Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...
Transcript of Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...
![Page 1: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Code-Switching in Singaporean English-
Mandarin 5-6 year-olds Reveals Grammatical
Interaction
Carissa Kang, Yow Wei Quin, Nan Li, & Barbara Lust
10th International Symposium on Bilingualism Rutgers, NJ
![Page 2: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Code-Switching
![Page 3: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Code-Switching• “The alternation of two languages
within a single discourse, sentence or constituent”
![Page 4: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Code-Switching• “The alternation of two languages
within a single discourse, sentence or constituent”
(Poplack, 1980, p.583)
![Page 5: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Code-Switching• “The alternation of two languages
within a single discourse, sentence or constituent”
(Poplack, 1980, p.583)
![Page 6: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Code-Switching• “The alternation of two languages
within a single discourse, sentence or constituent”
(Poplack, 1980, p.583)
• Here, we use the terms code-switching (CS) and code-mixing (i.e., insertion of words form another language) synonymously
![Page 7: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Leading Questions
![Page 8: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Leading Questions1. Are there differences between child and adult CS?
Need for a more continuous approach (Gardner-Chloros, 2009) Research on CS in these 2 populations are rarely
referenced togetherUnderestimates insights that can be gleaned
from such comparative studies
![Page 9: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Leading Questions1. Are there differences between child and adult CS?
Need for a more continuous approach (Gardner-Chloros, 2009) Research on CS in these 2 populations are rarely
referenced togetherUnderestimates insights that can be gleaned
from such comparative studies
2. What is the nature of grammatical interaction between both languages in children? Are children deficited grammatically compared to
adults in their CS?
![Page 10: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Background: Singapore
![Page 11: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Background: Singapore• Multilingual, multi-racial/ethnic country in
Southeast AsiaSeveral dominant languages coexist CS prevalent (David & Mclellan, 2007)
Department of Statistics Singapore (2014)
![Page 12: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Background: Singapore
![Page 13: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• English is the official medium of instructionLearned at first language (L1) level
Background: Singapore
![Page 14: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• English is the official medium of instructionLearned at first language (L1) level
Background: Singapore
![Page 15: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• English is the official medium of instructionLearned at first language (L1) level
• “Mother Tongue” assigned based on an individual’s father’s ethnicityLearned at second language (L2) level
Background: Singapore
![Page 16: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• English is the official medium of instructionLearned at first language (L1) level
• “Mother Tongue” assigned based on an individual’s father’s ethnicityLearned at second language (L2) level
• Home language environmentPredominantly English + some Mandarin +
Dialect
Background: Singapore
![Page 17: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Background: Singapore English/Singlish
![Page 18: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Background: Singapore English/Singlish
• In Singapore, two “varieties” of English existHigh = Standard EnglishLow = Singapore Colloquial English (SCE) (Gupta,
1986)
![Page 19: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Background: Singapore English/Singlish
• In Singapore, two “varieties” of English existHigh = Standard EnglishLow = Singapore Colloquial English (SCE) (Gupta,
1986)
![Page 20: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Background: Singapore English/Singlish
• In Singapore, two “varieties” of English existHigh = Standard EnglishLow = Singapore Colloquial English (SCE) (Gupta,
1986)
• Singapore Colloquial English/Singlish:Creole = Product of language contact between
English and several other languagesChinese, Hokkien, Cantonese, Malay, Tamil (Bao & Wee, 1999; Chua, 2011; Platt & Ho, 1989)
![Page 21: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Background: Singapore English/Singlish
• In Singapore, two “varieties” of English existHigh = Standard EnglishLow = Singapore Colloquial English (SCE) (Gupta,
1986)
• Singapore Colloquial English/Singlish:Creole = Product of language contact between
English and several other languagesChinese, Hokkien, Cantonese, Malay, Tamil (Bao & Wee, 1999; Chua, 2011; Platt & Ho, 1989)
![Page 22: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Determiner/Noun Phrasesin CS utterances
(Tan, 1988, p. 85)
![Page 23: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Determiner/Noun Phrasesin CS utterances
• Ong & Zhang (2010, 2012): CS occurs within Determiner (Det) + Noun (N)
phrase:
(Tan, 1988, p. 85)
![Page 24: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Determiner/Noun Phrasesin CS utterances
