ��� ������ �*� ,�)� .

d- Edward ran up and vaulted the fence without effort. John tried to do

likewise- with disastrous results.

,� A�� ,���,�,�� I� ��, G��'�� D�! G#:� . ���'��� S�� �@� ��#� �� – b>� <�

���*�.

e- You don't seem to have got very far with all those jobs I asked you to do.

And another thing – what have you done with the scissors?

���� 1 ��� "��;�� S � ���0 �� ����� S� �� <� �,��� ���� S � �,� . �*c C �– ���� ����

4;����.

* Michael Innes, A family Affair, Gollancz † J.B. Priestley, Dangerous Corner (The Plays of J.B. Priestley, Vol. 1), Heinemann

Page 222: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�� E�����!�@� :of the kind )O� �� ��( 8 like that )�@� S��(8

that way )S� �;��0��( do likewise )�@��� �' D�! ����(

�another thing )�*c C (�1, ��� ,��� D�6 8� ��;��� C���� <�

�.�2 ���� ��� �� ����6 �P �� _�; . �� ���� 1 ,: ����,�,' �����

�������� ��>�: <=� ���>#�� M�� ��= ���,-� �� . � � �� �@�� � ��� ��

�;��0� ���� V?��E �� ������ ��6 <��� ���� 85��1� �� A�*� O�� � �

�� 3 I�� 6 D�! I�'- - the, this, that ��8��,� ��6� R�, �� 3

�)��� ���,� ��>� ��=) ��@� :� 2�0*�� �B=E�In addition 8and

another thing 8similarly 8 in other words 8 so far ( ,?,'� �� ����

�������� ��#�� . ���� � ��;� C����� 1 ������ 8��6 8�@�� ��=�.� �,��

���� ! ��= �)� ��A�*� . �#�*��� ��� 3� �� � ���' � ��>�, <= �

i���� ��=�� �! ���� �Q�;�� ��' ���� ���� 5��B�.

Page 223: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

������4 ������ �� <��3 =��,5�

Page 224: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�)#�� ��� �6�� 2�� �� �@��� ��3� "cohesion in English"

��� <� 8������ �� �����)��� ��P'B��� i�� C�,�6 D�6 ��, ���'��

���#��� ����� ,�� ���� � ����� �� . 8"��:� D�6 ��P'B��� M�� "�; �

5��� �� �� �� 2���3�� 5��� �� �� �� ��'�0)���� 4�* �� �� �� �

4 �� � +,����� ,��� ���.

1� � ��*'��� :

� �;�:, ��'�0)��� i�� �C�� � ���� S���� 8"������ ����' 1 +,�,�

���� ���)*��� i�� ��#�X� � T'���� ����0��� �� ����� � ,�'���

�#�#! ,��'�� ��#�� �,�;�� ,�!� ��0;� ,��� ��@��) ��@�anaphora 8

cataphora 8exophora 8endophora 8texture( ����� ��� �,���!�� 8

���p� ������ ����� D�! ��0(� L���! ��� _�#� ���� �� " 5���1�

����, 8) ��������� � ,>���� +���P�."

� ����;� ��� �@�� ��� �,�� ,;� 8����� �;�� �� ��'�0)��� ��� ���

�?'���� "����� D�! D��3� ���,��� �,�!� S��� 8������� "������ � ,'�� ,

� /�0)��� O�� +�!��� <� B�C D��! ������ 8��� ,�� I��� 5����� ��

/�0)� ��@��� ����"modifier" ��� "V)��" ��'�0�)��� "���� ��

� ������� �� �� �������"�?,��" ?'���� "����� � ,. U������ � ���� ����

�@� 8����] � �,� �� ��'�0)��� i�� V����:

Tonicity) ���� �� ( �'#)�� �182 8mood) ����� ( �'#)�� �103 .

