Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Developmenty g pAgricultural Extension Department

COFFEE PESTS ANDCOFFEE PESTS ANDCOFFEE PESTS AND COFFEE PESTS AND DISEASESDISEASES

December 2008December 2008December, 2008December, 2008JimmaJimma

1. Coffee Diseases1. Coffee Diseases1. Coffee Diseases 1. Coffee Diseases

There are three major coffee diseases inThere are three major coffee diseases in Ethiopia, namely:-

–Coffee Berry Diseasey–Coffee Wilt Disease, and

C ff L f R t–Coffee Leaf Rust

1.1 Coffee Berry Disease1.1 Coffee Berry Disease1.1 Coffee Berry Disease1.1 Coffee Berry Disease

• Caused by Colletotrichum kahawae/• Caused by Colletotrichum kahawae/ coffeanum

• Confound to East African highland coffee• Confound to East African highland coffee growing regionsH b t d i Ethi i i 1972• Has been reported in Ethiopia in 1972

Economic ImportanceEconomic ImportanceEconomic ImportanceEconomic Importance

• A severe epidemic in central Kenya in• A severe epidemic in central Kenya in 1967 caused the loss of entire crops and overall losses were in excess of 30%overall losses were in excess of 30%,

• In Ethiopia average national loss was estimated to be between 24 30% (Eshetuestimated to be between 24-30% (Eshetu, 1997), losses on individual farms may reach up to 100%reach up to 100%

CBD ManagementCBD Management

• Fungicide spraying in Ethiopia started in 1977 and the program was in operation until fungicide subsidy was removed in1994,

• Subsidy for fungicide varied from 20% to free l f f i idsupply of fungicides,

• CBD resistant cultivars released since 1977, • Since then significant proportion of coffee land

was covered by CBD resistant cultivars,I ff i f th t• In some coffee growing areas of the country CBD resistant cultivars have failed to resist the diseasedisease

CBD spraying was discontinued for CBD spraying was discontinued for th f ll i jth f ll i jthe following major reasonsthe following major reasons

Hi h l ti t f f i id• High relative costs of fungicides• Coffee price was not sufficient to cover

costs of inputs• Low coffee productivity due to poor coffee p y p

management systems• CBD spraying activity was consideredCBD spraying activity was considered

cumbersome.

Management options for CBDManagement options for CBDManagement options for CBDManagement options for CBD

Chemical Control: This is essential in most areas affected by coffee berry disease,

Planting resistant cultivars: Many varieties of C ff bi i bl iCoffea arabica possess appreciable resistance to CBD but quality and yield performance are the major challengesmajor challenges.

Cultural control: Pruning, appropriate shade management, removal of mummified berries and flower management through irrigation

Biological Control:

Biological ControlBiological ControlTh f f i id i CBD i K h b• The use of fungicides against CBD in Kenya has been shown to induce greater levels of disease. Some estates which had never used fungicides did not haveestates which had never used fungicides did not have high levels of CBD, and when used intermittently fungicides can make the disease worse. u g c des ca a e t e d sease o se

• The negative effects of fungicides were attributed to the removal of micro-organisms antagonistic to the g gpathogen

• The micro-organisms were shown to have a natural bio-control effect on the disease. This effect is still to be developed and exploited in an integrated approach t CBD t lto CBD control.

1.2. Coffee Wilt Disease1.2. Coffee Wilt Disease1.2. Coffee Wilt Disease1.2. Coffee Wilt Disease

P f d N• Preferred Name– Gibberella xylarioides

• Other Names Used– Fusarium oxysporum forma xylarioides (Steyaert)Fusarium oxysporum forma xylarioides (Steyaert)

Deassus

HOSTSHOSTSHOSTS HOSTS

• Primary hosts: Coffea arabica (arabicaPrimary hosts: Coffea arabica (arabica coffee), Coffea canephora (robusta coffee) Coffea liberica (Liberian coffeecoffee), Coffea liberica (Liberian coffee tree).

• Secondary hosts: Gossypium (cotton)• Secondary hosts: Gossypium (cotton), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Musa SppSpp.

Plant stages and parts affectedPlant stages and parts affectedPlant stages and parts affectedPlant stages and parts affected

Flowering stage fruiting stage pre-Flowering stage, fruiting stage, preemergence, seedling stage, and vegetative growing stagevegetative growing stage.

TransmissionTransmission• Spread by wind, rain and through human

activities (harvesting pruning slashing etc )activities (harvesting, pruning, slashing etc,) • The pathogen can penetrate through wounds

so any agency causing wounds will aid theso any agency causing wounds will aid the spread of the fungus.

• Seed from infected berries may contain the pathogen and seed borne infection is considered to be the way in which the disease has spread in Zimbabwe although G ( ) fGirma et al. (2001) found that seeds did not transmit the pathogen in Ethiopia.

Economic ImportanceEconomic ImportanceEconomic ImportanceEconomic Importance• In the 1940s and 1950s this disease was a

serious problem of coffee in several countries in West and East Africa

• In recent years the prevalence of the disease has been markedly increasing throughout y g gcoffee producing areas of the country.

