Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) for Quantitative Temperature and Concentration...

Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) for Quantitative

Temperature and Concentration Measurements in a High-Pressure Gas

Turbine Combustion Test Rig

Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) for Quantitative

Temperature and Concentration Measurements in a High-Pressure Gas

Turbine Combustion Test Rig

Robert P. Lucht and Jay P. Gore

Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN

Supersonics NRA Annual Review

Cleveland, OH January 27, 2010

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

• Graduate students Mathew P. Thariyan (PhD), Vijaykumar Ananthanarayanan (M.S., now at Cummins), and Aizaz H. Bhuiyan (PhD), Senior Research Engineer Scott E. Meyer, Senior Research Associate Sameer V. Naik, Postdoc Dr. Ning Chai

• Technical advice from Drs. Nader Rizk, William Cummings, Mohan Razdan, Vic Oechsle, Dan Nickolaus, M. S. Anand, and Duane Smith at Rolls Royce Corporation in Indianapolis, Indiana

• Funding from NASA Glenn under Cooperative Agreement Number NNX07AC90A , technical discussions with Drs. Yolanda Hicks, Clarence Chang, and Randy Locke

MotivationMotivation

• To demonstrate dual-pump CARS measurements of CO2, N2 and temperature in the gas turbine combustor over a wide range of simulated supersonic flight conditions.

• To obtain high-quality data in the reacting flow field downstream of the NASA lean direct injection array for comparison with advanced computational models.

Outline of the Presentation Outline of the Presentation

• Optically Accessible Gas Turbine Combustor Facility

• Dual-Pump CARS Measurements: Challenges and Optical System

• Temperature Measurements: PDFs, Mean Profiles, Standard Deviation Profiles

• Conclusions and Accomplishments

• Future Work

Purdue Gas Turbine Combustion Facility (GTCF)

Purdue Gas Turbine Combustion Facility (GTCF)

High Pressure Lab

System

Maximum Flow

Capacity

Max Operating Condition

Natural Gas Heated High Pressure Air

9 lbm/sec 700 psi / 500 deg C

Electric Heated Air or Nitrogen

1 lbm/sec 600 psi / 600 deg C

Nitrogen 2 to 5 lbm/sec 1,500 psi

Liquid Aviation Fuel (Kerosene)

1 lbm/sec/tank (2 tanks)

1,500 psi

Cooling Water 40 gpm 400 psi

NASA 9-Point LDI Assembly (Top-Hat)NASA 9-Point LDI Assembly (Top-Hat)• Nine simplex injectors arranged at throats of

nine converging-diverging venturis in a 3 x 3 arrangement.

• Axial swirlers with helical vanes at 60° impart swirl to incoming heated air.

• Only central injector used for testing.

Purdue GTCF – Window Assembly Purdue GTCF – Window Assembly

Window Assembly DetailsWindow Assembly Details

3"x3" Inner Cross Section

Stagnant Air Gap

• Conventional “Single-Pump” CARS

• Noninvasive

• Coherent Laser-Like Signal

• Spatially and Temporally Resolved

• Excellent Gas Temperature Data (especially at higher temperatures)

pump

Stokes

CARS

V

pump

pump

Stokes

CARS

V

pump

Stokes

Pump1

Pump1

CARS

Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS)

Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS)

Dual-Pump CARS of N2/CO2Dual-Pump CARS of N2/CO2

Overall Experimental SystemOverall Experimental System

CARS System for GTCF MeasurementsCARS System for GTCF Measurements

SPEX

/2Pol.

Pol.

/2

/2

Pol.

S

S

S

Main Leg

Reference Leg

CL

ZL

Flow

EntranceTranslation

Stages

ExitTranslation

Stages

BD

BDBD

BDBD

BD

A: ApertureBD: Beam DumpCL: Camera LensIF: Interference FilterL: Lens/2: Half-wave-platePol: PolarizerS: ShutterTS: Translation StageZL: Zoom Lens

L5

L2 L1

L3L4

ProbeVolume

TS

TS

ProbeVolume

A

A

WindowAssembly

IF

608 nm 532 nm561 nm

496 nm

Use of Optical Parametric Oscillator/ Pulsed Dye Amplifier System

Use of Optical Parametric Oscillator/ Pulsed Dye Amplifier System

355 nm

OPO

560 nm

607 nm

532 nm

See

ded

Nd

:YA

G

BS

970 nm

BSBS

0 Mirror

0 Mirror

To Purdue GTCF

Optical Arrangement for Laser Beam Generation

Optical Arrangement for Laser Beam Generation

Dual-pump CARS SystemDual-pump CARS System

Measurement Challenges in GTCFMeasurement Challenges in GTCF

• Translation of probe volume inside the flame zone.