Page 225: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

2�@�"!�� :

D�! "����� 4 �� I�'�@B@� �>�,�� �� ����� ����(� �,: ����' 8

�c � �� ���� D ���� D�! �P�#' ���3 ������ I��� i����� # �;��0�

,'��8 �3 ������� � �� ���;� ,��� ",�� ������ ���: ��] �� �� �� ��

��� � +���=��� �����P� ���� 1 ��G��� (� � ����� +���P L�,� 2����

��� ���� A�*�8��)>�)* �� D��3� �'#)�� � ���� ��@'���� �� ���,�

�����;� ���� ��� B���� 8��G��� 1� � ����� +���P L�,� 2����" ��'

Q��� <��� ��G��� (�� ""... �)3� �� ������ 2��; ����' � 16

"����� 4 �� "�� ���;�� ���� 1 � 3 8U������ � ��P�'��� � ����

6�������� ,��� �� "�� "� ��6 ������� D�I�;#�� ,����� ���@�� �� 8

����,�� �� � ��� � 8 ��@��� ���� D�!:

• ,�� ��]24:2[:

a- John's is nice ������� ]�G �[

b- His house is nice ���� ��G �

c- His is nice

������ ��� ���)a( ��=� 8"�G � "�;�� ��� � +,���� ��] �� 3 ���

IG��� (� 4 �� . ������ ��� ����(c) ���� U����� � �P�'�� ��=� 8

����l��� ���= �3 ������� D�6 ������ M�� ���� ���� 1 � � ����his ��'.�

�!@��� ���) ,�� 1 ��' � 8��# �:��� � S������� S����� D � �� ��

������� .M�� ���� ����� ���� �� �� D�! ������ ]"��G �[�� ����".

• ,�� ��]89:2[ �'#)�� � 210 ��� "��# C�� ,��� E� ?�� 8

flour"� "flower" ���� "ground"� D'�.� D ��� "ground"

�� ,);.� I���"+��3�" D �� _� � �*c � ��� �#=� ��� 8"+��3�".

Page 226: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

• �'#)�� U��� � ����120 �� one �� �� � ,�]4:2[ "���E

5����� �'�;� �� 2�'� �� ������ 8"C �� ." ,�� �� � ���]9:2 [

�� ������"C���� ."

• ,�� ��]44:2[ �'#)�� U��� � ���� 8171 5?�# 1 ��G��� (� ��

������ 4*� ���� T X���� ������ ���it" "�� � ���� ����E �� �

�:����.

• ,�� ��]5:2[ :

E���� �'#)�� U��� � 128 �������� ����'��

"The two high stone walls along the roadside"

�� ��� D�! �P�#'85'B�� �,����� 85����� �,����� 8����>��� ������ ���P( .

• ,�� �� ]56:2 I$ [ : � ,�� �� ��� _�0 8����� �� ����;@ ��� �

�����"the sardians"! ��� �@!� "� ��!������� "������ � ���� D�

8�������� ����'�� �� � L�E:� �� ��'����� �! T'��� D�6 ��, ���

�� � �?���"the sardians" � �,� ���� "� "sardis"� ����� ��� �

T�,'3� ������� � �����;� �� ,�� "� � 16 8 . ���?�! U���� � ����

� �,��� M�� ���.

3��"��+� :

������ ���� ��3 2���3� �,�� ����! �������8 �, �! +���! 4 �� ���� � L

,� T�' � :� ���� ���'�� D�! ,�� ��@'����� ����� +��#�� �! ���?��� �

��@� ������! �0���� �#�*� 5�0� )in other words 8namely 8ie( .

2�)� � ��'�� 8��;0 ��� 0������� ] 4 ���?���� ! V���� 2����3� �3

������� 2� �� D�6 8+��#�� �0��� �� "]���� ,;�� ���'3� �� ��@��� �

Page 227: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��=��!(� ����� ��Q0;��� ������ +�@�� D�6 ���=(�� 8 ��!��=�� O?�

�����) D�6 A,� ��� ) �� 5��1� O�� � <��� ���� T�' ��3� �)#��

������� D�6 ��; .