ControlControl• Prohibiting free movement of coffee seedlings to disease

free areas Need to make utmost care to prevent wounding any part• Need to make utmost care to prevent wounding any part of coffee trees,

• Disinfecting of tools used for pruning and stumping, • Proper plantation management including appropriate

spacing• Uprooting and burningUprooting and burning • Developing and using resistant varieties (7440, 74165,

8136, 1979 showed moderate to high level of resistance to CWD)to CWD).

1.3Damping Off and Seedling Blight1.3Damping Off and Seedling BlightM f i i t d ith d i ff d• Many fungi are associated with damping off and seedling blight which include: PythiumPhythophtora Fusarium and RhizoctoniaPhythophtora, Fusarium, and Rhizoctonia.

• Predisposing factores include: high moisture level/ over watering and dense mulching,g g,

• Infested and emerged seedlings show water soaking, browning or shriveling of the stems s a

lt th k l d diresult they keel over and die,• Good nursery management practices lessons the

problemproblem.

2. Coffee Insect Pests2. Coffee Insect Pests2. Coffee Insect Pests2. Coffee Insect Pests

• In Ethiopia insect pest problem remainedIn Ethiopia insect pest problem remained less as opposed to many coffee producing countriescountries,

• Possible reasons for this include:E i t f di t l i– Existence of diverse natural enemies

– Genetic diversity of Arabica coffee

Important Insect PestsImportant Insect PestsImportant Insect PestsImportant Insect Pests

• Antestia BugAntestia Bug• Coffee Leaf Miner

C ff S l I t• Coffee Scale Insects

2.1 Antestia bug2.1 Antestia bug• There are three species of Antestia bug

(A.intricata, A. orbitalis, A. facetoides)( , , )• Antestia bug suck green berries, flower buds,

and growing tipsand growing tips • Result fall of immature berries, and

shortening of internodesshortening of internodes• Pruning of coffee trees and shade tree

l ti d t ti l tiregulation can reduce antestia population• Antestia eggs are reported to have three

species of parasitoides

2.2 Coffee Bloch Leaf Miner2.2 Coffee Bloch Leaf Miner2.2 Coffee Bloch Leaf Miner2.2 Coffee Bloch Leaf Miner

• Two species namely Leucoptera meyrickiTwo species namely Leucoptera meyricki and L. caffeina (shade loving)

• Under severe infestation the disease• Under severe infestation the disease causes heavy defoliation, R t d t b tt k d b i ht i• Reported to be attacked by eight species of parasitoides

2.3 Coffee Scale Insects2.3 Coffee Scale Insects2.3 Coffee Scale Insects2.3 Coffee Scale Insects

• Seven species recorded in Ethiopia ofSeven species recorded in Ethiopia of which two species are potentially importantp

• Sap sucking and excretion of honey-dew producing sooty moulds and attracting p g y gants.

• Chemical control is possible indirectly by p y ycontrolling ants and allows natural enemies to clean up the infestation.

3. Problems associated with Coffee post 3. Problems associated with Coffee post h th tharvestharvest

• Direct effect: bean quality and quantity q y q ydeterioration as a result of presence of the organism or metabolite of the organism (mycotoxin)(mycotoxin)– Bean discoloration caused by Pseudomonas syringae– Moulds caused by some species of Fusarium,Moulds caused by some species of Fusarium,

Aspergillus and Pencillum

I di t d i l lit b• Indirect damage: causing low quality beans as a result of damage caused at any stage of crop growth.g o t

4. Mycotoxin contamination4. Mycotoxin contamination4. Mycotoxin contamination4. Mycotoxin contamination• Mycotoxins are poisonous chemical compounds y p p

produced by certain fungi species• Mycotoxins occurring in food have chronic or cumulative

effects on health, including the induction of cancers andeffects on health, including the induction of cancers and immune deficiency

• Ochratoxin A has been reported to occur in raw coffeeA ill P illi d F i i lik l• Aspergillus, Pencillium and Fusarium species are likely to be the most significant mycotoxin producing fungi

• These fungi are always associated with moisture and g ycan not develop in completely dry environment

• Appropriate drying and good hygiene practicesthroughout the coffee chain.throughout the coffee chain.

GeneralGeneralGeneralGeneral

• IPM is a strategy that encourages the use ofIPM is a strategy that encourages the use of multiple control tactics to manage pests

• Applying multiple control tactics minimizes the pp y g pchance that pests will adapt to any one tactic

• WORK WISELY instead of “killing your field all g ythe time”….interfere only if necessary

The main tacticsThe main tacticsThe main tacticsThe main tactics

• Pest resistant or pest tolerance varietiesPest resistant or pest tolerance varieties• Cultural control

Ph i l t l• Physical control• Biological control• Chemical control

Important knowledgeImportant knowledgeImportant knowledgeImportant knowledge

• The crop the season the areaThe crop, the season, the area• The pests (insects, mites, diseases,

weeds) biology ecologyweeds) – biology, ecology• The natural enemies• Weather and climate• Thresholds and economical damageg

Components of IPMComponents of IPMComponents of IPMComponents of IPM

• Monitoring (scouting)Monitoring (scouting)• Forecasting with available weather.

Prediction of problemsPrediction of problems• Thresholds: determine when pest

l ti h h d l l th tpopulations have reached a level that could cause economic damage

• Prevention and avoiding of problems• Control using appropriate strategiesg pp p g

OTHANKYOU