Cognitive neuroscience of emotional...
Transcript of Cognitive neuroscience of emotional...
UNC 2013
Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory
Kevin S. LaBar, Ph.D.
Center for Cognitive Neuroscience Department of Psychology & Neuroscience
Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences
Duke University Durham, NC USA
The problem space: Defining the intersection of emotion and memory
- Cognitive/Social - Evolutionary/Developmental
- Neurobiological
Theories of Emotion - Cognitive/Social
- Evolutionary/Developmental - Neurobiological
Theories of Memory
Psychological theories of emotion
(A)
(B)
APPRAISAL CRITERIA JOY ANGER FEAR SADNESS Novelty high high high low Pleasantness high open low open Goal significance: Outcome certainty high very high high very high Conduciveness conducive obstructive obstructive obstructive Urgency low high very high low Coping potential: Agency self/other other other open Control high high open very low Power high high very low very low Adjustment high high low medium
(C)
Categorical (evolutionary)
Dimensional (social-motivational)
Component Process (cognitive)
Memory systems theories
Squire & Zola, 1996
Memory processing stages
Encoding Storage Retrieval
Consolidation Reconsolidation
Are there neurobiological 'laws' of emotional memory ?
1. The amygdala forms conditioned fear associations between predictive cues and aversive reinforcers (LeDoux, 1996)
2. The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences (McGaugh, 2004)
Memory modulation theories
Eichenbaum & Cohen, 2001
Memory systems theories
Squire & Zola, 1996
Neurobiological 'laws' of emotional memory
Outline of Talk
Role of the amygdala in fear conditioning
The memory modulation hypothesis Foundational studies "Beyond the MMH": Retrieval, phenomenology & real-
world events
Outline of Talk
Role of the amygdala in fear conditioning
The memory modulation hypothesis Foundational studies Beyond the MMH: Retrieval, phenomenology & real-
world events
Human fear conditioning paradigm
LaBar & LeDoux, Understanding Autism, 2006
Impaired fear conditioning in amygdala-lesioned patients
Bechara et al., Science, 1995 Phelps et al., Neurocase, 1998
R
S.P. Control
SP
Functional neuroimaging studies reveal thalamo-amygdalo-cingulate network for acquiring fear
LaBar & Cabeza, Nat Rev Neurosci, 2006
Büchel et al., Neuron, 1998
Amygdala
Cor
rela
tion
coe
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Cheng et al., Behav Neurosci, 2003
Furmark et al., NeuroReport, 1997 LaBar et al., Neuron, 1998
Amygdala activity correlates with SCR indices of fear learning
SCR
Outline of Talk
Role of the amygdala in fear conditioning
The memory modulation hypothesis Foundational studies Beyond the MMH: Retrieval, phenomenology & real-
world events
The memory modulation hypothesis
Roozendaal & McGaugh, Behav Neurosci, 2011
Peripheral
Central
Evidence for amygdala involvement and stress hormone modulation
Adapted from Cahill et al., 1994, 1995
Memory consolidation for arousing words following amygdala damage
Phelps et al., Neurocase, 1998; LaBar & Phelps, Psychol Sci, 1998
reca
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Subsequent Memory Paradigm
Difference
Experimental Paradigm
ValenceUnpleasant Neutral Pleasant1 5 9
1=Low
9=High
Aro
usal
High arousing & Unpleasant
High arousing & Pleasant
Low arousing & Neutral
ValenceUnpleasant Neutral Pleasant1 5 9
1=Low
9=High
Aro
usal
ValenceUnpleasant Neutral Pleasant1 5 9
1=Low
9=High
Aro
usal
High arousing & Unpleasant
High arousing & Pleasant
High arousing & Unpleasant
High arousing & Pleasant
Low arousing & Neutral
High Arousing & Pleasant [N=60]
High Arousing & Unpleasant [N=60]
Low Arousing & Neutral [N=60]
Study: rate pleasantness Test: cued recall
Dolcos et al., Neuron, 2004
Left Amygdala Right Amygdala B.
A.
Pleasant Neutral Unpleasant
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1 2 3 4 5-0.05
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% s
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Z = -22
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Pleasant Neutral Unpleasant0
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Main Effect of Arousal on Amygdala Activation and Memory
Amygdala-MTL Interactions
Predict Successful Emotional
Memory Encoding
Meta-analysis of emotional encoding success studies
Murty et al., Neuropsychologia, 2010 P < .05, FDR-corrected
Beyond the Memory Modulation Hypothesis: Role of the MTL in retrieving emotional memories
• Successful Retrieval = Hits vs. Misses
• Compare Emotional Successful Retrieval vs. Neutral Successful Retrieval
• Minimize contribution of emotional perception-related activation
Does the MTL also participate in the successful retrieval of emotional items from long-term storage?
