Cognitive PsychologyChapter 3

Visual ConsciousnessTransduction of the visible spectrum (400 nm to 700 nm) of electromagnetic radiation.Crossing of the visual pathways from retina to primary visual. Left visual field

represented in right hemisphere.

Visual ConsciousnessA critical periods for cortical development in cats show that primary visual cortex is necessary for visual consciousness.Blindsight in humans: Damage to primary visual cortex eliminates visual consciousness but a second pathway allows accurate discrimination.

Types of AgnosiaApperceptive Agnosia: object recognition fails because of difficulties in identifying the visual features of a perceptual category.Associative agnosia: object recognition fails because of difficulties in identifying the functional features that define a semantic category.

Pattern RecognitionRefers to the step between the transduction and perception of a stimulus in the environment and its categorization as a meaningful object.Agnosia—failure of pattern recognition caused by brain lesions.

Top-down vs. Bottom-up Processes

Organized knowledge representations called schemas direct exploration of objects and events in the environment.Conceptually-driven processes provide expectations from the top-down.Data-driven processes sample features from the bottom-up.

Word Superiority EffectWORK vs. ORWK vs. KSurprisingly, a single letter (K) is recognized faster in the context of a whole word (WORK) than when presented as an isolated letter. A nonword (ORWK) doesn’t provide this top-down advantage.

How are objects represented?

Distinctive feature lists may suffice for printed letters (Z is detected faster here OQBZPD than here TLKZMV).But the structural relations among features are often as important as the features themselves.

Face PerceptionHolistic vs. Analytic ProcessingFaces are unique in that holistic processing is much stronger than analytic processing for them as compared with other objects.

Speech RecognitionPhonological segments that signal meaning (phonemes) unfold at 12/s or more. Fast, effortless processing of 40,000 bits/s implies a speech module.The structural relations among phonemes—the context in which a phoneme occurs—is critical to recognition.

Why context is important?Co-articulation: Each segment of speech provides clues about more than one phoneme. That is, multiple phonemes are articulated at the same time.

Why context is important?Co-articulation: Each segment of speech provides clues about more than one phoneme.Phonemes lack invariant distinctive features

Top Down Processing Phonological segments are continuous in speech. Pauses heard are often illusions constructed by imposing phonemes from the top.Subtle variations are ignored unless they fall at phoneme boundaries (categorical speech perception).