�#=�� ������ U���� ���;�� �'=�� ���� . D ���� /�=�� 5�� ��

�� � 8"�#�� D�! ,!�� ������� ���=6�:

• �'#)�� U���136 : 4*� ��� 8��3� 4*� �� D �� ��� �'?=�

�>���=�� M�� ���;� �� ����� ��G��� (� � T��@�� 4* ��� �@��

������� ����� �.

• 2��� ���#�X��� ���"the meaning of meaning" ���=�� 8

"= U����� D�! �P'B� �'#�)�� �� 2���� ��� ��' �������

101.

T��' ��� ����� ��,�#��� T�' �� 1 8�� �!� 2�) ����� � 4 ���

Q�0� �,;�� � ��'� �,�� I��� 2���3� �����0 ��#:� � 2 ����#� . �����

Q�X��� ��]� D�6 <�� 2���3� ����)\#�� �� 4�*� � �� 2 ����� ��;���

��� 8+,��,� "����#�� �� ] C�� ,'�� 2�� � �����,�� ) �� 5��(��

� �'�') ���� 2Q�0?���� �;�:,4 �� A�'�� �.

Page 228: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�� 7�� :

�� ���� ��)�*� ���� 8����6 �?)�� b>� � ���� 2 ��� T'��� ��� ��P�:

• , ! ���'(� ���P �� 5�� �� �B* �� � ���,���� ��' ��:�� I� �

������"Cohesion in English" �� � T'��� �� ���� 1��� �Q�

���#�X��� ��=� I��� 8��3� ,�� �� ��G 1� 8��� ������ � �����P

���@��� � � :� ���� ����,�� �'� 8���'(� ����,� L���� ������ �

��'(� S�� 1� �:B! ��� �� T�'�3� ��.

• � ���� 2���� D���! ,���� �������� ����� ��� �������,�

"Cohesion in English" � M��� ������]����� ��� �� � �?�� ���

�����,��.

• , ! +� ����� ���'(� ���P � ���P �� M�� �:B! �Q ?�� ����� ���� ���

������, D��! �,��!� ���� 8,>����� ���� (� ��� G��� ���:6 �B*

���� ����, � �� L�� ��U� ����� C��c i��! 2� �� D��6 8

��@'����.

• L��� ����� T���� � ������� �����,�� �� T'��� ��� ��P� ���

��� i���� �3 8���B�(� "������ �0��� �� 8���)� ����! C��c

���,*� "����� �c�;�� "�� V,�� ��� D��,;�� 2���� , ! ����� ����,

Page 229: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��,�� V� '�� . �� �B* �� P'B � �?�>� �� �� "� � 2���� C������ � �

������� "��! � "�]�� 2 �� D�6 ��,�� �.

• ���� 4�*� ����� 2���� , ! ������� �����,�� �� �=�� 4�*� �

,�;� S�� <�� 8 ����� "�!� �' �� ��06 � � �� T'��� �� 2 ����

��� ����� � �'��0��� �>����� i�� D�6 �:?�0 . ���P � I�,�����

��' ��:�� 2�;�� �! ������ +�� (� "�� ��� i��]� i�� ����

8��?)#��� _�� ��� �>������ M�� ���]B��� ��� ���;����� 8,���� ��

R��� � 0����� � ����.

• ���,'� ��� 1 8�B���� ����! �]B���� �' �� �� �=�� � � �?����

T���� � ���=�� ���'6 � ��� 8�*Z� �! ��#�1� O�=��� I�' ��

�]B��� � ,�� ��� �' �� � +�� (� "�� ���'6 � ��� ��� 8�]B��� �

���6 , ��� +�� (� "�1 ��� ��.

D��! �?���� �6 8V����� �� ����) , � B�! ������ ���E ���! �#)��

�P ��� A�*� ���� M��] ����� �]��) +,�!6� �)3� 4 �� "�� "����� ���

��)3� 4 ��� _���� �P#'� 8�#�*� ���;@ I�� C��;� ����,;� 84�*�� .