Emotional modulation of retrieval success activity in MTL
Dolcos et al., PNAS, 2005
Emotion selectively enhances memories accompanied by a sense of recollection
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Participants performed remember/know judgment
Recollection- vs. familiarity-based emotional retrieval success activity
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“There should also be more interest in what people actually do (eat, have political views, watch television…), [and] more concern about whether the paradigmatic instances we choose for experimental analysis correspond to real-world events and are both robust and generalizable”
Rozin, Perspectives Psychol. Sci., 2009
Moving from the lab to the real world…
Recollection of autobiographical memories engages MTL
Greenberg et al., Neuropsychologia, 2005
Anterior Anterior Posterior Posterior
Autobiographical Retrieval Category Generation
Emotional arousal predicts autobiographical memory experience
BASIC COMPLEX
Arousal Valence Arousal Valence
Autobiographical Memory-specific
reliving .50* .08 .57* .29*
remember vs. know .32 -.02 .44* .07
own eyes vs. observer .32 -.05 .44* .06
specific vs. generic .30 -.12 .29 .03
vividness .57* .03 .55* .10
narrative .29 .08 .53* .12
language .34* -.11 .50* .06
rehearsal .31 -.02 .44* -.05
confidence .29 -.04 .13 .05
Emotion-specific
same intensity .79* .04 .83* .11
same emotion .72* .04 .73* .09
visceral .58* -.01 .62* .04
Talarico et al., Mem. Cognit., 2004
Spatiotemporal dissociation of emotional intensity and reliving in autobiographical memory
“cue word”
time
“emotion” “reliving”
retrieval maintenance
N=80 eyes closed
24 sec
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Memot = 2.3 Mreliv = 2.5 MRT = 12.3 s
Daselaar et al., Cereb Cortex, 2008
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Emotion Reliving
Emotion Reliving
retriev maint retriev maint retriev maint retriev maint
Visual Cortex Emotion-specific variation Reliving-specific variation
Amygdala
Early Role of Emotion During Memory Retrieval
“When a subject is being asked to remember, very often the first thing that emerges is something of the nature of an attitude. The recall is then a construction, made largely on the basis of this attitude, and its general effect is that of a justification of the attitude,” where for Bartlett attitude is “very largely a matter of feeling, or affect.”
Bartlett (1932/1995)
Retrieving emotional memories for a complex sporting event: The Duke -UNC Basketball Study
Features of the experimental design
Archived game (@UNC 2000) Encoding conditions are controlled and realistic Valence is determined by opposing fan perspectives Select engaged fans of opposing teams ('fandom') Assess memory for specific plays (detailed event
memory) each play is a narrative element marker within the more
complex event time series need lots of trials for signal averaging requirements each play has an emotional outcome that fluctuates widely
across trials; valence unknown until outcome recalled plays are important to oral tradition and statistics of sport
Sample retrieval trial
fMRI results: Arousal modulation Amygdala and hippocampus
SPM: parametric model FIR model High vs. low SPM contrast
fMRI results: Arousal modulation
Mentalizing/self-referential network Sensorimotor
fMRI results: Valence effects
Positive valence effect Positive valence X Confidence interaction
dorsal frontoparietal network
May 31, 2009 Upon losing in the 4th round of the 2009 French Open after 31 consecutive wins and 4 consecutive titles, Rafael Nadal said "We know that when we walk on the court, we can either win or lose. No one remembers defeats in the long run. People remember victories. So I have to move forward."
Conclusions
Emotional memory is a multidimensional construct
The amygdala is critical for fear conditioning
Amygdala-MTL interactions are critical for the consolidation of emotionally arousing episodes into long-term memory, as well as their retrieval
These interactions extend to complex, real-world memories where emotion has a broader reach over phenomenological aspects of recollection and social cognitive and sensorimotor networks
Valence effects on memory involve frontal and MTL regions but the amygdala is not critical
Funding NIH 2 P01 NS041328 NIH R01 DA027802 NSF 0745919
http://mind.duke.edu
Trainees Fredrik Åhs Nineequa Blanding Joseph Dunsmoor Jose Alba Hernandez Nicole Huff Matt Fecteau Philip Kragel Vishnu Murty Steven Prince Maureen Ritchey
Collaborators Anne Botzung Roberto Cabeza Sander Daselaar Daniel Greenberg Joseph LeDoux Amanda Miles Elizabeth Phelps Heather Rice David Rubin Jennifer Talarico