Code of Life Topic 5 Genetic analyses & Genetic engineering.
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Transcript of Code of Life Topic 5 Genetic analyses & Genetic engineering.
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Code of Life Topic 5Genetic analyses &
Genetic engineering
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(An incomplete) timeline of genetics
1944 Avery
1952
1958
1968
1953 1972
1973
1975-77
1983
1990
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Applications• Genetic analyses and engineering
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Isolating genes• Use special proteins to cut
the DNA strand at specific places
• Restriction enzymes:– Target very specific base
sequences– Are found in more than 100
different varieties– Are used in nature to protect
bacteria from foreign invaders
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Restriction Enzymes
• Each restriction enzyme recognizes a very specific nucleotide sequence
Example: EcoR1 recognizesGAATTC CTTAAG
The enzyme cuts it:G AATTC
CTTAA G
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Which DNA segments are used?
• Short tandem repeats (STRs)
• Good for “fingerprinting”
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Which DNA segments are used?
• Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) • Catalog of human SNPs
• Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) are SNPs that change the length of restriction fragments
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Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)
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Analyzing the differences between people
STEPS
1.Use restriction enzymes to cut the DNA
2.Load the DNA onto agarose gel for gel electrophoresis
3.Analyze the banding pattern
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Gel Electrophoresis• Separates DNA fragments by size using
electric current
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Gel Electrophoresis• Larger fragments move more slowly
• Results in bands of DNA fragments of different lengths
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DNA Analysis• Useful for:
– Forensic science (crime scene “fingerprints”)– Determining paternity – Looking at disease risk
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Lab!
• We will be conducting a lab to determine whether or not a young woman carries one or two copies of a mutant gene
• The mutated version of the gene is responsible for Tay Sach’s disease.
• How do you think we will go about this?– RFLPs and gel electrophoresis
• Besides the young woman’s, whose DNA should we also look at?
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To test or not to test?
• PGD
• During pregnancy
• After birth/during childhood
• As an adult
• Bioethics
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Genetic engineering
Changing the DNA of organisms
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Recombinant DNA• DNA that is combined from two different
organisms.• Common/first example: insertion of a gene from
an animal into bacteria to harvest protein Important players:– Gene of interest (i.e. insulin, hGH, etc)– Restriction enzymes– Plasmid– Host bacteria
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Making Recombinant DNA
• Plasmids - self-replicating rings of DNA containing 2-30 genes, found in bacterial cells
• Plasmid and gene of interest cut with same restriction enzymes
• Plasmid and gene have complementary “sticky” ends
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Making Recombinant DNA
1. Cut the gene of interest using a restriction enzyme
2. Cut the plasmid (using the same enzyme)
3. Insert gene into the plasmid
4. Insert the plasmid into bacteria
5. Grow bacteria and harvest the protein
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How could you tell if the transformation really took place?
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Genetic Engineering Applications
• Pest-resistant crops (Bt toxin)
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Genetic Engineering Applications
• Herbicide-resistant crops • Fast-growing fish• Green-glowing
aquarium fish (jellyfish genes)
• Bacterial drug production (insulin, hGH)
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Diagram on p. 14 in your packet (for #1-4)
Diagram on p. 15 in your packet (for #6-7)