• Ong & Zhang (2010, 2012): CS occurs within Determiner (Det) + Noun (N)
phrase:
(Tan, 1988, p. 85)
![Page 25: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Determiner/Noun Phrasesin CS utterances
• Ong & Zhang (2010, 2012): CS occurs within Determiner (Det) + Noun (N)
phrase:
(Tan, 1988, p. 85)
![Page 26: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Determiner/Noun Phrasesin CS utterances
• Ong & Zhang (2010, 2012): CS occurs within Determiner (Det) + Noun (N)
phrase:
(Tan, 1988, p. 85)
![Page 27: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Determiner/Noun Phrasesin CS utterances
• Ong & Zhang (2010, 2012): CS occurs within Determiner (Det) + Noun (N)
phrase:
(Tan, 1988, p. 85)
![Page 28: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Determiner/Noun Phrasesin CS utterances
• Ong & Zhang (2010, 2012): CS occurs within Determiner (Det) + Noun (N)
phrase:
Mandarin Det + English N
(Tan, 1988, p. 85)
![Page 29: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Determiner/Noun Phrasesin CS utterances
• Ong & Zhang (2010, 2012): CS occurs within Determiner (Det) + Noun (N)
phrase:
Mandarin Det Mandarin Det + English N
(Tan, 1988, p. 85)
![Page 30: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Determiner/Noun Phrasesin CS utterances
• Ong & Zhang (2010, 2012): CS occurs within Determiner (Det) + Noun (N)
phrase:
Mandarin Det Demonstrative
Mandarin Det + English N
(Tan, 1988, p. 85)
![Page 31: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Determiner/Noun Phrasesin CS utterances
• Ong & Zhang (2010, 2012): CS occurs within Determiner (Det) + Noun (N)
phrase:
Mandarin Det DemonstrativeClassifier
Mandarin Det + English N
(Tan, 1988, p. 85)
![Page 32: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Determiner/Noun Phrasesin CS utterances
• Ong & Zhang (2010, 2012): CS occurs within Determiner (Det) + Noun (N)
phrase:
Mandarin Det + English NDemonstrativeClassifier
Mandarin Det + English N
(Tan, 1988, p. 85)
![Page 33: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Mandarin Det + English N
![Page 34: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
• These Mandarin Det + English N pairs were widely found in naturalistic CS corpora of studies of Mandarin-English CS in Singaporean adult bilinguals and older children (7-12)
(Chen 1992; Chong 2001; Kamwangamalu and Lee 1991; Lee 2003; Lee, 2005;
Ong & Zhang, 2010, 2012; Tan 2004)
Mandarin Det + English N
![Page 35: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
• These Mandarin Det + English N pairs were widely found in naturalistic CS corpora of studies of Mandarin-English CS in Singaporean adult bilinguals and older children (7-12)
(Chen 1992; Chong 2001; Kamwangamalu and Lee 1991; Lee 2003; Lee, 2005;
Ong & Zhang, 2010, 2012; Tan 2004)
Mandarin Det + English N
![Page 36: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• These Mandarin Det + English N pairs were widely found in naturalistic CS corpora of studies of Mandarin-English CS in Singaporean adult bilinguals and older children (7-12)
(Chen 1992; Chong 2001; Kamwangamalu and Lee 1991; Lee 2003; Lee, 2005;
Ong & Zhang, 2010, 2012; Tan 2004)
• Participants in previous studies:o Primary school children [7-12] (Tan, 2004)o Polytechnic students [17] (Lee, 2005; Ong & Zhang,
2010)
Mandarin Det + English N
![Page 37: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Mandarin Det + English N
![Page 38: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• For adults, Mandarin D + English N pattern holds across:Language dominance• Predominantly Mandarin verbatim
transcripts (Kamwangamalu and Lee 1991; Chen 1992; Chong 2001; Lee 2003; Tan 2004)• Predominantly English verbatim transcripts
(Lee, 2005)Pragmatic intention
Mandarin Det + English N
![Page 39: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• For adults, Mandarin D + English N pattern holds across:Language dominance• Predominantly Mandarin verbatim
transcripts (Kamwangamalu and Lee 1991; Chen 1992; Chong 2001; Lee 2003; Tan 2004)• Predominantly English verbatim transcripts
(Lee, 2005)Pragmatic intention
• Interestingly, no evidence of English D +
Mandarin Det + English N
![Page 40: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Our Study
![Page 41: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Our Study• Present new analyses of productive CS by
Mandarin-English children (5-6 years old) in SingaporeComparison to results from previous studies
conducted on adult Mandarin-English bilinguals in Singapore (Determiner/Noun Phrases)
(Ong & Zhang, 2010, 2012)Findings revealing competent grammatical
interaction between both languages Determiner/Noun Phrases in CS utterances Subject/object ellipsis, wh-in situ, tense
![Page 42: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Our Study
![Page 43: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
• Main Argument:There are similarities and differences between
adult and child CS However, differences in child CS do NOT
reflect the lack of grammatical competence on children’s part
Our Study
![Page 44: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Our Study:Research Question
![Page 45: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Our Study:Research Question
• Motivated by previous work on this Mandarin Det + English N patternsWill we find a similar pattern in younger
children’s speech? (5-6 year olds)Any differences?