� 84�'�� ��� �� "]�� 4 �� 5��0 ",�� ���;�� �� � ,; � �)3� 4 ���

,'�� 4 � �#�*��� ������� ��� 5��0 ,��� 1 ��� ���� 8"�����.

Page 230: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

���ت�� ا���

��ب�/ا�����ي

adjective ��

adjunct ��=E�

adverb V�P

comparative adverb �l��;� V�P

demonstrative adverb I�� 6 V�P

ambiguity L��

anaphora ,>�! 8����: ���'6

brand ����� ��B!

cataphora ��,�� ���'6

category �>�

channel +� :

citation forms ,���

classifier �# )�

code +�#

restricted code +,�,'� +�#

coherence "��� �

cohesion 5���

grammatical cohesion I�' 5���

lexical cohesion ���� 5���

collocation P#� "GB

colon ��0; (:)

comparison � ��;�

general comparison ���! � ��;�

particular comparison �)�* � ��;�

Page 231: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

component �x���

textual component ) �?���

concept "��#�

conjunction

�)�

connection 0��

content ���=�

context 5���

context bound 5����� ,�,'

context of situation "�;��� 5���

coreference ���'(� S�� �

corollary "GB�

corpus � �,�

definite article V����� +�,�

deictic I�� 6

deixis ���� 6

dependance ���� 80����

determiner ,?,'�

demonstrative determiner ?,'�I�� 6 ,

possesive determiner ����l��� ,,'�

dialogue ���'

difference VB*�

discourse 2�0*

distinction G���

drill ����

ellipsis V�'

endophora ���*�, ���'6

entity ���+,'� 8

epithet �)�)*

event T,'

evolution C�;��

exophora �����* ���'6

experiencial ����

expression ����

feature "���

Page 232: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

field ����

focus G����� +�X�

foot

����#

form ��

function �#�P�

group �!����

head ����>� ����

homophoric ���'(� I,�'�

ideational I���

indefinite article ��� �� +�,�

identity 5��0 8����

immanent "GB�

information ������

instantiation C� �

integration R��, �

intensity +, )�� ��(

intepersonal �)��

interpretation ����

intonation "��

intruder �������

logical ;0 �

marked "����

meaning D ��

message �����

metre i��!

modal �x���

modality ���)

mode ��

modification ��,�

modifier �?,��

postmodifier 5'1 �x,��

premodifier 5��� �x,��

neighbouhood speech ������ "B�

Page 233: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

nominalization "���

noun "��

common noun L � "��

mass noun I,���(� L ��� "��

proper noun "�! "��

numerative I,�,�

observer P'B�

parallelism +�G���

syntactic parallelism ���' +�G���

passage <0;�

peer group ���:3� �!���

phatic communon �������� �,��

phenomenon +���P

play ��'���

pronoun ���=

demonstrative pronoun I�� 6 ���=

possesive pronoun ������� ���=

presupposed element i�#� �) !

presupposing element �#� �) !Qi

presupposition i����

pronominalization ���=

pronoun ���=

prose �@

proverb �@�

qualifier ?���2

quotation marks L��:(� ��B!

rank scale ����� L��;�

realization 5�;'

reference ���'6

referent �'����! �

register ������ A���

relation �:B!

repetition ����

reversal 2�:

rhyme ����:

Page 234: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

role ��,

other roles A�*� ���,�

selection C�; �

sentence ����

sequence ������

similarity ���

situation "�;�

speaker Q���"

spoken 5�0 �

stage direction ��'��� �����

structure �� �

substantive ��� "��

substitution ��,���

syllable >��� <0;�

synonym V,���

near synonym V,��� ��

system "�P

semantic system �1, "�P

lexicogrammatical system I�' �� ������ "�P ��

phonological system ���� �#�� "�P ��

orthographic system >B�(� "�P ��

tendency �!G

tenor (of discourse) �;��0

text 4

texture b��

theme ���

tie 0���

tone ���

rising-falling tone �0��� +,!�) ���

tone group ���� �!����

tonicity �?���

transitivity ��,���

turn ��,

type O�

unit +,'�

Page 235: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

structural unit ��� � +,'�

unmarked "���� ��]

verb ���

verb substitute

���' ��

verse ��

vocabulary ��,�#�

word ����

written 2���

Page 236: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

��� %4/I�+�

1� �����

4���� ���'�� 4%�

________________________________________________________

��, 3� ���' ���................................................................................................33