• Installation of pin-hole for spatial overlap of CARS beams not possible, must use referemce leg alignment.

• Measurement of non-resonant signal in the reference leg for spectral normalization of CARS signal.

• Safety of thin window, CARS beams are focused tightly in the middle of the test section.

CARS Probe Volume TranslationCARS Probe Volume Translation

/2

/2Pol.

Pol.

/2

Pol.

S

S

S

Main Leg

Reference Leg

CL

ZL

Flow

Entrance Translation

Stages

Exit Translation

Stages

BD

BDBD

BDBD

BD


L5

L2 L1

L3L4

ProbeVolume

TS

TS

ProbeVolume

A

A

WindowAssembly

IF

608 nm 532 nm561 nm

496 nm

Optical System near GTCFOptical System near GTCF

CARS System Reference LegCARS System Reference Leg

CARS System Reference LegCARS System Reference Leg

SPEX

/2Pol.

Pol.

/2

/2

Pol.

S

S

S

Main Leg

Reference Leg

CL

ZL

Flow

EntranceTranslation

Stages

ExitTranslation

Stages

BD

BDBD

BDBD

BD


L5

L2 L1

L3L4

ProbeVolume

TS

TS

ProbeVolume

A

A

WindowAssembly

IF

608 nm 532 nm561 nm

496 nm

Probe Volume TranslationProbe Volume Translation

DP-CARS Detection OpticsDP-CARS Detection Optics

Raman Shift (cm-1)

1300 1320 1340 1360 1380 1400

(CA

RS

Int

ensi

ty)1/

2 (

arb.

uni

ts)

-15

-5

5

15

25

35

45

55

65

75

DataTheoryResidual

T = 1325 KCO2/N2 = 0.079 N2

CO2

N2

Comb. Pr. = 100 psia., Eq. Ratio = 0.8

Operating Conditions, Measurement Locations and Sample DP-CARS Spectra

Operating Conditions, Measurement Locations and Sample DP-CARS Spectra

Φ=0.4 Φ=0.59 Φ=0.80 Φ=1.0

100 psia(7.0 atm.)

■ ■ ■ ■

125 psia(8.5 atm.)

■

150 psia(10 atm.)

■

+ 3 mm

+ 6 mm

+ 9 mm+ 11 mm

- 3 mm

- 6 mm

- 9 mm- 11 mm

F = 0.6P = 100 psiDP/P = 4%

10 mm

Note: Distance between points along the centerline is 5 mm

• Burner Inlet Temperature: 850 0F (725 K)• Fuel: Jet-A • Normalized injector pressure drop = 4%

Purdue GTCF in Operation Purdue GTCF in Operation

F= 0.45, Pcomb= 120 psia, Tinlet = 780° F

Central injector operation

Flame Characteristics @ 100 psiaFlame Characteristics @ 100 psia

Φ =0.8 Φ =1.0

Φ =0.4 Φ =0.59

Data AnalysisData Analysis

1000 to 2000 spectra collected at each measurement location.

Spectra with low average N2 signal counts and droplet

interferences rejected.

Square-root of background corrected normalized CARS spectra analyzed using Sandia CARSFT code in the batch processing mode.

N2 spectra analyzed for optimal temperature, horizontal

and vertical shift, instrument function etc.

Spectra with low peak CO2 counts rejected. CO2 part of

the spectrum analyzed for CO2/N2 concentration ratio.

