CognitionCognition

Princeton Review Crack-a-lackinPrinceton Review Crack-a-lackin

Tasha WrightTasha Wright

Sensory MemorySensory Memory

=gateway between perception and =gateway between perception and memorymemory

very limitedvery limited

Iconic=visual (1/10ths of a second)Iconic=visual (1/10ths of a second)

Echoic=auditory (3-4 seconds)Echoic=auditory (3-4 seconds)

Sensory Memory DosSensory Memory Dos

Based on how you perceive thingsBased on how you perceive things

Ex. Jump rope: at many points at onceEx. Jump rope: at many points at once

=visual persistence=visual persistence

George Sperling and partial reportGeorge Sperling and partial report

G Z E PG Z E P

R K O DR K O D

B T X FB T X F

Paired with different pitched soundsPaired with different pitched sounds

Better with lower pitchBetter with lower pitch

Short-term visual (iconic) memoryShort-term visual (iconic) memory

Short-Term MemoryShort-Term Memory

Few seconds to about a minuteFew seconds to about a minute

Acoustically codedAcoustically coded

Seven parts (+/- 2)Seven parts (+/- 2)

Ex. Telephone numbersEx. Telephone numbers

Chunking=grouping itemsChunking=grouping items

RehearsalRehearsal

Maintenance=simple repetition for the Maintenance=simple repetition for the short termshort term

Elaborative=organization and Elaborative=organization and understanding for long-term useunderstanding for long-term use

Can decay by interferenceCan decay by interference

Remembering Lists:Remembering Lists:

Primacy=remembering the first itemsPrimacy=remembering the first items

Recency=remembering the last items Recency=remembering the last items (fades in about a day)(fades in about a day)

serial position effectserial position effect

Long-Term MemoryLong-Term Memory

Semantically encoded memories=encoded Semantically encoded memories=encoded in the form of word meaningsin the form of word meanings

can be semantically plus visually or can be semantically plus visually or acoustically encodedacoustically encoded

Ex. Song lyricsEx. Song lyrics

Episodic memory=events that we Episodic memory=events that we ourselves have experiencedourselves have experienced

Semantic memory=fact based memorySemantic memory=fact based memory

Procedural memory=skills and habitsProcedural memory=skills and habits

Types of LTMTypes of LTM

State-dependent memory: more likely to be State-dependent memory: more likely to be recalled if the attempt to retrieve it occurs in a recalled if the attempt to retrieve it occurs in a situation similar to the situation in which is was situation similar to the situation in which is was encodedencoded

Flashbulb memories: very deep, vivid memory in Flashbulb memories: very deep, vivid memory in the form of a visual image associated with a the form of a visual image associated with a particular emotionally arousing eventparticular emotionally arousing event

Working memory: the part of LTM that is Working memory: the part of LTM that is currently in usecurrently in use

Memory ChangingMemory Changing

Reconstruction=fitting events together that Reconstruction=fitting events together that seem likelyseem likely

can be caused by source amnesiacan be caused by source amnesia

Framing=repeated suggestions and Framing=repeated suggestions and misleading questions that create false misleading questions that create false memoriesmemories

problems in trialsproblems in trials

LanguageLanguage

ArbitraryArbitrarywords don’t sound like the ideas they words don’t sound like the ideas they conveyconvey

Additive structureAdditive structurewords into phrases, phrases words into phrases, phrases to sentences, sentences to paragraphs, etc.to sentences, sentences to paragraphs, etc.

Multiplicity of structureMultiplicity of structurecan be analyzed in can be analyzed in many waysmany ways

ProductionProductionnearly endless combination of nearly endless combination of wordswords

DynamicDynamicconstantly changing and evolvingconstantly changing and evolving

Phonemes=smaller units of speech Phonemes=smaller units of speech soundssounds

Morphemes=combination of phonemesMorphemes=combination of phonemes

Grammar=set of rules of languageGrammar=set of rules of language

Syntax=organizing morphemes into Syntax=organizing morphemes into meaningful languagemeaningful language

Semantics=word choiceSemantics=word choice

Acquiring LanguageAcquiring Language

(Infants) Holophrases=single terms that are (Infants) Holophrases=single terms that are applied to a broad category of thingsapplied to a broad category of thingsEx. All women are “mama”Ex. All women are “mama”this is overextensionthis is overextension(2 year olds) Telegraphic speech=lack many (2 year olds) Telegraphic speech=lack many parts of speechparts of speechEx. “mommy food”Ex. “mommy food”(3 years old) Know over 1,000 words(3 years old) Know over 1,000 wordsovergeneralization errorsovergeneralization errorsEx. I goed to storeEx. I goed to store

Noam Chomsky and Noam Chomsky and Transformational grammarTransformational grammar

Surface structure of language v. deep Surface structure of language v. deep structure of languagestructure of language

Propose innate language acquisition Propose innate language acquisition devicedevice

used to explain why all cultures used to explain why all cultures languages and learning is so similarlanguages and learning is so similar

B.F. SkinnerB.F. Skinner

BehavioristBehaviorist

Said it was operant conditioningSaid it was operant conditioning

learning and reinforcementlearning and reinforcement

ConceptConcept

=a way of grouping or classifying the world =a way of grouping or classifying the world around usaround us

Typicality=the degree to which an object Typicality=the degree to which an object fits the averagefits the average

Prototype=typical picture that we envisionPrototype=typical picture that we envision

Superordinate concept=very broad; Superordinate concept=very broad; encompasses a large group of itemsencompasses a large group of items

Ex. FoodEx. Food

Subordinate concept=smaller and more Subordinate concept=smaller and more specificspecific

Ex. BreadEx. Bread

Cognition=thinking Cognition=thinking

Reasoning=drawing of conclusions from Reasoning=drawing of conclusions from evidenceevidence

Deductive reasoning=drawing logical Deductive reasoning=drawing logical conclusions from general statementsconclusions from general statements

Inductive reasoning=the process of Inductive reasoning=the process of drawing general inferences from specific drawing general inferences from specific observationsobservations

Creativity and Problem SolvingCreativity and Problem Solving

Creativity=the process of producing Creativity=the process of producing something novel yet worthwhilesomething novel yet worthwhile

Divergent thinkingDivergent thinkingif many correct if many correct answers are possibleanswers are possible

Ex. BrainstormingEx. Brainstorming

ConvergentConvergentproblem can only be solved problem can only be solved by one answerby one answer

Heuristics=intuitive rules of thumbHeuristics=intuitive rules of thumb

Algorithms=systematic, mechanical Algorithms=systematic, mechanical approaches that guarantee an eventual approaches that guarantee an eventual answer to a problemanswer to a problem

Insight=sudden understandingInsight=sudden understanding

Ex. Wolfgang Kohler and chimps. Ex. Wolfgang Kohler and chimps. Bananas outside cage, 2 sticks insideBananas outside cage, 2 sticks inside

Mental set=fixed frame of mindMental set=fixed frame of mind

Functional fixedness=tendency to assume Functional fixedness=tendency to assume that a given item is only useful for the task that a given item is only useful for the task for which it was designedfor which it was designed

Confirmation bias=looking only for Confirmation bias=looking only for information to support your viewinformation to support your view

Hindsight bias=after the fact, saying you Hindsight bias=after the fact, saying you knew what the outcome would beknew what the outcome would be

Framing=the way a question is phrasedFraming=the way a question is phrased