I,�����1� D=���..............................................................................................45

I� *�G��.......................................................................................................... 32

�0����............................................................................................................. 47

Page 237: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

2�4$���

4���� ���'�� 4%�

________________________________________________________

.....................................................................................................................27 A.Joly

Aiwei Shi......................................... ........................................................ ..............54

Anne Reboul...... ............................................................................................. ......18

Dairine O'kelly...................................................................................................21

Dilin Liu.................................................................................................................52

............................................................................ ........................28 Francis Cornish

Jacques Moeschler.......................................................................... ......................18

Jean-Claude Milner.......................................................... ....................................25

Karl Bühler.............................................................................................................21

Saul Kripke.......................................................................................................... ..13

Teun Van Dijk........................................................................................................16

Page 238: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

6$�����" � '��� U�(�

<��������

� '���:

• 8,�'� ��,�� �,� a� ,�! ��� 8"P� �� ���" S��� ��� ��#�� _� " 5�;' 8

, . '�� ,�! ,�'� ,���� ,��'�� ,�! ����� 8����� ��, 8,��) ����E "��

� ���(.

• � 8I��) 3� "� � �� ��,�� ���� a� ,�! ,�'� ���8 " ���� A, �� �0:

A,)��" _� 8 ������� 8,���'�� ,��! ��,��� �'� ,�'� 5�;'�

8����� 8���)���1988.

• � 8I��) 3� "� � �� ��,�� ���� a� ,�! ,�'� ���8 " � 2���� ���

� "B� �����2���" � _� 8 8�:,�� ��� ,�! 5���� 8�������� ���X

8����� �� �@�� ���0�� 1994.

• � 8I��) 3� "� � �� 8��,�� ���� a� ,�! ,�'� ���" S������� /=��

S��� ��� ��#�� D�6" 8���)��� ������ 8��3� CG��� 81994.

• 8I���� 3� ,���� �� �� ,�'� �� ���'��� ,�! ������� ���" ��� 2

������� �����" , 5�;' 8 .*� ������ 8������ ��, 8M��,�: /��) �8

D��3� ���0��8 1990.

• ��, 3� ���' ��� 8" 2���� ���� �� 2�=�� V� ��" _� � 5�;' 8

, ����,� . 8,�'� ���@! 2�� �@�� CG���8 8+���;�� 8� �*�� ����

1998.

Page 239: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

• �� &� ����� ���� 79�� /�&�� � 0 / ��4�� �=!�> / �!�� �:�<&� �/�& 7���� 4��" �� �� � � �!����� ���� � � ��!� H /� �1990.

• �� I,����1� =�8 8��'�� �� ,�'� " 2���'�� ���� ������ _� " 8

� _� 5�;',.�! 8"��� "��� ����� , T���@�� CG��� 82���� "���! 8

8+���;��2000.

• ��8���� : �� ���@! �� ���! � � ��� 8�� "2����"

��3� CG��� : 8����� ,�'� "B��� ,�! _� � 5�;' ����)��� �>����

2���� 8��0�� �@�� ��� 81971.

�@�� CG��� : 8� �*�� ���� 8����� ,�'� "B��� ,�! _� � 5�;'

8+���;����0�@��@�� ��� 81988.

• 0����� 8�=#����� ��� �� �� ���'��� ,�! ��,�� �B� 8,��'� ��

" ������� ����� "�! � ������ ,�;!" ��! ,��� ,��'� _� 8 �, 8

8����� 8��#��� ��� ��� "�.

6$�����:

•••• "�����6 8>������� " ���;��� ����� �;�" ���0�� 8����� 8���B��� "���� ��, 8

�� �@�� 81978.