Data ProcessingData Processing

Raw ImageAveraged Stokes BlockedBackground Corrected ImageCorrected Non-Resonant SignalFinal Corrected Image

Temp PDFs Along CenterlineTemp PDFs Along Centerline

Temperature PDF: Z = 15 mm, R = 0 mm

Cou

nts

Temperature (K)

1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 27500

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Mean Temp. = 1820 KStd. Dev. = 340 K

(b)


Cou

nts

Temperature (K)

1000 1500 2000 2500 30000

20

40

60

80

100


(a)

Combustor Pressure: 104 psia, Equivalence Ratio: 0.4


Cou

nts

Temperature (K)

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 24000

20

40

60

80Mean Temp. = 1595 K

Std. Dev. = 267 K(a)

Temperature PDF: Z= 50 mm, R= 0 mm

Cou

nts

Temperature (K)

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 20000

20

40

60

80

100


Temp PDFs at Different LocationsTemp PDFs at Different LocationsCombustor Pressure: 104 psia., Equivalence Ratio: 0.4

Temperature PDF: Z = 10 mm, R = 6 mmC

ount

s

Temperature (K)

1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 27500

20

40

60

80

100

120

140


(b)


Cou

nts

Temperature (K)

1000 1500 2000 2500 30000

20

40

60

80

100


Std. Dev. = 410 K(c)


Cou

nts

Temperature (K)

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 20000

20

40

60


Std. Dev. = 235 K(e)


Cou

nts

Temperature (K)

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 22000

20

40

60


Std. Dev. = 265 K(f)

Mean Temperature &

Temperature Standard Deviation Profiles

Mean Temperature &

Temperature Standard Deviation Profiles

Combustor Pressure: 104

psia

Equivalence Ratio: 0.4

Radial Distance (mm)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Tem

pera

ture

(K

)

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

Z = 10 mmZ = 20 mmZ = 45 mm

(a)

Radial Distance (mm)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Rel

ativ

e T

emp.

Std

. D

ev.

(%)

10

15

20

25

30

35

40Z =10 mmZ = 20 mmZ = 45 mm

(b)

Mean Temperature ProfilesMean Temperature Profiles

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

2000

2100

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

F = 0.4

150 psia100 psia

Mea

n T

empe

artu

re (

K)

Axial Distance (mm)

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

100 psia

F = 0.8F= 0.4

Mea

n T

empe

artu

re (

K)

Axial Distance (mm)

Mean Temperature ProfilesMean Temperature Profiles

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12

Z = 20 mm, 150 psia, F = 0.4

Mea

n T

empe

artu

re (

K)

Vertical Distance (mm)

Temperature and CO2/N2 PDFsTemperature and CO2/N2 PDFs

Temperature PDF: Z = 25 mm, R = 0 mmC

ount

s

Temperature (K)

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 24000

20

40

60


Std. Dev. = 267 K(a)

CO2/N2 Conc. Ratio PDF: Z = 25 mm, R = 0 mm

Cou

nts

CO2/N2 Concentration Ratio

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.140

10

20

30

40

50Mean CO2/N2 = 0.0625

Std. Dev. = 0.0212(c)


Cou

nts

Temperature (K)

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 22000

20

40

60

80

100

(b) Mean Temp. = 1515 KStd. Dev. = 205 K

Combustor Pressure: 104 psia., Equivalence Ratio: 0.4

CO2/N2 Concentration Ratio

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Cou

nts

0

10

20

30

40

Mean CO2/N2 = 0.0546

Std. Dev. = 0.019(d)

CO2/N2 Conc. Ratio PDF: Z = 30 mm, R = 3 mm

Temperature and CO2/N2 Scatter Temperature and CO2/N2 Scatter Combustor Pressure: 104 psia., Equivalence Ratio: 0.4

Temp. vs CO2/N2 Correlation: Z = 25 mm, R = 0 mm

Temperature (K)

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

CO

2/N

2 C

once

ntra

tion

Rat

io

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

1000 1200 1400 1600 18000.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

Temp. vs CO2/N2 Correlation: Z = 30 mm, R = 3 mm

CO

2/N

2 C

once

ntra

tion

Rat

io

Temperature (K)

Accomplishments and ConclusionsAccomplishments and Conclusions

GTCF has been operated at wide range of simulated supersonic flight conditions. The optically accessible GTCF has been operated up at pressures up to150 psia, single-shot dual-pump CARS measurements obtained at all operating conditions.

