Issue Date 2010-09-00
184 8501 4 1 1


2010 5 21
KOARAI, K. and MATSUKAWA, M.: Nonmarine bivalve community and paleoecology in the Sanchu Cretaceous, the Outer Zone of
southwest Japan. Bull. Tokyo Gakugei Univ. Div. Nat. Sci., : 103 118. (2010) ISSN 1880 4330
Rich, nonmarine bivalve faunas have been reported from the Sanchu Cretaceous in Japan. They consist of species found commonly
in Lower Cretaceous strata of the Outer Zone of southwest Japan. Seventeen species of bivalves are recognized in the faunas of the
Sanchu Cretaceous. Based on function-morphological analysis and comparison with living bivalve ecology, the life habits of these
taxa, as represented by burrowing speed and burrowing depth, are estimated. Two assemblages of bivalves, the Costocyrena otsukai
assemblage and the Costocyrena radiatostriata – Tetoria (P.) sanchuensis assemblage, are recognized in the Shiroi and Sebayashi
formations, respectively. In particular, the infaunal shallow-burrower C. otsukai and the infaunal deep-burrower T. (P.) sanchuensis
co-occur in outcrops of the Sanchu Cretaceous and are interpreted to have co-existed in the same environments, with each utilizing a
different depth distribution in the sediment. Similarly, the infaunal shallow-burrower C. radiatostriata and the infaunal deep-burrower
T. (P.) sanchuensis also co-existed at the same localities, but utilized different depth distributions in the sediment column. This
evidence suggests that these bivalve taxa shared sediment-distribution space vertically, although both assemblages represent different
geological ages. This relationship is also similar to that of the co-occurring infaunal shallow-burrower Myrene (M.) tetoriensis
and infaunal deep-burrower Tetoria (T.) yokoyamai in the Jurassic-Cretaceous Tetori Group, of the Inner Zone of southwest Japan.
Consequently, nonmarine bivalves shared environmental space vertically, even though of different localities and geological ages.
Sanchu Cretaceous, nonmarine bivalves, ecology, community
Department of Environmental Science, Tokyo Gakugei University, 4-1-1 Nukuikita-machi, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
Stanley Kondo Isognomon sanchuensisCostocyrena otsukaiC. radiatostriata — Tetoria (P.) sanchuensis
C. otsukai — T. (P.) sanchuensisC. radiatostriata — T. (P.)
sanchuensis 3
: 103 1182010.
103
Yabe et al., 1926; Hayami, 1958, 1965, 1966; Ohta, 1982; Tamura, 1977, 1979 Matsukawa and Ido, 1993
1995 1998 1999 2003“ ” corbiculoids “”
corbiculoids
Fig. 1. Index map of the Sanchu Cretaceous.
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Yabe et al., 1926; Hayami, 1965, 1966 Matsukawa, 1983
Fig. 1 1977, 1979; Matsukawa, 1983; 2009Fig. 2
Hauterivian BarremianBarremianAptian 2009Hauterivian
Barremian Hauterivian BarremianAptian Barremian 2009 Matsukawa 1983 1995 4 3 Ito and Matsukawa, 1997 8 7 15 Fig. 3, Table 1210A EA Isognomon sanchuensisB E Hayamina matsukawai, Tetoria (Paracorbicula)
sanchuensis, Costocyrena radiatostriata Panopea (Myopsis) plicataB, Ostreidae
gen. et sp. indet. BCArcticidae gen. et sp.
indet. DIto and Matsukawa 1997 AE Isognomon sanchuensisPanopea
(Myopsis) plicata Ostreidae gen. et sp. indet.A E Figs. 4 and 5
Infauna Epifauna 1996
Fig. 2. Generalized columnar section of the Sanchu Cretaceous with the location of nonmarine moluscan fossils (Cited from Matsukawa and Tomishima, 2009).
:
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Table 1. List of nonmarine molluscan fossils from the Shiroi and Sebayashi formations, the Sanchu Cretcaeous.
Fig. 3. Map showing the nonmarine molluscan fossil localities. The prefix SA of the locality number is omitted. The Shiroi Formation: 001, 003, 004, 005, 007, 012, 013,015 in A, and the Sebayashi Formation : 210, 295, 103 in B.
