Coat Color Genetics - International Museum of the...

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1 For centuries, breeders have considered coat color an important physical attribute of a horse. Using basic genetic principles, breeders can predict the coat colors of offspring and mate horses that will produce foals with desired coat colors. This activity will demonstrate some of these genetic principles which can then be applied to other characteristics and species. *This educational packet is intended for high school biology students. Name: ________________________________ Date: __________________________________ Class: _________________________________ The Genetics of Horse Coat Color From top left: Chincoteague Pony, Friesian, Quarter Horse, Knabstrupper. Photos by Jim Shambhu. Come see these breeds and more at the Kentucky Horse Park!

Transcript of Coat Color Genetics - International Museum of the...

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For  centuries,  breeders  have  considered  coat  color  an  important  physical  attribute  of  a  horse.  Using  basic  genetic  principles,  breeders  can  predict  the  coat  colors  of  offspring  and  mate  horses  that  will  produce  foals  with  desired  coat  colors.  This  activity  will  demonstrate  some  of  these  genetic  principles  which  can  then  be  applied  to  other  characteristics  and  species.

*This  educational  packet  is  intended  for  high  school  biology  students.

Name:  ________________________________    Date:  __________________________________

Class:  _________________________________

The  Genetics  of  Horse  Coat  Color

From  top  left:  Chincoteague  Pony,  Friesian,  Quarter  Horse,  Knabstrupper.  Photos  by  Jim  Shambhu.  Come  see  these  breeds  and  more  at  the  Kentucky  Horse  Park!

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Table  of  Contents

Pg.  3       Why  does  coat  color  matter?

Pg.  4       The  Genetic  Blueprint:  Genes

Pg.  5       How  do  we  study  genes?

Pg.  6       The  Genetics  of  Horse  Coat  Color

Pg.  7-­‐8       Genetic  Tool:  Punnett  Square

Pg.  9-­‐10     White  Coats:  Beautiful  But  Deadly

Pg.  11       Critical  Thinking

Pg.  12       Vocabulary

Pg.  13       Genetics  Vocabulary  Crossword

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Horse  breeders  have  selectively  bred  for  certain  coat  colors  for  centuries.  Though  coat  color  has  shown  no  correlation  to  improved  work  or  performance  by  a  horse,  breeders  still  have  a  preference  for  coat  colors  called  coat  color  bias.  These  preferences  exist  for  many  reasons.  Horses  compete  in  shows  just  as  dogs  do,  and  coat  color  is  part  of  the  breed  standard  against  which  each  horse  is  judged.  Breeders  and  owners  that  participate  in  horse  shows  will  choose  horses  with  coats  that  conform  to  the  breed  standard.  Horses  also  pull  wagons  and  carriages  in  parades  throughout  the  country.  Often,  these  horses  have  matching  coats  to  accentuate  their  role  as  a  team.  Owners  will  then  choose  horses  that  have  the  desired  coat  to  participate  in  the  parade.  Many  people  simply  have  a  favorite  color  of  horse  that  is  aesthetically  pleasing  to  them  and  want  to  own  horses  of  that  color.

Why  does  coat  color  matter?

An  Arabian  horse  at  a  show.  Photo  by  Jim  Shambhu.

Shires  Colin  and  TJ  pulling  a  trolley.  Photo  by  pixbysteve.com.  Come  see  Colin  and  TJ  at  the  Kentucky  Horse  Park!

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Coat  color  is  inherited,  meaning  that  the  condition  of  the  trait  is  passed  directly  from  parent  to  offspring.  An  understanding  of  this  mechanism  allows  breeders  to  predict  the  coat  colors  of  foals  based  upon  their  parents.  

The  genetic  “information”  about  all  of  an  organism’s  traits,  such  as  a  horse’s  coat  color,  is  contained  on  chromosomes  inside  their  cells.  A  gene,  a  segment  of  the  chromosome,  contains  the  information  for  a  specicic  trait  or  suite  of  traits.  Genes  are  further  divided  into  individual  units  called  loci.  Each  locus,  either  alone  or  in  conjunction  with  other  loci,  incluences  part  of  the  trait  controlled  by  its  corresponding  gene.  For  example,  coat  color  is  determined  by  a  single  gene,  and  several  loci  within  that  gene  determine  color.  

Because  each  chromosome  is  paired  with  its  homologous  chromosome,    another  chromosome  that  contains  genes  for  the  same  traits,  there  are  two  copies  of  each  gene  and  locus  in  the  genome  that  are  not  necessarily  identical  (their  similarity  is  represented  here  by  color).  We  will  later  see  that  this  second  “copy”  of  each  gene  is  responsible  for  the  vast  variation  seen  among  the  coats  of  horses.  In  most  cases,  offspring  receive  copies  of  their  parents  loci  and  thus  inherit  traits  from  their  parents.

The  Genetic  Blueprint:  Genes

Sweetie  and  her  foal  Surrie.  Photo  by  Cindy  Evans  Photography.  Come  see  Sweetie  and  Surrie  at  the  Kentucky  Horse  Park!