![Page 46: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Our Study:Research Question
• Motivated by previous work on this Mandarin Det + English N patternsWill we find a similar pattern in younger
children’s speech? (5-6 year olds)Any differences?
![Page 47: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Our Study:Research Question
• Motivated by previous work on this Mandarin Det + English N patternsWill we find a similar pattern in younger
children’s speech? (5-6 year olds)Any differences?
• Other interesting patterns revealing grammatical interaction between both languages: E.g., Subject/Object ellipsis, Wh-in-situ, tense
![Page 48: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Methodology• Part of a study on the influences of CS on
bilingual children’s language development
(Yow, Flynn, & Patrycia, in press)
• Audio and video naturalistic recordings were conducted during school-time in a Singapore kindergarten
• Daily lessons in English and Mandarin
![Page 49: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Methodology• Random sample of 5 sessions
Range: 7 – 30 minContext: Natural interactions over 5-
day periodSubjects: 9 children (5-6 year olds)Each session involved 4 – 8 children
• Analysis of over 1000 utterances
![Page 50: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Summary of Data
![Page 51: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Session No. Total Utterances
(Child)
Inter-sentential switches
Intra-sententialswitches
1 490 14 (2.9%) 118 (24.1%)2 364 7 (1.9%) 17 (4.7%)3 94 4 (4.3%) 26 (27.7%)4 390 20 (5.1%) 77 (19.7%)
5 183 10 (5.5%) 27 (14.8%)MEAN (SD) 304.2
(161.5)4.1% (1.6) 18.2% (9.0)
Inter-sentential switch• Juxtapose 2 languages/dialects in a conversational
discourseIntra-sentential switch• Elements from 1 language are inserted/mixed into
another (Meisel, 1989; Muysken, 2000; Nicoladis & Genesee, 1997; Poplack, 2001)
![Page 52: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Inter-Sentential Switch
![Page 53: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Inter-Sentential Switch• C1: look, we find two pets .
![Page 54: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Inter-Sentential Switch• C1: look, we find two pets .
![Page 55: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Inter-Sentential Switch• C1: look, we find two pets .
![Page 56: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Inter-Sentential Switch• C1: look, we find two pets .
![Page 57: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Inter-Sentential Switch• C1: look, we find two pets .
• C1: 邓凯, 你看我们有什么 .
![Page 58: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Inter-Sentential Switch• C1: look, we find two pets .
• C1: 邓凯, 你看我们有什么 .
![Page 59: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Inter-Sentential Switch• C1: look, we find two pets .
• C1: 邓凯, 你看我们有什么 .
Inter-sentential switch from English to Chinese Occurs IMMEDIATELY after the same
subject’s sentence/phrase
![Page 60: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
• A1: 有 [//] 你 看 有些 窗户 有 curtains 关 住 的 嘞.
• A1: 你 看 有些 窗户 是 有 curtain 关 住 的 .