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Stanley, 1970Stanley1970 HWH/WL H L/HH/
WL/HH/W L/WL/HH/
WL/HH/W L/HH/W L/H H/W Stanley, 1970Rapid Non–rapidStanley1970 B.R.I.Burrowing Rate Index0.6 Rapid burrower Non–rapid burrower Fig. 6 Stanley1970
Fig. 4. Stratigraphic occurrence of molluscan species and their individual numbers from the Sebayashi Formation at loc. 210, Sebayashi, the Sanchu Cretaceous.
Fig. 5. Outcrops bearing molluscan fossils at loc. 210, Sebayashi, the Sanchu Cretaceous. A-E show levels of occurrence.
:
Stanley1970 3 Kondo1987 SLPallial
Sinus Index ; P.S.I. Fig. 6P.S.I.S L P.S.I.
P.S.I. L L P.S.I. P.S.I. 6 95 Rhoads and Young1970
Fig. 6. Relation between pallial sinus index and maximum relative burrowing length of six species of nonmarine mollusks from the Sanchu Cretaceous based on Kondo (1987) (above), and measurement of pallial sinus length (below).
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Matsukawa and Ido1993 75% 65% Type 75% 65%Type
Type Type Tetoria (T.)
yokoyamai Type TetoriaT. (P.) sanchuensis
T. (T.) yokoyamai active burrower H. naumanni H. matsukawaiIsodomella
shiroiensisCostocyrena otsukaiC. radiatostriata active burrower
6 Hayamina matsukawai Stanley1970 Figs. 7 and 8 1L 5 3 1 2 H. naumanniH. matsukawai C. otsukaiC. radiatostriataI. shiroiensisT. (P.)
sanchuensisL
Fig. 7. Relation of burrowing rate to gross shell shape and shell ornamentation of seven species of nonmarine mollusks from the Sanchu Cretaceous based on Stanley (1970)(above), and burrowing rate index (below).
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Matsukawa and Ido1993 3 Morishita1959δ 0δ1δ0
δ= 1 Table 2 δ Table 3 3 Fig. 9 2 2 2 2 2 2
Fig. 8. Maximum burrowing depth and burrowing rate of six species of nonmarine mollusks from the Sanchu Cretaceous.
Table 2. Abundance of individual taxa in 17 containing bivalves from the Shiroi and Sebayashi formations, the Sanchu Cretaceous. Numbers in the table show individual numbers.
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Hayamina naumanniTetoria (P.) sanchuensisHayamina
matsukawaiT. (P.) sanchuensisC. radiatostriata 3 15 Isognomon sanchuensis 3 1 Isognomon sanchuensis 1
Isognomon sanchuensis2 C. radiatostriata
T. (P.) sanchuensisCostocyrena radiatostriata
Costocyrena otsukai Costocyrena
matsukawaiNippononaia ryosekiana 295CH. matsukawaiN. ryosekiana Fig. 10
Table 3. Morihita’s (1959) index for degree of interspecific overlap in occurrence among 17 species from 15 samples.
Fig. 9. Degree of interspecific overlap in occurrence of 17 species based on Morishita’s (1959) index.
:
210 Figs. 4 and 5 Ito and Matsukawa, 1997 AIsognomon sanchuensis I. sanchuensisAr 0.84Cv0.98
Table 4 1989I. sanchuensis Isognomon I. sanchuensis Fig. 11
B 1995BCDE BP. (M.) plicata1.00H.
matsukawai0.39 T. (P.) sanchuensisC. radiatostriata 0.00T. (P.) sp.0.25CH. matsukawai0.10 T. (P.) sanchuensis1.00C. radiatostriata0.00D
Arcticidae gen. et sp. indet.1.00T. (P.) sanchuensis 0.28C. radiatostriataT. (P.) sp.0.00ET. (P.)
sanchuensis0.33C. radiatostriata0.00 BH. matsukawai0.94
T. (P.) sanchuensis0.50T. (P.) sp.0.67C. radiatostriata
P. (M.) plicata1.00CH. matsukawai0.90 T. (P.) sanchuensis1.00C. radiatostriata0.88D
Arcticidae gen. et sp. indet.1.00T. (P.) sanchuensis
0.80T. (P.) sp.0.50C. radiatostriata0.87E T. (P.) sanchuensis1.00C. radiatostriata0.80 BP. (M.)
plicataArcticidae gen. et sp. indet. 1.001.00 0.000.39 0.501.00 1993BCDE 1995; Ito and Matsukawa, 1997 CDE C. radiatostriata Figs. 12 and 13 1978CDEC. radiatostriata BPanopea
(M.) plicataPanopea 4 Kondo,
1987BP. (M.) plicataL
Fig. 10. Occurrence of Costocyrena radiatostriata Tetoria (P.) sanchuensis Assemblage (Scale bar shows 4 cm.).