•••• "�����6 8+,��� a� ,�! " ����#�� 2��� �' ��" ����������� ��, 8 �� ��

�@��@�� ���0�� 8�B!(�� <�G���� 81990.

• 8#�#! ,�'�" I�' �� L�,�� � ,�,� M��� 84 �� �' " C����G ����� 8

5� ��82001.

• 8U�: ,�'�" 2��!(�� V�)��� �' �� � ������" 85� �, 8,� ��� ��, 8

1986.

Page 240: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

• 8������ ,�'�" ���#�P��� ��� ����� � ������� ����� ���=:" ��, 8 8����3�

80�����1996.

•••• 8,� G�� ��G3�" 4 �� b�� " � ��,���� ������ 8������ ��;@�� G�����

8C�=����1993.

•••• � ����� ���6� "�' ����. <��0� 8"������ 2�0*�� 8I��0! G��� ��!

8��,����� 8i����� 8,��� S���� �����1998.

• � ������ �#��: 8� � ����" ����� � ������ ��," .�, 8+����;�� 82��] �

��0��� 12 81997

• 8��0;� ,���" 5������� 4 �� 8>����� 4 �� _�# �" ���;@�� G������ 8

8�����8C�=���� ��,��� ����� �� �@�� ���0��8 2001.

• 8_� � ��� 2'�)" ���;��0� ����� �' �� ���P � �����," ��#�� ��, 8

D��3� ���0�� 8� ��� �!��0�� 81998

• B) ��� #��� ���;@�� 0��� L����� 84 �� "�!� 2�0*�� �]B� 8�=� _

8������ 82�,Z��1992.

• 8I��#�� ��#�� �,�;�� ,�!" ������� R���� 8�������� ������� ��� �����

���1,�" ����� 8��,��! ���� � 8 81986 ���0�� 80������ ��;�� ��,�

8�������2000.

• 8"������ ��� �!"���P�� ������� � I�' �� T���� �" ��@�,'�� +����;�� 8

�!��0�� 81968.

• 8>������� /��) �=��" �' �� ���" 8 8��3� CG��� �,�3� 8��#�� ��, 8

2000.

• 8>������� /��) �=��" ���;��� ����� �;�" ��, 8 ���B��� "���� 8 ������ 8

��0�� �@�� ��� 81978

Page 241: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

• 8�!��� �G��" "�! � ������ ���=: T�,�'�� ������� " ��@�� CG���� 88

5 �, 8L1�, ���� ��8����� 1998.

• 8I�,� �� ,��� ,�'�" ������� ����� �' " ����� 8���)��� ������ 8 ���0��

�� �@�� 81997.

• 8V�0��� ,�! ����' ,�'�" ��1,��� �' �� : I��' �� D ���� ����,� �*,�

�1,��"8����� 85� ��� ��, 8 1968.

• ,�'� 8��0*" 4 �� ��� ��� 2�0*�� "��� � D�6 �*,� 8"8 ��;@�� G�����

8C�=���� ��,��� ����� 8�����1991.

• 8_�#� ,�'�" 4 �� : ��P �� D�6 +C��;�� ��" , "�,;� ,�,!6 8. ���� ����

8C�=���� ��,�� 8L��,��� 8I������2000.

• 8,���� ,�'� ,��'�" �'�0�)� 8���' �� ,!��;�� ������� ��;��0�" ��, 8

8����� 85 �,��0�� �@�� ��� 81987.

�) 5���:

• 8_���)� ,��" I��� �� 4 ��� �������� ��' " 8���)� ����� 8

�����/ 8L0�]�1991

• a� ,�! '�) � !8 "���� "����� <�� 1 ��" ����,�� ������� ����, 88I�#�� 8�����,� T�'�� 82���� �������� 2004.

researches_and_thesis/our_library/Arabic/org.arabicwata.www )2004.06.08(

Page 242: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

#� ����:

• 8L��! �� _�#�"5��1� � ,>���� +���P� ����, 8) �� �������"8

8������� ����� � ������ ����� 1997�>�G��� �����.