Genes  for  coat  color  on  homologous  chromosomes.  Loci  with  identical  shades  of  color  are  molecularly  identical.  Loci  with  the  same  color  but  different  shades  still  code  for  the  same  characteristic  but  are  molecularly  different.

Copies  of  the  same  locus

Chromosome Gene  for  coat  color

Locus  for  black  coat

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How  do  we  study  genes?The  molecular  structure  of  a  locus  determines  the  physical  appearance  of  its  associated  trait.  The  two  copies  of  a  locus  may  or  may  not  be  identical,  and  the  variation  in  locus  structure  results  in  the  physical  variation  of  traits.  Two  single  letters,  either  capital  or  lowercase,  commonly  represent  the  molecular  structure  of  the  locus.  These  letters  are  arbitrarily  assigned  by  the  scientist  studying  the  locus.  Each  letter  is  called  an  allele  and  represents  a  specicic  physical  and  molecular  conciguration  of  the  locus.  Two  different  loci  will  have  different  letters  (A  and  B,  for  example),  but  the  two  copies  of  a  single  locus  will  have  the  same  letter  and  be  written  together  (AA,  aa,  or  Aa).  

The  letters  that  represent  loci  are  known  together  as  a  genotype.  Every  genotype  has  a  corresponding  phenotype,  which  is  the  physical  appearance  of  the  trait  that  results  from  the  genotype’s  molecular  conciguration.  Next,  let’s  use  horse  coat  color  as  an  example  of  genotype  and  phenotype.

Bb      =       Black  coat

Genotype:  letters  of  the  two  loci  that  code  for  the  same  characteristic  of  the  same  trait.

Phenotype:  physical  appearance  coded  for  by  the  genotype.

A A

D d

b b

K K

w W

Loci  on  homologous  chromosomes  that  code  for  the  same  characteristics  of  a  trait  have  the  same  letter,  but  sometimes  have  different  cases.  This  concept  was  illustrated  by  the  different  shades  of  the  same  color  in  the  diagram  on  the  previous  

Genes  for  coat  color  on  homologous  chromosomes.

Loci  on  the  same  chromosome  that  code  for  different  characteristics  of  the  same  trait  have  different  letters.

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The  Genetics  of  Horse  Coat  Color

One  locus  determines  black  and  chestnut  coat  color.  At  the  black  and  chestnut  color  locus,  a  B  allele  denotes  black  and  a  b  allele  denotes  chestnut.  The  B  allele  is  dominant,  meaning  that  any  genotype  with  this  allele  will  produce  the  B  phenotype.  Both  the  BB  and  Bb  genotypes  produce  a  black  coat.  The  b  allele  is  recessive,  meaning  that  it  is  masked  by  a  dominant  allele  in  a  Bb  genotype  but  is  expressed  in  a  bb  genotype.  The  bb  genotype,  then,  produces  a  chestnut  coat.  If  you  know  the  genotypes  of  two  parents,  you  can  predict  the  genotype  and  phenotype  of  their  offspring.

BB          =

Bb          =

bb          =

The  B  allele  is  dominant,  so  its  phenotype  is  expressed,  even  when  the  b  allele  is  present  in  the  genotype.

Black  coat

Black  coat

Chestnut  coat

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Genetic  Tool:  Punnett  SquareA  Punnett  square  is  a  simple  genetic  tool  that  can  be  used  to  demonstrate  the  possible  offspring  between  two  parents  using  their  genotype.  Let’s  set  up  a  square  for  a  chestnut  horse  and  a  Bb  black  horse.  One  cross  is  done  for  you  as  an  example.

Write  the  cirst  allele  for  the  Bb  horse  here.

Write  the  second  allele  for  the  Bb  horse  here.

Write  the  cirst  allele  for  the  bb  horse  here.

Write  the  second  allele  for  the  bb  horse  here.

Bb Bb

The  crosses  in  the  boxes  represent  the  possible  genotypes  of  the  offspring  from  this  mating.  In  this  case,  we  see  that  statistically,  half  of  the  offspring  of  these  parents  over  their  breeding  time  will  be  black  and  half  will  be  chestnut.

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Let’s  see  what  happens  when  two  Bb  black  horses  breed.  Fill  in  the  following  Punnett  square:

Fill  in  the  blanks:

______(fraction)  of  the  offspring  will  be  black,  but  two  different  genotypes  are  represented  among  the  black  offspring.  Of  the  black  offspring,  1/3  will  be  ______(genotype)  and  2/3  will  be  _______(genotype).  The  remaining  _______(fraction)  will  be  chestnut.

Genetic  Tool:  Punnett  Square  (cont.)