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Table 4. Stratigraphic occurrence of molluscan species and their individual numbers, individual numbers of left (L) and right (R) valves, co-jointed valves (Co), existence index of left and right valves (Cv) and articulation rate of shells (Ar) from the Sebayashi Formation at loc. 210, Sebayashi, the Sanchu Cretaceous.
Fig. 11. Occurrence of Isognomon sanchuensis from the level A at loc. 210, Sebayashi, the Sanchu Cretaceous.
:
113
55 220 H. matsukawai0.39T. (P.) sp.0.25T. (P.)
sanchuensisC. radiatostriata0.00 H. matsukawai0.94T. (P.) sanchuensis0.50 T. (P.) sp.0.67C. radiatostriata1.00 1993BP. (M.) plicata
H. matsukawai, T. (P.) sanchuensis,
T. (P.) sp.C. radiatostriata P. (M.) plicata H. matsukawai, T. (P.) sanchuensis, T. (P.)
sp.C. radiatostriata 210 1995; Ito and Matsukawa, 1997
Fig. 13. Occurrence of Costocyrena radiatostriata at loc. 103, Sebayashi, the Sanchu Cretaceous (Scale bar shows 4 cm.).
Fig. 12. Occurrence of Costocyrena radiatostriata from the level E at loc. 210, Sebayashi, the Sanchu Cretaceous.
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radiatostriata T. (P.) sanchuensis C. otsukaiC. otsukai,
Isodomella shiroiensisT. (P.) sanchuensis C. radiatostriata T. (P.)
sanchuensisC. radiatostriata, H.
matsukawaiT. (P.) sanchuensis
C. otsukaiC.
otsukaiT. (P.) sanchuensis Fig. 14 . C. otsukaiT. (P.) sanchuensisC. otsukai Fig. 15 C. radiatostriata – T. (P.) sanchuensis C. radiatostriata T. (P.) sanchuensisFig. 16 C. radiatostriata – T. (P.) sanchuensis C. otsukai
Fig. 14. Comparison of individual numbers of nonmarine molluscan fossils of the Shiroi Formation between shallow burrower and deep burrower.
Fig. 15. A reconstruction of the molluscan paleocommunity of the Shiroi Formation, the Sanchu Cretaceous.
:
Matsukawa and Ido1993 Plicatounio Plicatounio naktongensisP.
(P.) multiplicatus, Unio? ogamigoensis, Unio sp.Nagdongia
soni, Nagdongia sp., Nippononaia tetoriensisTrigonioides
Wakinoa tetoriensis, Pseudohyria? sp., “Batissa”antiqua Myrene Mesocorbicula tetoriensisSphaerium sp. Tetoria Tetoria yokoyamai 2 Matsukawa and Ido1993 Morishita1959 Ostreidae gen. et sp. indet.Myrene Mesocorbicula tetoriensisMyrene (M.) tetoriensisTetoria Tetoria yokoyamaiSphaerium sp.Plicatounio Plicatounio naktongensisTrigonioides Wakinoa tetoriensis 5 Tetoria (T.) yokoyamai
Fig. 17. A reconstruction of the molluscan paleocommunity of the Sebayashi Formation, the Sanchu Cretaceous.
Fig. 16. Comparison of individual numbers of nonmarine molluscan fossils of the Sebayashi Formation between shallow burrower and deep burrower.
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T. (T.) yokoyamai “Batissa” antiquaMyrene (M.) tetoriensis Myrene (M.) tetoriensisisM.
(M.) tetoriensisT. (T.) yokoyamai Sphaerium sp.Sphaerium
sp.“Batissa” antiquaM. (M.) tetoriensis T. (T.) yokoyamai 3 Costocyrena radiatostriata Tetoria (P.) sanchuensis Costocyrena radiatostriata Tetoria (P.) sanchuensis Myrene (M.) tetoriensis
Tetoria (T.) yokoyamai Sphaerium sp. Costocyrena radiatostriata Tetoria (P.)
sanchuensis
115 2 Isognomon sanchuensisCostocyrena
otsukaiC. radiatostriata Tetoria (P.) sanchuensis
3C. otsukai – T. (P.) sanchuensisC. radiatostriata
– T. (P.) sanchuensis


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