�����$+�

• Aiwei Shi, "The importance of teaching cohesion in translation on

the textual level", Translation Journal, Vol.8. N° 2 April 2004.

www.accurapid.com/Journal. (20.03.2004)

• André G, Turcotte, "La cohérence textuelle : une affaire de lecture",

Correspondance Vol 4 N°2. 1998

www.ccdmd.qc.ca/correspo/Corr4-2/Lecture.html (04.07.2004)

• Anna Whiteside, "On Referring in literature", Indiana University

Press, Bloomington 1987

• Benveniste, Emile, Problèmes de linguistique générale, Gallimard.

1994

• Bühler, Karl, "Sprachtheorie, Die Darstellungsfunktion der

sprachem Fischer", Stuttgart & new York, 2ème edition, 1982

• Cornish, Francis "Antecedentless Anaphors : Deixis, Anaphora or

what? Journal of Lingustics", vol.32. p19-41, Cambridge

University.

• Diego Marconi, Valensi Michel (trad)., "la philsophie du langage au

Xxème siècle". Editions de l’Eclat. Paris, 1997

www.lyber-eclat.net/lyber/marconi/langage (25.04.2005)

Page 243: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

• Dilin Liu, "writing cohesion", FORUM, vol 38, N°1, Janv-Mar 2000. www.exchanges.state.gov/forum/vols/vol38/n1 (31.08.2004)

• Fitch, Brian, "Reflexions in the Mind’s Eye : Reference and its

Problematization in twentieth Century French Fiction". Toronto.

University of Toronto Press.

• Geneviève Girard, "les paramètres à la construction des

anaphores", Cycnos, Vol.18 N°2.

www.revel.unice.fr/cycnos/document.html (26.06.2004)

• Holger Diessel, "Demonstratives in use and grammar", Max Planek

Institute for evolutionary anthropologym.

www.unirsm.sns/dcom/2003/functional/abstract/diessel

(31.08.2005)

• Michèle Fruyt, "Latling: 11th International Colloquium on Latin

Linguistics", University of Amsterdam, June 24-29th 2001.

www.cf.hum.ura.nl/latling/pa29fruyt.html (22.08.2005)

• Moha Ennaji et Fatima Sadiqi, "Applications of modern

linguistics". Afrique Orient. 1994.

• Moira chimombo & Robert L.Rosbery, "The power of discourse: an

introduction to discourse analysis", Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

eds, mahwah, 1998. www.questia.com (12.12.2004)

• O’kelly Dairine, "le problème de l’anaphore sans antécédent",

Cycnos, Vol.18 N°2. www.revel.unice.fr/cycnos/document.html

(26.06.2004)

• O’kelly Dairine & A.Joly, "L'analyse linguistique des textes

anglais", Edition Nathan, collections Nathan-university, 1989

• Patrick Seriot : " L’anaphore et le fil du discours (sur

l’interprétation des nominalisations en Français et en Russe) " Ive

Page 244: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

Colloque internationale de linguistique slavo-romane, Copenhague,

27-29 Août 1987, Copenhague.

• Robert-Alain de Beaugrande & Wolfgang Dressler, "Introduction

to text linguistics", XIV congress of Linguistics, Berlin 1987

www.beaugrande.bizland.com/introduction_to_text_linguistics.html

(06.02.2006)

• Stephen, C. Levinson, "Deixis and pragmatics for handbook of

pragmatics", Max Planek Institute for Psycholinguistics.

www.mpi.nl/world/bub/handb-horn4.pdf (30.08.2005)

• Wong. Tai Yuen, "Textual Cohesion and Reading Comprehension",

Master of philosophy in Education Thesis, Faculty of education, the

Chinese University of Hong Kong, September 1993

www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/ceris/cumphil/93tywong/ (16.08.2004)

I$� 4$ ����" � �"�"���

• Anne Reboul et Jaques Moeschler, "Dictionnaire Encyclopédique

de Pragmatique", Le seuil, 1994.