Intra-sentential switches
Intra-Sentential Switch
![Page 61: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
4 Examples of Grammatical Interactions
1. Determiner/Noun Phrases2. Subject/Object Ellipsis3. Wh-in-situ4. Tense
![Page 62: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
1. Det/Noun PhrasesOverall Summary
• Out of 9 children, over 5 sessions
![Page 63: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
1. Det/Noun PhrasesOverall Summary
• Out of 9 children, over 5 sessions
Mean (SD) RangeMandarin Det + Eng N
16.7% 0 – 55.3%
English Det +Mandarin N
1.8% 0 – 10/5%
![Page 64: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
1. Det/Noun PhrasesOverall Summary
• Out of 9 children, over 5 sessions
Mean (SD) RangeMandarin Det + Eng N
16.7% 0 – 55.3%
English Det +Mandarin N
1.8% 0 – 10/5%
Mandarin Det + Mandarin N
25.3% 3.6% – 36.8%
English Det +Eng N
56.7% 0 – 100%
![Page 65: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
1. Det/Noun PhrasesOverall Summary
• Out of 9 children, over 5 sessions
Mean (SD) RangeMandarin Det + Eng N
16.7% 0 – 55.3%
English Det +Mandarin N
1.8% 0 – 10/5%
Mandarin Det + Mandarin N
25.3% 3.6% – 36.8%
English Det +Eng N
56.7% 0 – 100%
![Page 66: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
1. Det/Noun Phrases:a) Mandarin Det + English N
Det: Determiner, N: Noun, CL: Classifier, CL.PL: Plural classifier
![Page 67: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
English NEnglish N-s +s
Mandarin Singular Det
一 个 roller KEN3 one CL
那 个 pilot ISW1 that CL
一 个 red ones DYZ1 one CL
Mandarin Plural Det
一 些 game DYZ2
one CL.PL
两 个 soldier THA5 two CL
这 些 blocks ERI5 This CL.PL
1. Det/Noun Phrases:a) Mandarin Det + English N
Det: Determiner, N: Noun, CL: Classifier, CL.PL: Plural classifier
![Page 68: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
• not many 柱子 DYZ5 pole
• the 飞 龙 SEA3 flying dragon
• your 大 哥哥 SEA3 big brother
1. Det/Noun Phrases:b) English Det + Mandarin N
![Page 69: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
ExampleDem + Cl + N 一 个 名字 YJY4
one CL name这 个 打 结 ALY3
This CL knotNum + Cl + N 一 团 肉 ERI2
one CL meat两 根 绳子 DYZ4
two CL ropePron + Poss +
N你 的 眼睛 KEN3
You PRT eye
Dem: Demonstrative, Cl: Classifier, Num: Numeral, N: Noun, Pron: Pronoun, Poss: Possessive
1. Det/Noun Phrases:
c) Mandarin Det + Mandarin N
![Page 70: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
ExampleDet + N the bad guy THA1
a water gun KEN3
Num + N Three big clays DYZ4
Two pets YJY1
Poss Pron + N your idea NIU3
my cube YJY4
Det: Determiner, Num: Numeral, N: Noun, Poss Pron: Possessive pronoun
1. Det/Noun Phrases:d) English Det + English N
![Page 71: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Conclusion
![Page 72: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
ConclusionAdult CS
(Ong & Zhang, 2012)Child CS
Our Study
Similarities Adult bilinguals prefer Mandarin Det + English N > English Det + Mandarin N
We also find more instances of Mandarin Det + English N than English Det + Mandarin N
Differences Adults consistently add English plural morphemes to plural noun phrases
Most children do not inflect English nouns in these utterances
e.g.s, 两 个 soldier
![Page 73: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
English NEnglish N-s +s
Mandarin Singular Det
一 个 roller K3那 个pilot I1
一 个 red ones D1
Mandarin Plural Det
一些 game D2两个soldier T5
这些 blocks E5
Conclusion
![Page 74: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
English NEnglish N-s +s
Mandarin Singular Det
一 个 roller K3那 个pilot I1
一 个 red ones D1
Mandarin Plural Det
一些 game D2两个soldier T5
这些 blocks E5
Conclusion
![Page 75: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
English NEnglish N-s +s
Mandarin Singular Det
一 个 roller K3那 个pilot I1
一 个 red ones D1
Mandarin Plural Det
一些 game D2两个soldier T5
这些 blocks E5
Conclusion
• In Mandarin Det + English N phrases, children do not add plural morpheme on English Nouns Incompetent English grammar?