Approximately 500,000 single-shot spectra were acquired in a test campaign conducted during the summer of 2009. These spectra are being processed to obtain temperature and CO2/N2 concentration ratio

values at various equivalence ratios at multiple axial and vertical positions downstream of the LDI injector.


A new OPO/PDA system was used to generate the 560-nm pump beam in the dual-pump CARS system. Considerable care in allignment was required for all beams to obtain good beam quality in the combustor test cell.

The Zaber translation stages performed well, alignment was maintained over the entire spatial region of interest during the test.

The reference leg was invaluable for alignment and for frequent recording of the nonresonant signal. Alignment was maintained before and after translation of the large 2-inch prisms.


Data analysis is still in progress. Filtering techniques to remove spectra with signals that were too low have been developed and are still being optimized. .

Experimental results will be compared with computational results obtained from, for example, the National Combustion Code (NCC). The data will be provided in a form decided in collaboration with NASA personnel.


Estimated uncertainty in temperature measurements : Accuracy: 1-2% Precision: 2-3%

Uncertainty in CO2/N2 ratio measurements : Very dependent on CO2 concentration and on the

temperature, approximately 10% relative standard deviation in the range of 5% CO2 concentation around 1500 K.

Probe volume dimensions: 500 μm along the laser propagation direction. 50 μm perpendicular to the laser direction.

Papers and PresentationsPapers and Presentations

1. Mathew P. Thariyan, Aizaz H. Bhuiyan, Sameer V. Naik, Jay P. Gore, and Robert P. Lucht, “Temperature and CO2 Concentration Measurements in a High-Pressure, Lean Direct Injector Combustor using Dual-Pump CARS,” paper submitted to the 33rd Combustion Symposium.

2. Mathew P. Thariyan, Aizaz H. Bhuiyan, Scott E. Meyer, Sameer V. Naik, Jay P. Gore, and Robert P. Lucht, “Optically Accessible, High-Pressure Gas Turbine Combustion Facility and Dual-Pump CARS System,” paper in preparation for submission to Measurement Science and Technology.

Papers and PresentationsPapers and Presentations

3. M. P. Thariyan, V. Ananthanarayanan, A. H. Bhuiyan, S. E. Meyer, S. V. Naik, J. P. Gore and R. P. Lucht, “Dual-Pump CARS Temperature and Major Species Concentration Measurements in Laminar Counterflow Flames and in a Gas Turbine Combustor Facility,” Paper AIAA-2009-1442, presented at the 47th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Orlando, Florida, January 5-8, 2009.

4. M. P. Thariyan, A. H. Bhuiyan, N. Chai., S. V. Naik, R. P. Lucht, and J. P. Gore, “Dual-Pump CARS Temperature and Major Species Concentration Measurements in a Gas Turbine Combustor Facility,” Paper AIAA 2009-5052, 45th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Denver, Colorado, 2-5 August 2009.

5. M. P. Thariyan, A. H. Bhuiyan, N. Chai, S. V. Naik, R. P. Lucht, and J. P. Gore, “Dual-Pump CARS Measurements in a Gas Turbine Combustor Facility Using the NASA 9-point LDI Injector,” Paper AIAA-2010-1401, presented at the 48th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Orlando, Florida, January 4-7, 2010.

Typical Dual-Pump CARS spectraTypical Dual-Pump CARS spectra

Pressure: 100 psia. @ F = 1.0, 40 mm Center-line

Modified Combustor Window Assembly (CWA) for RRC Injector


Cross section increased from 3"x3“ to 4.2"x4.2". The modified CWA is fabricated from Hastelloy-X instead of stainless steel. Brazing has been eliminated. Film cooling air passages are incorporated in the injector assembly rather than in the CWA. Thermal barrier coatings are being applied to the window assembly inner surfaces.

Upstream spool section has been redesigned to accommodate the larger injectors and to ensure uniform flow into the injector.

Downstream spool sections redesigned for larger flow cross section.

Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) for Quantitative Temperature and Concentration...

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