• Arab League Educational cultural and scientific organization,

Bureau of coordination of arabization, "The Unified Dictionary of

Linguistic Terms" (English-French-Arabic), 1stedition 1989,

2ndedition 2002.

• Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 10 th edition 2002.

Page 245: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

• Encyclopédia Britannica, www.britannica.com/eb/article-9017970

(27.07.2004)

• Jean Dubois, "Dictionnaire de linguistique", Larousse, 2ème édition,

2001

• Jerwan Sabek, "Trilingual Dictioanary", English, French, Arabic,

Beirut, 1984

• Munir Baalabaki, "Elmawrid", English-Arabic, Dar El Ilm

Lilmalayin, Beirut, 33rd edition 1999.

• Ramzi Munir Baalabaki, "Dictionary of linguistic terms, English-

Arabic", Dar El Ilm Lilmalayin, Beirut, 1st edition 1990.

• Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia on Line,

www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/reference (03.07.2004)

� 4$�� �� 6$���:

����� �c : reboul-pers/linguistique/lettres/ch.unige.www ).2006.130( �� �� S�� :

moeschler/linguistique/lettres/ch.unige.www ) .2006.130( � ��� ,��� ���:

milner/auteurs/philosophie/fr.rverdie-editions.www )5.20006.13( ��' ��:� :

books/com.equinoxpub. www )4.20008.09 ( S���� ���c ���: Saul_Aaron_Kripke/wiki/org.wikipedia.fr.www )6.20002.06(

U� ��� L�� �� : fr.2tlse-univ.www )02.08.2005(

���� ����: 9017970-article/eb/com.britannica.www ).2005.0926(

�� ,����� �, ���� �����I�,��: 442303/entry/com.xrefer.www )4.20008.09(

Page 246: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

�";�سا

P� ���)..........................................................................................................� V�& : ;�9$��..............................................................................................9 1 .���mX� M�Z�� �Y�....................................................................................10

1.1�Z��� ���F \ ���mX� ........................................ ..................................13 2.1��#a����� \ ���mX� .............................................................................15

1.2.1 �$����� � ��X� ................................................................................20 2.2.1 �$����� t����� �dj� ..........................................................................27

2 .���mX� M���� �Y�....................................................................................31 1.2 �#��mX� �[�Y��� ....................................................................................33 2.2A(.�� ���m1 .........................................................................................35 3.2 ���m1 O ��X� -+�.................................................................................42

3 .�i���� \ ���mX�.....................................................................................50

��W�X:,���� ................................................................................................55 1 . r��IU#N�¢�� M��5��.............................................................................56

1.1 c¦§�¢P� r��I...................................................................................... 57 2.1 M��5�� 6�m ���� O�xa.........................................................................60

2 .��i���....................................................................................................65

1 .eB��..........................................................................................66 1.1 w��Io� R�V�......................................................................66

2.1��Z��� �#Y9��� w��Io� ................................................................75 3.1��Z��� w�#���� w��Io� ...........................................................87 2 .���mX�.......................................................................................115

Page 247: Cohesion in English ˜ ! ˝ % & '( ) * $$.$$.mohamedrabeea.net/library/pdf/87b938b1-beac-4fa8-b16b-63dd33eba4d6.pdf · : $5˚ U˜m ˚ :˜ n P -V ˜ ?o . cl Z˜ U˝i I e9d KY˜ O7

1.2�#& ��� ���mX�� �#�B���� ���mX� ...............................................115 2.2���mX� `��a� ...........................................................................124 3.2�$�(.�� \ ���mX� ....................................................................134 4.2� ��X� ���mX� ........................................................................159 5.2�a �)P� >�� ������ ���mX� ...........................................................196

3 . >�� {#)�I���i��................................................................................219 ���s�.........................................................................................................224

]9pP� ����h'.........................................................................................226

�($�dRj�,� ...............................................................................................232

��VF3&��P�� �'P�.................................................................................234

t���.........................................................................................................242