Verify this in “English Det + English N” context
![Page 76: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
ExampleDet + N the bad guy T1
a water gun K3
Num + N Three big clays D4
Two pets Y1
Poss Pron + N your idea N3
my cube Y4
Det: Determiner, Num: Numeral, N: Noun, Poss Pron: Possessive pronoun
1. Det/Noun Phrases:d) English Det + English N
![Page 77: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
ExampleDet + N the bad guy T1
a water gun K3
Num + N Three big clays D4
Two pets Y1
Poss Pron + N your idea N3
my cube Y4
Det: Determiner, Num: Numeral, N: Noun, Poss Pron: Possessive pronoun
1. Det/Noun Phrases:d) English Det + English N
English plural morphemes were added to ALL plural noun phrases
![Page 78: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
ExampleDet + N the bad guy T1
a water gun K3
Num + N Three big clays D4
Two pets Y1
Poss Pron + N your idea N3
my cube Y4
Det: Determiner, Num: Numeral, N: Noun, Poss Pron: Possessive pronoun
1. Det/Noun Phrases:d) English Det + English N
English plural morphemes were added to ALL plural noun phrases
Suggests children know about plural inflection of nouns
![Page 79: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Conclusion
![Page 80: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Conclusion• Children are not omitting plural inflections on nouns
in their Mandarin Det + English N utterances because of lack of grammatical competence For children, syntactic context of Det/Noun phrase is
Chinese Chinese nouns do not inflect for plurality Consulting this to determine what to do with the
nouns (more so than adults) Influence of Chinese grammar greater for
children?
![Page 81: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Other phenomenon revealing mutual grammatical
influence
![Page 82: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
2. Subject/Object Ellipsis
![Page 83: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
• Competent language interactions occurred in other CS utterances like N ellipsis (allowed in Mandarin but not English)Occurred more frequently in mixed utterances
compared to English-only utterancesSuggests syntactic context of the code-
switched utterance is relevant
2. Subject/Object Ellipsis
![Page 84: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
2. Subject/Object Ellipsis
![Page 85: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
2. Subject/Object EllipsisExample Object Ellipsis in a Mandarin utterance:
![Page 86: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
2. Subject/Object EllipsisExample Object Ellipsis in a Mandarin utterance:这 个 brown color 的 我有 点 讨厌 但是是 好 的
![Page 87: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
2. Subject/Object EllipsisExample Object Ellipsis in a Mandarin utterance:这 个 brown color 的 我有 点 讨厌 但是是 好 的This CL PRT I have little hate but is good PRT
![Page 88: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
2. Subject/Object EllipsisExample Object Ellipsis in a Mandarin utterance:这 个 brown color 的 我有 点 讨厌 但是是 好 的This CL PRT I have little hate but is good PRT
所以我 还 要 用(它)。(D1)
![Page 89: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
2. Subject/Object EllipsisExample Object Ellipsis in a Mandarin utterance:这 个 brown color 的 我有 点 讨厌 但是是 好 的This CL PRT I have little hate but is good PRT
所以我 还 要 用(它)。(D1)
so I still want use it
![Page 90: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
2. Subject/Object EllipsisExample Object Ellipsis in a Mandarin utterance:这 个 brown color 的 我有 点 讨厌 但是是 好 的This CL PRT I have little hate but is good PRT
所以我 还 要 用(它)。(D1)
so I still want use it
![Page 91: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
2. Subject/Object EllipsisExample Object Ellipsis in a Mandarin utterance:这 个 brown color 的 我有 点 讨厌 但是是 好 的This CL PRT I have little hate but is good PRT
所以我 还 要 用(它)。(D1)
so I still want use it
I hate this brown color (block) a little, but it’s a good one, so I still want to use*(it).
![Page 92: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
2. Subject/Object EllipsisExample Object Ellipsis in a Mandarin utterance:这 个 brown color 的 我有 点 讨厌 但是是 好 的This CL PRT I have little hate but is good PRT
所以我 还 要 用(它)。(D1)
so I still want use it
I hate this brown color (block) a little, but it’s a good one, so I still want to use*(it).
![Page 93: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
2. Subject/Object EllipsisExample Object Ellipsis in a Mandarin utterance:这 个 brown color 的 我有 点 讨厌 但是是 好 的This CL PRT I have little hate but is good PRT
所以我 还 要 用(它)。(D1)
so I still want use it
I hate this brown color (block) a little, but it’s a good one, so I still want to use*(it).
