Cognition 7A – Memory 7B – Thinking, Problems Solving, Creativity, and Language
Cognition 7B Thinking, problem solving creativity and language, memory.
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Transcript of Cognition 7B Thinking, problem solving creativity and language, memory.
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Cognition 7BThinking, problem solving creativity and language, memory
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Working with a partner to better understandMust submit example sheet at end of period
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Memory http://www.simplypsychology.org/memory.html
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Amygdala
Hippocampus
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Note: Working Memory is the same as short term memory
Echoic Memory
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Maintenance Rehearsal – increase short term memory to 30 seconds more
State Dependent Memory
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The ability to maintain exact detailed visual memories over a significant period of time.
Eidetic Memory
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Slide # 9
CreativityThe ability to use
information in new and original ways
All problem solving requires creativity
Creativity includes flexibility
Recombination and insight
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5 components to creative thinking
Expertise – The more you know in a specific area, the more solutions
Imaginative thinking skills – cartoon thinking, (living on sun not earth)
Venturesome personality – perseveres obstacles Intrinsic environment – satisfaction Creative environment -
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Availability Heuristic Estimating the likelihood of events based
on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7-J9A8UEERE
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Availability Heuristic
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Representativeness Heuristic Judging the likelihood of things in terms of
how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JJ21Kd0LO8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-VgF5xMqphE&feature=endscreen&NR=1
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Representative Heuristic –
Schema
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Examples of each w/partner Representativeness Heuristic Availability Heuristic
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What hinders our problem solving? (examples w/partner)
Confirmation Bias –searching for ideas to confirm your own theories
Fixation-inability to see a problem from fresh perspective
Mental set- mindset of what has worked by others or self in past
Functional fixedness- searching for screwdriver when a penny could of done the job.
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Algorithm Vs. Heuristic
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Algorithm Step by step procedure that guarantee a
solution. But step by step algorithm can be tiring!!
algorithms concerns a specific set of finite steps in order to bring about a solution whereas heuristics offer possible means to arrive upon an answer.
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Algorithm – Instructions for paperPaper airplane
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Example Algorithm Someone who has forgotten their glasses may
develop an algorithm for copying the correct information from a white board at school similar to:
1. Attempt to read information. If this is possible, copy it down. If not, refer to step 2. 2. Squint eyes in an attempt to read the information. If this is possible, copy it down. If not, refer to step 3. 3.Ask a neighbor what the information says. If this is possible, copy this down. If not, refer to step 4.
The steps of this algorithm will carry on until the objective, namely copying down the notes, is reached.
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Heuristics A simple thinking strategy that often allows us
to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; using speedier but also more detail than algorithm.
Forgot my glasses: Call mom to drop off Borrow my friend who has same prescription
Page 300 in book ; grocery vs. grocery isle Examples w/partner of heuristic vs. algorithm
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Amnesia Often caused by a traumatic injury to
the brain, such as a concussion Retrograde amnesia Past memories Anterograde amnesia New Memories
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Slide # 25
Retrospective vs. Prospective Memory (examples)
Retrospective memory: past experience or events and previously acquired information.
elementary school memorieschildhood memories
Prospective memory: things you need to do in the future
Homework Graduate
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Retrograde Amnesia
Anterograde Amnesia
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Slide # 28
Childhood AmnesiaA normal phase
of development that accounts for the lack of memory before the ages of 3
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Slide # 29
How Do Children Learn Language?
B.F. Skinner and operant conditioning
Behavior is reinforced with smiles and attention
Children understand before they speak
Children learn language through observation
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Slide # 30
Noam Chomsky A mental programLAD – language
acquisition device Infants possess an
innate capacity for language
Transformational grammar – rules of
lang.
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Slide # 31
Stages of Language Development
Birth/infancy: cries, distress
2 months: cooing4 months: babble9 months:
babbling is refined
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Slide # 32
Stages (continued)examplesBy 1 year: single
words are uttered(dadda)
By 2 years: two words together (50–100 words)(me play)
By 4 years: complete sentences
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Slide # 33
The Structure of Language Four rules
1. Phonemes2. Morphemes3. Syntax4. Semantics
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Slide # 34
Phonemes Individual sounds
that are basic structural elements of language
100 different and recognizable sounds
Ex. Sh or t, vowels
Example
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Slide # 35
Morphemes The smallest unit of meaning in a given
language Made up of one or more phonemes Phonemes are units of sound, morphemes
are units of meaning Example; a word, prefix or suffix, ex. Book,
love, reason are single morphemes Love is morpheme but loves have 2
morphemes Love + s = 2
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SyntaxLanguage rules that govern how
words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences
Syntax varies from language to language
“I would like a muffin”, shouted John.
Slide # 36
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Slide # 37
Semantics The study of meaning in language The same word can have different
meanings
“Do you mind if I sit next to you?” and “A mind is a terrible thing to waste.” Clearly the word “mind” has different meanings in each of these sentences. Our knowledge of semantics helps us realize which meaning applies to which instance. In the first sentence, “mind” functions as a verb; in the second sentence, it functions as a noun.
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Over regularization
notice ED
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What type of thinker are you?
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Convergent thinkers vs. Divergent Thinkers
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Method Of lociKnowing where things are located orplaced