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White  Coats:  Beautiful  But  Deadly

White  coats  have  long  been  a  desirable  color  for  their  beauty,  but  are  also  more  rare  among  horses.  Why?  White  coats  present  another  different  but  interesting  mechanism  of  genetic  inheritance.  More  often  than  not,  white  coats  are  a  result  of  a  genetic  mutation  at  a  particular  locus  as  the  foal  is  developing.  This  mutation  can  then  be  passed  to  the  offspring  of  white  horses.  They  are  controlled  by  a  locus  where  the  W  allele  is  dominant  and  epistatic,  meaning  that  when  present,  it  will  mask  all  other  genotypes  that  incluence  the  same  phenotypic  trait.  For  example,  if  a  horse  has  the  B  allele  for  being  black  but  also  possesses  the  W  allele  for  being  white,  the  horse  will  be  white.  The  white  homozygous  genotype  (both  alleles  are  dominant,  WW),  however,  is  lethal,  and  all  foals  with  this  genotype  die  shortly  after  birth.  Horses  with  the  heterozygous  genotype  (one  of  each  allele,  Ww)  have  white  coats  and  live  normal,  healthy  lives.  The  homozygous  recessive  genotype(both  alleles  are  recessive,  ww)  actually  produces  a  colored  coat,  the  color  of  which  is  controlled  by  alleles  at  other  loci.  

Question:  A  white  mare  and  white  stallion  mate  and  have  a  white  foal  that  dies  shortly  after  birth.  Assuming  that  their  next  offspring  lives,  what  are  their  chances  of  having  a  white  foal?  A  colored  foal?  Create  a  Punnett  square  to  check  your  answer.  

White  Prince,  a  rare  white  Thoroughbred.  Photo  by  Jim  Shambhu.  Come  see  White  Prince  at  the  Kentucky  Horse  Park!

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Let’s  observe  the  epistatic  effects  of  the  white  locus  by  setting  up  a  Punnett  square  between  two  heterozygous  mates,  WwBb.  First,  list  the  possible  genotypes  passed  on  by  the  parents  by  listing  every  possible  combination  of  a  single  allele  from  each  locus.  For  example,  for  a  WwBB  individual,  the  possible  combinations  are  WB  and  wB.  The  number  of  squares  within  your  Punnett  square  will  depend  upon  the  number  of  genotypic  combinations  of  the  two  parents.  

Possible  genotypes  from  parent  1:

Possible  genotypes  from  parent  2:

Now  set  up  the  Punnett  square  for  crosses  between  these  two  parents:

List  the  ratios  and  phenotypes  of  all  the  possible  offspring  between  these  two  mates.

White  Coats:  Beautiful  But  Deadly  (cont.)

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Critical  ThinkingIn  the  absence  of  genetic  mutation,  two  non-­‐white,  non-­‐albino  horses  can  never  have  a  white  foal.  Why?  Demonstrate  your  answer  with  a  two-­‐loci  Punnett  square  and  a  brief  explanation.

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VocabularyAllele:  Molecular  conciguration  of  a  locus;  combination  of  at  least  two  of  these  comprise  a  genotype

Chromosome:  Present  in  pairs  in  animal  cells;  contain  genes  and  genetic  information

Coat  color  bias:  Showing  preference  for  a  certain  coat  color

Dominant:  Masks  recessive  alleles  in  a  heterozygous  genotype

Epistatic:  Masks  all  other  genotypes  that  incluence  the  same  phenotype

Gene:  Segment  of  a  chromosome;  contains  information  for  a  specicic  trait  or  suite  of  traits

Genotype:  Letters  that  represent  the  molecular  conciguration  of  loci

Heterozygous:  Have  one  dominant  and  one  recessive  allele  at  the  same  locus

Homologous:    Two  copies  of  a  chromosome  that  contain  genetic  information  about  the  same  traits

Homozygous:  Have  either  two  dominant  or  two  recessive  alleles  at  a  single  locus

Inheritance:  Mechanism  through  which  a  trait  is  passed  directly  from  parents  to  offspring

Loci:  Individual  units  of  genes

Phenotype:  Physical  appearance  of  a  trait

Punnett  square:  Genetic  tool  used  to  predict  genotypes  and  phenotypes  of  offspring

Recessive:  Masked  by  a  dominant  allele  in  a  heterozygous  genotype

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ACROSS

3  Letters  that  represent  the  molecular  conciguration  of  loci

8  Masks  all  other  genotypes  that  incluence  the  same  phenotype

11  Have  one  dominant  and  one  recessive  allele  at  the  same  locus

12  Showing  preference  for  a  certain  coat  color

13  Segment  of  a  chromosome;  contains  information  for  a  specicic  trait  or  suite  of  traits

15  Mechanism  through  which  a  trait  is  passed  directly  from  parents  to  offspring

DOWN

1  Molecular  conciguration  of  a  locus;  combination  of  at  least  two  of  these  comprise  a  genotype

2  Masks  recessive  alleles  in  a  heterozygous  genotype

4  Genetic  tool  used  to  predict  genotypes  and  phenotypes  of  offspring

5  Have  either  two  dominant  or  two  recessive  alleles  at  a  single  locus

6  Physical  appearance  of  a  trait

7  Masked  by  a  dominant  allele  in  a  heterozygous  genotype

9  Two  copies  of  a  chromosome  that  contain  genetic  information  about  the  same  traits

10  Present  in  pairs  in  animal  cells;  contain  genes  and  genetic  information

14  Individual  units  of  genes

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Genetics  Vocabulary