• Here, 我还 要用 (它) is an example of Object N ellipsis
![Page 94: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
2. Subject/Object Ellipsis
![Page 95: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Subject ellipsis in a mixed utterance
2. Subject/Object Ellipsis
![Page 96: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Subject ellipsis in a mixed utterance
2. Subject/Object Ellipsis
![Page 97: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Subject ellipsis in a mixed utterance
If you stay together then (the house) 这 么 大? I1
2. Subject/Object Ellipsis
![Page 98: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Subject ellipsis in a mixed utterance
If you stay together then (the house) 这 么 大? I1
so big?
2. Subject/Object Ellipsis
![Page 99: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Subject ellipsis in a mixed utterance
If you stay together then (the house) 这 么 大? I1
so big?
• Subject N ellipsis: the house
2. Subject/Object Ellipsis
![Page 100: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
2. Subject/Object Ellipsis
![Page 101: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Object ellipsis in a mixed utterance:
2. Subject/Object Ellipsis
![Page 102: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Object ellipsis in a mixed utterance:
2. Subject/Object Ellipsis
![Page 103: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Object ellipsis in a mixed utterance:
刚才 我, I drop (it) 然后可以弄出来
2. Subject/Object Ellipsis
![Page 104: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Object ellipsis in a mixed utterance:
刚才 我, I drop (it) 然后可以弄出来
2. Subject/Object Ellipsis
![Page 105: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Object ellipsis in a mixed utterance:
刚才 我, I drop (it) 然后可以弄出来 Earlier, I dropped it, then can take it out
2. Subject/Object Ellipsis
![Page 106: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Object ellipsis in a mixed utterance:
刚才 我, I drop (it) 然后可以弄出来 Earlier, I dropped it, then can take it out
• Object ellipsis: “it”
2. Subject/Object Ellipsis
![Page 107: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Object ellipsis in a mixed utterance:
刚才 我, I drop (it) 然后可以弄出来 Earlier, I dropped it, then can take it out
• Object ellipsis: “it”• Also did not inflect for tense: “dropped”
Influence of Mandarin grammar Uninflected language; concept of time isn’t conveyed through use
2. Subject/Object Ellipsis
![Page 108: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
In fact, the influence of one language’s grammar on the other was observed even in
non-code-switched
![Page 109: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Object Ellipsis in an English utterance:
you can use *(it) anywhere you want D1
• English structure Cannot be directly translated this into Mandarin
• Yet, speaker dropped object of the verb (“use”) because Mandarin grammar allows object ellipsis Influence of Mandarin grammar in English
sentence
2. Subject/Object Ellipsis
![Page 110: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
• Chinese grammar influencing syntactic structure of the code-switched utterance as well as pure English utterances
Conclusion
![Page 111: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
3. Wh-in-situ
![Page 112: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
• Wh-in-situ English: For Wh questions, we move Wh to the
front (e.g., “How many did we lose?”) Chinese: Wh words stay in their position
we lost how many ? S2
3. Wh-in-situ
![Page 113: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
• Wh-in-situ English: For Wh questions, we move Wh to the
front (e.g., “How many did we lose?”) Chinese: Wh words stay in their position
we lost how many ? S2
• Again, this shows that children are consulting Mandarin context/grammar to determine what to do with their utterances
3. Wh-in-situ
![Page 114: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
4. Tense
![Page 115: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
4. Tense• How tense works in Mandarin:
你找到什么?你找到了什么?Both could be asking what someone found in
the past
![Page 116: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
4. Tense• How tense works in Mandarin:
你找到什么?你找到了什么?Both could be asking what someone found in
the past
你 found out 什么 东西, ah ?
![Page 117: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
4. Tense• How tense works in Mandarin:
你找到什么?你找到了什么?Both could be asking what someone found in
the past
你 found out 什么 东西, ah ? You what thing PRT
If child was following Mandarin grammar (literal translation), child could just say “你find out什么东西”
![Page 118: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
4. Tense• How tense works in Mandarin:
你找到什么?你找到了什么?Both could be asking what someone found in
the past
你 found out 什么 东西, ah ? You what thing PRT
If child was following Mandarin grammar (literal translation), child could just say “你find out什么东西”
• But child used the past form of “find” “found out”
![Page 119: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Conclusion
![Page 120: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Conclusion• Examples from different linguistic areas revealing
that syntactic context of 1 language determines nature of code-switched utterance
![Page 121: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Conclusion• Examples from different linguistic areas revealing
that syntactic context of 1 language determines nature of code-switched utterance
![Page 122: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Conclusion• Examples from different linguistic areas revealing
that syntactic context of 1 language determines nature of code-switched utterance
• Children are integrating competent grammatical knowledge Also using accurate structural components
from both languages
![Page 123: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Conclusion
![Page 124: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Conclusion• Similarities and differences between child
and adult CSChildren don’t differ qualitatively, but may
reveal heightened ‘sensitivity’ to syntactic context More creative grammatical interaction
between systems? Characteristic of language development
![Page 125: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Acknowledgments• Prof. W. Quin Yow (Singapore University of
Technology and Design)o Language and Social Cognition Labo Ferninda Patrycia, Yvonne Yong, Li
Xiaoqian, Hung Wan-yu, Yap Oixuan, Wei Xing Toh
• Cornell University Cognitive Science & ISB 10 travel grants
![Page 126: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
References• David, M.K. (2008). Language Policies - Impact on Language Maintenance
and Teaching. Focus on Malaysia, Singapore and The Philippines. In T. de Graaf, N. Ostler & R. Salverda (Eds). Endangered Languages and Language Learning. Bath & Leeuwarden: F.E.L. & Fryske Akademy. (79-86)
• Gardner-Chloros, P. (ed.) (2009). Code-switching. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Lanza, E. (2000). In “Cross-linguistic structures in simultaneous bilingualism” (Eds Dopke, S. 2000). Concluding Remarks: Language contact – A dilemma for the bilingual child or for the linguist? (pp 227- 245).
• Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Social Motivations for Code-switching: Evidence from Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Ong, K. K. W., & Zhang, L.J. (2010). Metalinguistic filters within the bilingual language faculty: A study of young English-Chinese bilinguals. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 39, 243-272.
• Ong, K. K. W. & Zhang, L. J. (2012). Code-switching in Singaporean classroom discourse. In R. Barnard & J. McLellan (Eds.), Codeswitching in university English language classes: Case studies and perspectives from Asian contexts. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
![Page 127: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Appendix
![Page 128: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
• (Ong & Zhang): Det + N
• Ours: [ Num/Dem. + CL] + N
• English: Det + N (the + table)• Chinese: Dem. + CL + N 这/那 个桌子 This/that CL table
• English: the tables• Chinese: plurality indicated on classifier 这/那 些 桌子 this/that CL.PL table
Our Classification
Definite NPs
![Page 129: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
• English: Det + N ( a + table)• Chinese: Num. + CL + N 一 张 桌子 One CL table
• English: some tables• Chinese: yi + CL.PL + N 一 些 桌子 one CL.PL table• Note: In this case, we can only use “yi” (one)
Our Classification
Indefinite NPs
![Page 130: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
ALL D S I Y T E A N K
# of transcripts
4 2 3 2 4 2 1 1 1
Mandarin Det + English N
38(20.2%)
0 21(55.3%)
3(9.7%)
10(16.7%)
6(27.3%)
0
0
6(21.4%)
English Det + Mandarin
N
1(0.6%)
2(10.5%)
Mandarin Det + Mandarin
N
53(28.2%)
5(26.3%)
14(36.8%)
9(29%)
16(26.7%)
16(72.7%)
1(4.5%)
0
1(3.6%)
English Det + English N
96(51.0%)
12(63.2%)
3(7.9%)
19(61.3%)
34(56.7%)
0
21(95.5%)
12(100%)
21(75%)
TOTAL 188 19 38 31 60 22 22 12 28
![Page 131: Code-Switching in Singaporean English- Mandarin 5-6 year ...](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050306/626f498a98522d7271480e1f/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Why?Mandarin Det + English N
• Some Mandarin Det play multiple functional roles Mandarin doesn’t have articles like English
(e.g., the, a, an) denoting definiteness and indefiniteness
• But, Dem + Cl and Num + Cl can multifunctionDenote definiteness and indefiniteness
respectively (Li & Thompson, 1981)
• “Num + Cl” (一个; yī gè)
One
A, An